1ENC(1)                              OpenSSL                             ENC(1)
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NAME

6       openssl-enc, enc - symmetric cipher routines
7

SYNOPSIS

9       openssl enc -cipher [-help] [-ciphers] [-in filename] [-out filename]
10       [-pass arg] [-e] [-d] [-a] [-base64] [-A] [-k password] [-kfile
11       filename] [-K key] [-iv IV] [-S salt] [-salt] [-nosalt] [-z] [-md
12       digest] [-iter count] [-pbkdf2] [-p] [-P] [-bufsize number] [-nopad]
13       [-debug] [-none] [-rand file...]  [-writerand file] [-engine id]
14
15       openssl [cipher] [...]
16

DESCRIPTION

18       The symmetric cipher commands allow data to be encrypted or decrypted
19       using various block and stream ciphers using keys based on passwords or
20       explicitly provided. Base64 encoding or decoding can also be performed
21       either by itself or in addition to the encryption or decryption.
22

OPTIONS

24       -help
25           Print out a usage message.
26
27       -ciphers
28           List all supported ciphers.
29
30       -in filename
31           The input filename, standard input by default.
32
33       -out filename
34           The output filename, standard output by default.
35
36       -pass arg
37           The password source. For more information about the format of arg
38           see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section in openssl(1).
39
40       -e  Encrypt the input data: this is the default.
41
42       -d  Decrypt the input data.
43
44       -a  Base64 process the data. This means that if encryption is taking
45           place the data is base64 encoded after encryption. If decryption is
46           set then the input data is base64 decoded before being decrypted.
47
48       -base64
49           Same as -a
50
51       -A  If the -a option is set then base64 process the data on one line.
52
53       -k password
54           The password to derive the key from. This is for compatibility with
55           previous versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by the -pass argument.
56
57       -kfile filename
58           Read the password to derive the key from the first line of
59           filename.  This is for compatibility with previous versions of
60           OpenSSL. Superseded by the -pass argument.
61
62       -md digest
63           Use the specified digest to create the key from the passphrase.
64           The default algorithm is sha-256.
65
66       -iter count
67           Use a given number of iterations on the password in deriving the
68           encryption key.  High values increase the time required to brute-
69           force the resulting file.  This option enables the use of PBKDF2
70           algorithm to derive the key.
71
72       -pbkdf2
73           Use PBKDF2 algorithm with default iteration count unless otherwise
74           specified.
75
76       -nosalt
77           Don't use a salt in the key derivation routines. This option SHOULD
78           NOT be used except for test purposes or compatibility with ancient
79           versions of OpenSSL.
80
81       -salt
82           Use salt (randomly generated or provide with -S option) when
83           encrypting, this is the default.
84
85       -S salt
86           The actual salt to use: this must be represented as a string of hex
87           digits.
88
89       -K key
90           The actual key to use: this must be represented as a string
91           comprised only of hex digits. If only the key is specified, the IV
92           must additionally specified using the -iv option. When both a key
93           and a password are specified, the key given with the -K option will
94           be used and the IV generated from the password will be taken. It
95           does not make much sense to specify both key and password.
96
97       -iv IV
98           The actual IV to use: this must be represented as a string
99           comprised only of hex digits. When only the key is specified using
100           the -K option, the IV must explicitly be defined. When a password
101           is being specified using one of the other options, the IV is
102           generated from this password.
103
104       -p  Print out the key and IV used.
105
106       -P  Print out the key and IV used then immediately exit: don't do any
107           encryption or decryption.
108
109       -bufsize number
110           Set the buffer size for I/O.
111
112       -nopad
113           Disable standard block padding.
114
115       -debug
116           Debug the BIOs used for I/O.
117
118       -z  Compress or decompress clear text using zlib before encryption or
119           after decryption. This option exists only if OpenSSL with compiled
120           with zlib or zlib-dynamic option.
121
122       -none
123           Use NULL cipher (no encryption or decryption of input).
124
125       -rand file...
126           A file or files containing random data used to seed the random
127           number generator.  Multiple files can be specified separated by an
128           OS-dependent character.  The separator is ; for MS-Windows, , for
129           OpenVMS, and : for all others.
130
131       [-writerand file]
132           Writes random data to the specified file upon exit.  This can be
133           used with a subsequent -rand flag.
134

NOTES

136       The program can be called either as openssl cipher or openssl enc
137       -cipher. The first form doesn't work with engine-provided ciphers,
138       because this form is processed before the configuration file is read
139       and any ENGINEs loaded.  Use the list command to get a list of
140       supported ciphers.
141
142       Engines which provide entirely new encryption algorithms (such as the
143       ccgost engine which provides gost89 algorithm) should be configured in
144       the configuration file. Engines specified on the command line using
145       -engine options can only be used for hardware-assisted implementations
146       of ciphers which are supported by the OpenSSL core or another engine
147       specified in the configuration file.
148
149       When the enc command lists supported ciphers, ciphers provided by
150       engines, specified in the configuration files are listed too.
151
152       A password will be prompted for to derive the key and IV if necessary.
153
154       The -salt option should ALWAYS be used if the key is being derived from
155       a password unless you want compatibility with previous versions of
156       OpenSSL.
157
158       Without the -salt option it is possible to perform efficient dictionary
159       attacks on the password and to attack stream cipher encrypted data. The
160       reason for this is that without the salt the same password always
161       generates the same encryption key. When the salt is being used the
162       first eight bytes of the encrypted data are reserved for the salt: it
163       is generated at random when encrypting a file and read from the
164       encrypted file when it is decrypted.
165
166       Some of the ciphers do not have large keys and others have security
167       implications if not used correctly. A beginner is advised to just use a
168       strong block cipher, such as AES, in CBC mode.
169
170       All the block ciphers normally use PKCS#5 padding, also known as
171       standard block padding. This allows a rudimentary integrity or password
172       check to be performed. However since the chance of random data passing
173       the test is better than 1 in 256 it isn't a very good test.
174
175       If padding is disabled then the input data must be a multiple of the
176       cipher block length.
177
178       All RC2 ciphers have the same key and effective key length.
179
180       Blowfish and RC5 algorithms use a 128 bit key.
181

SUPPORTED CIPHERS

183       Note that some of these ciphers can be disabled at compile time and
184       some are available only if an appropriate engine is configured in the
185       configuration file. The output of the enc command run with the -ciphers
186       option (that is openssl enc -ciphers) produces a list of ciphers,
187       supported by your version of OpenSSL, including ones provided by
188       configured engines.
189
190       The enc program does not support authenticated encryption modes like
191       CCM and GCM, and will not support such modes in the future.  The enc
192       interface by necessity must begin streaming output (e.g., to standard
193       output when -out is not used) before the authentication tag could be
194       validated, leading to the usage of enc in pipelines that begin
195       processing untrusted data and are not capable of rolling back upon
196       authentication failure.  The AEAD modes currently in common use also
197       suffer from catastrophic failure of confidentiality and/or integrity
198       upon reuse of key/iv/nonce, and since enc places the entire burden of
199       key/iv/nonce management upon the user, the risk of exposing AEAD modes
200       is too great to allow.  These key/iv/nonce management issues also
201       affect other modes currently exposed in enc, but the failure modes are
202       less extreme in these cases, and the functionality cannot be removed
203       with a stable release branch.  For bulk encryption of data, whether
204       using authenticated encryption modes or other modes, cms(1) is
205       recommended, as it provides a standard data format and performs the
206       needed key/iv/nonce management.
207
208        base64             Base 64
209
210        bf-cbc             Blowfish in CBC mode
211        bf                 Alias for bf-cbc
212        blowfish           Alias for bf-cbc
213        bf-cfb             Blowfish in CFB mode
214        bf-ecb             Blowfish in ECB mode
215        bf-ofb             Blowfish in OFB mode
216
217        cast-cbc           CAST in CBC mode
218        cast               Alias for cast-cbc
219        cast5-cbc          CAST5 in CBC mode
220        cast5-cfb          CAST5 in CFB mode
221        cast5-ecb          CAST5 in ECB mode
222        cast5-ofb          CAST5 in OFB mode
223
224        chacha20           ChaCha20 algorithm
225
226        des-cbc            DES in CBC mode
227        des                Alias for des-cbc
228        des-cfb            DES in CFB mode
229        des-ofb            DES in OFB mode
230        des-ecb            DES in ECB mode
231
232        des-ede-cbc        Two key triple DES EDE in CBC mode
233        des-ede            Two key triple DES EDE in ECB mode
234        des-ede-cfb        Two key triple DES EDE in CFB mode
235        des-ede-ofb        Two key triple DES EDE in OFB mode
236
237        des-ede3-cbc       Three key triple DES EDE in CBC mode
238        des-ede3           Three key triple DES EDE in ECB mode
239        des3               Alias for des-ede3-cbc
240        des-ede3-cfb       Three key triple DES EDE CFB mode
241        des-ede3-ofb       Three key triple DES EDE in OFB mode
242
243        desx               DESX algorithm.
244
245        gost89             GOST 28147-89 in CFB mode (provided by ccgost engine)
246        gost89-cnt        `GOST 28147-89 in CNT mode (provided by ccgost engine)
247
248        idea-cbc           IDEA algorithm in CBC mode
249        idea               same as idea-cbc
250        idea-cfb           IDEA in CFB mode
251        idea-ecb           IDEA in ECB mode
252        idea-ofb           IDEA in OFB mode
253
254        rc2-cbc            128 bit RC2 in CBC mode
255        rc2                Alias for rc2-cbc
256        rc2-cfb            128 bit RC2 in CFB mode
257        rc2-ecb            128 bit RC2 in ECB mode
258        rc2-ofb            128 bit RC2 in OFB mode
259        rc2-64-cbc         64 bit RC2 in CBC mode
260        rc2-40-cbc         40 bit RC2 in CBC mode
261
262        rc4                128 bit RC4
263        rc4-64             64 bit RC4
264        rc4-40             40 bit RC4
265
266        rc5-cbc            RC5 cipher in CBC mode
267        rc5                Alias for rc5-cbc
268        rc5-cfb            RC5 cipher in CFB mode
269        rc5-ecb            RC5 cipher in ECB mode
270        rc5-ofb            RC5 cipher in OFB mode
271
272        seed-cbc           SEED cipher in CBC mode
273        seed               Alias for seed-cbc
274        seed-cfb           SEED cipher in CFB mode
275        seed-ecb           SEED cipher in ECB mode
276        seed-ofb           SEED cipher in OFB mode
277
278        sm4-cbc            SM4 cipher in CBC mode
279        sm4                Alias for sm4-cbc
280        sm4-cfb            SM4 cipher in CFB mode
281        sm4-ctr            SM4 cipher in CTR mode
282        sm4-ecb            SM4 cipher in ECB mode
283        sm4-ofb            SM4 cipher in OFB mode
284
285        aes-[128|192|256]-cbc  128/192/256 bit AES in CBC mode
286        aes[128|192|256]       Alias for aes-[128|192|256]-cbc
287        aes-[128|192|256]-cfb  128/192/256 bit AES in 128 bit CFB mode
288        aes-[128|192|256]-cfb1 128/192/256 bit AES in 1 bit CFB mode
289        aes-[128|192|256]-cfb8 128/192/256 bit AES in 8 bit CFB mode
290        aes-[128|192|256]-ctr  128/192/256 bit AES in CTR mode
291        aes-[128|192|256]-ecb  128/192/256 bit AES in ECB mode
292        aes-[128|192|256]-ofb  128/192/256 bit AES in OFB mode
293
294        aria-[128|192|256]-cbc  128/192/256 bit ARIA in CBC mode
295        aria[128|192|256]       Alias for aria-[128|192|256]-cbc
296        aria-[128|192|256]-cfb  128/192/256 bit ARIA in 128 bit CFB mode
297        aria-[128|192|256]-cfb1 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 1 bit CFB mode
298        aria-[128|192|256]-cfb8 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 8 bit CFB mode
299        aria-[128|192|256]-ctr  128/192/256 bit ARIA in CTR mode
300        aria-[128|192|256]-ecb  128/192/256 bit ARIA in ECB mode
301        aria-[128|192|256]-ofb  128/192/256 bit ARIA in OFB mode
302
303        camellia-[128|192|256]-cbc  128/192/256 bit Camellia in CBC mode
304        camellia[128|192|256]       Alias for camellia-[128|192|256]-cbc
305        camellia-[128|192|256]-cfb  128/192/256 bit Camellia in 128 bit CFB mode
306        camellia-[128|192|256]-cfb1 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 1 bit CFB mode
307        camellia-[128|192|256]-cfb8 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 8 bit CFB mode
308        camellia-[128|192|256]-ctr  128/192/256 bit Camellia in CTR mode
309        camellia-[128|192|256]-ecb  128/192/256 bit Camellia in ECB mode
310        camellia-[128|192|256]-ofb  128/192/256 bit Camellia in OFB mode
311

EXAMPLES

313       Just base64 encode a binary file:
314
315        openssl base64 -in file.bin -out file.b64
316
317       Decode the same file
318
319        openssl base64 -d -in file.b64 -out file.bin
320
321       Encrypt a file using AES-128 using a prompted password and PBKDF2 key
322       derivation:
323
324        openssl enc -aes128 -pbkdf2 -in file.txt -out file.aes128
325
326       Decrypt a file using a supplied password:
327
328        openssl enc -aes128 -pbkdf2 -d -in file.aes128 -out file.txt \
329           -pass pass:<password>
330
331       Encrypt a file then base64 encode it (so it can be sent via mail for
332       example) using AES-256 in CTR mode and PBKDF2 key derivation:
333
334        openssl enc -aes-256-ctr -pbkdf2 -a -in file.txt -out file.aes256
335
336       Base64 decode a file then decrypt it using a password supplied in a
337       file:
338
339        openssl enc -aes-256-ctr -pbkdf2 -d -a -in file.aes256 -out file.txt \
340           -pass file:<passfile>
341

BUGS

343       The -A option when used with large files doesn't work properly.
344
345       The enc program only supports a fixed number of algorithms with certain
346       parameters. So if, for example, you want to use RC2 with a 76 bit key
347       or RC4 with an 84 bit key you can't use this program.
348

HISTORY

350       The default digest was changed from MD5 to SHA256 in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
351
353       Copyright 2000-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
354
355       Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License").  You may not use
356       this file except in compliance with the License.  You can obtain a copy
357       in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
358       <https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.
359
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3621.1.1c                            2019-05-28                            ENC(1)
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