1CLONE(2)                   Linux Programmer's Manual                  CLONE(2)
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3
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NAME

6       clone, __clone2 - create a child process
7

SYNOPSIS

9       #define _GNU_SOURCE
10       #include <sched.h>
11
12       int clone(int (*fn)(void *), void *child_stack,
13                 int flags, void *arg, ...
14                 /* pid_t *ptid, struct user_desc *tls, pid_t *ctid */ );
15

DESCRIPTION

17       clone()  creates  a new process, in a manner similar to fork(2).  It is
18       actually a library function layered on top of  the  underlying  clone()
19       system  call,  hereinafter  referred to as sys_clone.  A description of
20       sys_clone is given towards the end of this page.
21
22       Unlike fork(2), these calls allow the child process to share  parts  of
23       its  execution  context  with  the  calling process, such as the memory
24       space, the table of file descriptors, and the table of signal handlers.
25       (Note  that on this manual page, "calling process" normally corresponds
26       to "parent process".  But see the description of CLONE_PARENT below.)
27
28       The main use of clone() is to implement threads:  multiple  threads  of
29       control in a program that run concurrently in a shared memory space.
30
31       When  the  child process is created with clone(), it executes the func‐
32       tion application fn(arg).  (This differs from fork(2), where  execution
33       continues  in  the  child  from the point of the fork(2) call.)  The fn
34       argument is a pointer to a function that is called by the child process
35       at  the  beginning of its execution.  The arg argument is passed to the
36       fn function.
37
38       When the fn(arg) function application returns, the child process termi‐
39       nates.   The  integer  returned  by  fn  is the exit code for the child
40       process.  The child process may also terminate  explicitly  by  calling
41       exit(2) or after receiving a fatal signal.
42
43       The  child_stack  argument  specifies the location of the stack used by
44       the child process.  Since the child and calling process may share  mem‐
45       ory,  it  is  not possible for the child process to execute in the same
46       stack as the calling process.  The calling process must  therefore  set
47       up memory space for the child stack and pass a pointer to this space to
48       clone().  Stacks grow  downwards  on  all  processors  that  run  Linux
49       (except  the  HP  PA  processors), so child_stack usually points to the
50       topmost address of the memory space set up for the child stack.
51
52       The low byte of flags contains the number  of  the  termination  signal
53       sent to the parent when the child dies.  If this signal is specified as
54       anything other than SIGCHLD, then the parent process must  specify  the
55       __WALL or __WCLONE options when waiting for the child with wait(2).  If
56       no signal is specified, then the parent process is  not  signaled  when
57       the child terminates.
58
59       flags may also be bitwise-or'ed with zero or more of the following con‐
60       stants, in order to specify what is shared between the calling  process
61       and the child process:
62
63       CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID (since Linux 2.5.49)
64              Erase  child thread ID at location ctid in child memory when the
65              child exits, and do a wakeup on the futex at that address.   The
66              address involved may be changed by the set_tid_address(2) system
67              call.  This is used by threading libraries.
68
69       CLONE_CHILD_SETTID (since Linux 2.5.49)
70              Store child thread ID at location ctid in child memory.
71
72       CLONE_FILES
73              If CLONE_FILES is set, the calling process and the child process
74              share  the same file descriptor table.  Any file descriptor cre‐
75              ated by the calling process or by  the  child  process  is  also
76              valid  in the other process.  Similarly, if one of the processes
77              closes a file descriptor, or changes its associated flags (using
78              the  fcntl(2)  F_SETFD  operation),  the  other  process is also
79              affected.
80
81              If CLONE_FILES is not set, the child process inherits a copy  of
82              all  file  descriptors opened in the calling process at the time
83              of clone().  (The duplicated file descriptors in the child refer
84              to  the  same open file descriptions (see open(2)) as the corre‐
85              sponding file descriptors in the calling  process.)   Subsequent
86              operations  that  open or close file descriptors, or change file
87              descriptor flags, performed by either the calling process or the
88              child process do not affect the other process.
89
90       CLONE_FS
91              If  CLONE_FS  is set, the caller and the child process share the
92              same file system information.  This includes  the  root  of  the
93              file  system, the current working directory, and the umask.  Any
94              call to chroot(2), chdir(2), or umask(2) performed by the  call‐
95              ing process or the child process also affects the other process.
96
97              If CLONE_FS is not set, the child process works on a copy of the
98              file system information of the calling process at  the  time  of
99              the  clone()  call.  Calls to chroot(2), chdir(2), umask(2) per‐
100              formed later by one of the processes do  not  affect  the  other
101              process.
102
103       CLONE_IO (since Linux 2.6.25)
104              If  CLONE_IO  is set, then the new process shares an I/O context
105              with the calling process.  If this flag is  not  set,  then  (as
106              with fork(2)) the new process has its own I/O context.
107
108              The  I/O  context  is  the I/O scope of the disk scheduler (i.e,
109              what the I/O scheduler uses to model scheduling of  a  process's
110              I/O).  If processes share the same I/O context, they are treated
111              as one by the I/O scheduler.  As  a  consequence,  they  get  to
112              share  disk  time.   For  some  I/O schedulers, if two processes
113              share an I/O context, they will be allowed to  interleave  their
114              disk  access.  If several threads are doing I/O on behalf of the
115              same process (aio_read(3), for  instance),  they  should  employ
116              CLONE_IO to get better I/O performance.
117
118              If  the  kernel  is not configured with the CONFIG_BLOCK option,
119              this flag is a no-op.
120
121       CLONE_NEWIPC (since Linux 2.6.19)
122              If CLONE_NEWIPC is set, then create the process  in  a  new  IPC
123              namespace.  If this flag is not set, then (as with fork(2)), the
124              process is created in the same  IPC  namespace  as  the  calling
125              process.   This  flag is intended for the implementation of con‐
126              tainers.
127
128              An IPC namespace consists of the set of identifiers for System V
129              IPC  objects.   (These objects are created using msgctl(2), sem‐
130              ctl(2), and shmctl(2)).  Objects created in an IPC namespace are
131              visible  to  other processes that are members of that namespace,
132              but are not visible to processes in other IPC namespaces.
133
134              When an IPC namespace is destroyed (i.e, when the  last  process
135              that  is  a member of the namespace terminates), all IPC objects
136              in the namespace are automatically destroyed.
137
138              Use of this flag requires: a kernel  configured  with  the  CON‐
139              FIG_SYSVIPC  and  CONFIG_IPC_NS  options and that the process be
140              privileged (CAP_SYS_ADMIN).  This flag  can't  be  specified  in
141              conjunction with CLONE_SYSVSEM.
142
143       CLONE_NEWNET (since Linux 2.6.24)
144              (The implementation of this flag is not yet complete, but proba‐
145              bly will be mostly complete by about Linux 2.6.28.)
146
147              If CLONE_NEWNET is set, then create the process in a new network
148              namespace.  If this flag is not set, then (as with fork(2)), the
149              process is created in the same network namespace as the  calling
150              process.   This  flag is intended for the implementation of con‐
151              tainers.
152
153              A network namespace provides an isolated view of the  networking
154              stack (network device interfaces, IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks,
155              IP  routing  tables,   firewall   rules,   the   /proc/net   and
156              /sys/class/net directory trees, sockets, etc.).  A physical net‐
157              work device can live in exactly one network namespace.   A  vir‐
158              tual  network device ("veth") pair provides a pipe-like abstrac‐
159              tion that can be used to create tunnels between  network  names‐
160              paces,  and can be used to create a bridge to a physical network
161              device in another namespace.
162
163              When a network namespace is freed (i.e., when the  last  process
164              in  the  namespace terminates), its physical network devices are
165              moved back to the initial network namespace (not to  the  parent
166              of the process).
167
168              Use  of  this  flag  requires: a kernel configured with the CON‐
169              FIG_NET_NS  option  and   that   the   process   be   privileged
170              (CAP_SYS_ADMIN).
171
172       CLONE_NEWNS (since Linux 2.4.19)
173              Start the child in a new mount namespace.
174
175              Every  process  lives  in a mount namespace.  The namespace of a
176              process is the data (the set  of  mounts)  describing  the  file
177              hierarchy  as  seen by that process.  After a fork(2) or clone()
178              where the CLONE_NEWNS flag is not set, the child  lives  in  the
179              same  mount  namespace as the parent.  The system calls mount(2)
180              and umount(2) change the mount namespace of the calling process,
181              and  hence affect all processes that live in the same namespace,
182              but do not affect processes in a different mount namespace.
183
184              After a clone() where the CLONE_NEWNS flag is  set,  the  cloned
185              child  is  started  in a new mount namespace, initialized with a
186              copy of the namespace of the parent.
187
188              Only a privileged process (one having the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capabil‐
189              ity)  may  specify the CLONE_NEWNS flag.  It is not permitted to
190              specify both CLONE_NEWNS and CLONE_FS in the same clone() call.
191
192       CLONE_NEWPID (since Linux 2.6.24)
193              If CLONE_NEWPID is set, then create the process  in  a  new  PID
194              namespace.  If this flag is not set, then (as with fork(2)), the
195              process is created in the same  PID  namespace  as  the  calling
196              process.   This  flag is intended for the implementation of con‐
197              tainers.
198
199              A PID namespace provides an isolated environment for PIDs:  PIDs
200              in  a  new namespace start at 1, somewhat like a standalone sys‐
201              tem, and calls to fork(2), vfork(2), or  clone(2)  will  produce
202              processes with PIDs that are unique within the namespace.
203
204              The  first process created in a new namespace (i.e., the process
205              created using the CLONE_NEWPID flag) has the PID 1, and  is  the
206              "init"  process  for  the namespace.  Children that are orphaned
207              within the namespace will be reparented to this  process  rather
208              than  init(8).   Unlike the traditional init process, the "init"
209              process of a PID namespace can terminate, and if it does, all of
210              the processes in the namespace are terminated.
211
212              PID  namespaces  form  a hierarchy.  When a PID new namespace is
213              created, the processes in that namespace are visible in the  PID
214              namespace  of the process that created the new namespace; analo‐
215              gously, if the parent PID  namespace  is  itself  the  child  of
216              another  PID  namespace,  then processes in the child and parent
217              PID namespaces will both  be  visible  in  the  grandparent  PID
218              namespace.   Conversely, the processes in the "child" PID names‐
219              pace do not see the processes  in  the  parent  namespace.   The
220              existence  of  a namespace hierarchy means that each process may
221              now have multiple PIDs: one for each namespace in  which  it  is
222              visible;  each  of these PIDs is unique within the corresponding
223              namespace.  (A call to getpid(2) always returns the PID  associ‐
224              ated with the namespace in which the process lives.)
225
226              After  creating the new namespace, it is useful for the child to
227              change its root directory and mount a  new  procfs  instance  at
228              /proc   so  that  tools  such  as  ps(1)  work  correctly.   (If
229              CLONE_NEWNS is also included in flags, then it  isn't  necessary
230              to  change  the  root  directory:  a  new procfs instance can be
231              mounted directly over /proc.)
232
233              Use of this flag requires: a kernel  configured  with  the  CON‐
234              FIG_PID_NS   option   and   that   the   process  be  privileged
235              (CAP_SYS_ADMIN).  This flag can't be  specified  in  conjunction
236              with CLONE_THREAD.
237
238       CLONE_NEWUTS (since Linux 2.6.19)
239              If  CLONE_NEWUTS  is  set,  then create the process in a new UTS
240              namespace, whose identifiers are initialized by duplicating  the
241              identifiers  from  the UTS namespace of the calling process.  If
242              this flag is not set, then (as with  fork(2)),  the  process  is
243              created  in the same UTS namespace as the calling process.  This
244              flag is intended for the implementation of containers.
245
246              A UTS namespace is the set of identifiers returned by  uname(2);
247              among  these,  the domain name and the host name can be modified
248              by setdomainname(2) and  sethostname(2), respectively.   Changes
249              made  to  these  identifiers in one UTS namespace are visible to
250              other processes in the same namespace, but are  not  visible  to
251              processes in other UTS namespaces.
252
253              Use  of  this  flag  requires: a kernel configured with the CON‐
254              FIG_UTS_NS  option  and   that   the   process   be   privileged
255              (CAP_SYS_ADMIN).
256
257       CLONE_PARENT (since Linux 2.3.12)
258              If  CLONE_PARENT  is  set,  then the parent of the new child (as
259              returned by getppid(2)) will be the same as that of the  calling
260              process.
261
262              If  CLONE_PARENT  is not set, then (as with fork(2)) the child's
263              parent is the calling process.
264
265              Note that it is the parent process, as returned  by  getppid(2),
266              which  is  signaled  when  the  child  terminates,  so  that  if
267              CLONE_PARENT is set, then the parent  of  the  calling  process,
268              rather than the calling process itself, will be signaled.
269
270       CLONE_PARENT_SETTID (since Linux 2.5.49)
271              Store  child thread ID at location ptid in parent and child mem‐
272              ory.  (In Linux 2.5.32-2.5.48 there was a flag CLONE_SETTID that
273              did this.)
274
275       CLONE_PID (obsolete)
276              If  CLONE_PID is set, the child process is created with the same
277              process ID as the calling process.  This is good for hacking the
278              system,  but  otherwise of not much use.  Since 2.3.21 this flag
279              can be specified only by the system boot process  (PID  0).   It
280              disappeared in Linux 2.5.16.
281
282       CLONE_PTRACE
283              If  CLONE_PTRACE  is specified, and the calling process is being
284              traced, then trace the child also (see ptrace(2)).
285
286       CLONE_SETTLS (since Linux 2.5.32)
287              The newtls argument  is  the  new  TLS  (Thread  Local  Storage)
288              descriptor.  (See set_thread_area(2).)
289
290       CLONE_SIGHAND
291              If  CLONE_SIGHAND  is  set,  the  calling  process and the child
292              process share the same table of signal handlers.  If the calling
293              process or child process calls sigaction(2) to change the behav‐
294              ior associated with a signal, the behavior  is  changed  in  the
295              other  process  as well.  However, the calling process and child
296              processes still have distinct signal masks and sets  of  pending
297              signals.   So,  one  of  them  may block or unblock some signals
298              using sigprocmask(2) without affecting the other process.
299
300              If CLONE_SIGHAND is not set, the child process inherits  a  copy
301              of  the  signal  handlers  of  the  calling  process at the time
302              clone() is called.  Calls to sigaction(2) performed later by one
303              of the processes have no effect on the other process.
304
305              Since  Linux  2.6.0-test6,  flags  must also include CLONE_VM if
306              CLONE_SIGHAND is specified
307
308       CLONE_STOPPED (since Linux 2.6.0-test2)
309              If CLONE_STOPPED is set, then the child is initially stopped (as
310              though  it  was  sent  a SIGSTOP signal), and must be resumed by
311              sending it a SIGCONT signal.
312
313              From Linux 2.6.25 this flag is deprecated.  You  probably  never
314              wanted  to use it, you certainly shouldn't be using it, and soon
315              it will go away.
316
317       CLONE_SYSVSEM (since Linux 2.5.10)
318              If CLONE_SYSVSEM is set, then the child and the calling  process
319              share  a  single  list  of  System  V semaphore undo values (see
320              semop(2)).  If this flag is not set, then the child has a  sepa‐
321              rate undo list, which is initially empty.
322
323       CLONE_THREAD (since Linux 2.4.0-test8)
324              If  CLONE_THREAD  is set, the child is placed in the same thread
325              group as the calling process.  To make the remainder of the dis‐
326              cussion of CLONE_THREAD more readable, the term "thread" is used
327              to refer to the processes within a thread group.
328
329              Thread groups were a feature added in Linux 2.4 to  support  the
330              POSIX  threads  notion  of  a set of threads that share a single
331              PID.  Internally, this shared PID is the so-called thread  group
332              identifier  (TGID) for the thread group.  Since Linux 2.4, calls
333              to getpid(2) return the TGID of the caller.
334
335              The threads within a group can be distinguished by  their  (sys‐
336              tem-wide) unique thread IDs (TID).  A new thread's TID is avail‐
337              able as the function result returned to the caller  of  clone(),
338              and a thread can obtain its own TID using gettid(2).
339
340              When  a call is made to clone() without specifying CLONE_THREAD,
341              then the resulting thread is placed in a new thread group  whose
342              TGID is the same as the thread's TID.  This thread is the leader
343              of the new thread group.
344
345              A new thread created  with  CLONE_THREAD  has  the  same  parent
346              process  as  the caller of clone() (i.e., like CLONE_PARENT), so
347              that calls to getppid(2) return the same value for  all  of  the
348              threads  in  a  thread group.  When a CLONE_THREAD thread termi‐
349              nates, the thread that created it using clone() is  not  sent  a
350              SIGCHLD  (or  other  termination)  signal; nor can the status of
351              such a thread be obtained using wait(2).  (The thread is said to
352              be detached.)
353
354              After  all of the threads in a thread group terminate the parent
355              process of the thread group is sent a SIGCHLD (or other termina‐
356              tion) signal.
357
358              If  any  of the threads in a thread group performs an execve(2),
359              then all threads other than the thread group leader  are  termi‐
360              nated,  and  the  new  program  is  executed in the thread group
361              leader.
362
363              If one of the threads in a thread group creates  a  child  using
364              fork(2),  then  any  thread  in  the  group can wait(2) for that
365              child.
366
367              Since Linux 2.5.35, flags must  also  include  CLONE_SIGHAND  if
368              CLONE_THREAD is specified.
369
370              Signals  may be sent to a thread group as a whole (i.e., a TGID)
371              using kill(2),  or  to  a  specific  thread  (i.e.,  TID)  using
372              tgkill(2).
373
374              Signal  dispositions  and actions are process-wide: if an unhan‐
375              dled signal is delivered to a thread, then it will affect  (ter‐
376              minate, stop, continue, be ignored in) all members of the thread
377              group.
378
379              Each thread has its own signal mask, as set  by  sigprocmask(2),
380              but  signals can be pending either: for the whole process (i.e.,
381              deliverable to any member of the thread group), when  sent  with
382              kill(2);  or for an individual thread, when sent with tgkill(2).
383              A call to sigpending(2) returns a signal set that is  the  union
384              of  the  signals  pending  for the whole process and the signals
385              that are pending for the calling thread.
386
387              If kill(2) is used to send a signal to a thread group,  and  the
388              thread  group  has  installed a handler for the signal, then the
389              handler will be invoked in  exactly  one,  arbitrarily  selected
390              member  of the thread group that has not blocked the signal.  If
391              multiple threads in a group are waiting to accept the same  sig‐
392              nal using sigwaitinfo(2), the kernel will arbitrarily select one
393              of these threads to receive a signal sent using kill(2).
394
395       CLONE_UNTRACED (since Linux 2.5.46)
396              If CLONE_UNTRACED is specified, then a  tracing  process  cannot
397              force CLONE_PTRACE on this child process.
398
399       CLONE_VFORK
400              If  CLONE_VFORK  is set, the execution of the calling process is
401              suspended until the child releases its virtual memory  resources
402              via a call to execve(2) or _exit(2) (as with vfork(2)).
403
404              If  CLONE_VFORK is not set then both the calling process and the
405              child are schedulable after the call, and an application  should
406              not rely on execution occurring in any particular order.
407
408       CLONE_VM
409              If  CLONE_VM  is  set, the calling process and the child process
410              run in the same memory space.  In particular, memory writes per‐
411              formed  by  the calling process or by the child process are also
412              visible in the other process.  Moreover, any memory  mapping  or
413              unmapping  performed  with  mmap(2) or munmap(2) by the child or
414              calling process also affects the other process.
415
416              If CLONE_VM is not set, the child process  runs  in  a  separate
417              copy  of  the memory space of the calling process at the time of
418              clone().  Memory writes or file mappings/unmappings performed by
419              one of the processes do not affect the other, as with fork(2).
420
421   sys_clone
422       The  sys_clone  system call corresponds more closely to fork(2) in that
423       execution in the child continues from the point  of  the  call.   Thus,
424       sys_clone only requires the flags and child_stack arguments, which have
425       the same meaning as for clone().  (Note that the order of  these  argu‐
426       ments differs from clone().)
427
428       Another  difference  for sys_clone is that the child_stack argument may
429       be zero, in which case copy-on-write semantics ensure  that  the  child
430       gets  separate  copies  of stack pages when either process modifies the
431       stack.  In this case, for correct operation, the CLONE_VM option should
432       not be specified.
433
434       In  Linux  2.4  and earlier, clone() does not take arguments ptid, tls,
435       and
436

RETURN VALUE

438       On success, the thread ID of the child process is returned in the call‐
439       er's  thread  of execution.  On failure, -1 is returned in the caller's
440       context, no child process will be created, and errno will be set appro‐
441       priately.
442

ERRORS

444       EAGAIN Too many processes are already running.
445
446       EINVAL CLONE_SIGHAND was specified, but CLONE_VM was not.  (Since Linux
447              2.6.0-test6.)
448
449       EINVAL CLONE_THREAD was specified, but CLONE_SIGHAND was  not.   (Since
450              Linux 2.5.35.)
451
452       EINVAL Both CLONE_FS and CLONE_NEWNS were specified in flags.
453
454       EINVAL Both CLONE_NEWIPC and CLONE_SYSVSEM were specified in flags.
455
456       EINVAL Both CLONE_NEWPID and CLONE_THREAD were specified in flags.
457
458       EINVAL Returned   by  clone()  when  a  zero  value  is  specified  for
459              child_stack.
460
461       EINVAL CLONE_NEWIPC was specified in flags, but the kernel was not con‐
462              figured with the CONFIG_SYSVIPC and CONFIG_IPC_NS options.
463
464       EINVAL CLONE_NEWNET was specified in flags, but the kernel was not con‐
465              figured with the CONFIG_NET_NS option.
466
467       EINVAL CLONE_NEWPID was specified in flags, but the kernel was not con‐
468              figured with the CONFIG_PID_NS option.
469
470       EINVAL CLONE_NEWUTS was specified in flags, but the kernel was not con‐
471              figured with the CONFIG_UTS option.
472
473       ENOMEM Cannot allocate sufficient memory to allocate a  task  structure
474              for  the  child,  or to copy those parts of the caller's context
475              that need to be copied.
476
477       EPERM  CLONE_NEWIPC,  CLONE_NEWNET,   CLONE_NEWNS,   CLONE_NEWPID,   or
478              CLONE_NEWUTS  was specified by a non-root process (process with‐
479              out CAP_SYS_ADMIN).
480
481       EPERM  CLONE_PID was specified by a process other than process 0.
482

VERSIONS

484       There is no entry for clone() in libc5.   glibc2  provides  clone()  as
485       described in this manual page.
486

CONFORMING TO

488       The  clone()  and  sys_clone calls are Linux-specific and should not be
489       used in programs intended to be portable.
490

NOTES

492       In the kernel 2.4.x series, CLONE_THREAD generally does  not  make  the
493       parent of the new thread the same as the parent of the calling process.
494       However, for kernel versions 2.4.7  to  2.4.18  the  CLONE_THREAD  flag
495       implied the CLONE_PARENT flag (as in kernel 2.6).
496
497       For  a  while  there  was CLONE_DETACHED (introduced in 2.5.32): parent
498       wants no child-exit signal.  In 2.6.2 the need to  give  this  together
499       with  CLONE_THREAD disappeared.  This flag is still defined, but has no
500       effect.
501
502       On i386, clone() should not be called through  vsyscall,  but  directly
503       through int $0x80.
504
505       On ia64, a different system call is used:
506
507       int __clone2(int (*fn)(void *),
508                    void *child_stack_base, size_t stack_size,
509                    int flags, void *arg, ...
510                 /* pid_t *ptid, struct user_desc *tls, pid_t *ctid */ );
511
512       The  __clone2() system call operates in the same way as clone(), except
513       that child_stack_base points to the lowest address of the child's stack
514       area,  and  stack_size  specifies  the  size of the stack pointed to by
515       child_stack_base.
516

BUGS

518       Versions of the GNU C library that include the NPTL  threading  library
519       contain a wrapper function for getpid(2) that performs caching of PIDs.
520       This caching relies on support in the glibc wrapper for clone(), but as
521       currently  implemented, the cache may not be up to date in some circum‐
522       stances.  In particular, if a signal is delivered to the child  immedi‐
523       ately  after the clone() call, then a call to getpid() in a handler for
524       the signal may return the PID of the calling process ("the parent"), if
525       the  clone  wrapper has not yet had a chance to update the PID cache in
526       the child.  (This discussion ignores the case where the child was  cre‐
527       ated  using CLONE_THREAD, when getpid() should return the same value in
528       the child and in the process that called clone(), since the caller  and
529       the  child  are in the same thread group.  The stale-cache problem also
530       does not occur if the flags argument includes CLONE_VM.)   To  get  the
531       truth, it may be necessary to use code such as the following:
532
533           #include <syscall.h>
534
535           pid_t mypid;
536
537           mypid = syscall(SYS_getpid);
538

SEE ALSO

540       fork(2),    futex(2),    getpid(2),    gettid(2),   set_thread_area(2),
541       set_tid_address(2),  tkill(2),  unshare(2),  wait(2),  capabilities(7),
542       pthreads(7)
543

COLOPHON

545       This  page  is  part of release 3.22 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
546       description of the project, and information about reporting  bugs,  can
547       be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
548
549
550
551Linux                             2009-07-18                          CLONE(2)
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