1Math::PlanePath::DiagonUasleRratCioonntarlisb(u3t)ed PerMlatDho:c:uPmleannteaPtaitohn::DiagonalRationals(3)
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NAME

6       Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals -- rationals X/Y by diagonals
7

SYNOPSIS

9        use Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals;
10        my $path = Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals->new;
11        my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);
12

DESCRIPTION

14       This path enumerates positive rationals X/Y with no common factor,
15       going in diagonal order from Y down to X.
16
17           17  |    96...
18           16  |    80
19           15  |    72 81
20           14  |    64    82
21           13  |    58 65 73 83 97
22           12  |    46          84
23           11  |    42 47 59 66 74 85 98
24           10  |    32    48          86
25            9  |    28 33    49 60    75 87
26            8  |    22    34    50    67    88
27            7  |    18 23 29 35 43 51    68 76 89 99
28            6  |    12          36    52          90
29            5  |    10 13 19 24    37 44 53 61    77 91
30            4  |     6    14    25    38    54    69    92
31            3  |     4  7    15 20    30 39    55 62    78 93
32            2  |     2     8    16    26    40    56    70    94
33            1  |     1  3  5  9 11 17 21 27 31 41 45 57 63 71 79 95
34           Y=0 |
35               +---------------------------------------------------
36                X=0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
37
38       The order is the same as the "Diagonals" path, but only those X,Y with
39       no common factor are numbered.
40
41           1/1,                      N = 1
42           1/2, 1/2,                 N = 2 .. 3
43           1/3, 1/3,                 N = 4 .. 5
44           1/4, 2/3, 3/2, 4/1,       N = 6 .. 9
45           1/5, 5/1,                 N = 10 .. 11
46
47       N=1,2,4,6,10,etc at the start of each diagonal (in the column at X=1)
48       is the cumulative totient,
49
50           totient(i) = count numbers having no common factor with i
51
52                                    i=K
53           cumulative_totient(K) =  sum   totient(i)
54                                    i=1
55
56   Direction Up
57       Option "direction => 'up'" reverses the order within each diagonal to
58       count upward from the X axis.
59
60           direction => "up"
61
62            8 |   27
63            7 |   21 26
64            6 |   17
65            5 |   11 16 20 25
66            4 |    9    15    24
67            3 |    5  8    14 19
68            2 |    3     7    13    23
69            1 |    1  2  4  6 10 12 18 22
70           Y=0|
71              +---------------------------
72              X=0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8
73
74   N Start
75       The default is to number points starting N=1 as shown above.  An
76       optional "n_start" can give a different start with the same shape,  For
77       example to start at 0,
78
79           n_start => 0
80
81            8 |   21
82            7 |   17 22
83            6 |   11
84            5 |    9 12 18 23
85            4 |    5    13    24
86            3 |    3  6    14 19
87            2 |    1     7    15    25
88            1 |    0  2  4  8 10 16 20 26
89           Y=0|
90              +---------------------------
91              X=0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8
92
93   Coprime Columns
94       The diagonals are the same as the columns in "CoprimeColumns".  For
95       example the diagonal N=18 to N=21 from X=0,Y=8 down to X=8,Y=0 is the
96       same as the "CoprimeColumns" vertical at X=8.  In general the
97       correspondence is
98
99          Xdiag = Ycol
100          Ydiag = Xcol - Ycol
101
102          Xcol = Xdiag + Ydiag
103          Ycol = Xdiag
104
105       "CoprimeColumns" has an extra N=0 at X=1,Y=1 which is not present in
106       "DiagonalRationals".  (It would be Xdiag=1,Ydiag=0 which is 1/0.)
107
108       The points numbered or skipped in a column up to X=Y is the same as the
109       points numbered or skipped on a diagonal, simply because X,Y no common
110       factor is the same as Y,X+Y no common factor.
111
112       Taking the "CoprimeColumns" as enumerating fractions F = Ycol/Xcol with
113       0 < F < 1 the corresponding diagonal rational 0 < R < infinity is
114
115                  1         F
116           R = -------  =  ---
117               1/F - 1     1-F
118
119                  1         R
120           F = -------  =  ---
121               1/R + 1     1+R
122
123       which is a one-to-one mapping between the fractions F < 1 and all
124       rationals.
125

FUNCTIONS

127       See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path
128       classes.
129
130       "$path = Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals->new ()"
131       "$path = Math::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals->new (direction => $str,
132       n_start => $n)"
133           Create and return a new path object.  "direction" (a string) can be
134
135               "down"     (the default)
136               "up"
137
138       "($x,$y) = $path->n_to_xy ($n)"
139           Return the X,Y coordinates of point number $n on the path.  Points
140           begin at 1 and if "$n < 1" then the return is an empty list.
141

BUGS

143       The current implementation is fairly slack and is slow on medium to
144       large N.  A table of cumulative totients is built and retained for the
145       diagonal d=X+Y.
146

OEIS

148       This enumeration of rationals is in Sloane's Online Encyclopedia of
149       Integer Sequences in the following forms
150
151           <http://oeis.org/A020652> (etc)
152
153           direction=down, n_start=1  (the defaults)
154             A020652   X, numerator
155             A020653   Y, denominator
156             A038567   X+Y sum, starting from X=1,Y=1
157             A054431   by diagonals 1=coprime, 0=not
158                         (excluding X=0 row and Y=0 column)
159
160             A054430   permutation N at Y/X
161                         reverse runs of totient(k) many integers
162
163             A054424   permutation DiagonalRationals -> RationalsTree SB
164             A054425     padded with 0s at non-coprimes
165             A054426     inverse SB -> DiagonalRationals
166             A060837   permutation DiagonalRationals -> FactorRationals
167
168           direction=down, n_start=0
169             A157806   abs(X-Y) difference
170
171       direction=up swaps X,Y.
172

SEE ALSO

174       Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::CoprimeColumns,
175       Math::PlanePath::RationalsTree, Math::PlanePath::PythagoreanTree
176

HOME PAGE

178       <http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html>
179

LICENSE

181       Copyright 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Kevin Ryde
182
183       Math-PlanePath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
184       it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
185       the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option) any
186       later version.
187
188       Math-PlanePath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
189       WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
190       MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
191       General Public License for more details.
192
193       You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
194       with Math-PlanePath.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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198perl v5.28.0                      2017-12-M0a3th::PlanePath::DiagonalRationals(3)
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