1CDRSKIN(1)                  General Commands Manual                 CDRSKIN(1)
2
3
4

NAME

6       cdrskin - burns preformatted data to CD, DVD, and BD via libburn.
7

SYNOPSIS

9       cdrskin [options|track_source_addresses]
10

DESCRIPTION

12       cdrskin is a program that provides some of cdrecord's options in a com‐
13       patible way for CD media. With DVD and BD it has its own ways.  You  do
14       not need to be superuser for its daily usage.
15
16   Overview of features:
17       Blanking of CD-RW and DVD-RW.
18       Formatting of DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD.
19       Burning of data tracks or audio tracks with CD-TEXT to CD,
20       either in versatile Track at Once mode (TAO)
21       or in Session at Once mode for seamless tracks.
22       Multi session on CD (follow-up sessions in TAO only)
23       or on DVD-R[W] (in Incremental mode) or DVD+R[/DL] or BD-R.
24       Single session Disk-at-once on DVD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-R DL.
25       Single session or emulated ISO-9660 multi-session
26       on overwriteable DVD+RW, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, BD-RE
27       or on data file or block device.
28       Extraction of audio tracks and CD-TEXT to hard disk files.
29       Bus  scan,  burnfree,  speed  options,  retrieving media info, padding,
30       fifo.
31       See section EXAMPLES at the end of this text.
32
33   General information paragraphs:
34       Track recording model
35       Write mode selection
36       Recordable CD Media
37       Sequentially Recordable DVD or BD Media
38       Overwriteable DVD or BD Media
39       Drive preparation and addressing
40       Emulated drives
41
42   Track recording model:
43       The input-output entities which get processed  are  called  tracks.   A
44       track stores a stream of bytes.
45       More  than  one track can be burned by a single run of cdrskin.  In the
46       terms of the MMC standard all tracks written by the same run constitute
47       a session.
48       Normally, each track is initiated by one track source address argument,
49       which may either be "-" for standard input or the address of a readable
50       file.   Alternatively,  option  cuefile=  may be used to read a session
51       description from a text file and to read the  session  content  from  a
52       single data file.
53       If  no  write  mode  is  given explicitly then one will be chosen which
54       matches the peculiarities of track sources and the state of the  output
55       media.
56
57       Some  media  types can be kept appendable so that further tracks can be
58       written to them in subsequent runs  of  cdrskin  (see  option  -multi).
59       Info about the addresses of burned tracks is kept in a table of content
60       (TOC) on media and can be retrieved  via  cdrskin  option  -toc.   This
61       information is also used by the operating systems' CD-ROM read drivers.
62
63       In  general  there are two types of tracks: data and audio. They differ
64       in sector size, throughput and  readability  via  the  systems'  CD-ROM
65       drivers  and  by  music  CD players. With DVD and BD there is only type
66       data.
67       If not explicitly option -audio is given, then any track is  burned  as
68       type  data,  unless  the  track  source is a file with suffix ".wav" or
69       ".au" and has a header part which identifies it as MS-WAVE or SUN Audio
70       with  suitable  parameters.  Such  files  are burned as audio tracks by
71       default.
72
73       While audio tracks just contain a given time span  of  acoustic  vibra‐
74       tions,  data  tracks  may  have  an  arbitrary  meaning.  Nevertheless,
75       ISO-9660 filesystems are established as a format which can represent  a
76       tree  of  directories  and  files  on all major operating systems. Such
77       filesystem images can be produced by programs mkisofs or genisoimage or
78       xorriso.   They  can  also  be extended by follow-up tracks if prepared
79       properly.  See the man pages of said programs.  cdrskin is able to ful‐
80       fill the needs about their option -C.
81       Another type of data track content are archive formats which originally
82       have been developed for magnetic  tapes.  Only  formats  which  mark  a
83       detectable  end-of-archive  in  their  data  are suitable, though. Well
84       tested are the archivers afio and star. Not suitable seems GNU tar.
85
86   Write mode selection:
87       In general there are two approaches for writing media:
88       A permissive mode selected by option  -tao  which  needs  no  predicted
89       track  size  and can use multi-session capabilities if offered by drive
90       and medium.
91       A more restrictive mode -sao (alias -dao) which usually demands a  pre‐
92       dictable track size and is not necessarily capable of multi-session. It
93       can be used to write CD-TEXT and it is the only  one  that  works  with
94       option cuefile=.
95       If  none  of  the  options -dao, -tao or -sao is given then the program
96       will try to choose a write mode which  matches  the  defined  recording
97       job, the capabilities of the drive and the state of the present media.
98       So the mentioning of write modes in the following paragraphs and in the
99       examples is not so much a demand that the user shall choose one explic‐
100       itly,  but  rather  an  illustration  of what to expect with particular
101       media types.
102
103   Recordable CD Media:
104       CD-R can be initially written only once and eventually  extended  until
105       they  get  closed  (or are spoiled because they are overly full). After
106       that they are read-only. Closing is done  automatically  unless  option
107       -multi is given which keeps the media appendable.
108       Write  mode  -tao  is able to use track sources of unpredictable length
109       (like stdin) and to write further sessions to appendable  media.   -sao
110       produces  audio sessions with seamless tracks but needs predicted track
111       sizes and cannot append sessions to media.
112       CD-RW media can be blanked to make them re-usable for another round  of
113       overwriting.  Usually  blank=fast  is the appropriate option.  Blanking
114       damages the previous content but does not make  it  completely  unread‐
115       able. It is no effective privacy precaution.  Multiple cycles of blank‐
116       ing and overwriting with random numbers might be needed.
117
118   Sequentially Recordable DVD or BD Media:
119       Currently DVD-RW, DVD-R[DL], DVD+R[DL], and BD-R can be  used  for  the
120       Sequential  recording  model.  It resembles the model of CD media. Only
121       DVD-RW can be blanked and re-used from scratch.
122       DVD-RW are sequential media if they are in  state  "Sequential  Record‐
123       ing".   The  media must be either blank or appendable.  Newly purchased
124       DVD-RW and DVD-R media are in this state.  Used DVD-RW get  into  blank
125       sequential state by option blank=deformat_sequential .
126       With DVD-R[W] two write modes may be available:
127       Mode DAO has many restrictions. It does not work with appendable media,
128       cannot do -multi and writes only a single track.  The size of the track
129       needs  to  be  known  in advance. So either its source has to be a disk
130       file of recognizable size or the size has to be announced explicitly by
131       options tsize= or tao_to_sao_tsize= .
132       DAO  is  the  only  mode for DVD-R media which do not offer feature 21h
133       Incremental Streaming (e.g. DVD-R DL). DAO may also be selected explic‐
134       itly  by  option  -sao .  Program growisofs uses DAO on sequential DVD-
135       R[W] media for maximum DVD-ROM/-Video compatibility.
136       The other mode, Incremental Streaming, is the default write mode if  it
137       is  available  and  if  the  restrictions of DAO would prevent the job.
138       Incremental Streaming may be selected explicitly by option -tao  as  it
139       resembles  much CD TAO by accepting track sources of unpredicted length
140       and being able to keep media appendable by option -multi . It does  not
141       work  with DVD-R DL and minimally blanked DVD-RW.  The only restriction
142       towards CD-R[W] is the lack of support  for  -audio  tracks.   Multiple
143       tracks per session are permissible.
144       The  write  modes  for  DVD+R[/DL]  and  BD-R resemble those with DVD-R
145       except that each track gets wrapped in an  own  session.  There  is  no
146       -dummy writing with DVD+R[/DL] or BD-R.
147       Quite  deliberately  write mode -sao insists in the tradition of a pre‐
148       dicted track size and blank media, whereas -tao writes the tracks  open
149       ended and can be applied to appendable media.
150       BD-R  may be formatted before first use to enable the Defect Management
151       which might catch and repair some bad spots  at  the  expense  of  slow
152       speed even with flawless media.
153       Note:  Option  -multi  might  make DVD media unreadable in some DVD-ROM
154       drives.  Best reader compatibility is achieved without it (i.e. by sin‐
155       gle session media).
156
157   Overwriteable DVD or BD Media:
158       Currently  types  DVD+RW,  DVD-RW, DVD-RAM and BD-RE can be overwritten
159       via cdrskin.
160       Option -audio is not allowed. Only one track is allowed.  Option -multi
161       cannot  mark  a  recognizable  end  of  overwriteable media.  Therefore
162       -multi is banned unless ISO-9660 images shall be expandable by help  of
163       option  --grow_overwriteable_iso  .   Without this option or without an
164       ISO-9660 filesystem image present on media, -toc does not return infor‐
165       mation  about  the media content and media get treated as blank regard‐
166       less whether they hold data or not.
167       Currently there is no difference between -sao and -tao. If  ever,  then
168       -tao will be the mode which preserves the current behavior.
169
170       DVD+RW and DVD-RAM media need no special initial formatting. They offer
171       a single continuous data area for blockwise random access.  BD-RE  need
172       explicit  formatting  before  use.  See  blank=as_needed  or blank=for‐
173       mat_defectmgt .
174       DVD-RW are sold in state "Sequential Recording". To become suitable for
175       the  Overwriteable  DVD  recording  model they need to get formatted to
176       state "Restricted Overwrite". Then they behave much like  DVD+RW.  This
177       formatting can be done by option blank=format_overwrite .
178       Several  programs  like  dvd+rw-format, cdrecord, wodim, or cdrskin can
179       bring a DVD-RW out of overwriteable state so that it has to be  format‐
180       ted again. If in doubt, just give it a try.
181
182   Drive preparation and addressing:
183       The  drives,  CD,  DVD, or BD burners, are accessed via addresses which
184       are specific to libburn and the operating system. Those  addresses  get
185       listed by a run of cdrskin --devices or cdrskin --device_links.
186       On Linux, they are device files which traditionally do not offer w-per‐
187       missions for normal users.  Because  libburn  needs  rw-permission,  it
188       might  be  only the superuser who is able to get this list without fur‐
189       ther precautions.
190       It is consensus that chmod a+rw /dev/sr0 or chmod a+rw /dev/hdc is less
191       security  sensitive  than  chmod u+s,a+x /usr/bin/cdrskin. The risk for
192       the drive is somewhat higher but the overall system  is  much  less  at
193       stake.   Consider to restrict rw-access to a single group which bundles
194       the users  who  are  allowed  to  use  the  burner  drive  (like  group
195       "floppy").
196       For  drive  permission  examples  on  Linux,  FreeBSD, and Solaris, see
197       cdrskin/README.
198
199       If you only got one CD capable drive then you  may  leave  out  cdrskin
200       option  dev=.  Else you should use this option to address the drive you
201       want.
202       cdrskin option dev= not only accepts the listed addresses but also tra‐
203       ditional  cdrecord  SCSI  addresses  which  consist  of  three numbers:
204       Bus,Target,Lun. On Linux there is also a related address  family  "ATA"
205       which  accesses  IDE  drives  not  under control of Linux SCSI drivers:
206       ATA:Bus,Target,Lun.
207       See option -scanbus for getting a list of cdrecord style addresses.
208       Further are accepted: links to libburn-suitable  device  files,  device
209       files  which  have  the  same major and minor device number, and device
210       files which have the same SCSI address parameters (e.g. /dev/sg0).
211
212   Emulated drives:
213       Option  --allow_emulated_drives  enables  addressing  of  pseudo-drives
214       which get emulated on top of filesystem objects. Regular data files and
215       block devices result in pseudo-drives which behave much  like  DVD-RAM.
216       If  the given address does not exist yet but its directory exists, then
217       it gets created as regular  file.   Other  file  types  like  character
218       devices  or  pipes result in pseudo-drives which behave much like blank
219       DVD-R.  The target file address is given after prefix "stdio:".
220       E.g.: dev=stdio:/tmp/my_pseudo_drive
221       Addresses of the form "stdio:/dev/fd/<number>" are treated special. The
222       number  is  read  literally  and  used  as  open  file descriptor. With
223       dev="stdio:/dev/fd/1" the normal standard  output  of  the  program  is
224       redirected  to  stderr and the stream data of a burn run will appear on
225       stdout.
226       Not good for terminals ! Redirect it.
227       Pseudo-drives support -dummy. Their reply with  --tell_media_space  can
228       be  utopic.  -dummy burn runs touch the file but do not modify its data
229       content.
230       Note:  --allow_emulated_drives  is  restricted  to  stdio:/dev/null  if
231       cdrskin  is run by the superuser or if it has changed user identity via
232       the setuid bit of its access permissions. The ban for the superuser can
233       be lifted by a skillfully created file. See section FILES below.
234

OPTIONS

236       --help Show non-cdrecord compatible options.
237
238       -help  Show cdrecord compatible options.
239              Note  that some of the help texts are quite wrong - for cdrecord
240              as well as for cdrskin (e.g. -format, blank=, -load). They  are,
241              nevertheless, traditional indicators for the availability of the
242              listed options. Some  frontend  programs  make  decisions  after
243              reading them.
244
245       -version
246              Print cdrskin id line, compatibility lure line, libburn version,
247              cdrskin version, version timestamp, build timestamp  (if  avail‐
248              able), and then exit.
249
250       Alphabetical  list  of options which are intended to be compatible with
251       original cdrecord by Joerg Schilling:
252
253       -atip  Retrieve some info about  media  state.  With  CD-RW  print  "Is
254              erasable".   With  DVD media print "book type:" and a media type
255              text. With BD media print "Mounted Media:" and media type text.
256
257       -audio Announces that the subsequent tracks are to be burned as  audio.
258              The  source is supposed to be uncompressed headerless PCM, 44100
259              Hz, 16 bit, stereo. For little-endian byte order (which is usual
260              on  PCs)  use  option  -swab. Unless marked explicitly by option
261              -data, input files with suffix ".wav" are examined whether  they
262              have  a header in MS-WAVE format confirming those parameters and
263              eventually raw audio data get  extracted  and  burned  as  audio
264              track. Same is done for suffix ".au" and SUN Audio.
265              Option -audio may be used only with CD media and not with DVD or
266              BD.
267
268       blank=type
269              Blank a CD-RW, DVD-RW, or format a DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM,  BD.
270              This is combinable with burning in the same run of cdrskin.  The
271              type given with blank= selects the particular behavior:
272
273              as_needed
274                     Try to make the media ready for writing from scratch.  If
275                     it  needs formatting, then format it. If it is not blank,
276                     then try to apply blank=fast.  It is a reason to abort if
277                     the  media cannot assume thoroughly writeable state, e.g.
278                     if it is non-blank write-once.
279                     This  leaves  unformatted  DVD-RW  in  unformatted  blank
280                     state.  To  format DVD-RW use blank=format_overwriteable.
281                     Blank unformatted BD-R stay unformatted.
282                     (Note:  blank=as_needed  is  not  an  original   cdrecord
283                     option.)
284
285              The  following  blank  types  are  specific  to particular media
286              familes. Use them if special features are desired.
287
288              all    Blank an entire CD-RW or  an  unformatted  DVD-RW.   (See
289                     also --prodvd_cli_compatible, --grow_overwriteable_iso)
290
291              fast   Minimally  blank  an entire CD-RW or blank an unformatted
292                     DVD-RW.  (See also --prodvd_cli_compatible,  --grow_over‐
293                     writeable_iso)
294
295              deformat_sequential
296                     Like  blank=all  but with the additional ability to blank
297                     overwriteable DVD-RW.  This will destroy their formatting
298                     and make them sequentially recordable.  Another peculiar‐
299                     ity is the ability to blank media  which  appear  already
300                     blank.  This is similar to option -force but does not try
301                     to blank media other than recognizable CD-RW and DVD-RW.
302                     (Note:  blank=deformat_*  are   not   original   cdrecord
303                     options.)
304
305              deformat_sequential_quickest
306                     Like  blank=deformat_sequential  but blanking DVD-RW only
307                     minimally.  This is faster than  full  blanking  but  may
308                     yield media incapable of Incremental Streaming (-tao).
309
310              format_if_needed
311                     Format a media if it is not formatted yet, and if cdrskin
312                     supports formatting for the media type, and if formatting
313                     will  not  happen  automatically during write.  This cur‐
314                     rently applies to unformatted DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, BD-RE, and
315                     blank   unformatted  BD-R.   Eventually  the  appropriate
316                     default formatting is chosen.  If other media  or  states
317                     are encountered then nothing happens.
318                     The  following  formatting  types are more specialized to
319                     particular media families.
320
321              format_overwrite
322                     Format a  DVD-RW  to  "Restricted  Overwrite".  The  user
323                     should bring some patience.
324                     (Note: blank=format_* are not original cdrecord options.)
325
326              format_overwrite_quickest
327                     Like  format_overwrite  without creating a 128 MiB trail‐
328                     blazer session.  Leads to "intermediate" state which only
329                     supports  sequential write beginning from address 0.  The
330                     "intermediate" state ends  after  the  first  session  of
331                     writing data.
332
333              format_overwrite_full
334                     For  DVD-RW this is like format_overwrite but claims full
335                     media size rather than just 128  MiB.   Most  traditional
336                     formatting  is  attempted.  No  data  get  written.  Much
337                     patience is required.
338                     This option treats already formatted media  even  if  not
339                     option -force is given.
340                     For DVD+RW this is the only supported explicit formatting
341                     type. It provides complete "de-icing" so no reader  slips
342                     on unwritten data areas.
343
344              format_defectmgt
345                     Format  DVD-RAM  or  BD  to reserve the default amount of
346                     spare blocks for defect management.
347                     The following format_defectmgt_* enable the user to  sub‐
348                     mit  wishes  which  nevertheless have to match one of the
349                     available formats. These formats are offered by the drive
350                     after examining the media.
351
352              format_defectmgt_cert_off
353                     Disable the usual media quality certification in order to
354                     save time and format to default size.  The  certification
355                     setting  persists even if subsequent blank= options over‐
356                     ride the size of the format selection.
357                     Whether formatting without certification  works  properly
358                     depends  much  on the drive. One should check the "Format
359                     status:" from --list_formats afterwards.
360
361              format_defectmgt_cert_on
362                     Re-enable the usual media quality certification and  for‐
363                     mat  to default size.  The certification setting persists
364                     like with format_defectmgt_cert_off.
365                     Whether there happens certification at all  depends  much
366                     on  the  media  state  and  the  actually selected format
367                     descriptor.
368
369              format_defectmgt_max
370                     Format DVD-RAM or BD to reserve a maximum number of spare
371                     blocks.
372
373              format_defectmgt_min
374                     Format DVD-RAM or BD to reserve a minimum number of spare
375                     blocks.  It might be necessary to  format  format_defect‐
376                     mgt_none  first  in  order to get offered the most minmal
377                     spare blocks sizes for format_defectmgt_min.
378
379              format_defectmgt_none
380                     Format DVD-RAM or BD-RE to the largest available  payload
381                     in the hope to disable defect management at all. This may
382                     or may not have a speed increasing  effect.   Unformatted
383                     blank BD-R will be left unformatted.
384
385              format_defectmgt_payload_<size>
386                     Format  DVD-RAM  or  BD.  The  text after "format_defect‐
387                     mgt_payload_" gives a number of  bytes,  eventually  with
388                     suffixes  "s",  "k",  "m".  The  largest  number of spare
389                     blocks will be chosen which enables at  least  the  given
390                     payload size.
391
392              format_by_index_<number>
393                     Format  DVD-RW,  DVD+RW, DVD-RAM or BD.  The number after
394                     "format_by_index_" is used as index to the list of avail‐
395                     able  format  descriptors.  This  list can be obtained by
396                     option --list_formats.  The numbers  after  text  "Format
397                     idx"  are the ones to be used with format_by_index_. For‐
398                     mat descriptor lists are volatile. Do neither  eject  nor
399                     write the media between the run of --list_formats and the
400                     run of blank=format_by_index_ or else you may get a  dif‐
401                     ferent format than desired.
402
403              help   Print this list of blanking types.
404
405       -checkdrive
406              Retrieve  some  info  about  the  addressed drive and then exit.
407              Exits with non-zero value if  the  drive  cannot  be  found  and
408              opened.
409
410       -copy  Create  the  subsequent  tracks with permission for an unlimited
411              number of copies.
412
413       cuefile=path
414              Read a session description from a cue sheet file in CDRWIN  for‐
415              mat.   Base  the  tracks  on a single file which is given in the
416              sheet by command FILE.  To enable CD-TEXT  from  the  cue  sheet
417              file, cdrskin option -text has to be present.
418              cdrskin  currently supports TRACK datatypes AUDIO and MODE1/2048
419              which may not be mixed.  Data source may be of FILE type BINARY,
420              MOTOROLA, or WAVE.
421              Non-CDRWIN commands ARRANGER, COMPOSER, MESSAGE are supported.
422              Cue  sheet  file  commands CATALOG and ISRC may be overridden by
423              option mcn= and by input_sheet_v07t= purpose specifiers  "UPC  /
424              EAN"  and  "ISRC".  This does not affect their appearance in CD-
425              TEXT, but only on Q sub-channel.
426              The track numbers may be overridden by option cd_start_tno=.
427
428       -dao   Alias for option -sao. Write CD in Session at Once mode or  DVD-
429              R[W] in Disc-at-once mode.
430
431       -data  Subsequent  tracks  are  data tracks. This option is default and
432              only needed to mark the end of the range of an  eventual  option
433              -audio or -xa1.
434              Options -mode2, -xa, and -xa2 get mapped to -data, not using the
435              desired CD sector formats and thus not taking advantage of even‐
436              tual higher payload.
437
438       -xa1   Subsequent tracks are data tracks with input suitable for CD-ROM
439              XA mode 2 form 1. This differs from -data input by 8  additional
440              header  bytes  per  block.  cdrskin will not write CD-ROM XA but
441              rather strip the header bytes and write as -data tracks.
442
443       dev=target
444              Set the address of the drive to use.  Valid  are  at  least  the
445              addresses listed with options --devices or --device_links, X,Y,Z
446              addresses  listed  with  option  -scanbus,  ATA:X,Y,Z  addresses
447              listed with options dev=ATA -scanbus, and volatile libburn drive
448              numbers (numbering starts at "0").  Other device file  addresses
449              which lead to the same drive might work too.
450              If  no  dev= is given, volatile address "dev=0" is assumed. That
451              is the first drive found  being  available.  Better  avoid  this
452              ambiguity on systems with more than one drive.
453              The special target "help" lists hints about available addressing
454              formats.  Be aware that deprecated option  --old_pseudo_scsi_adr
455              may change the meaning of Bus,Target,Lun addresses.
456
457       driveropts=opt
458              Set "driveropts=noburnfree" to disable the drive's eventual pro‐
459              tection mechanism against temporary lack of  source  data  (i.e.
460              buffer  underrun).   A drive that announces no such capabilities
461              will not get them enabled anyway, even if  attempted  explicitly
462              via "driveropts=burnfree".
463
464       -dummy Try  to  perform the drive operations without actually affecting
465              the inserted media. There is no warranty  that  this  will  work
466              with  a  particular combination of drive, media, and write mode.
467              Blanking is prevented reliably,  though.   To  avoid  inadverted
468              real  burning, -dummy refuses burn runs on anything but CD-R[W],
469              DVD-R[W], or emulated stdio-drives.
470
471       -eject Eject the disc after work is done.
472
473       -force Assume that the user knows better in situations when cdrskin  or
474              libburn  are  insecure about drive or media state. This includes
475              the attempt to blank media which are classified  as  unknown  or
476              unsuitable,  and  the  attempt  to use write modes which libburn
477              believes they are not supported by the drive.
478              Another application is to enforce blanking or  re-formatting  of
479              media  which  appear  to be in the desired blank or format state
480              already.
481              This option enables a burn run with option -dummy even  if  lib‐
482              burn  believes  that drive and media will not simulate the write
483              mode but will write for real.
484              It enables a burn run where cdrskin expects to exceed the avail‐
485              able media capacity.
486              Caution: Use this only when in urgent need.
487
488       -format
489              Same  as  blank=format_overwrite_full  -force  but restricted to
490              DVD+RW.
491
492       fs=size
493              Set the fifo size  to  the  given  value.  The  value  may  have
494              appended letters which multiply the preceding number:
495              "k"  or  "K"  = 1024 , "m" or "M" = 1024k , "g" or "G" = 1024m ,
496              "s" or "S" = 2048
497              Set size to 0 in order to disable the fifo (default is "4m").
498              The fifo buffers an eventual temporary surplus of  track  source
499              data  in  order to provide the drive with a steady stream during
500              times of temporary lack of track source supply.  The larger  the
501              fifo,  the  longer  periods of poor source supply can be compen‐
502              sated.  But a large fifo needs substantial time to  fill  up  if
503              not curbed via option fifo_start_at=size.
504
505       gracetime=seconds
506              Set the grace time before starting to write. (Default is 0)
507
508       -immed Equivalent to:
509              modesty_on_drive=1:min_percent=75:max_percent=95
510              The  name  of  this  cdrecord  option stems from the "Immed" bit
511              which can make some long running drive commands asynchronous and
512              thus eases the load on some wiring hardware types. Regardless of
513              option -immed, cdrskin uses asynchronous commands where possible
514              and  appropriate.  To really disable asynchronous command execu‐
515              tion, use option use_immed_bit=off .
516
517       index=list
518              Set a comma separated list of index start  address  numbers  for
519              the next track.  This applies to CD SAO sessions only.
520              The  addresses  count  sectors from the start of the next track.
521              The first number is for index 1 and must  be  0.  The  following
522              numbers have to be larger than their respective predecessors. Up
523              to 99 numbers are allowed.
524              Sector numbers are computed from Min:Sec:Frame addresses by
525               Sector = ((Min*60)+Sec)*75+Frame
526              E.g.: "0,7512,20408" sets index 2 to 01:40:12  and  index  3  to
527              04:32:08.
528
529       -inq   Print the identification of the drive and then exit.
530
531       -isosize
532              The  next  track  following  this  option will try to obtain its
533              source size from the header information out  of  the  first  few
534              blocks of the source data.  If these blocks indicate an ISO-9660
535              filesystem then its declared size will be used under the assump‐
536              tion that it is a single session filesystem.
537              If not, then the burn run will be aborted.
538              The  range  of -isosize is exactly one track. Further tracks may
539              be preceded by further -isosize options,  though.  At  least  15
540              blocks  of  padding will be added to each -isosize track. But be
541              advised to rather use padsize=300k.
542              This option can be performed on track sources which are  regular
543              files  or  block  devices. For the first track of the session it
544              can be performed on any type of source if there is a fifo of  at
545              least 64 kiB. See option fs= .
546
547       isrc=text
548              Set  the ISRC for the next track source to the given text, which
549              must be exactly 13 characters long. It must comply to the format
550              CCOOOYYSSSSS.
551              CC  is the country code. OOO is the owner code. Both may consist
552              of capital letters A to Z and of  decimal  digits  0  to  9.  YY
553              depicts  the year (00 to 99).  SSSSS is the serial number (00000
554              to 99999).
555              This option does not affect CD-TEXT but only the Q sub-channel.
556
557       -load  Load the media and exit. Exit value is 0 if any  kind  of  media
558              was  found,  non  zero else. Note: Option -eject will unload the
559              media even if -load is given.
560
561       -lock  Like option -load but leave the drive's eject button disabled if
562              there is any media found and not option -eject is given.
563              Use program "eject" or cdrskin -eject to get the tray out of the
564              drive.   Runs  of  programs  like  cdrecord,  growisofs,  wodim,
565              cdrskin  will  not  be  hampered and normally enable the drive's
566              eject button when they are done.
567
568       mcn=text
569              Set the CD Media Catalog Number to text, which must  be  exactly
570              13 characters long and should consist of decimal digits.
571              This option does not affect CD-TEXT but only the Q sub-channel.
572
573       minbuf=percentage
574              Equivalent to:
575              modesty_on_drive=1:min_percent=<percentage>:max_percent=95
576              Percentage is permissible between 25 and 95.
577
578       -minfo Print  information  about  the loaded media. This includes media
579              type, writability state, and a quite readable table of content.
580
581       msifile=path
582              Run option -msinfo and copy the result line into the file  given
583              by  path.  Unlike -msinfo this option does not redirect all nor‐
584              mal output away from standard output. But  it  may  be  combined
585              with -msinfo to achieve this.
586              Note:  msifile=path  is  actually  an option of wodim and not of
587              cdrecord.
588
589       -msinfo
590              Retrieve multi-session info for preparing a follow-up session by
591              option  -C  of  programs  mkisofs,  genisoimage,  or xorriso -as
592              mkisofs.  Print result to standard output.   This  option  redi‐
593              rects  to  stderr  all  message  output except the one of option
594              --tell_media_space and its own result string, which consists  of
595              two  numbers.   The  result  string shall be used as argument of
596              option -C with said programs.  It gives the start address of the
597              most  recent session and the predicted start address of the next
598              session to be appended. The string is empty if the  most  recent
599              session was not written with option -multi.
600              To have a chance for working on overwriteable media, this option
601              has to be accompanied by option --grow_overwriteable_iso.
602
603       -multi This option keeps  CD,  unformatted  DVD-R[W],  DVD+R,  or  BD-R
604              appendable  after the current session has been written.  Without
605              it the disc gets closed and may  not  be  written  any  more   -
606              unless  it  is  a  -RW and gets blanked which causes loss of its
607              content.
608              The following sessions can only be written in -tao mode.  -multi
609              is  prohibited  with  DVD-R[W]  DAO  write  mode and on DVD-R DL
610              media.  Option --prodvd_cli_compatible eventually  makes  -multi
611              tolerable but cannot make it work.
612              In order to have all filesystem content accessible, the eventual
613              ISO-9660 filesystem of a follow-up session needs to be  prepared
614              in  a  special  way by the filesystem formatter program. mkisofs
615              and genisoimage expect particular info about the situation which
616              can be retrieved by cdrskin option -msinfo.
617              To  retrieve an archive file which was written as follow-up ses‐
618              sion, you may use option -toc to learn about the  "lba"  of  the
619              desired  track number.  This lba is the address of the 2048 byte
620              block where the archive begins.
621              With overwriteable DVD or BD media, -multi cannot mark  the  end
622              of the session.  So when adding a new session this end has to be
623              determined from the payload.  Currently only  ISO-9660  filesys‐
624              tems  can  be used that way. See option --grow_overwriteable_iso
625              for lifting the ban on -multi.
626              Note: -multi might make DVD media  unreadable  in  some  DVD-ROM
627              drives.
628
629       -nocopy
630              Create  subsequent  tracks with permission for a single level of
631              copies.  I.e. those copies would then  be  marked  by  -scms  as
632              offering no permission for further copies.
633
634       -nopad Do  not  add  trailing  zeros  to the data stream. Nevertheless,
635              since there seems to be no use for audio tracks with  incomplete
636              last  sector,  this option applies only to data tracks. There it
637              is default.
638
639       -nopreemp
640              Indicate for subsequent tracks that they were  mastered  without
641              pre-emphasis.
642
643       -pad   Add  30  kiB  of trailing zeros to each data track. (This is not
644              sufficient to avoid problems with various CD-ROM read drivers.)
645
646       padsize=size
647              Add the given amount of trailing zeros to the next  data  track.
648              This  option  gets  reset  to padsize=0 after that next track is
649              written. It may be set again before  the  next  track  argument.
650              About size specifiers, see option fs=.
651
652       -preemp
653              Indicate for subsequent tracks that they were mastered with pre-
654              emphasis.
655
656       -sao   Write CD in Session At Once mode or sequential DVD-R[W] in Disc-
657              at-once (DAO) mode.
658              With  CD  this mode is able to put several audio tracks on media
659              without producing audible gaps between them.
660              With DVD-R[W] this mode can  only  write  a  single  track.   No
661              -multi is allowed with DVD-R[W] -sao.
662              -sao is permissible with overwriteable DVD, or DVD+R[/DL], or BD
663              but actually only imposes restrictions without  providing  known
664              advantages.
665              -sao  can only be used for tracks of fixely predicted size. This
666              implies that track arguments which depict stdin or  named  pipes
667              need   to   be   preceded   by   option   tsize=  or  by  option
668              tao_to_sao_tsize=.
669              -sao cannot be used on appendable media.
670
671       -scanbus
672              Scan the system for drives. On Linux the drives at  /dev/s*  and
673              at  /dev/hd* are to be scanned by two separate runs. One without
674              dev= for /dev/s* and one  with  dev=ATA  for  /dev/hd*  devices.
675              (Option --drives lists all available drives in a single run.)
676              Drives  which  are  busy  or which offer no rw-permission to the
677              user of cdrskin are not listed. Busy drives get reported in form
678              of warning messages.
679              The useful fields in a result line are:
680              Bus,Target,Lun Number) 'Vendor' 'Mode' 'Revision'
681
682       -scms  Create  subsequent  tracks  without permission for being copied.
683              This is usually done for tracks which are copies of tracks  that
684              were  marked with -nocopy (but not yet with -scms). So copies of
685              copies are prohibited.
686              This option gets reset by option  -copy.  Thus  the  combination
687              -copy -nocopy means -nocopy surely without -scms.
688
689       speed=number
690              Set  speed  of  drive.  With  data CD, 1x speed corresponds to a
691              throughput of 153,600 bytes/second. With  DVD,  1x  =  1,385,000
692              bytes/second.   With  BD 1x = 4,495,625 bytes/second.  It is not
693              an error to set a speed higher than is suitable  for  drive  and
694              media.  One  should stay within a realistic speed range, though.
695              Special speed settings are:
696              0 = minimal speed , -1 = maximal speed (default), text  "any"  =
697              like -1.
698
699       -swab  Announce  that the raw audio data source of subsequent tracks is
700              byte swapped versus the expectations of cdrecord. This option is
701              suitable  for audio where the least significant byte of a 16 bit
702              word is first (little-endian, Intel).  Most raw audio data on PC
703              systems  are  available  in  this byte order.  Less guesswork is
704              needed if track sources are in format MS-WAVE  in  a  file  with
705              suffix ".wav".
706
707       -tao   Write  CD  in  Track  At Once (TAO) mode, sequential DVD-R[W] in
708              Incremental Streaming mode, or  DVD+R[/DL]  without  traditional
709              -sao  restrictions.   This  mode also applies pro-forma to over‐
710              writeable media
711              Mode -tao can be used with track sources of unpredictable  size,
712              like  standard  input  or  named pipes. It is also the only mode
713              that can be used for writing to appendable media  which  already
714              hold  data.  With unformatted DVD-R[W] it is the only mode which
715              can keep media appendable by option -multi.
716              Mode -tao is not usable for minimally  blanked  DVD-RW  and  for
717              DVD-R DL.
718
719       -text  Enable  writing  of  CD-TEXT attributes read by option cuefile=.
720              Without option -text, cue sheet file command CDTEXTFILE will  be
721              ignored  and  no  CD-TEXT attributes will be read from the file.
722              Nevertheless, CATALOG and ISRC will  have  the  same  effect  as
723              options mcn= and isrc=.
724
725       textfile=path
726              Read  CD-TEXT  packs from the file depicted by path and put them
727              into the Lead-in of the emerging session. This session has to be
728              done  by  Session  At Once (SAO) mode and may only contain audio
729              tracks.
730              path must lead to a regular file, which consists of an  optional
731              header  of  four  bytes  and  one or more text packs of 18 bytes
732              each.  Suitable  would  be  the  file  'cdtext.dat'  which  gets
733              extracted  from  CD media by options -vv -toc and shown in human
734              readable form by -vvv -toc.
735              The header, if present, must tell the file size minus 2, encoded
736              as big-endian 16 bit word. The other two bytes must be 0.
737              If there is no 4-byte header, then a trailing 0-byte, as of Sony
738              specification, is tolerated and ignored.
739              A text pack consists of a pack type byte, a track number byte, a
740              counter  byte,  a  Block Number and Character Indicator byte, 12
741              text characters or data  bytes,  two  optional  CRC  bytes.  For
742              details see libburn documentation file doc/cdtext.txt.
743              By  default, the input file is checked for correct CRC bytes. If
744              all CRC bytes are  0,  then  the  correct  values  get  silently
745              inserted.  If  there  are  non-zero  CRC  bytes, then a mismatch
746              causes the abort of the burn run.  This check can be disabled by
747              option -force.
748              Note that this option overrides option input_sheet_v07t= .
749
750       -toc   Print  the  table  of  content  (TOC) which describes the tracks
751              recorded on disc.  The output  contains  all  info  from  option
752              -atip  plus  lines  which begin with "track:", the track number,
753              the word "lba:" and a number which gives the  start  address  of
754              the track. Addresses are counted in CD sectors which with SAO or
755              TAO data tracks hold 2048 bytes each.
756              If verbosity is set to level 2 (-v -v) then  the  CD-TEXT  packs
757              from  the  lead-in of an audio CD get extracted and written into
758              file 'cdtext.dat', if that file does not yet exist. Prepended is
759              a 4 byte header, followed by one or more packs of 18 bytes each.
760              Verbosity  level 3 causes the CD-TEXT packs to be printed as hex
761              numbers to standard output. Bytes 4 to 15 of certain pack  types
762              are printed as ASCII characters if they have values in the range
763              of 32 to 126.
764              See option textfile= for more information about  the  text  pack
765              format.
766
767              Example. Retrieve an afio archive from track number 2:
768                     tracknumber=2
769                     lba=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/cdrom -toc 2>&1 | \
770                     grep '^track:[ ]*[ 0-9][0-9]' | \
771                     tail +"$tracknumber" | head -1 | \
772                     awk '{ print $4}' )
773                     dd if=/dev/cdrom bs=2048 skip="$lba" | \
774                     afio -t - | less
775
776       tsize=size
777              Announces  the exact size of the next track source. This is nec‐
778              essary with any write mode other than -tao if the  track  source
779              is  not  a regular disk file, but e.g. "-" (standard input) or a
780              named pipe.  About size specifiers, see option fs=.
781              If the track source does not deliver  the  predicted  amount  of
782              bytes,  the remainder of the track is padded with zeros. This is
783              not considered an error.  If on the other hand the track  source
784              delivers  more  than the announced bytes then the track on media
785              gets truncated to the predicted size and cdrskin exits with non-
786              zero value.
787
788       -v     Increment  verbosity level by one. Startlevel is 0 with only few
789              messages.  Level 1 prints  progress  report  with  long  running
790              operations  and  also causes some extra lines to be put out with
791              info retrieval options.   Level  2  additionally  reports  about
792              option settings derived from arguments or startup files. Level 3
793              is for debugging and useful mainly in conjunction with  somebody
794              who had a look into the program sourcecode.
795
796       -V     Enable  logging  of SCSI commands to stderr. This is helpful for
797              expert examination of the interaction between  libburn  and  the
798              drive.  The commands are specified in SCSI-3 standards SPC, SBC,
799              MMC.
800
801       -waiti Wait until input data is available at stdin  or  EOF  occurs  at
802              stdin.  Only then begin to access any drives.
803              One  should  use this if cdrskin is working at the end of a pipe
804              where the feeder process reads from the drive before  it  starts
805              writing its output into cdrskin. Example:
806              mkisofs ... -C 0,12800 -M /dev/sr0 | \
807              cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 ... -waiti -
808              This  option works even if stdin is not among the track sources.
809              If no process is piping in, then the Enter key of your  terminal
810              will  act as trigger for cdrskin. Note that this input line will
811              not be consumed by cdrskin if  stdin  is  not  among  the  track
812              sources. It will end up as shell command, usually.
813
814       Alphabetical  list of options which are genuine to cdrskin and intended
815       for normal use:
816
817       --adjust_speed_to_drive
818              Curb explicitly given speed= values  to  the  maximum  which  is
819              announced by the drive for the loaded media. By default, such an
820              adjustment is only made with  pseudo-speeds  0  and  -1  whereas
821              speed  settings  >  0 are sent unchanged to the drive which will
822              then choose an appropriate speed on its own.
823
824       --allow_emulated_drives
825              Enable drive addresses of the form dev=stdio:<path>. See  above,
826              paragraph "Drive preparation and addressing".
827
828       --allow_setuid
829              Disable  the  loud  warning  about  insecure discrepance between
830              login user and effective user  which  indicates  application  of
831              chmod  u+s  to the program binary.  One should not do this chmod
832              u+s , but it is an old cdrecord tradition.
833
834       --any_track
835              Allow source_addresses to begin with "-" (plus  further  charac‐
836              ters)  or to contain a "=" character.  By default such arguments
837              are seen as misspelled options. It is nevertheless not  possible
838              to use one of the options listed with --list_ignored_options.
839
840       assert_write_lba=block_number|byte_address
841              Abort  if  the  write  address given with this option is not the
842              same as predicted immediately before the write  session  starts.
843              This  option  can ensure that a start address which was presumed
844              by a formatter like mkisofs -C is really used by the  drive  for
845              writing.  assert_write_lba=0 effectively demands blank media and
846              excludes appendables.
847              Block numbering is peculiar: If the last character of the option
848              string  is a letter [a-zA-Z] then the usual unit scaling by "s",
849              "k", "m", etc. applies and the result is divided by  2048.  Else
850              the  number  value  of the string is taken as plain block number
851              with block size 2048 byte.  (E.g  ...=1000  or  ...=1000s  means
852              block 1000, ...=1m means block 512, ...=4096b means block number
853              2)
854
855       cd_start_tno=number
856              Set the number which shall be written as CD  track  number  with
857              the  first  track of the session. The following tracks will then
858              get written with consecutive CD  track  numbers.  The  resulting
859              number of the last track must not exceed 99. The lowest possible
860              start number is 1, which is also the default.
861              This setting applies only to CD SAO writing.  It  overrides  the
862              track   number   settings   caused   by   options   cuefile=  or
863              input_sheet_v07t=.
864
865       cdtext_to_textfile=path
866              Extract the CD-TEXT packs from the lead-in of an  audio  CD  and
867              write  them  to  the file with the given path. If CD-TEXT can be
868              retrieved, then this file will be suitable for option textfile=.
869              Not all drives can read CD-TEXT and not all audio CDs  bear  CD-
870              TEXT.  It is not considered an error if no CD-TEXT is available.
871
872       cdtext_to_v07t=path
873              Extract  the  CD-TEXT  packs from the lead-in of an audio CD and
874              write them as human readable Sony Input Sheet  Version  0.7T  to
875              the  file with the given path. If CD-TEXT can be retrieved, then
876              this file will be suitable for option input_sheet_v07t=.
877              If the given path is "-", then the result is printed to standard
878              output.
879              Not  all  drives can read CD-TEXT and not all audio CDs bear CD-
880              TEXT.  It is not considered an error if no CD-TEXT is available.
881
882       --demand_a_drive
883              Exit with a nonzero value if no drive can be found during a  bus
884              scan.
885
886       --devices
887              List  the  device file addresses of all accessible CD drives. In
888              order to get listed, a drive has to offer rw-permission for  the
889              cdrskin  user  and  it  may not be busy. The superuser should be
890              able to see all idle drives listed and busy drives  reported  as
891              "SORRY" messages.
892              Each  available  drive gets listed by a line containing the fol‐
893              lowing fields:
894              Number dev='Devicefile' rw-Permissions : 'Vendor' 'Model'
895              Number and Devicefile can both be used  with  option  dev=,  but
896              number is volatile (numbering changes if drives become busy).
897
898       --device_links
899              Like --devices, but presenting the drives with addresses of sym‐
900              bolic links which point to the actual device files.
901              Modern GNU/Linux systems may shuffle drive addresses  from  boot
902              to  boot.   The  udev  daemon  is supposed to create links which
903              always point  to  the  same  drive,  regardless  of  its  system
904              address.   Option  --device_links  shows  the  addresses of such
905              links if they begin by "/dev/dvd" or "/dev/cd".  Precedence  is:
906              "dvdrw", "cdrw", "dvd", "cdrom", "cd".
907
908       direct_write_amount=size
909              Do  not write a session with tracks but rather make an appropri‐
910              ate number of direct  write  operations  with  no  preparations.
911              Flushing  the  drive buffer will be the only finalization. It is
912              advised to eject the media afterwards because the  write  opera‐
913              tions  circumvent  the usual system i/o with its caches and buf‐
914              fers. By ejecting, those invalid memory copies get  surely  dis‐
915              carded.
916              Only  few  media can be written this way: DVD-RAM, BD-RE, RVD+RW
917              and overwriteable DVD-RW. Writing is restricted to  the  already
918              formatted area of the media.
919              Writing starts at byte 0 of the media or at the address given by
920              option write_start_address= .  Only the first  track  source  is
921              used  as input for the write operations.  The fifo (fs=) is dis‐
922              abled.
923              Parameter size controls the amount of data to be written. Size 0
924              means  that the track source shall be used up until EOF. In this
925              case, the last write transaction gets padded up to the necessary
926              size  by zeros. Size -1 revokes direct writing and switches back
927              to normal session oriented writing.
928              Both, write_start_address and direct_write_amount size  must  be
929              aligned to a media dependent transaction size. With DVD-RAM, BD-
930              RE, DVD+RW this is 2k, with overwriteable DVD-RW it is 32k.
931
932       dvd_obs=default|32k|64k
933              Set the number of bytes to be transmitted with each write opera‐
934              tion  to  DVD  or  BD  media.  With most write types, tracks get
935              padded up to the next multiple of this write  size  (see  option
936              --obs_pad).   A number of 64 KB may improve throughput with sys‐
937              tems which show latency problems. The default depends  on  media
938              type, option stream_recording=, and on compile time options.
939
940       extract_audio_to=directory_path
941              Extract  tracks  from  an  audio CD as separate WAVE audio files
942              into the given directory.  This directory has to already  exist,
943              but  none of the track files may exist.  This option will rather
944              fail than overwrite an existing file.
945              By default all tracks of the CD  are  extracted  to  files  with
946              names  trackNN.wav,  where  NN is the track number from 01 to at
947              most 99.
948
949       extract_basename=name
950              Set a filename which shall be used by extract_audio_to=  instead
951              of the default name "track".
952
953       --extract_dap
954              Enable  Digital  Audio Play flaw obscuring mechanisms like audio
955              data mute and interpolate.
956
957       extract_tracks=number[,number[,...]]
958              Set a list of track numbers to  define  which  tracks  shall  be
959              extracted by extract_audio_to=.  If no extract_tracks= is given,
960              then all audio tracks get extracted.  It is permissible to  have
961              more  than  one  extract_tracks= option in order to split a long
962              list into shorter pieces.
963              The lowest permissible track number is 1, the highest is 99.
964
965       fallback_program=command
966              Set a command name to be executed if cdrskin encounters a  known
967              cdrecord  option  which  it does not yet support. If a non-empty
968              command is given with fallback_program=,  and  if  no  essential
969              options  are  given  which are specific to cdrskin, then cdrskin
970              will delegate the job to said command.
971              The natural commands to be given are cdrecord or wodim  but  one
972              may well submit the address of an own program.
973              The  fallback program will get all arguments of cdrskin which do
974              not match the shell patterns --?* or  *_*=*  .  This  eventually
975              suppresses  path  names  of  track sources which happen to match
976              those patterns. The options  from  the  startup  files  are  not
977              handed to the fallback program.
978              Fallback  program execution is disabled if cdrskin is run setuid
979              and not option --allow_setuid is given. In general, the  drive's
980              device  files and the involved programs should be set up so that
981              each program runs under its advised conditions. (E.g. cdrskin as
982              member of group floppy, cdrecord setuid root.)
983              Two alias names for cdrskin are predefined with default fallback
984              programs:
985              unicord implies fallback_program=cdrecord
986              codim implies fallback_program=wodim
987
988       --four_channel
989              Indicate for subsequent tracks that they were mastered with four
990              channels.
991
992       fifo_start_at=size
993              Do not wait for full fifo but start burning as soon as the given
994              number of bytes is read. This option may be helpful to bring the
995              average  throughput near to the maximum throughput of a drive. A
996              large fs= and a small fifo_start_at= combine a quick burn  start
997              and  a  large savings buffer to compensate for temporary lack of
998              source data. At the beginning of burning, the  software  protec‐
999              tion  against  buffer  underrun  is  as  weak  as  the  size  of
1000              fifo_start_at= . So it is best if the drive offers hardware pro‐
1001              tection which is enabled automatically if not driveropts=noburn‐
1002              free is given.
1003
1004       --grow_overwriteable_iso
1005              Enable emulation of multi-session writing on overwriteable media
1006              which  contain an ISO-9660 filesystem. This emulation is learned
1007              from growisofs -M but adapted to the usage model of
1008              cdrskin -msinfo
1009              mkisofs -C -M | cdrskin -waiti [-multi] -
1010              --grow_overwriteable_iso does not hamper the use of true  multi-
1011              session  media.   I.e.  it  is  possible to use the same cdrskin
1012              options with both kinds of media and to achieve similar  results
1013              if  ISO-9660  filesystem  images are to be written.  This option
1014              implies option -isosize and therefore  demands  that  the  track
1015              source is a ISO-9660 filesystem image.
1016              With overwriteable media and no option blank=fast|all present it
1017              expands an eventual ISO-9660 filesystem on media. It is  assumed
1018              that  this  image's  inner size description points to the end of
1019              the valuable data.   Overwriteable  media  with  a  recognizable
1020              ISO-9660  size  will  be  regarded  as appendable rather than as
1021              blank. I.e. options -msinfo  and  -toc  will  work.   -toc  will
1022              always show a single session with its size increasing with every
1023              added mkisofs image.
1024              If not overridden by option write_start_address=, the track with
1025              the  new image will be placed behind the end of the old one. One
1026              may use option assert_write_lba= to make sure that  media  state
1027              and mkisofs job do match.
1028              --grow_overwriteable_iso causes option blank=fast|all to invali‐
1029              date an eventual ISO-9660 image by altering the first few  bytes
1030              of  block 16 on overwriteable media.  Option -multi is tolerated
1031              in order not to hamper true multi-session media.
1032              An equivalent of growisofs -Z for overwriteable media is:
1033              mkisofs | cdrskin --grow_overwriteable_iso blank=fast [-multi] -
1034              With multi-session DVD, blank=fast will act  like  dvd+rw-format
1035              -blank=full .
1036              growisofs  -dvd-compat  is roughly equivalent to cdrskin without
1037              option -multi.
1038
1039       input_sheet_v07t=path
1040              Read CD-TEXT definitions from a Sony Input Sheet  version  0.7T.
1041              Up  to  eight  or  seven  such  sheets  can  be read by multiple
1042              input_sheet_v07t= options.  Each will define  one  CD-TEXT  lan‐
1043              guage block.
1044              The  first  line  of  a sheet file decides whether more than one
1045              sheet may be defined by the file. If it is
1046                Input Sheet Version = 0.7T
1047              then each further line with that text switches to the next sheet
1048              for the next block.  If it is not, then all definitions apply to
1049              a single block.
1050              The information in such a sheet is given by text  lines  of  the
1051              following form:
1052                purpose specifier [whitespace] = [whitespace] content text
1053              [whitespace]  is  zero or more ASCII 32 (space) or ASCII 9 (tab)
1054              characters.  The purpose specifier tells the meaning of the con‐
1055              tent  text.   Empty  content  text  does  not  cause  a  CD-TEXT
1056              attribute to be attached.
1057              The following purpose specifiers  apply  to  the  session  as  a
1058              whole:
1059                Purpose specifier   | Content example
1060                -------------------------------------------------------------
1061                Text Code           = 8859
1062                Language Code       = English
1063                Album Title         = Joyful Nights
1064                Artist Name         = United Cat Orchestra
1065                Songwriter          = Various Songwriters
1066                Composer            = Various Composers
1067                Arranger            = Tom Cat
1068                Album Message       = For all our fans
1069                Catalog Number      = 1234567890
1070                Genre Code          = Classical
1071                Genre Information   = Feline classic music
1072                Closed Information  = This is not to be shown by CD players
1073                UPC / EAN           = 1234567890123
1074                Text Data Copy Protection = OFF
1075                First Track Number  = 1
1076                Last Track Number   = 3
1077              The following purpose specifiers apply to particular tracks:
1078                Purpose specifier   | Content example
1079                -------------------------------------------------------------
1080                Track 01 Title      = Song of Joy
1081                Track 01 Artist     = Felix and The Purrs
1082                Track 01 Songwriter = Friedrich Schiller
1083                Track 01 Composer   = Ludwig van Beethoven
1084                Track 01 Arranger   = Tom Cat
1085                Track 01 Message    = Fritz and Louie once were punks
1086                ISRC 01             = XYCRR1101234
1087              Track numbers are decimal despite the leading 0. There should be
1088              as many track definitions as there are track source files given.
1089              See libburn's doc/cdtext.txt for a detailed definition  of  0.7T
1090              and  the  possible  values  for  Text Code, Language Code, Genre
1091              Code, Text Data Copy Protection.
1092              The Q sub-channel settings by "UPC /  EAN"  and  "ISRC"  may  be
1093              overridden  by  options  mcn=  and  isrc=.  This will not affect
1094              their appearance as CD-TEXT.  They may  override  cuefile=  com‐
1095              mands CATALOG and ISRC in the same way.
1096              If  options  -text  cuefile= are given and if the cue sheet file
1097              defines CD-TEXT, then only seven input_sheet_v07t=  options  may
1098              be given. They will then be used as CD-TEXT language blocks 1 to
1099              7.
1100              This option will get into effect only if no option textfile=  is
1101              given.   The  write  mode  must be SAO on CD. All tracks must be
1102              -audio tracks.
1103              The track numbers may be overridden by option cd_start_tno=.
1104
1105       --list_formats
1106              List the available format descriptors as reported by  the  drive
1107              for  the  loaded media. Each descriptor line begins with "Format
1108              idx" and the descriptor's list index, followed  by  a  ":",  the
1109              format  type,  the number of payload blocks and that same number
1110              converted to MiB.
1111              The meaning of the format types is defined by the  MMC  standard
1112              with  command FORMAT UNIT. A user will more be interested in the
1113              sizes than in the types.
1114
1115       --list_ignored_options
1116              List all ignored cdrecord options. The  "-"  options  cannot  be
1117              used  as addresses of track sources. No track source address may
1118              begin with a text equal to an option which ends by "=". The list
1119              is ended by an empty line.
1120
1121       --list_speeds
1122              Put  out  a list of speed values as reported by the output drive
1123              with the loaded medium. This does not necessarily mean that  the
1124              medium is writable or that these speeds are actually achievable.
1125              Especially the lists reported with empty drive or with ROM media
1126              obviously advertise speeds for other media.
1127              It is not mandatory to use speed values out of the listed range.
1128              The drive is supposed to choose a safe speed that is as near  to
1129              the desired speed as possible.
1130              At  the end of the list, "Write speed L" and "Write speed H" are
1131              the best guesses for lower and upper speed limit.  "Write  speed
1132              l"  and  "Write  speed h" may appear only with CD and eventually
1133              override the list of other speed offers.
1134              Only if the drive reports contradicting speed information  there
1135              will  appear  "Write speed 0" or "Write speed-1", which tell the
1136              outcome of speed selection by options speed=0 or speed=-1, if it
1137              deviates from "Write speed L" or "Write speed H", respectively.
1138
1139       --long_toc
1140              Like  option  -toc  but  marking  each  session  start by a line
1141              "first: X last: Y" and each session end by "track:lout ...".
1142
1143       --no_load
1144              When aquiring the optical drive, do not try to  load  its  tray.
1145              This  yields  the  same  behavior  for  desktop drives with tray
1146              loader as is shown by laptop drives which usually lack a  motor‐
1147              ized tray loader.
1148
1149       --no_rc
1150              Only if used as first command line argument this option prevents
1151              reading and interpretation of eventual startup files.  See  sec‐
1152              tion FILES below.
1153
1154       --pacifier_with_newline
1155              Adds  a newline character to each pacifier line that would else‐
1156              wise be overwritten by the next pacifier line.  Such  lines  are
1157              emitted  during  a  run  of  writing, formatting, or blanking if
1158              option -v is given.
1159
1160       --prodvd_cli_compatible
1161              Activates behavior modifications with some DVD situations  which
1162              bring cdrskin nearer to the behavior of cdrecord-ProDVD:
1163              Option  -multi  with unsuitable media is not an error but simply
1164              has no effect.
1165              Options blank=fast and blank=all deformat  overwriteable  DVD-RW
1166              media.
1167              Option  blank=fast does indeed minmal blanking with DVD-RW. This
1168              may yield media which  can  only  do  DAO  but  not  Incremental
1169              Streaming.
1170
1171       --single_track
1172              Accept  only  the  last  argument  of  the command line as track
1173              source address.
1174
1175       stdio_sync=on|off|number
1176              Set the number of bytes after which to force  output  to  drives
1177              with  prefix  "stdio:". This forcing keeps the memory from being
1178              clogged with lots of pending data for slow devices. Default "on"
1179              is the same as "16m".  Forced output can be disabled by "off".
1180
1181       stream_recording=on|off|number
1182              By  setting  "on"  request  that compliance to the desired speed
1183              setting is preferred over management of write errors. With  DVD-
1184              RAM and BD this can bring effective write speed near to the nom‐
1185              inal write speed of the media.  But it  will  also  disable  the
1186              automatic  use  of  replacement blocks if write errors occur. It
1187              might as well be disliked or ignored by the drive.
1188              If a number is given, then error management  stays  enabled  for
1189              all  byte  addresses  below that number. Any number below 16s is
1190              the same as "off".
1191
1192       tao_to_sao_tsize=size
1193              Set an exact fixed size for the next track to be in effect  only
1194              if  the  track  source  cannot  deliver a size prediction and no
1195              tsize= was specified and  an  exact  track  size  prediction  is
1196              demanded by the write mode.
1197              This was the fallback from bad old times when cdrskin was unable
1198              to burn in mode -tao . It came back with minimally blanked  DVD-
1199              RW,  which  cannot  do  Incremental  Streaming  (-tao), and with
1200              explicitly selected write mode -sao for best DVD-ROM compatibil‐
1201              ity.
1202              If  the track source delivers less bytes than announced then the
1203              missing ones will be filled with zeros.
1204
1205       --tell_media_space
1206              Prepare a recording  session,  do  not  perform  it  but  rather
1207              inquire the maximum number of 2048 byte data blocks which may be
1208              written in the current state of media with the  prepared  setup.
1209              So  this  option disables recording of data. It does not disable
1210              blanking, though, and will measure space afterwards.
1211              It is not mandatory to give track sources but their  nature  may
1212              influence  the available capacity. So for most realistic results
1213              one may set up the full burn session and add --tell_media_space.
1214              But  if  one  has  to expect a cdrskin version prior to 0.3.3 no
1215              track source should be given in order not to start  an  involun‐
1216              tary  burn  session.   In  this  case  set at least -sao or -tao
1217              explicitly.
1218              The result gets printed to standard output. It is 0 or empty  if
1219              no  writing  is  possible  with  the given options.  This option
1220              redirects to stderr all message output  except  its  own  result
1221              string and eventual output of -msinfo.
1222
1223       textfile_to_v07t=path
1224              Read  a CD-TEXT pack file (e.g. cdtext.dat from a run with -v -v
1225              -toc) and print its content in the human readable format that is
1226              described with option input_sheet_v07t=.
1227              The program run ends immediately thereafter.  No drive scan will
1228              happen and no drive will be acquired.
1229              To avoid the cdrskin start message in the output, run:
1230                cdrskin textfile_to_v07t=cdtext.dat | grep -v '^cdrskin'
1231
1232       --two_channel
1233              Indicate for subsequent tracks that they were mastered with  two
1234              channels.
1235
1236       write_start_address=byte_offset
1237              Set  the address on media where to start writing the track. With
1238              DVD+RW, DVD-RAM or BD-RE byte_offset must be aligned  to  2  kiB
1239              blocks,  but  better is 32 kiB.  With DVD-RW 32 kiB alignment is
1240              mandatory.
1241              Other media are not suitable for this option yet.
1242
1243       modesty_on_drive=<mode>[:parameter=<value>[:parameter=<value>...]]
1244              Mode 1 keeps the program from trying  to  write  to  the  burner
1245              drive  while  its  buffer is in danger to be filled by more than
1246              parameter "max_percent".  If this filling is exceeded  then  the
1247              program  will  wait  until  the  filling is at most the value of
1248              parameter "min_percent".
1249              Percentages are permissible in the range of 25 to 100.
1250              This can ease the load on operating system and drive  controller
1251              and  thus help with achieving better input bandwidth if disk and
1252              burner are not on independent controllers (like  hda  and  hdb).
1253              Unsufficient  input  bandwidth  is  indicated  by  output "(fifo
1254              xy%)" of option -v if xy is lower than 90 for some  time.   mod‐
1255              esty_on_drive=  might  hamper  output bandwidth and cause buffer
1256              underruns.
1257              A new use case is to work around the poor  simultaneous  perfor‐
1258              mance of multiple burn runs on Linux kernel 3.16 and alike. Here
1259              it is not about giving the hard disk enough  time  to  fill  the
1260              fifo,  but about keeping ioctl(SG_IO) from blocking for a longer
1261              time and thus blocking all other burn runs.
1262              To have max_percent larger than the burner's best actual  buffer
1263              fill has the same effect as min_percent==max_percent. Some burn‐
1264              ers do not use their full buffer with  all  media  types.  Watch
1265              output  "[buf  xy%]"  of  option  -v to get an impression of the
1266              actual buffer usage. Some burners are not suitable because  they
1267              report  buffer  fill with granularity too large in size or time,
1268              or because they go to full speed only when their buffer is full.
1269              If a write attempt is delayed, the program will wait for a  num‐
1270              ber  of  microseconds  which  is  given  by parameter "min_usec"
1271              before inquiring the buffer again. iIf more retries occur,  this
1272              waiting  time  between  inquiries  increases  up to the value of
1273              parameter "max_usec".
1274              If the delay lasts longer than the number of  seconds  given  by
1275              parameter "timeout_sec", then mode 1 is set 0 and normal burning
1276              goes on.
1277              Mode 0 disables  this  feature.  Mode  -1  keeps  it  unchanged.
1278              Default is:
1279                0:min_percent=65:max_percent=95:timeout_sec=120:
1280                min_usec=10000:max_usec=100000
1281              The  defaults of cdrskin are good for IDE problems. With concur‐
1282              rent Linux SG_IO problems on modern hardware, higher min_percent
1283              and  lower  usec  might  yield  better  buffer fills while still
1284              avoiding the problem:
1285                min_percent=90:max_percent=95:min_usec=5000:max_usec=25000
1286
1287       Alphabetical list of options which are only intended for  very  special
1288       situations and not for  normal use:
1289
1290       --abort_handler
1291              Establish  default  signal handling not to leave a drive in busy
1292              state but rather to shut it down and to wait until it has  ended
1293              the  final  operations.  This option is only needed for revoking
1294              eventual --ignore_signals or --no_abort_handler.
1295
1296       --allow_untested_media
1297              Enable the use of media profiles which have been implemented but
1298              not  yet tested. Currently this option is without effect because
1299              no media types are under test reservation.
1300              (If you really test experimental media, then please  report  the
1301              outcome on libburn-hackers@pykix.org)
1302
1303       --cdtext_dummy
1304              Prepare  a burn run, report the effective array of CD-TEXT packs
1305              to stdout, and then end the program run without starting to burn
1306              the  session.   A  blank  CD-R or CD-RW has to be present in the
1307              drive, nevertheless.
1308              The output is formatted in lines  which  describe  18  bytes  as
1309              2-digit hex numbers or as single printable characters.  See lib‐
1310              burn document doc/cdtext.txt about the format of these records.
1311
1312       --cdtext_verbose
1313              Like --cdtext_dummy but without preventing the burn run. Combin‐
1314              able  with  option -dummy to exercise a CD burn run with no per‐
1315              sistent impact on the medium.
1316
1317       dev_translation=<sep><from><sep><to>
1318              Set drive address alias. This was necessary before cdrskin-0.2.4
1319              to manually translate cdrecord addresses into cdrskin addresses.
1320              <sep>  is  a single character which may not occur in the address
1321              string <from>. <from> is an address as expected to be  given  by
1322              the user via option dev=. <to> is the address to be used instead
1323              whenever <from> is given.  More than one translation instruction
1324              can be given in one cdrskin run.
1325              E.g.:      dev_translation=+ATA:1,0,0+/dev/sr1      dev_transla‐
1326              tion=+ATA:1,1,0+/dev/sr2
1327
1328       --drive_abort_on_busy
1329              Linux specific: Abort process if a busy drive is encountered.
1330
1331       --drive_blocking
1332              Linux specific: Try to wait for a busy  drive  to  become  free.
1333              This  is not guaranteed to work with all drivers. Some need non‐
1334              blocking i/o.
1335
1336       --drive_f_setlk
1337              Linux specific: Try to get exclusive lock on drive  device  file
1338              via fcntl(2).
1339
1340       --drive_not_exclusive
1341              Linux      specific:     Combine     --drive_not_f_setlk     and
1342              --drive_not_o_excl.
1343
1344       --drive_not_f_setlk
1345              Linux specific: Do not try to get exclusive lock on drive device
1346              file via fcntl(2).
1347
1348       --drive_not_o_excl
1349              Linux specific: Do not ask the operating system to prevent open‐
1350              ing busy  drives.   Whether  this  leads  to  senseful  behavior
1351              depends on operating system and kernel.
1352
1353       drive_scsi_dev_family=sr|scd|sg
1354              Linux  specific:  Select a SCSI device file family to be scanned
1355              for by options --devices, --device_links and -scanbus.  Normally
1356              this  is  /dev/sgN on kernel versions < 2.6 and /dev/srN on ker‐
1357              nels >= 2.6 . This option explicitly overrides that  default  in
1358              order  to  meet  other programs at a common device file for each
1359              drive.  On kernel 2.4 families sr and scd will find no drives.
1360              Device file family /dev/hdX on kernel >= 2.6 is not affected  by
1361              this setting.
1362
1363       --drive_scsi_exclusive
1364              Linux   specific:   Try  to  exclusively  reserve  device  files
1365              /dev/srN, /dev/scdM, /dev/sgK of drives.  This would be  helpful
1366              to  protect  against collisions with program growisofs.  Regret‐
1367              tably on Linux kernel 2.4 with ide-scsi emulation this seems not
1368              to  work.  Whether it becomes helpful with new Linux systems has
1369              to be evaluated.
1370
1371       --fifo_disable
1372              Disable fifo despite any fs=.
1373
1374       --fifo_per_track
1375              Use a separate fifo for each track.
1376
1377       --fill_up_media
1378              Expand the last track of the session  to  occupy  all  remaining
1379              free space on the media.
1380              This  option  overrides option -multi. It will not fill up media
1381              if option -sao is given with CD media.
1382              Caution: With multi-session media  this  option  might  increase
1383              readatibility  on DVD-ROM drives but with some DVD recorders and
1384              media types it might also fail to produce readable media at all.
1385              "Your mileage may vary".
1386              You  can  expect  the best possible read compatibility if you do
1387              not use -multi at all.
1388
1389       grab_drive_and_wait=seconds
1390              Open the addressed drive, wait  the  given  number  of  seconds,
1391              release  the drive, and do normal work as indicated by the other
1392              options used. This option helps to explore the program  behavior
1393              when  faced  with  busy drives. Just start a second cdrskin with
1394              option --devices while grab_drive_and_wait= is still active.
1395
1396       --ignore_signals
1397              Try to ignore any signals rather than to abort the program. This
1398              is  not  a  very good idea. You might end up waiting a very long
1399              time for cdrskin to finish.
1400
1401       --no_abort_handler
1402              On signals exit even if the drive is in busy state. This is  not
1403              a  very  good  idea.  You  might  end up with a stuck drive that
1404              refuses to hand out the media.
1405
1406       --no_blank_appendable
1407              Refuse to blank appendable CD-RW or DVD-RW. This  is  a  feature
1408              that was once builtin with libburn. No information available for
1409              what use case it was needed.
1410
1411       --no_convert_fs_adr
1412              Do only literal translations of dev=. This prevents cdrskin from
1413              test-opening  device files in order to find one that matches the
1414              given dev= specifier.
1415              Partly Linux specific: Such opening is needed for Bus,Target,Lun
1416              addresses  unless  option  --old_pseudo_scsi_adr is given. It is
1417              also needed to resolve  device  file  addresses  which  are  not
1418              listed with cdrskin --devices but nevertheless point to a usable
1419              drive. (Like /dev/sg0 using the same SCSI address as /dev/sr0.)
1420
1421       --obs_pad
1422              Pad the data of last write operation of a DVD-R[W]  DAO  session
1423              or  stdio:  pseudo-drive up to the full size of an output chunk.
1424              This padding has to be applied automatically to  the  other  DVD
1425              and  BD  media  types,  where  it causes e.g. ISO images to have
1426              trailing unclaimed blocks.
1427              Use this option if there is  the  suspicion  that  DAO  sessions
1428              abort  with your kernel and/or DVD drive, if their size is not a
1429              multiple of 16 blocks.
1430              This option may also get enabled at compile time of libburn.
1431
1432       --old_pseudo_scsi_adr
1433              Linux specific: Use and report literal Bus,Target,Lun  addresses
1434              rather  than  real SCSI and pseudo ATA addresses. This method is
1435              outdated and was never compatible with original cdrecord.
1436
1437       sao_postgap=off|number
1438              Define whether a post-gap shall be written at  the  end  of  the
1439              track and how many sectors this gap shall have. A post-gap occu‐
1440              pies the range of an additional index of the track. It  contains
1441              zeros.  No  bytes from the track source will be read for writing
1442              the post-gap.
1443              This setting affects only CD SAO write runs.
1444
1445       sao_pregap=off|number
1446              Define whether a pre-gap shall be written before the  track  and
1447              how  many  sectors this pre-gap shall have. A pre-gap is written
1448              in the range of track index 0 and contains zeros. No bytes  from
1449              the track source will be read for writing the pre-gap.
1450              This setting affects only CD SAO write runs.
1451              The  first  track  automatically  gets a pre-gap of at least 150
1452              sectors. Its size can only be enlarged by this call.
1453
1454       use_immed_bit=on|off|default
1455              Control whether several long lasting SCSI commands shall be exe‐
1456              cuted  with  the  Immed  bit, which makes the commands end early
1457              while the drive  operation  is  still  going  on.  cdrskin  then
1458              inquires progress indication until the drive reports to be ready
1459              again. If this feature is turned off, then blanking and  format‐
1460              ting will show no progress indication.
1461              It  may depend on the operating system whether use_immed_bit= is
1462              set to "off" by default.
1463
1464       --xa1-ignore
1465              Silently interpret option -xa1 as -data. This may  be  necessary
1466              if a frontend does not prepare -xa1 block headers but insists in
1467              using option -xa1.
1468

EXAMPLES

1470   Get an overview of drives and their addresses:
1471       cdrskin -scanbus
1472       cdrskin dev=ATA -scanbus
1473       cdrskin --device_links
1474
1475   Get info about a particular drive or loaded media:
1476       cdrskin dev=0,1,0 -checkdrive
1477       cdrskin dev=ATA:1,0,0 -v -atip
1478       cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -minfo
1479
1480   Prepare CD-RW or DVD-RW for re-use, DVD-RAM or BD-RE for first use:
1481       cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sg1 blank=as_needed -eject
1482
1483   Format DVD-RW to avoid need for blanking before re-use:
1484       cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=format_overwrite
1485
1486   De-format DVD-RW to make it capable of multi-session again:
1487       cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=deformat_sequential
1488
1489   Write ISO-9660 filesystem image as only one to blank or formatted media:
1490       cdrskin -v dev=/dev/hdc speed=12 fs=8m \
1491         blank=as_needed -eject padsize=300k my_image.iso
1492
1493   Write compressed afio  archive  on-the-fly  (not  possible  with  minimally
1494       blanked DVD-RW or DVD-R DL):
1495       find . | afio -oZ - | \
1496       cdrskin -v dev=0,1,0 fs=32m speed=8 \
1497         blank=as_needed padsize=300k -
1498
1499   Write multi-session to the same CD, DVD-R[W], DVD+R[/DL], or BD-R:
1500       cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -v padsize=300k -multi 1.iso
1501       cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -v padsize=300k -multi 2.iso
1502       cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -v padsize=300k -multi 3.iso
1503       cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -v padsize=300k 4.iso
1504
1505   Get multi-session info for option -C of program mkisofs:
1506       c_values=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -msinfo 2>/dev/null)
1507       mkisofs ... -C "$c_values" ...
1508
1509   Inquire free space on media for a -multi run:
1510       x=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -multi \
1511         --tell_media_space 2>/dev/null)
1512       echo "Available: $x blocks of 2048 data bytes"
1513
1514   Write audio tracks and CD-TEXT to CD:
1515       cdrskin -v dev=ATA:1,0,0 speed=48 -sao \
1516         input_sheet_v07t=cdtext.v07t \
1517         track1.wav track2.au -audio -swab track3.raw
1518
1519   Extract audio tracks and CD-TEXT from CD into directory /home/me/my_cd:
1520       mkdir /home/me/my_cd
1521       cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 extract_audio_to=/home/me/my_cd \
1522         cdtext_to_v07t=/home/me/my_cd/cdtext.v07t
1523

FILES

1525   Startup files:
1526       If  not --no_rc is given as the first argument then cdrskin attempts on
1527       startup to read the arguments from the following files:
1528
1529       /etc/default/cdrskin
1530       /etc/opt/cdrskin/rc
1531       /etc/cdrskin/cdrskin.conf
1532       $HOME/.cdrskinrc
1533
1534       The files are read in the sequence given above, but  none  of  them  is
1535       required  for  cdrskin  to  function  properly.  Each  readable line is
1536       treated as one single argument. No extra blanks.  A first character '#'
1537       marks a comment, empty lines are ignored.
1538       Example content of a startup file:
1539       # This is the default device
1540       dev=0,1,0
1541       # Some more options
1542       fifo_start_at=0
1543       fs=16m
1544
1545   Disabling superuser safety precautions:
1546       The  superuser  is  normally banned from using any other emulated drive
1547       but /dev/null. This ban can be lifted by the existence of file
1548
1549       /root/cdrskin_permissions/allow_emulated_drives
1550
1551       where the directory must be owned by the superuser and must  not  offer
1552       w-permissions for group or others.
1553       Warning: Superusers must take care not to spoil their hard disk via its
1554       raw block device (like stdio:/dev/hda or stdio:/dev/sd0).
1555
1556

SEE ALSO

1558       Formatting data track sources for cdrskin:
1559              mkisofs(8), genisoimage(8), xorriso(1), afio(1), star(1)
1560
1561       Other CD/DVD/BD burn programs:
1562              cdrecord(1), wodim(1), xorriso(1)
1563
1564       For DVD/BD burning (also tutor of libburn's DVD/BD capabilities):
1565              growisofs(1)
1566

AUTHOR

1568       cdrskin was written by Thomas Schmitt <scdbackup@gmx.net>.
1569
1570       This manual page was started by George Danchev <danchev@spnet.net>  and
1571       is now maintained by Thomas Schmitt.
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576                          Version 1.5.0, Sep 15, 2018               CDRSKIN(1)
Impressum