1CTIME(3)                   Linux Programmer's Manual                  CTIME(3)
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NAME

6       asctime,   ctime,   gmtime,   localtime,  mktime,  asctime_r,  ctime_r,
7       gmtime_r, localtime_r - transform date and time to broken-down time  or
8       ASCII
9

SYNOPSIS

11       #include <time.h>
12
13       char *asctime(const struct tm *tm);
14       char *asctime_r(const struct tm *tm, char *buf);
15
16       char *ctime(const time_t *timep);
17       char *ctime_r(const time_t *timep, char *buf);
18
19       struct tm *gmtime(const time_t *timep);
20       struct tm *gmtime_r(const time_t *timep, struct tm *result);
21
22       struct tm *localtime(const time_t *timep);
23       struct tm *localtime_r(const time_t *timep, struct tm *result);
24
25       time_t mktime(struct tm *tm);
26
27   Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
28
29       asctime_r(), ctime_r(), gmtime_r(), localtime_r():
30              _POSIX_C_SOURCE
31                  || /* Glibc versions <= 2.19: */ _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE
32

DESCRIPTION

34       The ctime(), gmtime() and localtime() functions all take an argument of
35       data type time_t, which represents calendar time.  When interpreted  as
36       an  absolute  time  value,  it represents the number of seconds elapsed
37       since the Epoch, 1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 (UTC).
38
39       The asctime() and mktime() functions both take an argument representing
40       broken-down time, which is a representation separated into year, month,
41       day, and so on.
42
43       Broken-down time is stored in the structure tm,  which  is  defined  in
44       <time.h> as follows:
45
46           struct tm {
47               int tm_sec;    /* Seconds (0-60) */
48               int tm_min;    /* Minutes (0-59) */
49               int tm_hour;   /* Hours (0-23) */
50               int tm_mday;   /* Day of the month (1-31) */
51               int tm_mon;    /* Month (0-11) */
52               int tm_year;   /* Year - 1900 */
53               int tm_wday;   /* Day of the week (0-6, Sunday = 0) */
54               int tm_yday;   /* Day in the year (0-365, 1 Jan = 0) */
55               int tm_isdst;  /* Daylight saving time */
56           };
57
58       The members of the tm structure are:
59
60       tm_sec    The number of seconds after the minute, normally in the range
61                 0 to 59, but can be up to 60 to allow for leap seconds.
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63       tm_min    The number of minutes after the hour, in the range 0 to 59.
64
65       tm_hour   The number of hours past midnight, in the range 0 to 23.
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67       tm_mday   The day of the month, in the range 1 to 31.
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69       tm_mon    The number of months since January, in the range 0 to 11.
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71       tm_year   The number of years since 1900.
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73       tm_wday   The number of days since Sunday, in the range 0 to 6.
74
75       tm_yday   The number of days since January 1, in the range 0 to 365.
76
77       tm_isdst  A flag that indicates whether  daylight  saving  time  is  in
78                 effect  at the time described.  The value is positive if day‐
79                 light saving time is in effect, zero if it is not, and  nega‐
80                 tive if the information is not available.
81
82       The  call ctime(t) is equivalent to asctime(localtime(t)).  It converts
83       the calendar time t into a null-terminated string of the form
84
85           "Wed Jun 30 21:49:08 1993\n"
86
87       The abbreviations for the days of the week  are  "Sun",  "Mon",  "Tue",
88       "Wed",  "Thu",  "Fri", and "Sat".  The abbreviations for the months are
89       "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug",  "Sep",  "Oct",
90       "Nov",  and  "Dec".   The return value points to a statically allocated
91       string which might be overwritten by subsequent calls  to  any  of  the
92       date and time functions.  The function also sets the external variables
93       tzname, timezone, and daylight (see tzset(3))  with  information  about
94       the  current  timezone.  The reentrant version ctime_r() does the same,
95       but stores the string in a user-supplied buffer which should have  room
96       for at least 26 bytes.  It need not set tzname, timezone, and daylight.
97
98       The  gmtime()  function converts the calendar time timep to broken-down
99       time representation, expressed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).  It
100       may return NULL when the year does not fit into an integer.  The return
101       value points to a statically allocated struct which might be  overwrit‐
102       ten  by  subsequent  calls  to any of the date and time functions.  The
103       gmtime_r() function does the same, but stores the data in  a  user-sup‐
104       plied struct.
105
106       The  localtime()  function  converts the calendar time timep to broken-
107       down time representation, expressed relative to  the  user's  specified
108       timezone.   The  function  acts  as  if it called tzset(3) and sets the
109       external variables tzname with information about the current  timezone,
110       timezone  with  the difference between Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
111       and local standard time in seconds, and daylight to a nonzero value  if
112       daylight  savings  time  rules apply during some part of the year.  The
113       return value points to a statically allocated  struct  which  might  be
114       overwritten  by subsequent calls to any of the date and time functions.
115       The localtime_r() function does the same, but  stores  the  data  in  a
116       user-supplied struct.  It need not set tzname, timezone, and daylight.
117
118       The  asctime()  function  converts the broken-down time value tm into a
119       null-terminated string with the same format  as  ctime().   The  return
120       value  points to a statically allocated string which might be overwrit‐
121       ten by subsequent calls to any of the date  and  time  functions.   The
122       asctime_r()  function  does  the same, but stores the string in a user-
123       supplied buffer which should have room for at least 26 bytes.
124
125       The mktime() function converts a broken-down time structure,  expressed
126       as  local  time, to calendar time representation.  The function ignores
127       the values supplied by the caller in the tm_wday  and  tm_yday  fields.
128       The  value  specified in the tm_isdst field informs mktime() whether or
129       not daylight saving time (DST) is in effect for the  time  supplied  in
130       the  tm  structure: a positive value means DST is in effect; zero means
131       that DST is not in effect; and a negative  value  means  that  mktime()
132       should  (use  timezone  information and system databases to) attempt to
133       determine whether DST is in effect at the specified time.
134
135       The mktime() function modifies the fields of the tm structure  as  fol‐
136       lows:  tm_wday  and  tm_yday are set to values determined from the con‐
137       tents of the other fields; if structure members are outside their valid
138       interval,  they will be normalized (so that, for example, 40 October is
139       changed into 9 November); tm_isdst is set (regardless  of  its  initial
140       value)  to  a positive value or to 0, respectively, to indicate whether
141       DST is or is not in effect at the  specified  time.   Calling  mktime()
142       also  sets the external variable tzname with information about the cur‐
143       rent timezone.
144
145       If the specified broken-down time cannot  be  represented  as  calendar
146       time  (seconds  since the Epoch), mktime() returns (time_t) -1 and does
147       not alter the members of the broken-down time structure.
148

RETURN VALUE

150       On success, gmtime() and localtime() return a pointer to a struct tm.
151
152       On success, gmtime_r() and localtime_r()  return  the  address  of  the
153       structure pointed to by result.
154
155       On success, asctime() and ctime() return a pointer to a string.
156
157       On  success,  asctime_r()  and ctime_r() return a pointer to the string
158       pointed to by buf.
159
160       On success, mktime() returns  the  calendar  time  (seconds  since  the
161       Epoch), expressed as a value of type time_t.
162
163       On  error, mktime() returns the value (time_t) -1.  The remaining func‐
164       tions return NULL on error.  On error, errno is  set  to  indicate  the
165       cause of the error.
166

ERRORS

168       EOVERFLOW
169              The result cannot be represented.
170

ATTRIBUTES

172       For   an   explanation   of   the  terms  used  in  this  section,  see
173       attributes(7).
174
175       ┌───────────────┬───────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┐
176Interface      Attribute     Value                           
177       ├───────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
178asctime()      │ Thread safety │ MT-Unsafe race:asctime locale   │
179       ├───────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
180asctime_r()    │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe locale                  │
181       ├───────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
182ctime()        │ Thread safety │ MT-Unsafe race:tmbuf            │
183       │               │               │ race:asctime env locale         │
184       ├───────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
185ctime_r(),     │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe env locale              │
186gmtime_r(),    │               │                                 │
187localtime_r(), │               │                                 │
188mktime()       │               │                                 │
189       ├───────────────┼───────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
190gmtime(),      │ Thread safety │ MT-Unsafe race:tmbuf env locale │
191localtime()    │               │                                 │
192       └───────────────┴───────────────┴─────────────────────────────────┘

CONFORMING TO

194       POSIX.1-2001.  C89 and C99 specify asctime(), ctime(), gmtime(), local‐
195       time(),  and  mktime().   POSIX.1-2008  marks  asctime(),  asctime_r(),
196       ctime(), and ctime_r() as obsolete, recommending the use of strftime(3)
197       instead.
198

NOTES

200       The  four functions asctime(), ctime(), gmtime() and localtime() return
201       a pointer to static data and hence are not  thread-safe.   The  thread-
202       safe  versions,  asctime_r(),  ctime_r(), gmtime_r() and localtime_r(),
203       are specified by SUSv2.
204
205       POSIX.1-2001 says: "The asctime(), ctime(), gmtime(),  and  localtime()
206       functions  shall  return values in one of two static objects: a broken-
207       down time structure and an array of type char.  Execution of any of the
208       functions  may  overwrite  the  information returned in either of these
209       objects by any of the other functions."  This can occur  in  the  glibc
210       implementation.
211
212       In many implementations, including glibc, a 0 in tm_mday is interpreted
213       as meaning the last day of the preceding month.
214
215       The glibc version of struct tm has additional fields
216
217           const char *tm_zone;      /* Timezone abbreviation */
218
219       defined when _BSD_SOURCE was set before including <time.h>.  This is  a
220       BSD extension, present in 4.3BSD-Reno.
221
222       According  to POSIX.1-2004, localtime() is required to behave as though
223       tzset(3) was called, while localtime_r() does not  have  this  require‐
224       ment.   For  portable  code,  tzset(3)  should  be called before local‐
225       time_r().
226

SEE ALSO

228       date(1), gettimeofday(2),  time(2),  utime(2),  clock(3),  difftime(3),
229       strftime(3), strptime(3), timegm(3), tzset(3), time(7)
230

COLOPHON

232       This  page  is  part of release 5.02 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
233       description of the project, information about reporting bugs,  and  the
234       latest     version     of     this    page,    can    be    found    at
235       https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
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239                                  2019-03-06                          CTIME(3)
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