1BOOTUP(7)                           bootup                           BOOTUP(7)
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NAME

6       bootup - System bootup process
7

DESCRIPTION

9       A number of different components are involved in the boot of a Linux
10       system. Immediately after power-up, the system firmware will do minimal
11       hardware initialization, and hand control over to a boot loader (e.g.
12       systemd-boot(7) or GRUB[1]) stored on a persistent storage device. This
13       boot loader will then invoke an OS kernel from disk (or the network).
14       On systems using EFI or other types of firmware, this firmware may also
15       load the kernel directly.
16
17       The kernel (optionally) mounts an in-memory file system, often
18       generated by dracut(8), which looks for the root file system. Nowadays
19       this is usually implemented as an initramfs — a compressed archive
20       which is extracted when the kernel boots up into a lightweight
21       in-memory file system based on tmpfs, but in the past normal file
22       systems using an in-memory block device (ramdisk) were used, and the
23       name "initrd" is still used to describe both concepts. It's the boot
24       loader or the firmware that loads both the kernel and initrd/initramfs
25       images into memory, but the kernel which interprets it as a file
26       system.  systemd(1) may be used to manage services in the initrd,
27       similarly to the real system.
28
29       After the root file system is found and mounted, the initrd hands over
30       control to the host's system manager (such as systemd(1)) stored in the
31       root file system, which is then responsible for probing all remaining
32       hardware, mounting all necessary file systems and spawning all
33       configured services.
34
35       On shutdown, the system manager stops all services, unmounts all file
36       systems (detaching the storage technologies backing them), and then
37       (optionally) jumps back into the initrd code which unmounts/detaches
38       the root file system and the storage it resides on. As a last step, the
39       system is powered down.
40
41       Additional information about the system boot process may be found in
42       boot(7).
43

SYSTEM MANAGER BOOTUP

45       At boot, the system manager on the OS image is responsible for
46       initializing the required file systems, services and drivers that are
47       necessary for operation of the system. On systemd(1) systems, this
48       process is split up in various discrete steps which are exposed as
49       target units. (See systemd.target(5) for detailed information about
50       target units.) The boot-up process is highly parallelized so that the
51       order in which specific target units are reached is not deterministic,
52       but still adheres to a limited amount of ordering structure.
53
54       When systemd starts up the system, it will activate all units that are
55       dependencies of default.target (as well as recursively all dependencies
56       of these dependencies). Usually, default.target is simply an alias of
57       graphical.target or multi-user.target, depending on whether the system
58       is configured for a graphical UI or only for a text console. To enforce
59       minimal ordering between the units pulled in, a number of well-known
60       target units are available, as listed on systemd.special(7).
61
62       The following chart is a structural overview of these well-known units
63       and their position in the boot-up logic. The arrows describe which
64       units are pulled in and ordered before which other units. Units near
65       the top are started before units nearer to the bottom of the chart.
66
67           local-fs-pre.target
68                    |
69                    v
70           (various mounts and   (various swap   (various cryptsetup
71            fsck services...)     devices...)        devices...)       (various low-level   (various low-level
72                    |                  |                  |             services: udevd,     API VFS mounts:
73                    v                  v                  v             tmpfiles, random     mqueue, configfs,
74             local-fs.target      swap.target     cryptsetup.target    seed, sysctl, ...)      debugfs, ...)
75                    |                  |                  |                    |                    |
76                    \__________________|_________________ | ___________________|____________________/
77                                                         \|/
78                                                          v
79                                                   sysinit.target
80                                                          |
81                     ____________________________________/|\________________________________________
82                    /                  |                  |                    |                    \
83                    |                  |                  |                    |                    |
84                    v                  v                  |                    v                    v
85                (various           (various               |                (various          rescue.service
86               timers...)          paths...)              |               sockets...)               |
87                    |                  |                  |                    |                    v
88                    v                  v                  |                    v              rescue.target
89              timers.target      paths.target             |             sockets.target
90                    |                  |                  |                    |
91                    v                  \_________________ | ___________________/
92                                                         \|/
93                                                          v
94                                                    basic.target
95                                                          |
96                     ____________________________________/|                                 emergency.service
97                    /                  |                  |                                         |
98                    |                  |                  |                                         v
99                    v                  v                  v                                 emergency.target
100                display-        (various system    (various system
101            manager.service         services           services)
102                    |             required for            |
103                    |            graphical UIs)           v
104                    |                  |           multi-user.target
105                    |                  |                  |
106                    \_________________ | _________________/
107                                      \|/
108                                       v
109                             graphical.target
110
111       Target units that are commonly used as boot targets are emphasized.
112       These units are good choices as goal targets, for example by passing
113       them to the systemd.unit= kernel command line option (see systemd(1))
114       or by symlinking default.target to them.
115
116       timers.target is pulled-in by basic.target asynchronously. This allows
117       timers units to depend on services which become only available later in
118       boot.
119

BOOTUP IN THE INITIAL RAM DISK (INITRD)

121       The initial RAM disk implementation (initrd) can be set up using
122       systemd as well. In this case, boot up inside the initrd follows the
123       following structure.
124
125       systemd detects that it is run within an initrd by checking for the
126       file /etc/initrd-release. The default target in the initrd is
127       initrd.target. The bootup process begins identical to the system
128       manager bootup (see above) until it reaches basic.target. From there,
129       systemd approaches the special target initrd.target. Before any file
130       systems are mounted, it must be determined whether the system will
131       resume from hibernation or proceed with normal boot. This is
132       accomplished by systemd-hibernate-resume@.service which must be
133       finished before local-fs-pre.target, so no filesystems can be mounted
134       before the check is complete. When the root device becomes available,
135       initd-root-device.target is reached. If the root device can be mounted
136       at /sysroot, the sysroot.mount unit becomes active and
137       initrd-root-fs.target is reached. The service initrd-parse-etc.service
138       scans /sysroot/etc/fstab for a possible /usr mount point and additional
139       entries marked with the x-initrd.mount option. All entries found are
140       mounted below /sysroot, and initrd-fs.target is reached. The service
141       initrd-cleanup.service isolates to the initrd-switch-root.target, where
142       cleanup services can run. As the very last step, the
143       initrd-switch-root.service is activated, which will cause the system to
144       switch its root to /sysroot.
145
146                                                          : (beginning identical to above)
147                                                          :
148                                                          v
149                                                    basic.target
150                                                          |                                 emergency.service
151                                   ______________________/|                                         |
152                                  /                       |                                         v
153                                  |            initrd-root-device.target                    emergency.target
154                                  |                       |
155                                  |                       v
156                                  |                  sysroot.mount
157                                  |                       |
158                                  |                       v
159                                  |             initrd-root-fs.target
160                                  |                       |
161                                  |                       v
162                                  v            initrd-parse-etc.service
163                           (custom initrd                 |
164                            services...)                  v
165                                  |            (sysroot-usr.mount and
166                                  |             various mounts marked
167                                  |               with fstab option
168                                  |              x-initrd.mount...)
169                                  |                       |
170                                  |                       v
171                                  |                initrd-fs.target
172                                  \______________________ |
173                                                         \|
174                                                          v
175                                                     initrd.target
176                                                          |
177                                                          v
178                                                initrd-cleanup.service
179                                                     isolates to
180                                               initrd-switch-root.target
181                                                          |
182                                                          v
183                                   ______________________/|
184                                  /                       v
185                                  |        initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service
186                                  v                       |
187                           (custom initrd                 |
188                            services...)                  |
189                                  \______________________ |
190                                                         \|
191                                                          v
192                                              initrd-switch-root.target
193                                                          |
194                                                          v
195                                              initrd-switch-root.service
196                                                          |
197                                                          v
198                                                Transition to Host OS
199

SYSTEM MANAGER SHUTDOWN

201       System shutdown with systemd also consists of various target units with
202       some minimal ordering structure applied:
203
204                                             (conflicts with  (conflicts with
205                                               all system     all file system
206                                                services)     mounts, swaps,
207                                                    |           cryptsetup
208                                                    |          devices, ...)
209                                                    |                |
210                                                    v                v
211                                             shutdown.target    umount.target
212                                                    |                |
213                                                    \_______   ______/
214                                                            \ /
215                                                             v
216                                                    (various low-level
217                                                         services)
218                                                             |
219                                                             v
220                                                       final.target
221                                                             |
222                       _____________________________________/ \_________________________________
223                      /                         |                        |                      \
224                      |                         |                        |                      |
225                      v                         v                        v                      v
226           systemd-reboot.service   systemd-poweroff.service   systemd-halt.service   systemd-kexec.service
227                      |                         |                        |                      |
228                      v                         v                        v                      v
229               reboot.target             poweroff.target            halt.target           kexec.target
230
231       Commonly used system shutdown targets are emphasized.
232
233       Note that systemd-halt.service(8), systemd-reboot.service,
234       systemd-poweroff.service and systemd-kexec.service will transition the
235       system and server manager (PID 1) into the second phase of system
236       shutdown (implemented in the systemd-shutdown binary), which will
237       unmount any remaining file systems, kill any remaining processes and
238       release any other remaining resources, in a simple and robust fashion,
239       without taking any service or unit concept into account anymore. At
240       that point, regular applications and resources are generally terminated
241       and released already, the second phase hence operates only as safety
242       net for everything that couldn't be stopped or released for some reason
243       during the primary, unit-based shutdown phase described above.
244

SEE ALSO

246       systemd(1), boot(7), systemd.special(7), systemd.target(5), systemd-
247       halt.service(8), dracut(8)
248

NOTES

250        1. GRUB
251           https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/
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254
255systemd 241                                                          BOOTUP(7)
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