1USER@.SERVICE(5)                 user@.service                USER@.SERVICE(5)
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NAME

6       user@.service, user-runtime-dir@.service - System units to manage user
7       processes
8

SYNOPSIS

10       user@UID.service
11
12       user-runtime-dir@UID.service
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14       user-UID.slice
15

DESCRIPTION

17       The systemd(1) system manager (PID 1) starts user manager instances as
18       user@UID.service, where the user's numerical UID is used as the
19       instance identifier. Each systemd --user instance manages a hierarchy
20       of its own units. See systemd(1) for a discussion of systemd units and
21       systemd.special(1) for a list of units that form the basis of the unit
22       hierarchies of system and user units.
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24       user@UID.service is accompanied by the system unit
25       user-runtime-dir@UID.service, which creates the user's runtime
26       directory /run/user/UID, and then removes it when this unit is stopped.
27
28       User processes may be started by the user@.service instance, in which
29       case they will be part of that unit in the system hierarchy. They may
30       also be started elsewhere, for example by sshd(8) or a display manager
31       like gdm, in which case they form a .scope unit (see systemd.scope(5)).
32       Both user@UID.service and the scope units are collected under a
33       user-UID.slice.
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35       Individual user-UID.slice slices are collected under user.slice, see
36       systemd.special(8).
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CONTROLLING RESOURCES FOR LOGGED-IN USERS

39       Options that control resources available to logged-in users can be
40       configured at a few different levels. As described in the previous
41       section, user.slice contains processes of all users, so any resource
42       limits on that slice apply to all users together. The usual way to
43       configure them would be through drop-ins, e.g.
44       /etc/systemd/system/user.slice.d/resources.conf.
45
46       The processes of a single user are collected under user-UID.slice.
47       Resource limits for that user can be configured through drop-ins for
48       that unit, e.g.  /etc/systemd/system/user-1000.slice.d/resources.conf.
49       If the limits should apply to all users instead, they may be configured
50       through drop-ins for the truncated unit name, user-.slice. For example,
51       configuration in /etc/systemd/system/user-.slice.d/resources.conf is
52       included in all user-UID.slice units, see systemd.unit(5) for a
53       discussion of the drop-in mechanism.
54
55       When a user logs in and a .scope unit is created for the session (see
56       previous section), the creation of the scope may be managed through
57       pam_systemd(8). This PAM module communicates with systemd-logind(8) to
58       create the session scope and provide access to hardware resources.
59       Resource limits for the scope may be configured through the PAM module
60       configuration, see pam_systemd(8). Configuring them through the normal
61       unit configuration is also possible, but since the name of the slice
62       unit is generally unpredictable, this is less useful.
63
64       In general any resources that apply to units may be set for
65       user@UID.service and the slice units discussed above, see
66       systemd.resource-control(5) for an overview.
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EXAMPLES

69       Example 1. Hierarchy of control groups with two logged in users
70
71           $ systemd-cgls
72           Control group /:
73           -.slice
74           ├─user.slice
75           │ ├─user-1000.slice
76           │ │ ├─user@1000.service
77           │ │ │ ├─pulseaudio.service
78           │ │ │ │ └─2386 /usr/bin/pulseaudio --daemonize=no
79           │ │ │ └─gnome-terminal-server.service
80           │ │ │   └─init.scope
81           │ │ │     ├─ 4127 /usr/libexec/gnome-terminal-server
82           │ │ │     └─ 4198 zsh
83           │ │ ...
84           │ │ └─session-4.scope
85           │ │   ├─ 1264 gdm-session-worker [pam/gdm-password]
86           │ │   ├─ 2339 /usr/bin/gnome-shell
87           │ │   ...
88           │ │ ├─session-19.scope
89           │ │   ├─6497 sshd: zbyszek [priv]
90           │ │   ├─6502 sshd: zbyszek@pts/6
91           │ │   ├─6509 -zsh
92           │ │   └─6602 systemd-cgls --no-pager
93           │ ...
94           │ └─user-1001.slice
95           │   ├─session-20.scope
96           │   │ ├─6675 sshd: guest [priv]
97           │   │ ├─6708 sshd: guest@pts/6
98           │   │ └─6717 -bash
99           │   └─user@1001.service
100           │     ├─init.scope
101           │     │ ├─6680 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --user
102           │     │ └─6688 (sd-pam)
103           │     └─sleep.service
104           │       └─6706 /usr/bin/sleep 30
105           ...
106
107       User with UID 1000 is logged in using gdm (session-4.scope) and ssh(1)
108       (session-19.scope), and also has a user manager instance running
109       (user@1000.service). User with UID 1001 is logged in using ssh
110       (session-20.scope) and also has a user manager instance running
111       (user@1001.service). Those are all (leaf) system units, and form part
112       of the slice hierarchy, with user-1000.slice and user-1001.slice below
113       user.slice. User units are visible below the user@.service instances
114       (pulseaudio.service, gnome-terminal-server.service, init.scope,
115       sleep.service).
116
117       Example 2. Default user resource limits
118
119           $ systemctl cat user-1000.slice
120           # /usr/lib/systemd/system/user-.slice.d/10-defaults.conf
121           # ...
122           [Unit]
123           Description=User Slice of UID %j
124           After=systemd-user-sessions.service
125
126           [Slice]
127           TasksMax=33%
128
129       The user-UID.slice units by default don't have a unit file. The
130       resource limits are set through a drop-in, which can be easily replaced
131       or extended following standard drop-in mechanisms discussed in the
132       first section.
133

SEE ALSO

135       systemd(1), systemd.service(5), systemd.slice(5), systemd.resource-
136       control(5), systemd.exec(5), systemd.special(7), pam(8)
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140systemd 241                                                   USER@.SERVICE(5)
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