1MMAP(2)                    Linux Programmer's Manual                   MMAP(2)
2
3
4

NAME

6       mmap, munmap - map or unmap files or devices into memory
7

SYNOPSIS

9       #include <sys/mman.h>
10
11       void *mmap(void *addr, size_t length, int prot, int flags,
12                  int fd, off_t offset);
13       int munmap(void *addr, size_t length);
14
15       See NOTES for information on feature test macro requirements.
16

DESCRIPTION

18       mmap()  creates a new mapping in the virtual address space of the call‐
19       ing process.  The starting address for the new mapping is specified  in
20       addr.   The  length argument specifies the length of the mapping (which
21       must be greater than 0).
22
23       If addr is NULL, then the kernel chooses the (page-aligned) address  at
24       which to create the mapping; this is the most portable method of creat‐
25       ing a new mapping.  If addr is not NULL, then the kernel takes it as  a
26       hint  about  where  to place the mapping; on Linux, the mapping will be
27       created at a nearby page boundary.  The address of the new  mapping  is
28       returned as the result of the call.
29
30       The contents of a file mapping (as opposed to an anonymous mapping; see
31       MAP_ANONYMOUS below), are initialized using length  bytes  starting  at
32       offset  offset  in  the  file (or other object) referred to by the file
33       descriptor fd.  offset must be a multiple of the page size as  returned
34       by sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE).
35
36       The  prot  argument describes the desired memory protection of the map‐
37       ping (and must not conflict with the open mode of  the  file).   It  is
38       either  PROT_NONE  or  the  bitwise  OR of one or more of the following
39       flags:
40
41       PROT_EXEC  Pages may be executed.
42
43       PROT_READ  Pages may be read.
44
45       PROT_WRITE Pages may be written.
46
47       PROT_NONE  Pages may not be accessed.
48
49       The flags argument determines whether updates to the mapping are  visi‐
50       ble to other processes mapping the same region, and whether updates are
51       carried through to the underlying file.  This behavior is determined by
52       including exactly one of the following values in flags:
53
54       MAP_SHARED
55              Share this mapping.  Updates to the mapping are visible to other
56              processes mapping the same region, and (in  the  case  of  file-
57              backed  mappings)  are  carried  through to the underlying file.
58              (To precisely control when updates are carried  through  to  the
59              underlying file requires the use of msync(2).)
60
61       MAP_SHARED_VALIDATE (since Linux 4.15)
62              This  flag  provides the same behavior as MAP_SHARED except that
63              MAP_SHARED mappings ignore unknown flags in flags.  By contrast,
64              when  creating  a  mapping using MAP_SHARED_VALIDATE, the kernel
65              verifies all passed flags are known and fails the  mapping  with
66              the  error  EOPNOTSUPP  for unknown flags.  This mapping type is
67              also required to be  able  to  use  some  mapping  flags  (e.g.,
68              MAP_SYNC).
69
70       MAP_PRIVATE
71              Create  a private copy-on-write mapping.  Updates to the mapping
72              are not visible to other processes mapping the  same  file,  and
73              are  not carried through to the underlying file.  It is unspeci‐
74              fied whether changes made to the file after the mmap() call  are
75              visible in the mapped region.
76
77       Both  MAP_SHARED  and  MAP_PRIVATE  are  described  in POSIX.1-2001 and
78       POSIX.1-2008.  MAP_SHARED_VALIDATE is a Linux extension.
79
80       In addition, zero or more of the following values can be ORed in flags:
81
82       MAP_32BIT (since Linux 2.4.20, 2.6)
83              Put the mapping into  the  first  2  Gigabytes  of  the  process
84              address  space.   This  flag  is  supported  only on x86-64, for
85              64-bit programs.  It was added to  allow  thread  stacks  to  be
86              allocated  somewhere  in  the  first  2 GB  of  memory, so as to
87              improve context-switch performance on some early 64-bit  proces‐
88              sors.   Modern x86-64 processors no longer have this performance
89              problem, so use of this flag is not required on  those  systems.
90              The MAP_32BIT flag is ignored when MAP_FIXED is set.
91
92       MAP_ANON
93              Synonym for MAP_ANONYMOUS.  Deprecated.
94
95       MAP_ANONYMOUS
96              The mapping is not backed by any file; its contents are initial‐
97              ized to zero.  The fd argument is ignored; however, some  imple‐
98              mentations require fd to be -1 if MAP_ANONYMOUS (or MAP_ANON) is
99              specified, and portable applications should  ensure  this.   The
100              offset  argument  should  be  zero.  The use of MAP_ANONYMOUS in
101              conjunction with MAP_SHARED is supported  on  Linux  only  since
102              kernel 2.4.
103
104       MAP_DENYWRITE
105              This  flag  is ignored.  (Long ago—Linux 2.0 and earlier—it sig‐
106              naled that attempts to write to the underlying file should  fail
107              with  ETXTBUSY.   But  this  was  a  source of denial-of-service
108              attacks.)
109
110       MAP_EXECUTABLE
111              This flag is ignored.
112
113       MAP_FILE
114              Compatibility flag.  Ignored.
115
116       MAP_FIXED
117              Don't interpret addr as a hint: place  the  mapping  at  exactly
118              that address.  addr must be suitably aligned: for most architec‐
119              tures a multiple of the page size is sufficient;  however,  some
120              architectures may impose additional restrictions.  If the memory
121              region specified by addr and len overlaps pages of any  existing
122              mapping(s),  then the overlapped part of the existing mapping(s)
123              will be discarded.  If the specified  address  cannot  be  used,
124              mmap() will fail.
125
126              Software  that  aspires  to be portable should use the MAP_FIXED
127              flag with care, keeping in mind  that  the  exact  layout  of  a
128              process's  memory  mappings  is  allowed to change significantly
129              between kernel versions, C library versions, and operating  sys‐
130              tem  releases.   Carefully  read  the discussion of this flag in
131              NOTES!
132
133       MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE (since Linux 4.17)
134              This flag provides behavior that is similar  to  MAP_FIXED  with
135              respect   to   the   addr   enforcement,  but  differs  in  that
136              MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE never clobbers a preexisting  mapped  range.
137              If  the  requested range would collide with an existing mapping,
138              then this call fails with  the  error  EEXIST.   This  flag  can
139              therefore  be used as a way to atomically (with respect to other
140              threads) attempt to map an address range: one thread  will  suc‐
141              ceed; all others will report failure.
142
143              Note   that   older   kernels   which   do   not  recognize  the
144              MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE flag will typically (upon detecting a colli‐
145              sion  with a preexisting mapping) fall back to a "non-MAP_FIXED"
146              type of behavior: they will return an address that is  different
147              from  the  requested  address.   Therefore,  backward-compatible
148              software should check the returned address against the requested
149              address.
150
151       MAP_GROWSDOWN
152              This  flag  is used for stacks.  It indicates to the kernel vir‐
153              tual memory system that the mapping should  extend  downward  in
154              memory.   The  return  address is one page lower than the memory
155              area that is actually created in the process's  virtual  address
156              space.   Touching  an address in the "guard" page below the map‐
157              ping will cause the mapping to grow by a page.  This growth  can
158              be repeated until the mapping grows to within a page of the high
159              end of the next lower  mapping,  at  which  point  touching  the
160              "guard" page will result in a SIGSEGV signal.
161
162       MAP_HUGETLB (since Linux 2.6.32)
163              Allocate  the  mapping using "huge pages."  See the Linux kernel
164              source file Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt for further  infor‐
165              mation, as well as NOTES, below.
166
167       MAP_HUGE_2MB, MAP_HUGE_1GB (since Linux 3.8)
168              Used  in  conjunction  with  MAP_HUGETLB  to  select alternative
169              hugetlb page sizes (respectively, 2 MB and 1 GB) on systems that
170              support multiple hugetlb page sizes.
171
172              More  generally, the desired huge page size can be configured by
173              encoding the base-2 logarithm of the desired page  size  in  the
174              six bits at the offset MAP_HUGE_SHIFT.  (A value of zero in this
175              bit field provides the default huge page size; the default  huge
176              page  size  can be discovered via the Hugepagesize field exposed
177              by /proc/meminfo.)  Thus, the above two  constants  are  defined
178              as:
179
180                  #define MAP_HUGE_2MB    (21 << MAP_HUGE_SHIFT)
181                  #define MAP_HUGE_1GB    (30 << MAP_HUGE_SHIFT)
182
183              The  range  of  huge page sizes that are supported by the system
184              can be discovered by listing  the  subdirectories  in  /sys/ker‐
185              nel/mm/hugepages.
186
187       MAP_LOCKED (since Linux 2.5.37)
188              Mark the mapped region to be locked in the same way as mlock(2).
189              This implementation will try to populate  (prefault)  the  whole
190              range  but  the  mmap()  call  doesn't  fail with ENOMEM if this
191              fails.  Therefore major faults might happen later  on.   So  the
192              semantic  is  not  as strong as mlock(2).  One should use mmap()
193              plus mlock(2) when major faults are  not  acceptable  after  the
194              initialization  of  the mapping.  The MAP_LOCKED flag is ignored
195              in older kernels.
196
197       MAP_NONBLOCK (since Linux 2.5.46)
198              This flag is meaningful only in conjunction  with  MAP_POPULATE.
199              Don't  perform  read-ahead:  create page tables entries only for
200              pages that are already present in RAM.  Since Linux 2.6.23, this
201              flag  causes  MAP_POPULATE to do nothing.  One day, the combina‐
202              tion of MAP_POPULATE and MAP_NONBLOCK may be reimplemented.
203
204       MAP_NORESERVE
205              Do not reserve swap space for this mapping.  When swap space  is
206              reserved,  one  has  the guarantee that it is possible to modify
207              the mapping.  When swap space is  not  reserved  one  might  get
208              SIGSEGV  upon  a  write if no physical memory is available.  See
209              also the discussion of the  file  /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory
210              in  proc(5).   In  kernels before 2.6, this flag had effect only
211              for private writable mappings.
212
213       MAP_POPULATE (since Linux 2.5.46)
214              Populate (prefault) page tables for a mapping.  For a file  map‐
215              ping,  this  causes  read-ahead  on the file.  This will help to
216              reduce blocking on page faults later.  MAP_POPULATE is supported
217              for private mappings only since Linux 2.6.23.
218
219       MAP_STACK (since Linux 2.6.27)
220              Allocate  the  mapping  at  an address suitable for a process or
221              thread stack.  This flag is currently a no-op, but  is  used  in
222              the glibc threading implementation so that if some architectures
223              require special treatment for  stack  allocations,  support  can
224              later be transparently implemented for glibc.
225
226       MAP_SYNC (since Linux 4.15)
227              This flag is available only with the MAP_SHARED_VALIDATE mapping
228              type; mappings of type  MAP_SHARED  will  silently  ignore  this
229              flag.   This  flag  is  supported  only for files supporting DAX
230              (direct mapping of persistent memory).  For other files,  creat‐
231              ing a mapping with this flag results in an EOPNOTSUPP error.
232
233              Shared  file  mappings with this flag provide the guarantee that
234              while some memory is writably mapped in the address space of the
235              process,  it will be visible in the same file at the same offset
236              even after the system crashes or is  rebooted.   In  conjunction
237              with  the  use  of  appropriate  CPU instructions, this provides
238              users of such mappings with a more efficient way of making  data
239              modifications persistent.
240
241       MAP_UNINITIALIZED (since Linux 2.6.33)
242              Don't  clear  anonymous pages.  This flag is intended to improve
243              performance on embedded devices.  This flag is honored  only  if
244              the  kernel was configured with the CONFIG_MMAP_ALLOW_UNINITIAL‐
245              IZED option.  Because of the security implications, that  option
246              is  normally  enabled  only  on  embedded devices (i.e., devices
247              where one has complete control of the contents of user memory).
248
249       Of the above flags, only MAP_FIXED is  specified  in  POSIX.1-2001  and
250       POSIX.1-2008.  However, most systems also support MAP_ANONYMOUS (or its
251       synonym MAP_ANON).
252
253       Memory mapped by mmap() is preserved  across  fork(2),  with  the  same
254       attributes.
255
256       A file is mapped in multiples of the page size.  For a file that is not
257       a multiple of the page  size,  the  remaining  memory  is  zeroed  when
258       mapped, and writes to that region are not written out to the file.  The
259       effect of changing the size of the underlying file of a mapping on  the
260       pages  that  correspond  to  added  or  removed  regions of the file is
261       unspecified.
262
263   munmap()
264       The munmap() system call deletes the mappings for the specified address
265       range,  and  causes further references to addresses within the range to
266       generate invalid memory references.  The region is  also  automatically
267       unmapped  when  the  process is terminated.  On the other hand, closing
268       the file descriptor does not unmap the region.
269
270       The address addr must be a multiple of the page size (but  length  need
271       not  be).   All  pages  containing  a  part  of the indicated range are
272       unmapped, and  subsequent  references  to  these  pages  will  generate
273       SIGSEGV.   It  is  not an error if the indicated range does not contain
274       any mapped pages.
275

RETURN VALUE

277       On success, mmap() returns a pointer to the mapped area.  On error, the
278       value  MAP_FAILED  (that is, (void *) -1) is returned, and errno is set
279       to indicate the cause of the error.
280
281       On success, munmap() returns 0.  On failure, it returns -1,  and  errno
282       is set to indicate the cause of the error (probably to EINVAL).
283

ERRORS

285       EACCES A  file descriptor refers to a non-regular file.  Or a file map‐
286              ping was  requested,  but  fd  is  not  open  for  reading.   Or
287              MAP_SHARED  was  requested  and PROT_WRITE is set, but fd is not
288              open in read/write (O_RDWR) mode.  Or PROT_WRITE is set, but the
289              file is append-only.
290
291       EAGAIN The  file  has  been  locked, or too much memory has been locked
292              (see setrlimit(2)).
293
294       EBADF  fd is not a valid file descriptor  (and  MAP_ANONYMOUS  was  not
295              set).
296
297       EEXIST MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE  was  specified in flags, and the range cov‐
298              ered by addr and length is clashes with an existing mapping.
299
300       EINVAL We don't like addr, length, or offset (e.g., they are too large,
301              or not aligned on a page boundary).
302
303       EINVAL (since Linux 2.6.12) length was 0.
304
305       EINVAL flags  contained neither MAP_PRIVATE or MAP_SHARED, or contained
306              both of these values.
307
308       ENFILE The system-wide limit on the total number of open files has been
309              reached.
310
311       ENODEV The underlying filesystem of the specified file does not support
312              memory mapping.
313
314       ENOMEM No memory is available.
315
316       ENOMEM The  process's  maximum  number  of  mappings  would  have  been
317              exceeded.   This  error can also occur for munmap(), when unmap‐
318              ping a region in the middle of an existing mapping,  since  this
319              results  in  two  smaller  mappings on either side of the region
320              being unmapped.
321
322       ENOMEM (since Linux 4.7) The process's RLIMIT_DATA limit, described  in
323              getrlimit(2), would have been exceeded.
324
325       EOVERFLOW
326              On  32-bit  architecture  together with the large file extension
327              (i.e., using 64-bit off_t): the number of pages used for  length
328              plus  number  of  pages  used for offset would overflow unsigned
329              long (32 bits).
330
331       EPERM  The prot argument asks for PROT_EXEC but the mapped area belongs
332              to a file on a filesystem that was mounted no-exec.
333
334       EPERM  The operation was prevented by a file seal; see fcntl(2).
335
336       ETXTBSY
337              MAP_DENYWRITE was set but the object specified by fd is open for
338              writing.
339
340       Use of a mapped region can result in these signals:
341
342       SIGSEGV
343              Attempted write into a region mapped as read-only.
344
345       SIGBUS Attempted access to a portion of the buffer that does not corre‐
346              spond  to  the  file  (for  example, beyond the end of the file,
347              including the case  where  another  process  has  truncated  the
348              file).
349

ATTRIBUTES

351       For   an   explanation   of   the  terms  used  in  this  section,  see
352       attributes(7).
353
354       ┌───────────────────┬───────────────┬─────────┐
355Interface          Attribute     Value   
356       ├───────────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┤
357mmap(), munmap()   │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe │
358       └───────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────┘

CONFORMING TO

360       POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, SVr4, 4.4BSD.
361

AVAILABILITY

363       On POSIX systems on which mmap(), msync(2), and munmap() are available,
364       _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES is defined in <unistd.h> to a value greater than 0.
365       (See also sysconf(3).)
366

NOTES

368       On  some  hardware  architectures  (e.g.,  i386),  PROT_WRITE   implies
369       PROT_READ.   It  is  architecture  dependent  whether PROT_READ implies
370       PROT_EXEC or not.  Portable programs should  always  set  PROT_EXEC  if
371       they intend to execute code in the new mapping.
372
373       The  portable  way  to create a mapping is to specify addr as 0 (NULL),
374       and omit MAP_FIXED from flags.  In this case, the  system  chooses  the
375       address  for  the  mapping; the address is chosen so as not to conflict
376       with any existing mapping, and will not be 0.  If the MAP_FIXED flag is
377       specified,  and  addr  is  0  (NULL), then the mapped address will be 0
378       (NULL).
379
380       Certain flags constants are  defined  only  if  suitable  feature  test
381       macros  are  defined  (possibly by default): _DEFAULT_SOURCE with glibc
382       2.19 or later; or _BSD_SOURCE or _SVID_SOURCE in glibc  2.19  and  ear‐
383       lier.   (Employing  _GNU_SOURCE also suffices, and requiring that macro
384       specifically would have been more logical, since these  flags  are  all
385       Linux-specific.)  The relevant flags are: MAP_32BIT, MAP_ANONYMOUS (and
386       the  synonym  MAP_ANON),   MAP_DENYWRITE,   MAP_EXECUTABLE,   MAP_FILE,
387       MAP_GROWSDOWN,  MAP_HUGETLB,  MAP_LOCKED,  MAP_NONBLOCK, MAP_NORESERVE,
388       MAP_POPULATE, and MAP_STACK.
389
390       An application can determine which pages of  a  mapping  are  currently
391       resident in the buffer/page cache using mincore(2).
392
393   Using MAP_FIXED safely
394       The only safe use for MAP_FIXED is where the address range specified by
395       addr and length was previously reserved using another  mapping;  other‐
396       wise,  the  use  of  MAP_FIXED is hazardous because it forcibly removes
397       preexisting mappings, making it easy for  a  multithreaded  process  to
398       corrupt its own address space.
399
400       For  example,  suppose that thread A looks through /proc/<pid>/maps and
401       in order to locate an unused  address  range  that  it  can  map  using
402       MAP_FIXED,  while  thread B simultaneously acquires part or all of that
403       same   address   range.    When   thread   A    subsequently    employs
404       mmap(MAP_FIXED),  it will effectively clobber the mapping that thread B
405       created.  In  this  scenario,  thread  B  need  not  create  a  mapping
406       directly; simply making a library call that, internally, uses dlopen(3)
407       to load some other shared library, will suffice.   The  dlopen(3)  call
408       will  map  the  library into the process's address space.  Furthermore,
409       almost any library call may be implemented in a way  that  adds  memory
410       mappings to the address space, either with this technique, or by simply
411       allocating memory.  Examples include  brk(2),  malloc(3),  pthread_cre‐
412       ate(3), and the PAM libraries ⟨http://www.linux-pam.org⟩.
413
414       Since  Linux  4.17, a multithreaded program can use the MAP_FIXED_NORE‐
415       PLACE flag to avoid the hazard described above when attempting to  cre‐
416       ate a mapping at a fixed address that has not been reserved by a preex‐
417       isting mapping.
418
419   Timestamps changes for file-backed mappings
420       For file-backed mappings, the st_atime field for the mapped file may be
421       updated at any time between the mmap() and the corresponding unmapping;
422       the first reference to a mapped page will update the field  if  it  has
423       not been already.
424
425       The  st_ctime  and st_mtime field for a file mapped with PROT_WRITE and
426       MAP_SHARED will be updated after a write  to  the  mapped  region,  and
427       before  a subsequent msync(2) with the MS_SYNC or MS_ASYNC flag, if one
428       occurs.
429
430   Huge page (Huge TLB) mappings
431       For mappings that employ huge pages, the requirements for the arguments
432       of  mmap()  and munmap() differ somewhat from the requirements for map‐
433       pings that use the native system page size.
434
435       For mmap(), offset must be a multiple of the underlying huge page size.
436       The system automatically aligns length to be a multiple of the underly‐
437       ing huge page size.
438
439       For munmap(), addr and length must both be a multiple of the underlying
440       huge page size.
441
442   C library/kernel differences
443       This  page describes the interface provided by the glibc mmap() wrapper
444       function.  Originally, this function invoked a system call of the  same
445       name.   Since  kernel  2.4,  that  system  call  has been superseded by
446       mmap2(2), and  nowadays  the  glibc  mmap()  wrapper  function  invokes
447       mmap2(2) with a suitably adjusted value for offset.
448

BUGS

450       On  Linux,  there  are  no  guarantees like those suggested above under
451       MAP_NORESERVE.  By default, any process can be  killed  at  any  moment
452       when the system runs out of memory.
453
454       In  kernels before 2.6.7, the MAP_POPULATE flag has effect only if prot
455       is specified as PROT_NONE.
456
457       SUSv3 specifies that mmap() should fail if length is  0.   However,  in
458       kernels  before  2.6.12,  mmap() succeeded in this case: no mapping was
459       created and the call returned addr.  Since kernel 2.6.12, mmap()  fails
460       with the error EINVAL for this case.
461
462       POSIX specifies that the system shall always zero fill any partial page
463       at the end of the object and that system will never write any modifica‐
464       tion  of  the  object beyond its end.  On Linux, when you write data to
465       such partial page after the end of the object, the data  stays  in  the
466       page  cache  even after the file is closed and unmapped and even though
467       the data is never written to the file itself, subsequent  mappings  may
468       see  the modified content.  In some cases, this could be fixed by call‐
469       ing msync(2) before the unmap takes place; however, this  doesn't  work
470       on  tmpfs(5) (for example, when using the POSIX shared memory interface
471       documented in shm_overview(7)).
472

EXAMPLE

474       The following program prints part of the file specified  in  its  first
475       command-line  argument  to  standard  output.  The range of bytes to be
476       printed is specified via offset and length values  in  the  second  and
477       third  command-line arguments.  The program creates a memory mapping of
478       the required pages of the file and then uses  write(2)  to  output  the
479       desired bytes.
480
481   Program source
482       #include <sys/mman.h>
483       #include <sys/stat.h>
484       #include <fcntl.h>
485       #include <stdio.h>
486       #include <stdlib.h>
487       #include <unistd.h>
488
489       #define handle_error(msg) \
490           do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)
491
492       int
493       main(int argc, char *argv[])
494       {
495           char *addr;
496           int fd;
497           struct stat sb;
498           off_t offset, pa_offset;
499           size_t length;
500           ssize_t s;
501
502           if (argc < 3 || argc > 4) {
503               fprintf(stderr, "%s file offset [length]\n", argv[0]);
504               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
505           }
506
507           fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);
508           if (fd == -1)
509               handle_error("open");
510
511           if (fstat(fd, &sb) == -1)           /* To obtain file size */
512               handle_error("fstat");
513
514           offset = atoi(argv[2]);
515           pa_offset = offset & ~(sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE) - 1);
516               /* offset for mmap() must be page aligned */
517
518           if (offset >= sb.st_size) {
519               fprintf(stderr, "offset is past end of file\n");
520               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
521           }
522
523           if (argc == 4) {
524               length = atoi(argv[3]);
525               if (offset + length > sb.st_size)
526                   length = sb.st_size - offset;
527                       /* Can't display bytes past end of file */
528
529           } else {    /* No length arg ==> display to end of file */
530               length = sb.st_size - offset;
531           }
532
533           addr = mmap(NULL, length + offset - pa_offset, PROT_READ,
534                       MAP_PRIVATE, fd, pa_offset);
535           if (addr == MAP_FAILED)
536               handle_error("mmap");
537
538           s = write(STDOUT_FILENO, addr + offset - pa_offset, length);
539           if (s != length) {
540               if (s == -1)
541                   handle_error("write");
542
543               fprintf(stderr, "partial write");
544               exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
545           }
546
547           munmap(addr, length + offset - pa_offset);
548           close(fd);
549
550           exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
551       }
552

SEE ALSO

554       ftruncate(2),  getpagesize(2),  memfd_create(2),  mincore(2), mlock(2),
555       mmap2(2), mprotect(2), mremap(2), msync(2), remap_file_pages(2),  setr‐
556       limit(2), shmat(2), userfaultfd(2), shm_open(3), shm_overview(7)
557
558       The  descriptions  of the following files in proc(5): /proc/[pid]/maps,
559       /proc/[pid]/map_files, and /proc/[pid]/smaps.
560
561       B.O. Gallmeister, POSIX.4, O'Reilly, pp. 128–129 and 389–391.
562

COLOPHON

564       This page is part of release 4.16 of the Linux  man-pages  project.   A
565       description  of  the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
566       latest    version    of    this    page,    can     be     found     at
567       https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
568
569
570
571Linux                             2018-04-30                           MMAP(2)
Impressum