1LS(1)                            User Commands                           LS(1)
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NAME

6       ls - list directory contents
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SYNOPSIS

9       ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
10

DESCRIPTION

12       List  information  about  the FILEs (the current directory by default).
13       Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort  is  speci‐
14       fied.
15
16       Mandatory  arguments  to  long  options are mandatory for short options
17       too.
18
19       -a, --all
20              do not ignore entries starting with .
21
22       -A, --almost-all
23              do not list implied . and ..
24
25       --author
26              with -l, print the author of each file
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28       -b, --escape
29              print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
30
31       --block-size=SIZE
32              scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g., '--block-size=M'
33              prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes; see SIZE format below
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35       -B, --ignore-backups
36              do not list implied entries ending with ~
37
38       -c     with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of
39              file status information); with -l: show ctime and sort by  name;
40              otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
41
42       -C     list entries by columns
43
44       --color[=WHEN]
45              colorize  the  output;  WHEN can be 'never', 'auto', or 'always'
46              (the default); more info below
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48       -d, --directory
49              list directories themselves, not their contents
50
51       -D, --dired
52              generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
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54       -f     do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
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56       -F, --classify
57              append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
58
59       --file-type
60              likewise, except do not append '*'
61
62       --format=WORD
63              across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column  -1,
64              verbose -l, vertical -C
65
66       --full-time
67              like -l --time-style=full-iso
68
69       -g     like -l, but do not list owner
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71       --group-directories-first
72              group directories before files;
73
74              can   be  augmented  with  a  --sort  option,  but  any  use  of
75              --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
76
77       -G, --no-group
78              in a long listing, don't print group names
79
80       -h, --human-readable
81              with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
82
83       --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
84
85       -H, --dereference-command-line
86              follow symbolic links listed on the command line
87
88       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
89              follow each command line symbolic link
90
91              that points to a directory
92
93       --hide=PATTERN
94              do not list implied entries matching shell  PATTERN  (overridden
95              by -a or -A)
96
97       --indicator-style=WORD
98              append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default),
99              slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
100
101       -i, --inode
102              print the index number of each file
103
104       -I, --ignore=PATTERN
105              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
106
107       -k, --kibibytes
108              default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage
109
110       -l     use a long listing format
111
112       -L, --dereference
113              when showing file information for a symbolic link, show informa‐
114              tion  for  the file the link references rather than for the link
115              itself
116
117       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries
118
119       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
120              like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
121
122       -N, --literal
123              print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters  spe‐
124              cially)
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126       -o     like -l, but do not list group information
127
128       -p, --indicator-style=slash
129              append / indicator to directories
130
131       -q, --hide-control-chars
132              print ? instead of nongraphic characters
133
134       --show-control-chars
135              show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, unless program is
136              'ls' and output is a terminal)
137
138       -Q, --quote-name
139              enclose entry names in double quotes
140
141       --quoting-style=WORD
142              use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale,  shell,
143              shell-always, c, escape
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145       -r, --reverse
146              reverse order while sorting
147
148       -R, --recursive
149              list subdirectories recursively
150
151       -s, --size
152              print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
153
154       -S     sort by file size
155
156       --sort=WORD
157              sort  by  WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S), time (-t),
158              version (-v), extension (-X)
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160       --time=WORD
161              with -l, show time as WORD instead of default modification time:
162              atime or access or use (-u) ctime or status (-c); also use spec‐
163              ified time as sort key if --sort=time
164
165       --time-style=STYLE
166              with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso,  iso,
167              locale,  or  +FORMAT;  FORMAT  is interpreted like in 'date'; if
168              FORMAT  is  FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2,  then  FORMAT1  applies  to
169              non-recent  files  and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is pre‐
170              fixed with 'posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside  the  POSIX
171              locale
172
173       -t     sort by modification time, newest first
174
175       -T, --tabsize=COLS
176              assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
177
178       -u     with  -lt:  sort by, and show, access time; with -l: show access
179              time and sort by name; otherwise: sort by access time
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181       -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order
182
183       -v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text
184
185       -w, --width=COLS
186              assume screen width instead of current value
187
188       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns
189
190       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension
191
192       -1     list one file per line
193
194       SELinux options:
195
196       --lcontext
197              Display security context.   Enable -l. Lines  will  probably  be
198              too wide for most displays.
199
200       -Z, --context
201              Display  security context so it fits on most displays.  Displays
202              only mode, user, group, security context and file name.
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204       --scontext
205              Display only security context and file name.
206
207       --help display this help and exit
208
209       --version
210              output version information and exit
211
212       SIZE is an integer and optional unit (example:  10M  is  10*1024*1024).
213       Units  are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or KB, MB, ... (pow‐
214       ers of 1000).
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216       Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by  default  and
217       with  --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only when
218       standard output is connected to a terminal.  The LS_COLORS  environment
219       variable can change the settings.  Use the dircolors command to set it.
220
221   Exit status:
222       0      if OK,
223
224       1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
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226       2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
227
228       GNU  coreutils  online  help:  <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
229       Report ls translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>
230

AUTHOR

232       Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
233
235       Copyright © 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.   License  GPLv3+:  GNU
236       GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
237       This  is  free  software:  you  are free to change and redistribute it.
238       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
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SEE ALSO

241       The full documentation for ls is maintained as a  Texinfo  manual.   If
242       the  info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the com‐
243       mand
244
245              info coreutils 'ls invocation'
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247       should give you access to the complete manual.
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251GNU coreutils 8.22               October 2018                            LS(1)
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