1Excel::Writer::XLSX(3)User Contributed Perl DocumentationExcel::Writer::XLSX(3)
2
3
4

NAME

6       Excel::Writer::XLSX - Create a new file in the Excel 2007+ XLSX format.
7

SYNOPSIS

9       To write a string, a formatted string, a number and a formula to the
10       first worksheet in an Excel workbook called perl.xlsx:
11
12           use Excel::Writer::XLSX;
13
14           # Create a new Excel workbook
15           my $workbook = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'perl.xlsx' );
16
17           # Add a worksheet
18           $worksheet = $workbook->add_worksheet();
19
20           #  Add and define a format
21           $format = $workbook->add_format();
22           $format->set_bold();
23           $format->set_color( 'red' );
24           $format->set_align( 'center' );
25
26           # Write a formatted and unformatted string, row and column notation.
27           $col = $row = 0;
28           $worksheet->write( $row, $col, 'Hi Excel!', $format );
29           $worksheet->write( 1, $col, 'Hi Excel!' );
30
31           # Write a number and a formula using A1 notation
32           $worksheet->write( 'A3', 1.2345 );
33           $worksheet->write( 'A4', '=SIN(PI()/4)' );
34
35           $workbook->close();
36

DESCRIPTION

38       The "Excel::Writer::XLSX" module can be used to create an Excel file in
39       the 2007+ XLSX format.
40
41       The XLSX format is the Office Open XML (OOXML) format used by Excel
42       2007 and later.
43
44       Multiple worksheets can be added to a workbook and formatting can be
45       applied to cells. Text, numbers, and formulas can be written to the
46       cells.
47
48       This module cannot, as yet, be used to write to an existing Excel XLSX
49       file.
50

Excel::Writer::XLSX and Spreadsheet::WriteExcel

52       "Excel::Writer::XLSX" uses the same interface as the
53       Spreadsheet::WriteExcel module which produces an Excel file in binary
54       XLS format.
55
56       Excel::Writer::XLSX supports all of the features of
57       Spreadsheet::WriteExcel and in some cases has more functionality. For
58       more details see "Compatibility with Spreadsheet::WriteExcel".
59
60       The main advantage of the XLSX format over the XLS format is that it
61       allows a larger number of rows and columns in a worksheet. The XLSX
62       file format also produces much smaller files than the XLS file format.
63

QUICK START

65       Excel::Writer::XLSX tries to provide an interface to as many of Excel's
66       features as possible. As a result there is a lot of documentation to
67       accompany the interface and it can be difficult at first glance to see
68       what it important and what is not. So for those of you who prefer to
69       assemble Ikea furniture first and then read the instructions, here are
70       four easy steps:
71
72       1. Create a new Excel workbook (i.e. file) using "new()".
73
74       2. Add a worksheet to the new workbook using "add_worksheet()".
75
76       3. Write to the worksheet using "write()".
77
78       4. "close()" the file.
79
80       Like this:
81
82           use Excel::Writer::XLSX;                                   # Step 0
83
84           my $workbook = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'perl.xlsx' );    # Step 1
85           $worksheet = $workbook->add_worksheet();                   # Step 2
86           $worksheet->write( 'A1', 'Hi Excel!' );                    # Step 3
87
88           $workbook->close();                                        # Step 4
89
90       This will create an Excel file called "perl.xlsx" with a single
91       worksheet and the text 'Hi Excel!' in the relevant cell. And that's it.
92       Okay, so there is actually a zeroth step as well, but "use module" goes
93       without saying. There are many examples that come with the distribution
94       and which you can use to get you started. See "EXAMPLES".
95
96       Those of you who read the instructions first and assemble the furniture
97       afterwards will know how to proceed. ;-)
98

WORKBOOK METHODS

100       The Excel::Writer::XLSX module provides an object oriented interface to
101       a new Excel workbook. The following methods are available through a new
102       workbook.
103
104           new()
105           add_worksheet()
106           add_format()
107           add_chart()
108           add_shape()
109           add_vba_project()
110           set_vba_name()
111           close()
112           set_properties()
113           set_custom_property()
114           define_name()
115           set_tempdir()
116           set_custom_color()
117           sheets()
118           get_worksheet_by_name()
119           set_1904()
120           set_optimization()
121           set_calc_mode()
122           get_default_url_format()
123
124       If you are unfamiliar with object oriented interfaces or the way that
125       they are implemented in Perl have a look at "perlobj" and "perltoot" in
126       the main Perl documentation.
127
128   new()
129       A new Excel workbook is created using the "new()" constructor which
130       accepts either a filename or a filehandle as a parameter. The following
131       example creates a new Excel file based on a filename:
132
133           my $workbook  = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'filename.xlsx' );
134           my $worksheet = $workbook->add_worksheet();
135           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, 'Hi Excel!' );
136           $workbook->close();
137
138       Here are some other examples of using "new()" with filenames:
139
140           my $workbook1 = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( $filename );
141           my $workbook2 = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( '/tmp/filename.xlsx' );
142           my $workbook3 = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( "c:\\tmp\\filename.xlsx" );
143           my $workbook4 = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'c:\tmp\filename.xlsx' );
144
145       The last two examples demonstrates how to create a file on DOS or
146       Windows where it is necessary to either escape the directory separator
147       "\" or to use single quotes to ensure that it isn't interpolated. For
148       more information see "perlfaq5: Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS
149       paths?".
150
151       It is recommended that the filename uses the extension ".xlsx" rather
152       than ".xls" since the latter causes an Excel warning when used with the
153       XLSX format.
154
155       The "new()" constructor returns a Excel::Writer::XLSX object that you
156       can use to add worksheets and store data. It should be noted that
157       although "my" is not specifically required it defines the scope of the
158       new workbook variable and, in the majority of cases, ensures that the
159       workbook is closed properly without explicitly calling the "close()"
160       method.
161
162       If the file cannot be created, due to file permissions or some other
163       reason,  "new" will return "undef". Therefore, it is good practice to
164       check the return value of "new" before proceeding. As usual the Perl
165       variable $! will be set if there is a file creation error. You will
166       also see one of the warning messages detailed in "DIAGNOSTICS":
167
168           my $workbook = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'protected.xlsx' );
169           die "Problems creating new Excel file: $!" unless defined $workbook;
170
171       You can also pass a valid filehandle to the "new()" constructor. For
172       example in a CGI program you could do something like this:
173
174           binmode( STDOUT );
175           my $workbook = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( \*STDOUT );
176
177       The requirement for "binmode()" is explained below.
178
179       See also, the "cgi.pl" program in the "examples" directory of the
180       distro.
181
182       In "mod_perl" programs where you will have to do something like the
183       following:
184
185           # mod_perl 1
186           ...
187           tie *XLSX, 'Apache';
188           binmode( XLSX );
189           my $workbook = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( \*XLSX );
190           ...
191
192           # mod_perl 2
193           ...
194           tie *XLSX => $r;    # Tie to the Apache::RequestRec object
195           binmode( *XLSX );
196           my $workbook = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( \*XLSX );
197           ...
198
199       See also, the "mod_perl1.pl" and "mod_perl2.pl" programs in the
200       "examples" directory of the distro.
201
202       Filehandles can also be useful if you want to stream an Excel file over
203       a socket or if you want to store an Excel file in a scalar.
204
205       For example here is a way to write an Excel file to a scalar:
206
207           #!/usr/bin/perl -w
208
209           use strict;
210           use Excel::Writer::XLSX;
211
212           open my $fh, '>', \my $str or die "Failed to open filehandle: $!";
213
214           my $workbook  = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( $fh );
215           my $worksheet = $workbook->add_worksheet();
216
217           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, 'Hi Excel!' );
218
219           $workbook->close();
220
221           # The Excel file in now in $str. Remember to binmode() the output
222           # filehandle before printing it.
223           binmode STDOUT;
224           print $str;
225
226       See also the "write_to_scalar.pl" and "filehandle.pl" programs in the
227       "examples" directory of the distro.
228
229       Note about the requirement for "binmode()". An Excel file is comprised
230       of binary data. Therefore, if you are using a filehandle you should
231       ensure that you "binmode()" it prior to passing it to "new()".You
232       should do this regardless of whether you are on a Windows platform or
233       not.
234
235       You don't have to worry about "binmode()" if you are using filenames
236       instead of filehandles. Excel::Writer::XLSX performs the "binmode()"
237       internally when it converts the filename to a filehandle. For more
238       information about "binmode()" see "perlfunc" and "perlopentut" in the
239       main Perl documentation.
240
241   add_worksheet( $sheetname )
242       At least one worksheet should be added to a new workbook. A worksheet
243       is used to write data into cells:
244
245           $worksheet1 = $workbook->add_worksheet();               # Sheet1
246           $worksheet2 = $workbook->add_worksheet( 'Foglio2' );    # Foglio2
247           $worksheet3 = $workbook->add_worksheet( 'Data' );       # Data
248           $worksheet4 = $workbook->add_worksheet();               # Sheet4
249
250       If $sheetname is not specified the default Excel convention will be
251       followed, i.e. Sheet1, Sheet2, etc.
252
253       The worksheet name must be a valid Excel worksheet name, i.e. it cannot
254       contain any of the following characters, "[ ] : * ? / \" and it must be
255       less than 32 characters. In addition, you cannot use the same, case
256       insensitive, $sheetname for more than one worksheet.
257
258   add_format( %properties )
259       The "add_format()" method can be used to create new Format objects
260       which are used to apply formatting to a cell. You can either define the
261       properties at creation time via a hash of property values or later via
262       method calls.
263
264           $format1 = $workbook->add_format( %props );    # Set properties at creation
265           $format2 = $workbook->add_format();            # Set properties later
266
267       See the "CELL FORMATTING" section for more details about Format
268       properties and how to set them.
269
270   add_chart( %properties )
271       This method is use to create a new chart either as a standalone
272       worksheet (the default) or as an embeddable object that can be inserted
273       into a worksheet via the "insert_chart()" Worksheet method.
274
275           my $chart = $workbook->add_chart( type => 'column' );
276
277       The properties that can be set are:
278
279           type     (required)
280           subtype  (optional)
281           name     (optional)
282           embedded (optional)
283
284       ·   "type"
285
286           This is a required parameter. It defines the type of chart that
287           will be created.
288
289               my $chart = $workbook->add_chart( type => 'line' );
290
291           The available types are:
292
293               area
294               bar
295               column
296               line
297               pie
298               doughnut
299               scatter
300               stock
301
302       ·   "subtype"
303
304           Used to define a chart subtype where available.
305
306               my $chart = $workbook->add_chart( type => 'bar', subtype => 'stacked' );
307
308           See the Excel::Writer::XLSX::Chart documentation for a list of
309           available chart subtypes.
310
311       ·   "name"
312
313           Set the name for the chart sheet. The name property is optional and
314           if it isn't supplied will default to "Chart1 .. n". The name must
315           be a valid Excel worksheet name. See "add_worksheet()" for more
316           details on valid sheet names. The "name" property can be omitted
317           for embedded charts.
318
319               my $chart = $workbook->add_chart( type => 'line', name => 'Results Chart' );
320
321       ·   "embedded"
322
323           Specifies that the Chart object will be inserted in a worksheet via
324           the "insert_chart()" Worksheet method. It is an error to try insert
325           a Chart that doesn't have this flag set.
326
327               my $chart = $workbook->add_chart( type => 'line', embedded => 1 );
328
329               # Configure the chart.
330               ...
331
332               # Insert the chart into the a worksheet.
333               $worksheet->insert_chart( 'E2', $chart );
334
335       See Excel::Writer::XLSX::Chart for details on how to configure the
336       chart object once it is created. See also the "chart_*.pl" programs in
337       the examples directory of the distro.
338
339   add_shape( %properties )
340       The "add_shape()" method can be used to create new shapes that may be
341       inserted into a worksheet.
342
343       You can either define the properties at creation time via a hash of
344       property values or later via method calls.
345
346           # Set properties at creation.
347           $plus = $workbook->add_shape(
348               type   => 'plus',
349               id     => 3,
350               width  => $pw,
351               height => $ph
352           );
353
354
355           # Default rectangle shape. Set properties later.
356           $rect =  $workbook->add_shape();
357
358       See Excel::Writer::XLSX::Shape for details on how to configure the
359       shape object once it is created.
360
361       See also the "shape*.pl" programs in the examples directory of the
362       distro.
363
364   add_vba_project( 'vbaProject.bin' )
365       The "add_vba_project()" method can be used to add macros or functions
366       to an Excel::Writer::XLSX file using a binary VBA project file that has
367       been extracted from an existing Excel "xlsm" file.
368
369           my $workbook  = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'file.xlsm' );
370
371           $workbook->add_vba_project( './vbaProject.bin' );
372
373       The supplied "extract_vba" utility can be used to extract the required
374       "vbaProject.bin" file from an existing Excel file:
375
376           $ extract_vba file.xlsm
377           Extracted 'vbaProject.bin' successfully
378
379       Macros can be tied to buttons using the worksheet "insert_button()"
380       method (see the "WORKSHEET METHODS" section for details):
381
382           $worksheet->insert_button( 'C2', { macro => 'my_macro' } );
383
384       Note, Excel uses the file extension "xlsm" instead of "xlsx" for files
385       that contain macros. It is advisable to follow the same convention.
386
387       See also the "macros.pl" example file and the "WORKING WITH VBA
388       MACROS".
389
390   set_vba_name()
391       The "set_vba_name()" method can be used to set the VBA codename for the
392       workbook. This is sometimes required when a "vbaProject macro" included
393       via "add_vba_project()" refers to the workbook. The default Excel VBA
394       name of "ThisWorkbook" is used if a user defined name isn't specified.
395       See also "WORKING WITH VBA MACROS".
396
397   close()
398       In general your Excel file will be closed automatically when your
399       program ends or when the Workbook object goes out of scope. However it
400       is recommended to explicitly call the "close()" method close the Excel
401       file and avoid the potential issues outlined below. The "close()"
402       method is called like this:
403
404           $workbook->close();
405
406       The return value of "close()" is the same as that returned by perl when
407       it closes the file created by "new()". This allows you to handle error
408       conditions in the usual way:
409
410           $workbook->close() or die "Error closing file: $!";
411
412       An explicit "close()" is required if the file must be closed prior to
413       performing some external action on it such as copying it, reading its
414       size or attaching it to an email.
415
416       In addition, "close()" may be required to prevent perl's garbage
417       collector from disposing of the Workbook, Worksheet and Format objects
418       in the wrong order. Situations where this can occur are:
419
420       ·   If "my()" was not used to declare the scope of a workbook variable
421           created using "new()".
422
423       ·   If the "new()", "add_worksheet()" or "add_format()" methods are
424           called in subroutines.
425
426       The reason for this is that Excel::Writer::XLSX relies on Perl's
427       "DESTROY" mechanism to trigger destructor methods in a specific
428       sequence. This may not happen in cases where the Workbook, Worksheet
429       and Format variables are not lexically scoped or where they have
430       different lexical scopes.
431
432       To avoid these issues it is recommended that you always close the
433       Excel::Writer::XLSX filehandle using "close()".
434
435   set_size( $width, $height )
436       The "set_size()" method can be used to set the size of a workbook
437       window.
438
439           $workbook->set_size(1200, 800);
440
441       The Excel window size was used in Excel 2007 to define the width and
442       height of a workbook window within the Multiple Document Interface
443       (MDI). In later versions of Excel for Windows this interface was
444       dropped. This method is currently only useful when setting the window
445       size in Excel for Mac 2011. The units are pixels and the default size
446       is 1073 x 644.
447
448       Note, this doesn't equate exactly to the Excel for Mac pixel size since
449       it is based on the original Excel 2007 for Windows sizing.
450
451   set_tab_ratio( $tab_ratio )
452       The "set_tab_ratio()" method can be used to set the ratio between
453       worksheet tabs and the horizontal slider at the bottom of a workbook.
454       This can be increased to give more room to the tabs or reduced to
455       increase the size of the horizontal slider:
456
457           $workbook->set_tab_ratio(75);
458
459       The default value in Excel is 60.
460
461   set_properties()
462       The "set_properties" method can be used to set the document properties
463       of the Excel file created by "Excel::Writer::XLSX". These properties
464       are visible when you use the "Office Button -> Prepare -> Properties"
465       option in Excel and are also available to external applications that
466       read or index Windows files.
467
468       The properties should be passed in hash format as follows:
469
470           $workbook->set_properties(
471               title    => 'This is an example spreadsheet',
472               author   => 'John McNamara',
473               comments => 'Created with Perl and Excel::Writer::XLSX',
474           );
475
476       The properties that can be set are:
477
478           title
479           subject
480           author
481           manager
482           company
483           category
484           keywords
485           comments
486           status
487           hyperlink_base
488           created - File create date. Such be an aref of gmtime() values.
489
490       See also the "properties.pl" program in the examples directory of the
491       distro.
492
493   set_custom_property( $name, $value, $type)
494       The "set_custom_property" method can be used to set one of more custom
495       document properties not covered by the "set_properties()" method above.
496       These properties are visible when you use the "Office Button -> Prepare
497       -> Properties -> Advanced Properties -> Custom" option in Excel and are
498       also available to external applications that read or index Windows
499       files.
500
501       The "set_custom_property" method takes 3 parameters:
502
503           $workbook-> set_custom_property( $name, $value, $type);
504
505       Where the available types are:
506
507           text
508           date
509           number
510           bool
511
512       For example:
513
514           $workbook->set_custom_property( 'Checked by',      'Eve',                  'text'   );
515           $workbook->set_custom_property( 'Date completed',  '2016-12-12T23:00:00Z', 'date'   );
516           $workbook->set_custom_property( 'Document number', '12345' ,               'number' );
517           $workbook->set_custom_property( 'Reference',       '1.2345',               'number' );
518           $workbook->set_custom_property( 'Has review',      1,                      'bool'   );
519           $workbook->set_custom_property( 'Signed off',      0,                      'bool'   );
520           $workbook->set_custom_property( 'Department',      $some_string,           'text'   );
521           $workbook->set_custom_property( 'Scale',           '1.2345678901234',      'number' );
522
523       Dates should by in ISO8601 "yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.sssZ" date format in
524       Zulu time, as shown above.
525
526       The "text" and "number" types are optional since they can usually be
527       inferred from the data:
528
529           $workbook->set_custom_property( 'Checked by', 'Eve'    );
530           $workbook->set_custom_property( 'Reference',  '1.2345' );
531
532       The $name and $value parameters are limited to 255 characters by Excel.
533
534   define_name()
535       This method is used to defined a name that can be used to represent a
536       value, a single cell or a range of cells in a workbook.
537
538       For example to set a global/workbook name:
539
540           # Global/workbook names.
541           $workbook->define_name( 'Exchange_rate', '=0.96' );
542           $workbook->define_name( 'Sales',         '=Sheet1!$G$1:$H$10' );
543
544       It is also possible to define a local/worksheet name by prefixing the
545       name with the sheet name using the syntax "sheetname!definedname":
546
547           # Local/worksheet name.
548           $workbook->define_name( 'Sheet2!Sales',  '=Sheet2!$G$1:$G$10' );
549
550       If the sheet name contains spaces or special characters you must
551       enclose it in single quotes like in Excel:
552
553           $workbook->define_name( "'New Data'!Sales",  '=Sheet2!$G$1:$G$10' );
554
555       See the defined_name.pl program in the examples dir of the distro.
556
557       Refer to the following to see Excel's syntax rules for defined names:
558       <http://office.microsoft.com/en-001/excel-help/define-and-use-names-in-formulas-HA010147120.aspx#BMsyntax_rules_for_names>
559
560   set_tempdir()
561       "Excel::Writer::XLSX" stores worksheet data in temporary files prior to
562       assembling the final workbook.
563
564       The "File::Temp" module is used to create these temporary files.
565       File::Temp uses "File::Spec" to determine an appropriate location for
566       these files such as "/tmp" or "c:\windows\temp". You can find out which
567       directory is used on your system as follows:
568
569           perl -MFile::Spec -le "print File::Spec->tmpdir()"
570
571       If the default temporary file directory isn't accessible to your
572       application, or doesn't contain enough space, you can specify an
573       alternative location using the "set_tempdir()" method:
574
575           $workbook->set_tempdir( '/tmp/writeexcel' );
576           $workbook->set_tempdir( 'c:\windows\temp\writeexcel' );
577
578       The directory for the temporary file must exist, "set_tempdir()" will
579       not create a new directory.
580
581   set_custom_color( $index, $red, $green, $blue )
582       The method is maintained for backward compatibility with
583       Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. Excel::Writer::XLSX programs don't require
584       this method and colours can be specified using a Html style "#RRGGBB"
585       value, see "WORKING WITH COLOURS".
586
587   sheets( 0, 1, ... )
588       The "sheets()" method returns a list, or a sliced list, of the
589       worksheets in a workbook.
590
591       If no arguments are passed the method returns a list of all the
592       worksheets in the workbook. This is useful if you want to repeat an
593       operation on each worksheet:
594
595           for $worksheet ( $workbook->sheets() ) {
596               print $worksheet->get_name();
597           }
598
599       You can also specify a slice list to return one or more worksheet
600       objects:
601
602           $worksheet = $workbook->sheets( 0 );
603           $worksheet->write( 'A1', 'Hello' );
604
605       Or since the return value from "sheets()" is a reference to a worksheet
606       object you can write the above example as:
607
608           $workbook->sheets( 0 )->write( 'A1', 'Hello' );
609
610       The following example returns the first and last worksheet in a
611       workbook:
612
613           for $worksheet ( $workbook->sheets( 0, -1 ) ) {
614               # Do something
615           }
616
617       Array slices are explained in the "perldata" manpage.
618
619   get_worksheet_by_name()
620       The "get_worksheet_by_name()" function return a worksheet or chartsheet
621       object in the workbook using the sheetname:
622
623           $worksheet = $workbook->get_worksheet_by_name('Sheet1');
624
625   set_1904()
626       Excel stores dates as real numbers where the integer part stores the
627       number of days since the epoch and the fractional part stores the
628       percentage of the day. The epoch can be either 1900 or 1904. Excel for
629       Windows uses 1900 and Excel for Macintosh uses 1904. However, Excel on
630       either platform will convert automatically between one system and the
631       other.
632
633       Excel::Writer::XLSX stores dates in the 1900 format by default. If you
634       wish to change this you can call the "set_1904()" workbook method. You
635       can query the current value by calling the "get_1904()" workbook
636       method. This returns 0 for 1900 and 1 for 1904.
637
638       See also "DATES AND TIME IN EXCEL" for more information about working
639       with Excel's date system.
640
641       In general you probably won't need to use "set_1904()".
642
643   set_optimization()
644       The "set_optimization()" method is used to turn on optimizations in the
645       Excel::Writer::XLSX module. Currently there is only one optimization
646       available and that is to reduce memory usage.
647
648           $workbook->set_optimization();
649
650       See "SPEED AND MEMORY USAGE" for more background information.
651
652       Note, that with this optimization turned on a row of data is written
653       and then discarded when a cell in a new row is added via one of the
654       Worksheet "write_*()" methods. As such data should be written in
655       sequential row order once the optimization is turned on.
656
657       This method must be called before any calls to "add_worksheet()".
658
659   set_calc_mode( $mode )
660       Set the calculation mode for formulas in the workbook. This is mainly
661       of use for workbooks with slow formulas where you want to allow the
662       user to calculate them manually.
663
664       The mode parameter can be one of the following strings:
665
666       "auto"
667           The default. Excel will re-calculate formulas when a formula or a
668           value affecting the formula changes.
669
670       "manual"
671           Only re-calculate formulas when the user requires it. Generally by
672           pressing F9.
673
674       "auto_except_tables"
675           Excel will automatically re-calculate formulas except for tables.
676
677   get_default_url_format()
678       The "get_default_url_format()" method gets a copy of the default url
679       format used when a user defined format isn't specified with the
680       worksheet "write_url()" method. The format is the hyperlink style
681       defined by Excel for the default theme:
682
683           my $url_format = $workbook->get_default_url_format();
684

WORKSHEET METHODS

686       A new worksheet is created by calling the "add_worksheet()" method from
687       a workbook object:
688
689           $worksheet1 = $workbook->add_worksheet();
690           $worksheet2 = $workbook->add_worksheet();
691
692       The following methods are available through a new worksheet:
693
694           write()
695           write_number()
696           write_string()
697           write_rich_string()
698           keep_leading_zeros()
699           write_blank()
700           write_row()
701           write_col()
702           write_date_time()
703           write_url()
704           write_url_range()
705           write_formula()
706           write_boolean()
707           write_comment()
708           show_comments()
709           set_comments_author()
710           add_write_handler()
711           insert_image()
712           insert_chart()
713           insert_shape()
714           insert_button()
715           data_validation()
716           conditional_formatting()
717           add_sparkline()
718           add_table()
719           get_name()
720           activate()
721           select()
722           hide()
723           set_first_sheet()
724           protect()
725           set_selection()
726           set_row()
727           set_default_row()
728           set_column()
729           outline_settings()
730           freeze_panes()
731           split_panes()
732           merge_range()
733           merge_range_type()
734           set_zoom()
735           right_to_left()
736           hide_zero()
737           set_tab_color()
738           autofilter()
739           filter_column()
740           filter_column_list()
741           set_vba_name()
742
743   Cell notation
744       Excel::Writer::XLSX supports two forms of notation to designate the
745       position of cells: Row-column notation and A1 notation.
746
747       Row-column notation uses a zero based index for both row and column
748       while A1 notation uses the standard Excel alphanumeric sequence of
749       column letter and 1-based row. For example:
750
751           (0, 0)      # The top left cell in row-column notation.
752           ('A1')      # The top left cell in A1 notation.
753
754           (1999, 29)  # Row-column notation.
755           ('AD2000')  # The same cell in A1 notation.
756
757       Row-column notation is useful if you are referring to cells
758       programmatically:
759
760           for my $i ( 0 .. 9 ) {
761               $worksheet->write( $i, 0, 'Hello' );    # Cells A1 to A10
762           }
763
764       A1 notation is useful for setting up a worksheet manually and for
765       working with formulas:
766
767           $worksheet->write( 'H1', 200 );
768           $worksheet->write( 'H2', '=H1+1' );
769
770       In formulas and applicable methods you can also use the "A:A" column
771       notation:
772
773           $worksheet->write( 'A1', '=SUM(B:B)' );
774
775       The "Excel::Writer::XLSX::Utility" module that is included in the
776       distro contains helper functions for dealing with A1 notation, for
777       example:
778
779           use Excel::Writer::XLSX::Utility;
780
781           ( $row, $col ) = xl_cell_to_rowcol( 'C2' );    # (1, 2)
782           $str           = xl_rowcol_to_cell( 1, 2 );    # C2
783
784       For simplicity, the parameter lists for the worksheet method calls in
785       the following sections are given in terms of row-column notation. In
786       all cases it is also possible to use A1 notation.
787
788       Note: in Excel it is also possible to use a R1C1 notation. This is not
789       supported by Excel::Writer::XLSX.
790
791   write( $row, $column, $token, $format )
792       Excel makes a distinction between data types such as strings, numbers,
793       blanks, formulas and hyperlinks. To simplify the process of writing
794       data the "write()" method acts as a general alias for several more
795       specific methods:
796
797           write_string()
798           write_number()
799           write_blank()
800           write_formula()
801           write_url()
802           write_row()
803           write_col()
804
805       The general rule is that if the data looks like a something then a
806       something is written. Here are some examples in both row-column and A1
807       notation:
808
809                                                               # Same as:
810           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, 'Hello'                 ); # write_string()
811           $worksheet->write( 1, 0, 'One'                   ); # write_string()
812           $worksheet->write( 2, 0,  2                      ); # write_number()
813           $worksheet->write( 3, 0,  3.00001                ); # write_number()
814           $worksheet->write( 4, 0,  ""                     ); # write_blank()
815           $worksheet->write( 5, 0,  ''                     ); # write_blank()
816           $worksheet->write( 6, 0,  undef                  ); # write_blank()
817           $worksheet->write( 7, 0                          ); # write_blank()
818           $worksheet->write( 8, 0,  'http://www.perl.com/' ); # write_url()
819           $worksheet->write( 'A9',  'ftp://ftp.cpan.org/'  ); # write_url()
820           $worksheet->write( 'A10', 'internal:Sheet1!A1'   ); # write_url()
821           $worksheet->write( 'A11', 'external:c:\foo.xlsx' ); # write_url()
822           $worksheet->write( 'A12', '=A3 + 3*A4'           ); # write_formula()
823           $worksheet->write( 'A13', '=SIN(PI()/4)'         ); # write_formula()
824           $worksheet->write( 'A14', \@array                ); # write_row()
825           $worksheet->write( 'A15', [\@array]              ); # write_col()
826
827           # And if the keep_leading_zeros property is set:
828           $worksheet->write( 'A16', '2'                    ); # write_number()
829           $worksheet->write( 'A17', '02'                   ); # write_string()
830           $worksheet->write( 'A18', '00002'                ); # write_string()
831
832           # Write an array formula. Not available in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
833           $worksheet->write( 'A19', '{=SUM(A1:B1*A2:B2)}'  ); # write_formula()
834
835       The "looks like" rule is defined by regular expressions:
836
837       "write_number()" if $token is a number based on the following regex:
838       "$token =~ /^([+-]?)(?=\d|\.\d)\d*(\.\d*)?([Ee]([+-]?\d+))?$/".
839
840       "write_string()" if "keep_leading_zeros()" is set and $token is an
841       integer with leading zeros based on the following regex: "$token =~
842       /^0\d+$/".
843
844       "write_blank()" if $token is undef or a blank string: "undef", "" or
845       ''.
846
847       "write_url()" if $token is a http, https, ftp or mailto URL based on
848       the following regexes: "$token =~ m|^[fh]tt?ps?://|" or "$token =~
849       m|^mailto:|".
850
851       "write_url()" if $token is an internal or external sheet reference
852       based on the following regex: "$token =~ m[^(in|ex)ternal:]".
853
854       "write_formula()" if the first character of $token is "=".
855
856       "write_array_formula()" if the $token matches "/^{=.*}$/".
857
858       "write_row()" if $token is an array ref.
859
860       "write_col()" if $token is an array ref of array refs.
861
862       "write_string()" if none of the previous conditions apply.
863
864       The $format parameter is optional. It should be a valid Format object,
865       see "CELL FORMATTING":
866
867           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
868           $format->set_bold();
869           $format->set_color( 'red' );
870           $format->set_align( 'center' );
871
872           $worksheet->write( 4, 0, 'Hello', $format );    # Formatted string
873
874       The write() method will ignore empty strings or "undef" tokens unless a
875       format is also supplied. As such you needn't worry about special
876       handling for empty or "undef" values in your data. See also the
877       "write_blank()" method.
878
879       One problem with the "write()" method is that occasionally data looks
880       like a number but you don't want it treated as a number. For example,
881       zip codes or ID numbers often start with a leading zero. If you write
882       this data as a number then the leading zero(s) will be stripped. You
883       can change this default behaviour by using the "keep_leading_zeros()"
884       method. While this property is in place any integers with leading zeros
885       will be treated as strings and the zeros will be preserved. See the
886       "keep_leading_zeros()" section for a full discussion of this issue.
887
888       You can also add your own data handlers to the "write()" method using
889       "add_write_handler()".
890
891       The "write()" method will also handle Unicode strings in "UTF-8"
892       format.
893
894       The "write" methods return:
895
896           0 for success.
897          -1 for insufficient number of arguments.
898          -2 for row or column out of bounds.
899          -3 for string too long.
900
901   write_number( $row, $column, $number, $format )
902       Write an integer or a float to the cell specified by $row and $column:
903
904           $worksheet->write_number( 0, 0, 123456 );
905           $worksheet->write_number( 'A2', 2.3451 );
906
907       See the note about "Cell notation". The $format parameter is optional.
908
909       In general it is sufficient to use the "write()" method.
910
911       Note: some versions of Excel 2007 do not display the calculated values
912       of formulas written by Excel::Writer::XLSX. Applying all available
913       Service Packs to Excel should fix this.
914
915   write_string( $row, $column, $string, $format )
916       Write a string to the cell specified by $row and $column:
917
918           $worksheet->write_string( 0, 0, 'Your text here' );
919           $worksheet->write_string( 'A2', 'or here' );
920
921       The maximum string size is 32767 characters. However the maximum string
922       segment that Excel can display in a cell is 1000. All 32767 characters
923       can be displayed in the formula bar.
924
925       The $format parameter is optional.
926
927       The "write()" method will also handle strings in "UTF-8" format. See
928       also the "unicode_*.pl" programs in the examples directory of the
929       distro.
930
931       In general it is sufficient to use the "write()" method. However, you
932       may sometimes wish to use the "write_string()" method to write data
933       that looks like a number but that you don't want treated as a number.
934       For example, zip codes or phone numbers:
935
936           # Write as a plain string
937           $worksheet->write_string( 'A1', '01209' );
938
939       However, if the user edits this string Excel may convert it back to a
940       number. To get around this you can use the Excel text format "@":
941
942           # Format as a string. Doesn't change to a number when edited
943           my $format1 = $workbook->add_format( num_format => '@' );
944           $worksheet->write_string( 'A2', '01209', $format1 );
945
946       See also the note about "Cell notation".
947
948   write_rich_string( $row, $column, $format, $string, ..., $cell_format )
949       The "write_rich_string()" method is used to write strings with multiple
950       formats. For example to write the string "This is bold and this is
951       italic" you would use the following:
952
953           my $bold   = $workbook->add_format( bold   => 1 );
954           my $italic = $workbook->add_format( italic => 1 );
955
956           $worksheet->write_rich_string( 'A1',
957               'This is ', $bold, 'bold', ' and this is ', $italic, 'italic' );
958
959       The basic rule is to break the string into fragments and put a $format
960       object before the fragment that you want to format. For example:
961
962           # Unformatted string.
963             'This is an example string'
964
965           # Break it into fragments.
966             'This is an ', 'example', ' string'
967
968           # Add formatting before the fragments you want formatted.
969             'This is an ', $format, 'example', ' string'
970
971           # In Excel::Writer::XLSX.
972           $worksheet->write_rich_string( 'A1',
973               'This is an ', $format, 'example', ' string' );
974
975       String fragments that don't have a format are given a default format.
976       So for example when writing the string "Some bold text" you would use
977       the first example below but it would be equivalent to the second:
978
979           # With default formatting:
980           my $bold    = $workbook->add_format( bold => 1 );
981
982           $worksheet->write_rich_string( 'A1',
983               'Some ', $bold, 'bold', ' text' );
984
985           # Or more explicitly:
986           my $bold    = $workbook->add_format( bold => 1 );
987           my $default = $workbook->add_format();
988
989           $worksheet->write_rich_string( 'A1',
990               $default, 'Some ', $bold, 'bold', $default, ' text' );
991
992       As with Excel, only the font properties of the format such as font
993       name, style, size, underline, color and effects are applied to the
994       string fragments. Other features such as border, background, text wrap
995       and alignment must be applied to the cell.
996
997       The "write_rich_string()" method allows you to do this by using the
998       last argument as a cell format (if it is a format object). The
999       following example centers a rich string in the cell:
1000
1001           my $bold   = $workbook->add_format( bold  => 1 );
1002           my $center = $workbook->add_format( align => 'center' );
1003
1004           $worksheet->write_rich_string( 'A5',
1005               'Some ', $bold, 'bold text', ' centered', $center );
1006
1007       See the "rich_strings.pl" example in the distro for more examples.
1008
1009           my $bold   = $workbook->add_format( bold        => 1 );
1010           my $italic = $workbook->add_format( italic      => 1 );
1011           my $red    = $workbook->add_format( color       => 'red' );
1012           my $blue   = $workbook->add_format( color       => 'blue' );
1013           my $center = $workbook->add_format( align       => 'center' );
1014           my $super  = $workbook->add_format( font_script => 1 );
1015
1016
1017           # Write some strings with multiple formats.
1018           $worksheet->write_rich_string( 'A1',
1019               'This is ', $bold, 'bold', ' and this is ', $italic, 'italic' );
1020
1021           $worksheet->write_rich_string( 'A3',
1022               'This is ', $red, 'red', ' and this is ', $blue, 'blue' );
1023
1024           $worksheet->write_rich_string( 'A5',
1025               'Some ', $bold, 'bold text', ' centered', $center );
1026
1027           $worksheet->write_rich_string( 'A7',
1028               $italic, 'j = k', $super, '(n-1)', $center );
1029
1030       As with "write_sting()" the maximum string size is 32767 characters.
1031       See also the note about "Cell notation".
1032
1033   keep_leading_zeros()
1034       This method changes the default handling of integers with leading zeros
1035       when using the "write()" method.
1036
1037       The "write()" method uses regular expressions to determine what type of
1038       data to write to an Excel worksheet. If the data looks like a number it
1039       writes a number using "write_number()". One problem with this approach
1040       is that occasionally data looks like a number but you don't want it
1041       treated as a number.
1042
1043       Zip codes and ID numbers, for example, often start with a leading zero.
1044       If you write this data as a number then the leading zero(s) will be
1045       stripped. This is the also the default behaviour when you enter data
1046       manually in Excel.
1047
1048       To get around this you can use one of three options. Write a formatted
1049       number, write the number as a string or use the "keep_leading_zeros()"
1050       method to change the default behaviour of "write()":
1051
1052           # Implicitly write a number, the leading zero is removed: 1209
1053           $worksheet->write( 'A1', '01209' );
1054
1055           # Write a zero padded number using a format: 01209
1056           my $format1 = $workbook->add_format( num_format => '00000' );
1057           $worksheet->write( 'A2', '01209', $format1 );
1058
1059           # Write explicitly as a string: 01209
1060           $worksheet->write_string( 'A3', '01209' );
1061
1062           # Write implicitly as a string: 01209
1063           $worksheet->keep_leading_zeros();
1064           $worksheet->write( 'A4', '01209' );
1065
1066       The above code would generate a worksheet that looked like the
1067       following:
1068
1069            -----------------------------------------------------------
1070           |   |     A     |     B     |     C     |     D     | ...
1071            -----------------------------------------------------------
1072           | 1 |      1209 |           |           |           | ...
1073           | 2 |     01209 |           |           |           | ...
1074           | 3 | 01209     |           |           |           | ...
1075           | 4 | 01209     |           |           |           | ...
1076
1077       The examples are on different sides of the cells due to the fact that
1078       Excel displays strings with a left justification and numbers with a
1079       right justification by default. You can change this by using a format
1080       to justify the data, see "CELL FORMATTING".
1081
1082       It should be noted that if the user edits the data in examples "A3" and
1083       "A4" the strings will revert back to numbers. Again this is Excel's
1084       default behaviour. To avoid this you can use the text format "@":
1085
1086           # Format as a string (01209)
1087           my $format2 = $workbook->add_format( num_format => '@' );
1088           $worksheet->write_string( 'A5', '01209', $format2 );
1089
1090       The "keep_leading_zeros()" property is off by default. The
1091       "keep_leading_zeros()" method takes 0 or 1 as an argument. It defaults
1092       to 1 if an argument isn't specified:
1093
1094           $worksheet->keep_leading_zeros();       # Set on
1095           $worksheet->keep_leading_zeros( 1 );    # Set on
1096           $worksheet->keep_leading_zeros( 0 );    # Set off
1097
1098       See also the "add_write_handler()" method.
1099
1100   write_blank( $row, $column, $format )
1101       Write a blank cell specified by $row and $column:
1102
1103           $worksheet->write_blank( 0, 0, $format );
1104
1105       This method is used to add formatting to a cell which doesn't contain a
1106       string or number value.
1107
1108       Excel differentiates between an "Empty" cell and a "Blank" cell. An
1109       "Empty" cell is a cell which doesn't contain data whilst a "Blank" cell
1110       is a cell which doesn't contain data but does contain formatting. Excel
1111       stores "Blank" cells but ignores "Empty" cells.
1112
1113       As such, if you write an empty cell without formatting it is ignored:
1114
1115           $worksheet->write( 'A1', undef, $format );    # write_blank()
1116           $worksheet->write( 'A2', undef );             # Ignored
1117
1118       This seemingly uninteresting fact means that you can write arrays of
1119       data without special treatment for "undef" or empty string values.
1120
1121       See the note about "Cell notation".
1122
1123   write_row( $row, $column, $array_ref, $format )
1124       The "write_row()" method can be used to write a 1D or 2D array of data
1125       in one go. This is useful for converting the results of a database
1126       query into an Excel worksheet. You must pass a reference to the array
1127       of data rather than the array itself. The "write()" method is then
1128       called for each element of the data. For example:
1129
1130           @array = ( 'awk', 'gawk', 'mawk' );
1131           $array_ref = \@array;
1132
1133           $worksheet->write_row( 0, 0, $array_ref );
1134
1135           # The above example is equivalent to:
1136           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, $array[0] );
1137           $worksheet->write( 0, 1, $array[1] );
1138           $worksheet->write( 0, 2, $array[2] );
1139
1140       Note: For convenience the "write()" method behaves in the same way as
1141       "write_row()" if it is passed an array reference. Therefore the
1142       following two method calls are equivalent:
1143
1144           $worksheet->write_row( 'A1', $array_ref );    # Write a row of data
1145           $worksheet->write(     'A1', $array_ref );    # Same thing
1146
1147       As with all of the write methods the $format parameter is optional. If
1148       a format is specified it is applied to all the elements of the data
1149       array.
1150
1151       Array references within the data will be treated as columns. This
1152       allows you to write 2D arrays of data in one go. For example:
1153
1154           @eec =  (
1155                       ['maggie', 'milly', 'molly', 'may'  ],
1156                       [13,       14,      15,      16     ],
1157                       ['shell',  'star',  'crab',  'stone']
1158                   );
1159
1160           $worksheet->write_row( 'A1', \@eec );
1161
1162       Would produce a worksheet as follows:
1163
1164            -----------------------------------------------------------
1165           |   |    A    |    B    |    C    |    D    |    E    | ...
1166            -----------------------------------------------------------
1167           | 1 | maggie  | 13      | shell   | ...     |  ...    | ...
1168           | 2 | milly   | 14      | star    | ...     |  ...    | ...
1169           | 3 | molly   | 15      | crab    | ...     |  ...    | ...
1170           | 4 | may     | 16      | stone   | ...     |  ...    | ...
1171           | 5 | ...     | ...     | ...     | ...     |  ...    | ...
1172           | 6 | ...     | ...     | ...     | ...     |  ...    | ...
1173
1174       To write the data in a row-column order refer to the "write_col()"
1175       method below.
1176
1177       Any "undef" values in the data will be ignored unless a format is
1178       applied to the data, in which case a formatted blank cell will be
1179       written. In either case the appropriate row or column value will still
1180       be incremented.
1181
1182       To find out more about array references refer to "perlref" and
1183       "perlreftut" in the main Perl documentation. To find out more about 2D
1184       arrays or "lists of lists" refer to "perllol".
1185
1186       The "write_row()" method returns the first error encountered when
1187       writing the elements of the data or zero if no errors were encountered.
1188       See the return values described for the "write()" method above.
1189
1190       See also the "write_arrays.pl" program in the "examples" directory of
1191       the distro.
1192
1193       The "write_row()" method allows the following idiomatic conversion of a
1194       text file to an Excel file:
1195
1196           #!/usr/bin/perl -w
1197
1198           use strict;
1199           use Excel::Writer::XLSX;
1200
1201           my $workbook  = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'file.xlsx' );
1202           my $worksheet = $workbook->add_worksheet();
1203
1204           open INPUT, 'file.txt' or die "Couldn't open file: $!";
1205
1206           $worksheet->write( $. -1, 0, [split] ) while <INPUT>;
1207
1208           $workbook->close();
1209
1210   write_col( $row, $column, $array_ref, $format )
1211       The "write_col()" method can be used to write a 1D or 2D array of data
1212       in one go. This is useful for converting the results of a database
1213       query into an Excel worksheet. You must pass a reference to the array
1214       of data rather than the array itself. The "write()" method is then
1215       called for each element of the data. For example:
1216
1217           @array = ( 'awk', 'gawk', 'mawk' );
1218           $array_ref = \@array;
1219
1220           $worksheet->write_col( 0, 0, $array_ref );
1221
1222           # The above example is equivalent to:
1223           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, $array[0] );
1224           $worksheet->write( 1, 0, $array[1] );
1225           $worksheet->write( 2, 0, $array[2] );
1226
1227       As with all of the write methods the $format parameter is optional. If
1228       a format is specified it is applied to all the elements of the data
1229       array.
1230
1231       Array references within the data will be treated as rows. This allows
1232       you to write 2D arrays of data in one go. For example:
1233
1234           @eec =  (
1235                       ['maggie', 'milly', 'molly', 'may'  ],
1236                       [13,       14,      15,      16     ],
1237                       ['shell',  'star',  'crab',  'stone']
1238                   );
1239
1240           $worksheet->write_col( 'A1', \@eec );
1241
1242       Would produce a worksheet as follows:
1243
1244            -----------------------------------------------------------
1245           |   |    A    |    B    |    C    |    D    |    E    | ...
1246            -----------------------------------------------------------
1247           | 1 | maggie  | milly   | molly   | may     |  ...    | ...
1248           | 2 | 13      | 14      | 15      | 16      |  ...    | ...
1249           | 3 | shell   | star    | crab    | stone   |  ...    | ...
1250           | 4 | ...     | ...     | ...     | ...     |  ...    | ...
1251           | 5 | ...     | ...     | ...     | ...     |  ...    | ...
1252           | 6 | ...     | ...     | ...     | ...     |  ...    | ...
1253
1254       To write the data in a column-row order refer to the "write_row()"
1255       method above.
1256
1257       Any "undef" values in the data will be ignored unless a format is
1258       applied to the data, in which case a formatted blank cell will be
1259       written. In either case the appropriate row or column value will still
1260       be incremented.
1261
1262       As noted above the "write()" method can be used as a synonym for
1263       "write_row()" and "write_row()" handles nested array refs as columns.
1264       Therefore, the following two method calls are equivalent although the
1265       more explicit call to "write_col()" would be preferable for
1266       maintainability:
1267
1268           $worksheet->write_col( 'A1', $array_ref     ); # Write a column of data
1269           $worksheet->write(     'A1', [ $array_ref ] ); # Same thing
1270
1271       To find out more about array references refer to "perlref" and
1272       "perlreftut" in the main Perl documentation. To find out more about 2D
1273       arrays or "lists of lists" refer to "perllol".
1274
1275       The "write_col()" method returns the first error encountered when
1276       writing the elements of the data or zero if no errors were encountered.
1277       See the return values described for the "write()" method above.
1278
1279       See also the "write_arrays.pl" program in the "examples" directory of
1280       the distro.
1281
1282   write_date_time( $row, $col, $date_string, $format )
1283       The "write_date_time()" method can be used to write a date or time to
1284       the cell specified by $row and $column:
1285
1286           $worksheet->write_date_time( 'A1', '2004-05-13T23:20', $date_format );
1287
1288       The $date_string should be in the following format:
1289
1290           yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.sss
1291
1292       This conforms to an ISO8601 date but it should be noted that the full
1293       range of ISO8601 formats are not supported.
1294
1295       The following variations on the $date_string parameter are permitted:
1296
1297           yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.sss         # Standard format
1298           yyyy-mm-ddT                     # No time
1299                     Thh:mm:ss.sss         # No date
1300           yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.sssZ        # Additional Z (but not time zones)
1301           yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss             # No fractional seconds
1302           yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm                # No seconds
1303
1304       Note that the "T" is required in all cases.
1305
1306       A date should always have a $format, otherwise it will appear as a
1307       number, see "DATES AND TIME IN EXCEL" and "CELL FORMATTING". Here is a
1308       typical example:
1309
1310           my $date_format = $workbook->add_format( num_format => 'mm/dd/yy' );
1311           $worksheet->write_date_time( 'A1', '2004-05-13T23:20', $date_format );
1312
1313       Valid dates should be in the range 1900-01-01 to 9999-12-31, for the
1314       1900 epoch and 1904-01-01 to 9999-12-31, for the 1904 epoch. As with
1315       Excel, dates outside these ranges will be written as a string.
1316
1317       See also the date_time.pl program in the "examples" directory of the
1318       distro.
1319
1320   write_url( $row, $col, $url, $format, $label )
1321       Write a hyperlink to a URL in the cell specified by $row and $column.
1322       The hyperlink is comprised of two elements: the visible label and the
1323       invisible link. The visible label is the same as the link unless an
1324       alternative label is specified. The $label parameter is optional. The
1325       label is written using the "write()" method. Therefore it is possible
1326       to write strings, numbers or formulas as labels.
1327
1328       The $format parameter is also optional and the default Excel hyperlink
1329       style will be used if it isn't specified. If required you can access
1330       the default url format using the Workbook "get_default_url_format"
1331       method:
1332
1333           my $url_format = $workbook->get_default_url_format();
1334
1335       There are four web style URI's supported: "http://", "https://",
1336       "ftp://" and "mailto:":
1337
1338           $worksheet->write_url( 0, 0, 'ftp://www.perl.org/' );
1339           $worksheet->write_url( 'A3', 'http://www.perl.com/' );
1340           $worksheet->write_url( 'A4', 'mailto:jmcnamara@cpan.org' );
1341
1342       You can display an alternative string using the $label parameter:
1343
1344           $worksheet->write_url( 1, 0, 'http://www.perl.com/', undef, 'Perl' );
1345
1346       If you wish to have some other cell data such as a number or a formula
1347       you can overwrite the cell using another call to "write_*()":
1348
1349           $worksheet->write_url( 'A1', 'http://www.perl.com/' );
1350
1351           # Overwrite the URL string with a formula. The cell is still a link.
1352           # Note the use of the default url format for consistency with other links.
1353           my $url_format = $workbook->get_default_url_format();
1354           $worksheet->write_formula( 'A1', '=1+1', $url_format );
1355
1356       There are two local URIs supported: "internal:" and "external:". These
1357       are used for hyperlinks to internal worksheet references or external
1358       workbook and worksheet references:
1359
1360           $worksheet->write_url( 'A6',  'internal:Sheet2!A1' );
1361           $worksheet->write_url( 'A7',  'internal:Sheet2!A1' );
1362           $worksheet->write_url( 'A8',  'internal:Sheet2!A1:B2' );
1363           $worksheet->write_url( 'A9',  q{internal:'Sales Data'!A1} );
1364           $worksheet->write_url( 'A10', 'external:c:\temp\foo.xlsx' );
1365           $worksheet->write_url( 'A11', 'external:c:\foo.xlsx#Sheet2!A1' );
1366           $worksheet->write_url( 'A12', 'external:..\foo.xlsx' );
1367           $worksheet->write_url( 'A13', 'external:..\foo.xlsx#Sheet2!A1' );
1368           $worksheet->write_url( 'A13', 'external:\\\\NET\share\foo.xlsx' );
1369
1370       All of the these URI types are recognised by the "write()" method, see
1371       above.
1372
1373       Worksheet references are typically of the form "Sheet1!A1". You can
1374       also refer to a worksheet range using the standard Excel notation:
1375       "Sheet1!A1:B2".
1376
1377       In external links the workbook and worksheet name must be separated by
1378       the "#" character: "external:Workbook.xlsx#Sheet1!A1'".
1379
1380       You can also link to a named range in the target worksheet. For example
1381       say you have a named range called "my_name" in the workbook
1382       "c:\temp\foo.xlsx" you could link to it as follows:
1383
1384           $worksheet->write_url( 'A14', 'external:c:\temp\foo.xlsx#my_name' );
1385
1386       Excel requires that worksheet names containing spaces or non
1387       alphanumeric characters are single quoted as follows "'Sales Data'!A1".
1388       If you need to do this in a single quoted string then you can either
1389       escape the single quotes "\'" or use the quote operator "q{}" as
1390       described in "perlop" in the main Perl documentation.
1391
1392       Links to network files are also supported. MS/Novell Network files
1393       normally begin with two back slashes as follows "\\NETWORK\etc". In
1394       order to generate this in a single or double quoted string you will
1395       have to escape the backslashes,  '\\\\NETWORK\etc'.
1396
1397       If you are using double quote strings then you should be careful to
1398       escape anything that looks like a metacharacter. For more information
1399       see "perlfaq5: Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths?".
1400
1401       Finally, you can avoid most of these quoting problems by using forward
1402       slashes. These are translated internally to backslashes:
1403
1404           $worksheet->write_url( 'A14', "external:c:/temp/foo.xlsx" );
1405           $worksheet->write_url( 'A15', 'external://NETWORK/share/foo.xlsx' );
1406
1407       Note: Excel::Writer::XLSX will escape the following characters in URLs
1408       as required by Excel: "\s " < > \ [  ] ` ^ { }" unless the URL already
1409       contains %xx style escapes. In which case it is assumed that the URL
1410       was escaped correctly by the user and will by passed directly to Excel.
1411
1412       Excel limits hyperlink links and anchor/locations to 255 characters
1413       each.
1414
1415       See also, the note about "Cell notation".
1416
1417   write_formula( $row, $column, $formula, $format, $value )
1418       Write a formula or function to the cell specified by $row and $column:
1419
1420           $worksheet->write_formula( 0, 0, '=$B$3 + B4' );
1421           $worksheet->write_formula( 1, 0, '=SIN(PI()/4)' );
1422           $worksheet->write_formula( 2, 0, '=SUM(B1:B5)' );
1423           $worksheet->write_formula( 'A4', '=IF(A3>1,"Yes", "No")' );
1424           $worksheet->write_formula( 'A5', '=AVERAGE(1, 2, 3, 4)' );
1425           $worksheet->write_formula( 'A6', '=DATEVALUE("1-Jan-2001")' );
1426
1427       Array formulas are also supported:
1428
1429           $worksheet->write_formula( 'A7', '{=SUM(A1:B1*A2:B2)}' );
1430
1431       See also the "write_array_formula()" method below.
1432
1433       See the note about "Cell notation". For more information about writing
1434       Excel formulas see "FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS IN EXCEL"
1435
1436       If required, it is also possible to specify the calculated value of the
1437       formula. This is occasionally necessary when working with non-Excel
1438       applications that don't calculate the value of the formula. The
1439       calculated $value is added at the end of the argument list:
1440
1441           $worksheet->write( 'A1', '=2+2', $format, 4 );
1442
1443       However, this probably isn't something that you will ever need to do.
1444       If you do use this feature then do so with care.
1445
1446   write_array_formula($first_row, $first_col, $last_row, $last_col, $formula,
1447       $format, $value)
1448       Write an array formula to a cell range. In Excel an array formula is a
1449       formula that performs a calculation on a set of values. It can return a
1450       single value or a range of values.
1451
1452       An array formula is indicated by a pair of braces around the formula:
1453       "{=SUM(A1:B1*A2:B2)}".  If the array formula returns a single value
1454       then the $first_ and $last_ parameters should be the same:
1455
1456           $worksheet->write_array_formula('A1:A1', '{=SUM(B1:C1*B2:C2)}');
1457
1458       It this case however it is easier to just use the "write_formula()" or
1459       "write()" methods:
1460
1461           # Same as above but more concise.
1462           $worksheet->write( 'A1', '{=SUM(B1:C1*B2:C2)}' );
1463           $worksheet->write_formula( 'A1', '{=SUM(B1:C1*B2:C2)}' );
1464
1465       For array formulas that return a range of values you must specify the
1466       range that the return values will be written to:
1467
1468           $worksheet->write_array_formula( 'A1:A3',    '{=TREND(C1:C3,B1:B3)}' );
1469           $worksheet->write_array_formula( 0, 0, 2, 0, '{=TREND(C1:C3,B1:B3)}' );
1470
1471       If required, it is also possible to specify the calculated value of the
1472       formula. This is occasionally necessary when working with non-Excel
1473       applications that don't calculate the value of the formula. However,
1474       using this parameter only writes a single value to the upper left cell
1475       in the result array. For a multi-cell array formula where the results
1476       are required, the other result values can be specified by using
1477       "write_number()" to write to the appropriate cell:
1478
1479           # Specify the result for a single cell range.
1480           $worksheet->write_array_formula( 'A1:A3', '{=SUM(B1:C1*B2:C2)}, $format, 2005 );
1481
1482           # Specify the results for a multi cell range.
1483           $worksheet->write_array_formula( 'A1:A3', '{=TREND(C1:C3,B1:B3)}', $format, 105 );
1484           $worksheet->write_number( 'A2', 12, format );
1485           $worksheet->write_number( 'A3', 14, format );
1486
1487       In addition, some early versions of Excel 2007 don't calculate the
1488       values of array formulas when they aren't supplied. Installing the
1489       latest Office Service Pack should fix this issue.
1490
1491       See also the "array_formula.pl" program in the "examples" directory of
1492       the distro.
1493
1494       Note: Array formulas are not supported by Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
1495
1496   write_boolean( $row, $column, $value, $format )
1497       Write an Excel boolean value to the cell specified by $row and $column:
1498
1499           $worksheet->write_boolean( 'A1', 1          );  # TRUE
1500           $worksheet->write_boolean( 'A2', 0          );  # FALSE
1501           $worksheet->write_boolean( 'A3', undef      );  # FALSE
1502           $worksheet->write_boolean( 'A3', 0, $format );  # FALSE, with format.
1503
1504       A $value that is true or false using Perl's rules will be written as an
1505       Excel boolean "TRUE" or "FALSE" value.
1506
1507       See the note about "Cell notation".
1508
1509   store_formula( $formula )
1510       Deprecated. This is a Spreadsheet::WriteExcel method that is no longer
1511       required by Excel::Writer::XLSX. See below.
1512
1513   repeat_formula( $row, $col, $formula, $format )
1514       Deprecated. This is a Spreadsheet::WriteExcel method that is no longer
1515       required by Excel::Writer::XLSX.
1516
1517       In Spreadsheet::WriteExcel it was computationally expensive to write
1518       formulas since they were parsed by a recursive descent parser. The
1519       "store_formula()" and "repeat_formula()" methods were used as a way of
1520       avoiding the overhead of repeated formulas by reusing a pre-parsed
1521       formula.
1522
1523       In Excel::Writer::XLSX this is no longer necessary since it is just as
1524       quick to write a formula as it is to write a string or a number.
1525
1526       The methods remain for backward compatibility but new
1527       Excel::Writer::XLSX programs shouldn't use them.
1528
1529   write_comment( $row, $column, $string, ... )
1530       The "write_comment()" method is used to add a comment to a cell. A cell
1531       comment is indicated in Excel by a small red triangle in the upper
1532       right-hand corner of the cell. Moving the cursor over the red triangle
1533       will reveal the comment.
1534
1535       The following example shows how to add a comment to a cell:
1536
1537           $worksheet->write        ( 2, 2, 'Hello' );
1538           $worksheet->write_comment( 2, 2, 'This is a comment.' );
1539
1540       As usual you can replace the $row and $column parameters with an "A1"
1541       cell reference. See the note about "Cell notation".
1542
1543           $worksheet->write        ( 'C3', 'Hello');
1544           $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', 'This is a comment.' );
1545
1546       The "write_comment()" method will also handle strings in "UTF-8"
1547       format.
1548
1549           $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', "\x{263a}" );       # Smiley
1550           $worksheet->write_comment( 'C4', 'Comment ca va?' );
1551
1552       In addition to the basic 3 argument form of "write_comment()" you can
1553       pass in several optional key/value pairs to control the format of the
1554       comment. For example:
1555
1556           $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', 'Hello', visible => 1, author => 'Perl' );
1557
1558       Most of these options are quite specific and in general the default
1559       comment behaves will be all that you need. However, should you need
1560       greater control over the format of the cell comment the following
1561       options are available:
1562
1563           author
1564           visible
1565           x_scale
1566           width
1567           y_scale
1568           height
1569           color
1570           start_cell
1571           start_row
1572           start_col
1573           x_offset
1574           y_offset
1575           font
1576           font_size
1577
1578       Option: author
1579           This option is used to indicate who is the author of the cell
1580           comment. Excel displays the author of the comment in the status bar
1581           at the bottom of the worksheet. This is usually of interest in
1582           corporate environments where several people might review and
1583           provide comments to a workbook.
1584
1585               $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', 'Atonement', author => 'Ian McEwan' );
1586
1587           The default author for all cell comments can be set using the
1588           "set_comments_author()" method (see below).
1589
1590               $worksheet->set_comments_author( 'Perl' );
1591
1592       Option: visible
1593           This option is used to make a cell comment visible when the
1594           worksheet is opened. The default behaviour in Excel is that
1595           comments are initially hidden. However, it is also possible in
1596           Excel to make individual or all comments visible. In
1597           Excel::Writer::XLSX individual comments can be made visible as
1598           follows:
1599
1600               $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', 'Hello', visible => 1 );
1601
1602           It is possible to make all comments in a worksheet visible using
1603           the "show_comments()" worksheet method (see below). Alternatively,
1604           if all of the cell comments have been made visible you can hide
1605           individual comments:
1606
1607               $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', 'Hello', visible => 0 );
1608
1609       Option: x_scale
1610           This option is used to set the width of the cell comment box as a
1611           factor of the default width.
1612
1613               $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', 'Hello', x_scale => 2 );
1614               $worksheet->write_comment( 'C4', 'Hello', x_scale => 4.2 );
1615
1616       Option: width
1617           This option is used to set the width of the cell comment box
1618           explicitly in pixels.
1619
1620               $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', 'Hello', width => 200 );
1621
1622       Option: y_scale
1623           This option is used to set the height of the cell comment box as a
1624           factor of the default height.
1625
1626               $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', 'Hello', y_scale => 2 );
1627               $worksheet->write_comment( 'C4', 'Hello', y_scale => 4.2 );
1628
1629       Option: height
1630           This option is used to set the height of the cell comment box
1631           explicitly in pixels.
1632
1633               $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', 'Hello', height => 200 );
1634
1635       Option: color
1636           This option is used to set the background colour of cell comment
1637           box. You can use one of the named colours recognised by
1638           Excel::Writer::XLSX or a Html style "#RRGGBB" colour. See "WORKING
1639           WITH COLOURS".
1640
1641               $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', 'Hello', color => 'green' );
1642               $worksheet->write_comment( 'C4', 'Hello', color => '#FF6600' ); # Orange
1643
1644       Option: start_cell
1645           This option is used to set the cell in which the comment will
1646           appear. By default Excel displays comments one cell to the right
1647           and one cell above the cell to which the comment relates. However,
1648           you can change this behaviour if you wish. In the following example
1649           the comment which would appear by default in cell "D2" is moved to
1650           "E2".
1651
1652               $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', 'Hello', start_cell => 'E2' );
1653
1654       Option: start_row
1655           This option is used to set the row in which the comment will
1656           appear. See the "start_cell" option above. The row is zero indexed.
1657
1658               $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', 'Hello', start_row => 0 );
1659
1660       Option: start_col
1661           This option is used to set the column in which the comment will
1662           appear. See the "start_cell" option above. The column is zero
1663           indexed.
1664
1665               $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', 'Hello', start_col => 4 );
1666
1667       Option: x_offset
1668           This option is used to change the x offset, in pixels, of a comment
1669           within a cell:
1670
1671               $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', $comment, x_offset => 30 );
1672
1673       Option: y_offset
1674           This option is used to change the y offset, in pixels, of a comment
1675           within a cell:
1676
1677               $worksheet->write_comment('C3', $comment, x_offset => 30);
1678
1679       Option: font
1680           This option is used to change the font used in the comment from
1681           'Tahoma' which is the default.
1682
1683               $worksheet->write_comment('C3', $comment, font => 'Calibri');
1684
1685       Option: font_size
1686           This option is used to change the font size used in the comment
1687           from 8 which is the default.
1688
1689               $worksheet->write_comment('C3', $comment, font_size => 20);
1690
1691       You can apply as many of these options as you require.
1692
1693       Note about using options that adjust the position of the cell comment
1694       such as start_cell, start_row, start_col, x_offset and y_offset: Excel
1695       only displays offset cell comments when they are displayed as
1696       "visible". Excel does not display hidden cells as moved when you mouse
1697       over them.
1698
1699       Note about row height and comments. If you specify the height of a row
1700       that contains a comment then Excel::Writer::XLSX will adjust the height
1701       of the comment to maintain the default or user specified dimensions.
1702       However, the height of a row can also be adjusted automatically by
1703       Excel if the text wrap property is set or large fonts are used in the
1704       cell. This means that the height of the row is unknown to the module at
1705       run time and thus the comment box is stretched with the row. Use the
1706       "set_row()" method to specify the row height explicitly and avoid this
1707       problem.
1708
1709   show_comments()
1710       This method is used to make all cell comments visible when a worksheet
1711       is opened.
1712
1713           $worksheet->show_comments();
1714
1715       Individual comments can be made visible using the "visible" parameter
1716       of the "write_comment" method (see above):
1717
1718           $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', 'Hello', visible => 1 );
1719
1720       If all of the cell comments have been made visible you can hide
1721       individual comments as follows:
1722
1723           $worksheet->show_comments();
1724           $worksheet->write_comment( 'C3', 'Hello', visible => 0 );
1725
1726   set_comments_author()
1727       This method is used to set the default author of all cell comments.
1728
1729           $worksheet->set_comments_author( 'Perl' );
1730
1731       Individual comment authors can be set using the "author" parameter of
1732       the "write_comment" method (see above).
1733
1734       The default comment author is an empty string, '', if no author is
1735       specified.
1736
1737   add_write_handler( $re, $code_ref )
1738       This method is used to extend the Excel::Writer::XLSX write() method to
1739       handle user defined data.
1740
1741       If you refer to the section on "write()" above you will see that it
1742       acts as an alias for several more specific "write_*" methods. However,
1743       it doesn't always act in exactly the way that you would like it to.
1744
1745       One solution is to filter the input data yourself and call the
1746       appropriate "write_*" method. Another approach is to use the
1747       "add_write_handler()" method to add your own automated behaviour to
1748       "write()".
1749
1750       The "add_write_handler()" method take two arguments, $re, a regular
1751       expression to match incoming data and $code_ref a callback function to
1752       handle the matched data:
1753
1754           $worksheet->add_write_handler( qr/^\d\d\d\d$/, \&my_write );
1755
1756       (In the these examples the "qr" operator is used to quote the regular
1757       expression strings, see perlop for more details).
1758
1759       The method is used as follows. say you wished to write 7 digit ID
1760       numbers as a string so that any leading zeros were preserved*, you
1761       could do something like the following:
1762
1763           $worksheet->add_write_handler( qr/^\d{7}$/, \&write_my_id );
1764
1765
1766           sub write_my_id {
1767               my $worksheet = shift;
1768               return $worksheet->write_string( @_ );
1769           }
1770
1771       * You could also use the "keep_leading_zeros()" method for this.
1772
1773       Then if you call "write()" with an appropriate string it will be
1774       handled automatically:
1775
1776           # Writes 0000000. It would normally be written as a number; 0.
1777           $worksheet->write( 'A1', '0000000' );
1778
1779       The callback function will receive a reference to the calling worksheet
1780       and all of the other arguments that were passed to "write()". The
1781       callback will see an @_ argument list that looks like the following:
1782
1783           $_[0]   A ref to the calling worksheet. *
1784           $_[1]   Zero based row number.
1785           $_[2]   Zero based column number.
1786           $_[3]   A number or string or token.
1787           $_[4]   A format ref if any.
1788           $_[5]   Any other arguments.
1789           ...
1790
1791           *  It is good style to shift this off the list so the @_ is the same
1792              as the argument list seen by write().
1793
1794       Your callback should "return()" the return value of the "write_*"
1795       method that was called or "undef" to indicate that you rejected the
1796       match and want "write()" to continue as normal.
1797
1798       So for example if you wished to apply the previous filter only to ID
1799       values that occur in the first column you could modify your callback
1800       function as follows:
1801
1802           sub write_my_id {
1803               my $worksheet = shift;
1804               my $col       = $_[1];
1805
1806               if ( $col == 0 ) {
1807                   return $worksheet->write_string( @_ );
1808               }
1809               else {
1810                   # Reject the match and return control to write()
1811                   return undef;
1812               }
1813           }
1814
1815       Now, you will get different behaviour for the first column and other
1816       columns:
1817
1818           $worksheet->write( 'A1', '0000000' );    # Writes 0000000
1819           $worksheet->write( 'B1', '0000000' );    # Writes 0
1820
1821       You may add more than one handler in which case they will be called in
1822       the order that they were added.
1823
1824       Note, the "add_write_handler()" method is particularly suited for
1825       handling dates.
1826
1827       See the "write_handler 1-4" programs in the "examples" directory for
1828       further examples.
1829
1830   insert_image( $row, $col, $filename, $x, $y, $x_scale, $y_scale )
1831       This method can be used to insert a image into a worksheet. The image
1832       can be in PNG, JPEG or BMP format. The $x, $y, $x_scale and $y_scale
1833       parameters are optional.
1834
1835           $worksheet1->insert_image( 'A1', 'perl.bmp' );
1836           $worksheet2->insert_image( 'A1', '../images/perl.bmp' );
1837           $worksheet3->insert_image( 'A1', '.c:\images\perl.bmp' );
1838
1839       The parameters $x and $y can be used to specify an offset from the top
1840       left hand corner of the cell specified by $row and $col. The offset
1841       values are in pixels.
1842
1843           $worksheet1->insert_image('A1', 'perl.bmp', 32, 10);
1844
1845       The offsets can be greater than the width or height of the underlying
1846       cell. This can be occasionally useful if you wish to align two or more
1847       images relative to the same cell.
1848
1849       The parameters $x_scale and $y_scale can be used to scale the inserted
1850       image horizontally and vertically:
1851
1852           # Scale the inserted image: width x 2.0, height x 0.8
1853           $worksheet->insert_image( 'A1', 'perl.bmp', 0, 0, 2, 0.8 );
1854
1855       Note: you must call "set_row()" or "set_column()" before
1856       "insert_image()" if you wish to change the default dimensions of any of
1857       the rows or columns that the image occupies. The height of a row can
1858       also change if you use a font that is larger than the default. This in
1859       turn will affect the scaling of your image. To avoid this you should
1860       explicitly set the height of the row using "set_row()" if it contains a
1861       font size that will change the row height.
1862
1863       BMP images must be 24 bit, true colour, bitmaps. In general it is best
1864       to avoid BMP images since they aren't compressed.
1865
1866   insert_chart( $row, $col, $chart, $x, $y, $x_scale, $y_scale )
1867       This method can be used to insert a Chart object into a worksheet. The
1868       Chart must be created by the "add_chart()" Workbook method and it must
1869       have the "embedded" option set.
1870
1871           my $chart = $workbook->add_chart( type => 'line', embedded => 1 );
1872
1873           # Configure the chart.
1874           ...
1875
1876           # Insert the chart into the a worksheet.
1877           $worksheet->insert_chart( 'E2', $chart );
1878
1879       See "add_chart()" for details on how to create the Chart object and
1880       Excel::Writer::XLSX::Chart for details on how to configure it. See also
1881       the "chart_*.pl" programs in the examples directory of the distro.
1882
1883       The $x, $y, $x_scale and $y_scale parameters are optional.
1884
1885       The parameters $x and $y can be used to specify an offset from the top
1886       left hand corner of the cell specified by $row and $col. The offset
1887       values are in pixels.
1888
1889           $worksheet1->insert_chart( 'E2', $chart, 3, 3 );
1890
1891       The parameters $x_scale and $y_scale can be used to scale the inserted
1892       chart horizontally and vertically:
1893
1894           # Scale the width by 120% and the height by 150%
1895           $worksheet->insert_chart( 'E2', $chart, 0, 0, 1.2, 1.5 );
1896
1897   insert_shape( $row, $col, $shape, $x, $y, $x_scale, $y_scale )
1898       This method can be used to insert a Shape object into a worksheet. The
1899       Shape must be created by the "add_shape()" Workbook method.
1900
1901           my $shape = $workbook->add_shape( name => 'My Shape', type => 'plus' );
1902
1903           # Configure the shape.
1904           $shape->set_text('foo');
1905           ...
1906
1907           # Insert the shape into the a worksheet.
1908           $worksheet->insert_shape( 'E2', $shape );
1909
1910       See "add_shape()" for details on how to create the Shape object and
1911       Excel::Writer::XLSX::Shape for details on how to configure it.
1912
1913       The $x, $y, $x_scale and $y_scale parameters are optional.
1914
1915       The parameters $x and $y can be used to specify an offset from the top
1916       left hand corner of the cell specified by $row and $col. The offset
1917       values are in pixels.
1918
1919           $worksheet1->insert_shape( 'E2', $chart, 3, 3 );
1920
1921       The parameters $x_scale and $y_scale can be used to scale the inserted
1922       shape horizontally and vertically:
1923
1924           # Scale the width by 120% and the height by 150%
1925           $worksheet->insert_shape( 'E2', $shape, 0, 0, 1.2, 1.5 );
1926
1927       See also the "shape*.pl" programs in the examples directory of the
1928       distro.
1929
1930   insert_button( $row, $col, { %properties })
1931       The "insert_button()" method can be used to insert an Excel form button
1932       into a worksheet.
1933
1934       This method is generally only useful when used in conjunction with the
1935       Workbook "add_vba_project()" method to tie the button to a macro from
1936       an embedded VBA project:
1937
1938           my $workbook  = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'file.xlsm' );
1939           ...
1940           $workbook->add_vba_project( './vbaProject.bin' );
1941
1942           $worksheet->insert_button( 'C2', { macro => 'my_macro' } );
1943
1944       The properties of the button that can be set are:
1945
1946           macro
1947           caption
1948           width
1949           height
1950           x_scale
1951           y_scale
1952           x_offset
1953           y_offset
1954
1955       Option: macro
1956           This option is used to set the macro that the button will invoke
1957           when the user clicks on it. The macro should be included using the
1958           Workbook "add_vba_project()" method shown above.
1959
1960               $worksheet->insert_button( 'C2', { macro => 'my_macro' } );
1961
1962           The default macro is "ButtonX_Click" where X is the button number.
1963
1964       Option: caption
1965           This option is used to set the caption on the button. The default
1966           is "Button X" where X is the button number.
1967
1968               $worksheet->insert_button( 'C2', { macro => 'my_macro', caption => 'Hello' } );
1969
1970       Option: width
1971           This option is used to set the width of the button in pixels.
1972
1973               $worksheet->insert_button( 'C2', { macro => 'my_macro', width => 128 } );
1974
1975           The default button width is 64 pixels which is the width of a
1976           default cell.
1977
1978       Option: height
1979           This option is used to set the height of the button in pixels.
1980
1981               $worksheet->insert_button( 'C2', { macro => 'my_macro', height => 40 } );
1982
1983           The default button height is 20 pixels which is the height of a
1984           default cell.
1985
1986       Option: x_scale
1987           This option is used to set the width of the button as a factor of
1988           the default width.
1989
1990               $worksheet->insert_button( 'C2', { macro => 'my_macro', x_scale => 2.0 );
1991
1992       Option: y_scale
1993           This option is used to set the height of the button as a factor of
1994           the default height.
1995
1996               $worksheet->insert_button( 'C2', { macro => 'my_macro', y_scale => 2.0 );
1997
1998       Option: x_offset
1999           This option is used to change the x offset, in pixels, of a button
2000           within a cell:
2001
2002               $worksheet->insert_button( 'C2', { macro => 'my_macro', x_offset => 2 );
2003
2004       Option: y_offset
2005           This option is used to change the y offset, in pixels, of a comment
2006           within a cell.
2007
2008       Note: Button is the only Excel form element that is available in
2009       Excel::Writer::XLSX. Form elements represent a lot of work to implement
2010       and the underlying VML syntax isn't very much fun.
2011
2012   data_validation()
2013       The "data_validation()" method is used to construct an Excel data
2014       validation or to limit the user input to a dropdown list of values.
2015
2016           $worksheet->data_validation('B3',
2017               {
2018                   validate => 'integer',
2019                   criteria => '>',
2020                   value    => 100,
2021               });
2022
2023           $worksheet->data_validation('B5:B9',
2024               {
2025                   validate => 'list',
2026                   value    => ['open', 'high', 'close'],
2027               });
2028
2029       This method contains a lot of parameters and is described in detail in
2030       a separate section "DATA VALIDATION IN EXCEL".
2031
2032       See also the "data_validate.pl" program in the examples directory of
2033       the distro
2034
2035   conditional_formatting()
2036       The "conditional_formatting()" method is used to add formatting to a
2037       cell or range of cells based on user defined criteria.
2038
2039           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:J10',
2040               {
2041                   type     => 'cell',
2042                   criteria => '>=',
2043                   value    => 50,
2044                   format   => $format1,
2045               }
2046           );
2047
2048       This method contains a lot of parameters and is described in detail in
2049       a separate section "CONDITIONAL FORMATTING IN EXCEL".
2050
2051       See also the "conditional_format.pl" program in the examples directory
2052       of the distro
2053
2054   add_sparkline()
2055       The "add_sparkline()" worksheet method is used to add sparklines to a
2056       cell or a range of cells.
2057
2058           $worksheet->add_sparkline(
2059               {
2060                   location => 'F2',
2061                   range    => 'Sheet1!A2:E2',
2062                   type     => 'column',
2063                   style    => 12,
2064               }
2065           );
2066
2067       This method contains a lot of parameters and is described in detail in
2068       a separate section "SPARKLINES IN EXCEL".
2069
2070       See also the "sparklines1.pl" and "sparklines2.pl" example programs in
2071       the "examples" directory of the distro.
2072
2073       Note: Sparklines are a feature of Excel 2010+ only. You can write them
2074       to an XLSX file that can be read by Excel 2007 but they won't be
2075       displayed.
2076
2077   add_table()
2078       The "add_table()" method is used to group a range of cells into an
2079       Excel Table.
2080
2081           $worksheet->add_table( 'B3:F7', { ... } );
2082
2083       This method contains a lot of parameters and is described in detail in
2084       a separate section "TABLES IN EXCEL".
2085
2086       See also the "tables.pl" program in the examples directory of the
2087       distro
2088
2089   get_name()
2090       The "get_name()" method is used to retrieve the name of a worksheet.
2091       For example:
2092
2093           for my $sheet ( $workbook->sheets() ) {
2094               print $sheet->get_name();
2095           }
2096
2097       For reasons related to the design of Excel::Writer::XLSX and to the
2098       internals of Excel there is no "set_name()" method. The only way to set
2099       the worksheet name is via the "add_worksheet()" method.
2100
2101   activate()
2102       The "activate()" method is used to specify which worksheet is initially
2103       visible in a multi-sheet workbook:
2104
2105           $worksheet1 = $workbook->add_worksheet( 'To' );
2106           $worksheet2 = $workbook->add_worksheet( 'the' );
2107           $worksheet3 = $workbook->add_worksheet( 'wind' );
2108
2109           $worksheet3->activate();
2110
2111       This is similar to the Excel VBA activate method. More than one
2112       worksheet can be selected via the "select()" method, see below, however
2113       only one worksheet can be active.
2114
2115       The default active worksheet is the first worksheet.
2116
2117   select()
2118       The "select()" method is used to indicate that a worksheet is selected
2119       in a multi-sheet workbook:
2120
2121           $worksheet1->activate();
2122           $worksheet2->select();
2123           $worksheet3->select();
2124
2125       A selected worksheet has its tab highlighted. Selecting worksheets is a
2126       way of grouping them together so that, for example, several worksheets
2127       could be printed in one go. A worksheet that has been activated via the
2128       "activate()" method will also appear as selected.
2129
2130   hide()
2131       The "hide()" method is used to hide a worksheet:
2132
2133           $worksheet2->hide();
2134
2135       You may wish to hide a worksheet in order to avoid confusing a user
2136       with intermediate data or calculations.
2137
2138       A hidden worksheet can not be activated or selected so this method is
2139       mutually exclusive with the "activate()" and "select()" methods. In
2140       addition, since the first worksheet will default to being the active
2141       worksheet, you cannot hide the first worksheet without activating
2142       another sheet:
2143
2144           $worksheet2->activate();
2145           $worksheet1->hide();
2146
2147   set_first_sheet()
2148       The "activate()" method determines which worksheet is initially
2149       selected. However, if there are a large number of worksheets the
2150       selected worksheet may not appear on the screen. To avoid this you can
2151       select which is the leftmost visible worksheet using
2152       "set_first_sheet()":
2153
2154           for ( 1 .. 20 ) {
2155               $workbook->add_worksheet;
2156           }
2157
2158           $worksheet21 = $workbook->add_worksheet();
2159           $worksheet22 = $workbook->add_worksheet();
2160
2161           $worksheet21->set_first_sheet();
2162           $worksheet22->activate();
2163
2164       This method is not required very often. The default value is the first
2165       worksheet.
2166
2167   protect( $password, \%options )
2168       The "protect()" method is used to protect a worksheet from
2169       modification:
2170
2171           $worksheet->protect();
2172
2173       The "protect()" method also has the effect of enabling a cell's
2174       "locked" and "hidden" properties if they have been set. A locked cell
2175       cannot be edited and this property is on by default for all cells. A
2176       hidden cell will display the results of a formula but not the formula
2177       itself.
2178
2179       See the "protection.pl" program in the examples directory of the distro
2180       for an illustrative example and the "set_locked" and "set_hidden"
2181       format methods in "CELL FORMATTING".
2182
2183       You can optionally add a password to the worksheet protection:
2184
2185           $worksheet->protect( 'drowssap' );
2186
2187       Passing the empty string '' is the same as turning on protection
2188       without a password.
2189
2190       Note, the worksheet level password in Excel provides very weak
2191       protection. It does not encrypt your data and is very easy to
2192       deactivate. Full workbook encryption is not supported by
2193       "Excel::Writer::XLSX" since it requires a completely different file
2194       format and would take several man months to implement.
2195
2196       You can specify which worksheet elements you wish to protect by passing
2197       a hash_ref with any or all of the following keys:
2198
2199           # Default shown.
2200           %options = (
2201               objects               => 0,
2202               scenarios             => 0,
2203               format_cells          => 0,
2204               format_columns        => 0,
2205               format_rows           => 0,
2206               insert_columns        => 0,
2207               insert_rows           => 0,
2208               insert_hyperlinks     => 0,
2209               delete_columns        => 0,
2210               delete_rows           => 0,
2211               select_locked_cells   => 1,
2212               sort                  => 0,
2213               autofilter            => 0,
2214               pivot_tables          => 0,
2215               select_unlocked_cells => 1,
2216           );
2217
2218       The default boolean values are shown above. Individual elements can be
2219       protected as follows:
2220
2221           $worksheet->protect( 'drowssap', { insert_rows => 1 } );
2222
2223       For chartsheets the allowable options and default values are:
2224
2225           %options = (
2226               objects               => 1,
2227               content               => 1,
2228           );
2229
2230   set_selection( $first_row, $first_col, $last_row, $last_col )
2231       This method can be used to specify which cell or cells are selected in
2232       a worksheet. The most common requirement is to select a single cell, in
2233       which case $last_row and $last_col can be omitted. The active cell
2234       within a selected range is determined by the order in which $first and
2235       $last are specified. It is also possible to specify a cell or a range
2236       using A1 notation. See the note about "Cell notation".
2237
2238       Examples:
2239
2240           $worksheet1->set_selection( 3, 3 );          # 1. Cell D4.
2241           $worksheet2->set_selection( 3, 3, 6, 6 );    # 2. Cells D4 to G7.
2242           $worksheet3->set_selection( 6, 6, 3, 3 );    # 3. Cells G7 to D4.
2243           $worksheet4->set_selection( 'D4' );          # Same as 1.
2244           $worksheet5->set_selection( 'D4:G7' );       # Same as 2.
2245           $worksheet6->set_selection( 'G7:D4' );       # Same as 3.
2246
2247       The default cell selections is (0, 0), 'A1'.
2248
2249   set_row( $row, $height, $format, $hidden, $level, $collapsed )
2250       This method can be used to change the default properties of a row. All
2251       parameters apart from $row are optional.
2252
2253       The most common use for this method is to change the height of a row:
2254
2255           $worksheet->set_row( 0, 20 );    # Row 1 height set to 20
2256
2257       If you wish to set the format without changing the height you can pass
2258       "undef" as the height parameter:
2259
2260           $worksheet->set_row( 0, undef, $format );
2261
2262       The $format parameter will be applied to any cells in the row that
2263       don't have a format. For example
2264
2265           $worksheet->set_row( 0, undef, $format1 );    # Set the format for row 1
2266           $worksheet->write( 'A1', 'Hello' );           # Defaults to $format1
2267           $worksheet->write( 'B1', 'Hello', $format2 ); # Keeps $format2
2268
2269       If you wish to define a row format in this way you should call the
2270       method before any calls to "write()". Calling it afterwards will
2271       overwrite any format that was previously specified.
2272
2273       The $hidden parameter should be set to 1 if you wish to hide a row.
2274       This can be used, for example, to hide intermediary steps in a
2275       complicated calculation:
2276
2277           $worksheet->set_row( 0, 20,    $format, 1 );
2278           $worksheet->set_row( 1, undef, undef,   1 );
2279
2280       The $level parameter is used to set the outline level of the row.
2281       Outlines are described in "OUTLINES AND GROUPING IN EXCEL". Adjacent
2282       rows with the same outline level are grouped together into a single
2283       outline.
2284
2285       The following example sets an outline level of 1 for rows 2 and 3
2286       (zero-indexed):
2287
2288           $worksheet->set_row( 1, undef, undef, 0, 1 );
2289           $worksheet->set_row( 2, undef, undef, 0, 1 );
2290
2291       The $hidden parameter can also be used to hide collapsed outlined rows
2292       when used in conjunction with the $level parameter.
2293
2294           $worksheet->set_row( 1, undef, undef, 1, 1 );
2295           $worksheet->set_row( 2, undef, undef, 1, 1 );
2296
2297       For collapsed outlines you should also indicate which row has the
2298       collapsed "+" symbol using the optional $collapsed parameter.
2299
2300           $worksheet->set_row( 3, undef, undef, 0, 0, 1 );
2301
2302       For a more complete example see the "outline.pl" and
2303       "outline_collapsed.pl" programs in the examples directory of the
2304       distro.
2305
2306       Excel allows up to 7 outline levels. Therefore the $level parameter
2307       should be in the range "0 <= $level <= 7".
2308
2309   set_column( $first_col, $last_col, $width, $format, $hidden, $level,
2310       $collapsed )
2311       This method can be used to change the default properties of a single
2312       column or a range of columns. All parameters apart from $first_col and
2313       $last_col are optional.
2314
2315       If "set_column()" is applied to a single column the value of $first_col
2316       and $last_col should be the same. In the case where $last_col is zero
2317       it is set to the same value as $first_col.
2318
2319       It is also possible, and generally clearer, to specify a column range
2320       using the form of A1 notation used for columns. See the note about
2321       "Cell notation".
2322
2323       Examples:
2324
2325           $worksheet->set_column( 0, 0, 20 );    # Column  A   width set to 20
2326           $worksheet->set_column( 1, 3, 30 );    # Columns B-D width set to 30
2327           $worksheet->set_column( 'E:E', 20 );   # Column  E   width set to 20
2328           $worksheet->set_column( 'F:H', 30 );   # Columns F-H width set to 30
2329
2330       The width corresponds to the column width value that is specified in
2331       Excel. It is approximately equal to the length of a string in the
2332       default font of Calibri 11. Unfortunately, there is no way to specify
2333       "AutoFit" for a column in the Excel file format. This feature is only
2334       available at runtime from within Excel.
2335
2336       As usual the $format parameter is optional, for additional information,
2337       see "CELL FORMATTING". If you wish to set the format without changing
2338       the width you can pass "undef" as the width parameter:
2339
2340           $worksheet->set_column( 0, 0, undef, $format );
2341
2342       The $format parameter will be applied to any cells in the column that
2343       don't have a format. For example
2344
2345           $worksheet->set_column( 'A:A', undef, $format1 );    # Set format for col 1
2346           $worksheet->write( 'A1', 'Hello' );                  # Defaults to $format1
2347           $worksheet->write( 'A2', 'Hello', $format2 );        # Keeps $format2
2348
2349       If you wish to define a column format in this way you should call the
2350       method before any calls to "write()". If you call it afterwards it
2351       won't have any effect.
2352
2353       A default row format takes precedence over a default column format
2354
2355           $worksheet->set_row( 0, undef, $format1 );           # Set format for row 1
2356           $worksheet->set_column( 'A:A', undef, $format2 );    # Set format for col 1
2357           $worksheet->write( 'A1', 'Hello' );                  # Defaults to $format1
2358           $worksheet->write( 'A2', 'Hello' );                  # Defaults to $format2
2359
2360       The $hidden parameter should be set to 1 if you wish to hide a column.
2361       This can be used, for example, to hide intermediary steps in a
2362       complicated calculation:
2363
2364           $worksheet->set_column( 'D:D', 20,    $format, 1 );
2365           $worksheet->set_column( 'E:E', undef, undef,   1 );
2366
2367       The $level parameter is used to set the outline level of the column.
2368       Outlines are described in "OUTLINES AND GROUPING IN EXCEL". Adjacent
2369       columns with the same outline level are grouped together into a single
2370       outline.
2371
2372       The following example sets an outline level of 1 for columns B to G:
2373
2374           $worksheet->set_column( 'B:G', undef, undef, 0, 1 );
2375
2376       The $hidden parameter can also be used to hide collapsed outlined
2377       columns when used in conjunction with the $level parameter.
2378
2379           $worksheet->set_column( 'B:G', undef, undef, 1, 1 );
2380
2381       For collapsed outlines you should also indicate which row has the
2382       collapsed "+" symbol using the optional $collapsed parameter.
2383
2384           $worksheet->set_column( 'H:H', undef, undef, 0, 0, 1 );
2385
2386       For a more complete example see the "outline.pl" and
2387       "outline_collapsed.pl" programs in the examples directory of the
2388       distro.
2389
2390       Excel allows up to 7 outline levels. Therefore the $level parameter
2391       should be in the range "0 <= $level <= 7".
2392
2393   set_default_row( $height, $hide_unused_rows )
2394       The "set_default_row()" method is used to set the limited number of
2395       default row properties allowed by Excel. These are the default height
2396       and the option to hide unused rows.
2397
2398           $worksheet->set_default_row( 24 );  # Set the default row height to 24.
2399
2400       The option to hide unused rows is used by Excel as an optimisation so
2401       that the user can hide a large number of rows without generating a very
2402       large file with an entry for each hidden row.
2403
2404           $worksheet->set_default_row( undef, 1 );
2405
2406       See the "hide_row_col.pl" example program.
2407
2408   outline_settings( $visible, $symbols_below, $symbols_right, $auto_style )
2409       The "outline_settings()" method is used to control the appearance of
2410       outlines in Excel. Outlines are described in "OUTLINES AND GROUPING IN
2411       EXCEL".
2412
2413       The $visible parameter is used to control whether or not outlines are
2414       visible. Setting this parameter to 0 will cause all outlines on the
2415       worksheet to be hidden. They can be unhidden in Excel by means of the
2416       "Show Outline Symbols" command button. The default setting is 1 for
2417       visible outlines.
2418
2419           $worksheet->outline_settings( 0 );
2420
2421       The $symbols_below parameter is used to control whether the row outline
2422       symbol will appear above or below the outline level bar. The default
2423       setting is 1 for symbols to appear below the outline level bar.
2424
2425       The $symbols_right parameter is used to control whether the column
2426       outline symbol will appear to the left or the right of the outline
2427       level bar. The default setting is 1 for symbols to appear to the right
2428       of the outline level bar.
2429
2430       The $auto_style parameter is used to control whether the automatic
2431       outline generator in Excel uses automatic styles when creating an
2432       outline. This has no effect on a file generated by
2433       "Excel::Writer::XLSX" but it does have an effect on how the worksheet
2434       behaves after it is created. The default setting is 0 for "Automatic
2435       Styles" to be turned off.
2436
2437       The default settings for all of these parameters correspond to Excel's
2438       default parameters.
2439
2440       The worksheet parameters controlled by "outline_settings()" are rarely
2441       used.
2442
2443   freeze_panes( $row, $col, $top_row, $left_col )
2444       This method can be used to divide a worksheet into horizontal or
2445       vertical regions known as panes and to also "freeze" these panes so
2446       that the splitter bars are not visible. This is the same as the
2447       "Window->Freeze Panes" menu command in Excel
2448
2449       The parameters $row and $col are used to specify the location of the
2450       split. It should be noted that the split is specified at the top or
2451       left of a cell and that the method uses zero based indexing. Therefore
2452       to freeze the first row of a worksheet it is necessary to specify the
2453       split at row 2 (which is 1 as the zero-based index). This might lead
2454       you to think that you are using a 1 based index but this is not the
2455       case.
2456
2457       You can set one of the $row and $col parameters as zero if you do not
2458       want either a vertical or horizontal split.
2459
2460       Examples:
2461
2462           $worksheet->freeze_panes( 1, 0 );    # Freeze the first row
2463           $worksheet->freeze_panes( 'A2' );    # Same using A1 notation
2464           $worksheet->freeze_panes( 0, 1 );    # Freeze the first column
2465           $worksheet->freeze_panes( 'B1' );    # Same using A1 notation
2466           $worksheet->freeze_panes( 1, 2 );    # Freeze first row and first 2 columns
2467           $worksheet->freeze_panes( 'C2' );    # Same using A1 notation
2468
2469       The parameters $top_row and $left_col are optional. They are used to
2470       specify the top-most or left-most visible row or column in the
2471       scrolling region of the panes. For example to freeze the first row and
2472       to have the scrolling region begin at row twenty:
2473
2474           $worksheet->freeze_panes( 1, 0, 20, 0 );
2475
2476       You cannot use A1 notation for the $top_row and $left_col parameters.
2477
2478       See also the "panes.pl" program in the "examples" directory of the
2479       distribution.
2480
2481   split_panes( $y, $x, $top_row, $left_col )
2482       This method can be used to divide a worksheet into horizontal or
2483       vertical regions known as panes. This method is different from the
2484       "freeze_panes()" method in that the splits between the panes will be
2485       visible to the user and each pane will have its own scroll bars.
2486
2487       The parameters $y and $x are used to specify the vertical and
2488       horizontal position of the split. The units for $y and $x are the same
2489       as those used by Excel to specify row height and column width. However,
2490       the vertical and horizontal units are different from each other.
2491       Therefore you must specify the $y and $x parameters in terms of the row
2492       heights and column widths that you have set or the default values which
2493       are 15 for a row and 8.43 for a column.
2494
2495       You can set one of the $y and $x parameters as zero if you do not want
2496       either a vertical or horizontal split. The parameters $top_row and
2497       $left_col are optional. They are used to specify the top-most or left-
2498       most visible row or column in the bottom-right pane.
2499
2500       Example:
2501
2502           $worksheet->split_panes( 15, 0,   );    # First row
2503           $worksheet->split_panes( 0,  8.43 );    # First column
2504           $worksheet->split_panes( 15, 8.43 );    # First row and column
2505
2506       You cannot use A1 notation with this method.
2507
2508       See also the "freeze_panes()" method and the "panes.pl" program in the
2509       "examples" directory of the distribution.
2510
2511   merge_range( $first_row, $first_col, $last_row, $last_col, $token, $format
2512       )
2513       The "merge_range()" method allows you to merge cells that contain other
2514       types of alignment in addition to the merging:
2515
2516           my $format = $workbook->add_format(
2517               border => 6,
2518               valign => 'vcenter',
2519               align  => 'center',
2520           );
2521
2522           $worksheet->merge_range( 'B3:D4', 'Vertical and horizontal', $format );
2523
2524       "merge_range()" writes its $token argument using the worksheet
2525       "write()" method. Therefore it will handle numbers, strings, formulas
2526       or urls as required. If you need to specify the required "write_*()"
2527       method use the "merge_range_type()" method, see below.
2528
2529       The full possibilities of this method are shown in the "merge3.pl" to
2530       "merge6.pl" programs in the "examples" directory of the distribution.
2531
2532   merge_range_type( $type, $first_row, $first_col, $last_row, $last_col, ...
2533       )
2534       The "merge_range()" method, see above, uses "write()" to insert the
2535       required data into to a merged range. However, there may be times where
2536       this isn't what you require so as an alternative the "merge_range_type
2537       ()" method allows you to specify the type of data you wish to write.
2538       For example:
2539
2540           $worksheet->merge_range_type( 'number',  'B2:C2', 123,    $format1 );
2541           $worksheet->merge_range_type( 'string',  'B4:C4', 'foo',  $format2 );
2542           $worksheet->merge_range_type( 'formula', 'B6:C6', '=1+2', $format3 );
2543
2544       The $type must be one of the following, which corresponds to a
2545       "write_*()" method:
2546
2547           'number'
2548           'string'
2549           'formula'
2550           'array_formula'
2551           'blank'
2552           'rich_string'
2553           'date_time'
2554           'url'
2555
2556       Any arguments after the range should be whatever the appropriate method
2557       accepts:
2558
2559           $worksheet->merge_range_type( 'rich_string', 'B8:C8',
2560                                         'This is ', $bold, 'bold', $format4 );
2561
2562       Note, you must always pass a $format object as an argument, even if it
2563       is a default format.
2564
2565   set_zoom( $scale )
2566       Set the worksheet zoom factor in the range "10 <= $scale <= 400":
2567
2568           $worksheet1->set_zoom( 50 );
2569           $worksheet2->set_zoom( 75 );
2570           $worksheet3->set_zoom( 300 );
2571           $worksheet4->set_zoom( 400 );
2572
2573       The default zoom factor is 100. You cannot zoom to "Selection" because
2574       it is calculated by Excel at run-time.
2575
2576       Note, "set_zoom()" does not affect the scale of the printed page. For
2577       that you should use "set_print_scale()".
2578
2579   right_to_left()
2580       The "right_to_left()" method is used to change the default direction of
2581       the worksheet from left-to-right, with the A1 cell in the top left, to
2582       right-to-left, with the A1 cell in the top right.
2583
2584           $worksheet->right_to_left();
2585
2586       This is useful when creating Arabic, Hebrew or other near or far
2587       eastern worksheets that use right-to-left as the default direction.
2588
2589   hide_zero()
2590       The "hide_zero()" method is used to hide any zero values that appear in
2591       cells.
2592
2593           $worksheet->hide_zero();
2594
2595       In Excel this option is found under Tools->Options->View.
2596
2597   set_tab_color()
2598       The "set_tab_color()" method is used to change the colour of the
2599       worksheet tab. You can use one of the standard colour names provided by
2600       the Format object or a Html style "#RRGGBB" colour. See "WORKING WITH
2601       COLOURS".
2602
2603           $worksheet1->set_tab_color( 'red' );
2604           $worksheet2->set_tab_color( '#FF6600' );
2605
2606       See the "tab_colors.pl" program in the examples directory of the
2607       distro.
2608
2609   autofilter( $first_row, $first_col, $last_row, $last_col )
2610       This method allows an autofilter to be added to a worksheet. An
2611       autofilter is a way of adding drop down lists to the headers of a 2D
2612       range of worksheet data. This allows users to filter the data based on
2613       simple criteria so that some data is shown and some is hidden.
2614
2615       To add an autofilter to a worksheet:
2616
2617           $worksheet->autofilter( 0, 0, 10, 3 );
2618           $worksheet->autofilter( 'A1:D11' );    # Same as above in A1 notation.
2619
2620       Filter conditions can be applied using the "filter_column()" or
2621       "filter_column_list()" method.
2622
2623       See the "autofilter.pl" program in the examples directory of the distro
2624       for a more detailed example.
2625
2626   filter_column( $column, $expression )
2627       The "filter_column" method can be used to filter columns in a
2628       autofilter range based on simple conditions.
2629
2630       NOTE: It isn't sufficient to just specify the filter condition. You
2631       must also hide any rows that don't match the filter condition. Rows are
2632       hidden using the "set_row()" "visible" parameter. "Excel::Writer::XLSX"
2633       cannot do this automatically since it isn't part of the file format.
2634       See the "autofilter.pl" program in the examples directory of the distro
2635       for an example.
2636
2637       The conditions for the filter are specified using simple expressions:
2638
2639           $worksheet->filter_column( 'A', 'x > 2000' );
2640           $worksheet->filter_column( 'B', 'x > 2000 and x < 5000' );
2641
2642       The $column parameter can either be a zero indexed column number or a
2643       string column name.
2644
2645       The following operators are available:
2646
2647           Operator        Synonyms
2648              ==           =   eq  =~
2649              !=           <>  ne  !=
2650              >
2651              <
2652              >=
2653              <=
2654
2655              and          &&
2656              or           ||
2657
2658       The operator synonyms are just syntactic sugar to make you more
2659       comfortable using the expressions. It is important to remember that the
2660       expressions will be interpreted by Excel and not by perl.
2661
2662       An expression can comprise a single statement or two statements
2663       separated by the "and" and "or" operators. For example:
2664
2665           'x <  2000'
2666           'x >  2000'
2667           'x == 2000'
2668           'x >  2000 and x <  5000'
2669           'x == 2000 or  x == 5000'
2670
2671       Filtering of blank or non-blank data can be achieved by using a value
2672       of "Blanks" or "NonBlanks" in the expression:
2673
2674           'x == Blanks'
2675           'x == NonBlanks'
2676
2677       Excel also allows some simple string matching operations:
2678
2679           'x =~ b*'   # begins with b
2680           'x !~ b*'   # doesn't begin with b
2681           'x =~ *b'   # ends with b
2682           'x !~ *b'   # doesn't end with b
2683           'x =~ *b*'  # contains b
2684           'x !~ *b*'  # doesn't contains b
2685
2686       You can also use "*" to match any character or number and "?" to match
2687       any single character or number. No other regular expression quantifier
2688       is supported by Excel's filters. Excel's regular expression characters
2689       can be escaped using "~".
2690
2691       The placeholder variable "x" in the above examples can be replaced by
2692       any simple string. The actual placeholder name is ignored internally so
2693       the following are all equivalent:
2694
2695           'x     < 2000'
2696           'col   < 2000'
2697           'Price < 2000'
2698
2699       Also, note that a filter condition can only be applied to a column in a
2700       range specified by the "autofilter()" Worksheet method.
2701
2702       See the "autofilter.pl" program in the examples directory of the distro
2703       for a more detailed example.
2704
2705       Note Spreadsheet::WriteExcel supports Top 10 style filters. These
2706       aren't currently supported by Excel::Writer::XLSX but may be added
2707       later.
2708
2709   filter_column_list( $column, @matches )
2710       Prior to Excel 2007 it was only possible to have either 1 or 2 filter
2711       conditions such as the ones shown above in the "filter_column" method.
2712
2713       Excel 2007 introduced a new list style filter where it is possible to
2714       specify 1 or more 'or' style criteria. For example if your column
2715       contained data for the first six months the initial data would be
2716       displayed as all selected as shown on the left. Then if you selected
2717       'March', 'April' and 'May' they would be displayed as shown on the
2718       right.
2719
2720           No criteria selected      Some criteria selected.
2721
2722           [/] (Select all)          [X] (Select all)
2723           [/] January               [ ] January
2724           [/] February              [ ] February
2725           [/] March                 [/] March
2726           [/] April                 [/] April
2727           [/] May                   [/] May
2728           [/] June                  [ ] June
2729
2730       The "filter_column_list()" method can be used to represent these types
2731       of filters:
2732
2733           $worksheet->filter_column_list( 'A', 'March', 'April', 'May' );
2734
2735       The $column parameter can either be a zero indexed column number or a
2736       string column name.
2737
2738       One or more criteria can be selected:
2739
2740           $worksheet->filter_column_list( 0, 'March' );
2741           $worksheet->filter_column_list( 1, 100, 110, 120, 130 );
2742
2743       NOTE: It isn't sufficient to just specify the filter condition. You
2744       must also hide any rows that don't match the filter condition. Rows are
2745       hidden using the "set_row()" "visible" parameter. "Excel::Writer::XLSX"
2746       cannot do this automatically since it isn't part of the file format.
2747       See the "autofilter.pl" program in the examples directory of the distro
2748       for an example.
2749
2750   convert_date_time( $date_string )
2751       The "convert_date_time()" method is used internally by the
2752       "write_date_time()" method to convert date strings to a number that
2753       represents an Excel date and time.
2754
2755       It is exposed as a public method for utility purposes.
2756
2757       The $date_string format is detailed in the "write_date_time()" method.
2758
2759   Worksheet set_vba_name()
2760       The Worksheet "set_vba_name()" method can be used to set the VBA
2761       codename for the worksheet (there is a similar method for the workbook
2762       VBA name). This is sometimes required when a "vbaProject" macro
2763       included via "add_vba_project()" refers to the worksheet. The default
2764       Excel VBA name of "Sheet1", etc., is used if a user defined name isn't
2765       specified.
2766
2767       See also "WORKING WITH VBA MACROS".
2768

PAGE SET-UP METHODS

2770       Page set-up methods affect the way that a worksheet looks when it is
2771       printed. They control features such as page headers and footers and
2772       margins. These methods are really just standard worksheet methods. They
2773       are documented here in a separate section for the sake of clarity.
2774
2775       The following methods are available for page set-up:
2776
2777           set_landscape()
2778           set_portrait()
2779           set_page_view()
2780           set_paper()
2781           center_horizontally()
2782           center_vertically()
2783           set_margins()
2784           set_header()
2785           set_footer()
2786           repeat_rows()
2787           repeat_columns()
2788           hide_gridlines()
2789           print_row_col_headers()
2790           print_area()
2791           print_across()
2792           fit_to_pages()
2793           set_start_page()
2794           set_print_scale()
2795           print_black_and_white()
2796           set_h_pagebreaks()
2797           set_v_pagebreaks()
2798
2799       A common requirement when working with Excel::Writer::XLSX is to apply
2800       the same page set-up features to all of the worksheets in a workbook.
2801       To do this you can use the "sheets()" method of the "workbook" class to
2802       access the array of worksheets in a workbook:
2803
2804           for $worksheet ( $workbook->sheets() ) {
2805               $worksheet->set_landscape();
2806           }
2807
2808   set_landscape()
2809       This method is used to set the orientation of a worksheet's printed
2810       page to landscape:
2811
2812           $worksheet->set_landscape();    # Landscape mode
2813
2814   set_portrait()
2815       This method is used to set the orientation of a worksheet's printed
2816       page to portrait. The default worksheet orientation is portrait, so you
2817       won't generally need to call this method.
2818
2819           $worksheet->set_portrait();    # Portrait mode
2820
2821   set_page_view()
2822       This method is used to display the worksheet in "Page View/Layout"
2823       mode.
2824
2825           $worksheet->set_page_view();
2826
2827   set_paper( $index )
2828       This method is used to set the paper format for the printed output of a
2829       worksheet. The following paper styles are available:
2830
2831           Index   Paper format            Paper size
2832           =====   ============            ==========
2833             0     Printer default         -
2834             1     Letter                  8 1/2 x 11 in
2835             2     Letter Small            8 1/2 x 11 in
2836             3     Tabloid                 11 x 17 in
2837             4     Ledger                  17 x 11 in
2838             5     Legal                   8 1/2 x 14 in
2839             6     Statement               5 1/2 x 8 1/2 in
2840             7     Executive               7 1/4 x 10 1/2 in
2841             8     A3                      297 x 420 mm
2842             9     A4                      210 x 297 mm
2843            10     A4 Small                210 x 297 mm
2844            11     A5                      148 x 210 mm
2845            12     B4                      250 x 354 mm
2846            13     B5                      182 x 257 mm
2847            14     Folio                   8 1/2 x 13 in
2848            15     Quarto                  215 x 275 mm
2849            16     -                       10x14 in
2850            17     -                       11x17 in
2851            18     Note                    8 1/2 x 11 in
2852            19     Envelope  9             3 7/8 x 8 7/8
2853            20     Envelope 10             4 1/8 x 9 1/2
2854            21     Envelope 11             4 1/2 x 10 3/8
2855            22     Envelope 12             4 3/4 x 11
2856            23     Envelope 14             5 x 11 1/2
2857            24     C size sheet            -
2858            25     D size sheet            -
2859            26     E size sheet            -
2860            27     Envelope DL             110 x 220 mm
2861            28     Envelope C3             324 x 458 mm
2862            29     Envelope C4             229 x 324 mm
2863            30     Envelope C5             162 x 229 mm
2864            31     Envelope C6             114 x 162 mm
2865            32     Envelope C65            114 x 229 mm
2866            33     Envelope B4             250 x 353 mm
2867            34     Envelope B5             176 x 250 mm
2868            35     Envelope B6             176 x 125 mm
2869            36     Envelope                110 x 230 mm
2870            37     Monarch                 3.875 x 7.5 in
2871            38     Envelope                3 5/8 x 6 1/2 in
2872            39     Fanfold                 14 7/8 x 11 in
2873            40     German Std Fanfold      8 1/2 x 12 in
2874            41     German Legal Fanfold    8 1/2 x 13 in
2875
2876       Note, it is likely that not all of these paper types will be available
2877       to the end user since it will depend on the paper formats that the
2878       user's printer supports. Therefore, it is best to stick to standard
2879       paper types.
2880
2881           $worksheet->set_paper( 1 );    # US Letter
2882           $worksheet->set_paper( 9 );    # A4
2883
2884       If you do not specify a paper type the worksheet will print using the
2885       printer's default paper.
2886
2887   center_horizontally()
2888       Center the worksheet data horizontally between the margins on the
2889       printed page:
2890
2891           $worksheet->center_horizontally();
2892
2893   center_vertically()
2894       Center the worksheet data vertically between the margins on the printed
2895       page:
2896
2897           $worksheet->center_vertically();
2898
2899   set_margins( $inches )
2900       There are several methods available for setting the worksheet margins
2901       on the printed page:
2902
2903           set_margins()        # Set all margins to the same value
2904           set_margins_LR()     # Set left and right margins to the same value
2905           set_margins_TB()     # Set top and bottom margins to the same value
2906           set_margin_left();   # Set left margin
2907           set_margin_right();  # Set right margin
2908           set_margin_top();    # Set top margin
2909           set_margin_bottom(); # Set bottom margin
2910
2911       All of these methods take a distance in inches as a parameter. Note: 1
2912       inch = 25.4mm. ";-)" The default left and right margin is 0.7 inch. The
2913       default top and bottom margin is 0.75 inch. Note, these defaults are
2914       different from the defaults used in the binary file format by
2915       Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
2916
2917   set_header( $string, $margin )
2918       Headers and footers are generated using a $string which is a
2919       combination of plain text and control characters. The $margin parameter
2920       is optional.
2921
2922       The available control character are:
2923
2924           Control             Category            Description
2925           =======             ========            ===========
2926           &L                  Justification       Left
2927           &C                                      Center
2928           &R                                      Right
2929
2930           &P                  Information         Page number
2931           &N                                      Total number of pages
2932           &D                                      Date
2933           &T                                      Time
2934           &F                                      File name
2935           &A                                      Worksheet name
2936           &Z                                      Workbook path
2937
2938           &fontsize           Font                Font size
2939           &"font,style"                           Font name and style
2940           &U                                      Single underline
2941           &E                                      Double underline
2942           &S                                      Strikethrough
2943           &X                                      Superscript
2944           &Y                                      Subscript
2945
2946           &[Picture]          Images              Image placeholder
2947           &G                                      Same as &[Picture]
2948
2949           &&                  Miscellaneous       Literal ampersand &
2950
2951       Text in headers and footers can be justified (aligned) to the left,
2952       center and right by prefixing the text with the control characters &L,
2953       &C and &R.
2954
2955       For example (with ASCII art representation of the results):
2956
2957           $worksheet->set_header('&LHello');
2958
2959            ---------------------------------------------------------------
2960           |                                                               |
2961           | Hello                                                         |
2962           |                                                               |
2963
2964
2965           $worksheet->set_header('&CHello');
2966
2967            ---------------------------------------------------------------
2968           |                                                               |
2969           |                          Hello                                |
2970           |                                                               |
2971
2972
2973           $worksheet->set_header('&RHello');
2974
2975            ---------------------------------------------------------------
2976           |                                                               |
2977           |                                                         Hello |
2978           |                                                               |
2979
2980       For simple text, if you do not specify any justification the text will
2981       be centred. However, you must prefix the text with &C if you specify a
2982       font name or any other formatting:
2983
2984           $worksheet->set_header('Hello');
2985
2986            ---------------------------------------------------------------
2987           |                                                               |
2988           |                          Hello                                |
2989           |                                                               |
2990
2991       You can have text in each of the justification regions:
2992
2993           $worksheet->set_header('&LCiao&CBello&RCielo');
2994
2995            ---------------------------------------------------------------
2996           |                                                               |
2997           | Ciao                     Bello                          Cielo |
2998           |                                                               |
2999
3000       The information control characters act as variables that Excel will
3001       update as the workbook or worksheet changes. Times and dates are in the
3002       users default format:
3003
3004           $worksheet->set_header('&CPage &P of &N');
3005
3006            ---------------------------------------------------------------
3007           |                                                               |
3008           |                        Page 1 of 6                            |
3009           |                                                               |
3010
3011
3012           $worksheet->set_header('&CUpdated at &T');
3013
3014            ---------------------------------------------------------------
3015           |                                                               |
3016           |                    Updated at 12:30 PM                        |
3017           |                                                               |
3018
3019       Images can be inserted using the options shown below. Each image must
3020       have a placeholder in header string using the "&[Picture]" or &G
3021       control characters:
3022
3023           $worksheet->set_header( '&L&G', 0.3, { image_left => 'logo.jpg' });
3024
3025       You can specify the font size of a section of the text by prefixing it
3026       with the control character &n where "n" is the font size:
3027
3028           $worksheet1->set_header( '&C&30Hello Big' );
3029           $worksheet2->set_header( '&C&10Hello Small' );
3030
3031       You can specify the font of a section of the text by prefixing it with
3032       the control sequence "&"font,style"" where "fontname" is a font name
3033       such as "Courier New" or "Times New Roman" and "style" is one of the
3034       standard Windows font descriptions: "Regular", "Italic", "Bold" or
3035       "Bold Italic":
3036
3037           $worksheet1->set_header( '&C&"Courier New,Italic"Hello' );
3038           $worksheet2->set_header( '&C&"Courier New,Bold Italic"Hello' );
3039           $worksheet3->set_header( '&C&"Times New Roman,Regular"Hello' );
3040
3041       It is possible to combine all of these features together to create
3042       sophisticated headers and footers. As an aid to setting up complicated
3043       headers and footers you can record a page set-up as a macro in Excel
3044       and look at the format strings that VBA produces. Remember however that
3045       VBA uses two double quotes "" to indicate a single double quote. For
3046       the last example above the equivalent VBA code looks like this:
3047
3048           .LeftHeader   = ""
3049           .CenterHeader = "&""Times New Roman,Regular""Hello"
3050           .RightHeader  = ""
3051
3052       To include a single literal ampersand "&" in a header or footer you
3053       should use a double ampersand "&&":
3054
3055           $worksheet1->set_header('&CCuriouser && Curiouser - Attorneys at Law');
3056
3057       As stated above the margin parameter is optional. As with the other
3058       margins the value should be in inches. The default header and footer
3059       margin is 0.3 inch. Note, the default margin is different from the
3060       default used in the binary file format by Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. The
3061       header and footer margin size can be set as follows:
3062
3063           $worksheet->set_header( '&CHello', 0.75 );
3064
3065       The header and footer margins are independent of the top and bottom
3066       margins.
3067
3068       The available options are:
3069
3070       ·   "image_left" The path to the image. Requires a &G or "&[Picture]"
3071           placeholder.
3072
3073       ·   "image_center" Same as above.
3074
3075       ·   "image_right" Same as above.
3076
3077       ·   "scale_with_doc" Scale header with document. Defaults to true.
3078
3079       ·   "align_with_margins" Align header to margins. Defaults to true.
3080
3081       The image options must have an accompanying "&[Picture]" or &G control
3082       character in the header string:
3083
3084           $worksheet->set_header(
3085               '&L&[Picture]&C&[Picture]&R&[Picture]',
3086               undef, # If you don't want to change the margin.
3087               {
3088                   image_left   => 'red.jpg',
3089                   image_center => 'blue.jpg',
3090                   image_right  => 'yellow.jpg'
3091               }
3092             );
3093
3094       Note, the header or footer string must be less than 255 characters.
3095       Strings longer than this will not be written and a warning will be
3096       generated.
3097
3098       The "set_header()" method can also handle Unicode strings in "UTF-8"
3099       format.
3100
3101           $worksheet->set_header( "&C\x{263a}" )
3102
3103       See, also the "headers.pl" program in the "examples" directory of the
3104       distribution.
3105
3106   set_footer( $string, $margin )
3107       The syntax of the "set_footer()" method is the same as "set_header()",
3108       see above.
3109
3110   repeat_rows( $first_row, $last_row )
3111       Set the number of rows to repeat at the top of each printed page.
3112
3113       For large Excel documents it is often desirable to have the first row
3114       or rows of the worksheet print out at the top of each page. This can be
3115       achieved by using the "repeat_rows()" method. The parameters $first_row
3116       and $last_row are zero based. The $last_row parameter is optional if
3117       you only wish to specify one row:
3118
3119           $worksheet1->repeat_rows( 0 );    # Repeat the first row
3120           $worksheet2->repeat_rows( 0, 1 ); # Repeat the first two rows
3121
3122   repeat_columns( $first_col, $last_col )
3123       Set the columns to repeat at the left hand side of each printed page.
3124
3125       For large Excel documents it is often desirable to have the first
3126       column or columns of the worksheet print out at the left hand side of
3127       each page. This can be achieved by using the "repeat_columns()" method.
3128       The parameters $first_column and $last_column are zero based. The
3129       $last_column parameter is optional if you only wish to specify one
3130       column. You can also specify the columns using A1 column notation, see
3131       the note about "Cell notation".
3132
3133           $worksheet1->repeat_columns( 0 );        # Repeat the first column
3134           $worksheet2->repeat_columns( 0, 1 );     # Repeat the first two columns
3135           $worksheet3->repeat_columns( 'A:A' );    # Repeat the first column
3136           $worksheet4->repeat_columns( 'A:B' );    # Repeat the first two columns
3137
3138   hide_gridlines( $option )
3139       This method is used to hide the gridlines on the screen and printed
3140       page. Gridlines are the lines that divide the cells on a worksheet.
3141       Screen and printed gridlines are turned on by default in an Excel
3142       worksheet. If you have defined your own cell borders you may wish to
3143       hide the default gridlines.
3144
3145           $worksheet->hide_gridlines();
3146
3147       The following values of $option are valid:
3148
3149           0 : Don't hide gridlines
3150           1 : Hide printed gridlines only
3151           2 : Hide screen and printed gridlines
3152
3153       If you don't supply an argument or use "undef" the default option is 1,
3154       i.e. only the printed gridlines are hidden.
3155
3156   print_row_col_headers()
3157       Set the option to print the row and column headers on the printed page.
3158
3159       An Excel worksheet looks something like the following;
3160
3161            ------------------------------------------
3162           |   |   A   |   B   |   C   |   D   |  ...
3163            ------------------------------------------
3164           | 1 |       |       |       |       |  ...
3165           | 2 |       |       |       |       |  ...
3166           | 3 |       |       |       |       |  ...
3167           | 4 |       |       |       |       |  ...
3168           |...|  ...  |  ...  |  ...  |  ...  |  ...
3169
3170       The headers are the letters and numbers at the top and the left of the
3171       worksheet. Since these headers serve mainly as a indication of position
3172       on the worksheet they generally do not appear on the printed page. If
3173       you wish to have them printed you can use the "print_row_col_headers()"
3174       method:
3175
3176           $worksheet->print_row_col_headers();
3177
3178       Do not confuse these headers with page headers as described in the
3179       "set_header()" section above.
3180
3181   hide_row_col_headers()
3182       Similar to "print_row_col_headers()" above but set the option to hide
3183       the row and column headers within Excel so that they aren't visible to
3184       the user:
3185
3186           $worksheet->hide_row_col_headers();
3187
3188   print_area( $first_row, $first_col, $last_row, $last_col )
3189       This method is used to specify the area of the worksheet that will be
3190       printed. All four parameters must be specified. You can also use A1
3191       notation, see the note about "Cell notation".
3192
3193           $worksheet1->print_area( 'A1:H20' );    # Cells A1 to H20
3194           $worksheet2->print_area( 0, 0, 19, 7 ); # The same
3195           $worksheet2->print_area( 'A:H' );       # Columns A to H if rows have data
3196
3197   print_across()
3198       The "print_across" method is used to change the default print
3199       direction. This is referred to by Excel as the sheet "page order".
3200
3201           $worksheet->print_across();
3202
3203       The default page order is shown below for a worksheet that extends over
3204       4 pages. The order is called "down then across":
3205
3206           [1] [3]
3207           [2] [4]
3208
3209       However, by using the "print_across" method the print order will be
3210       changed to "across then down":
3211
3212           [1] [2]
3213           [3] [4]
3214
3215   fit_to_pages( $width, $height )
3216       The "fit_to_pages()" method is used to fit the printed area to a
3217       specific number of pages both vertically and horizontally. If the
3218       printed area exceeds the specified number of pages it will be scaled
3219       down to fit. This guarantees that the printed area will always appear
3220       on the specified number of pages even if the page size or margins
3221       change.
3222
3223           $worksheet1->fit_to_pages( 1, 1 );    # Fit to 1x1 pages
3224           $worksheet2->fit_to_pages( 2, 1 );    # Fit to 2x1 pages
3225           $worksheet3->fit_to_pages( 1, 2 );    # Fit to 1x2 pages
3226
3227       The print area can be defined using the "print_area()" method as
3228       described above.
3229
3230       A common requirement is to fit the printed output to n pages wide but
3231       have the height be as long as necessary. To achieve this set the
3232       $height to zero:
3233
3234           $worksheet1->fit_to_pages( 1, 0 );    # 1 page wide and as long as necessary
3235
3236       Note that although it is valid to use both "fit_to_pages()" and
3237       "set_print_scale()" on the same worksheet only one of these options can
3238       be active at a time. The last method call made will set the active
3239       option.
3240
3241       Note that "fit_to_pages()" will override any manual page breaks that
3242       are defined in the worksheet.
3243
3244       Note: When using "fit_to_pages()" it may also be required to set the
3245       printer paper size using "set_paper()" or else Excel will default to
3246       "US Letter".
3247
3248   set_start_page( $start_page )
3249       The "set_start_page()" method is used to set the number of the starting
3250       page when the worksheet is printed out. The default value is 1.
3251
3252           $worksheet->set_start_page( 2 );
3253
3254   set_print_scale( $scale )
3255       Set the scale factor of the printed page. Scale factors in the range
3256       "10 <= $scale <= 400" are valid:
3257
3258           $worksheet1->set_print_scale( 50 );
3259           $worksheet2->set_print_scale( 75 );
3260           $worksheet3->set_print_scale( 300 );
3261           $worksheet4->set_print_scale( 400 );
3262
3263       The default scale factor is 100. Note, "set_print_scale()" does not
3264       affect the scale of the visible page in Excel. For that you should use
3265       "set_zoom()".
3266
3267       Note also that although it is valid to use both "fit_to_pages()" and
3268       "set_print_scale()" on the same worksheet only one of these options can
3269       be active at a time. The last method call made will set the active
3270       option.
3271
3272   print_black_and_white()
3273       Set the option to print the worksheet in black and white:
3274
3275           $worksheet->print_black_and_white();
3276
3277   set_h_pagebreaks( @breaks )
3278       Add horizontal page breaks to a worksheet. A page break causes all the
3279       data that follows it to be printed on the next page. Horizontal page
3280       breaks act between rows. To create a page break between rows 20 and 21
3281       you must specify the break at row 21. However in zero index notation
3282       this is actually row 20. So you can pretend for a small while that you
3283       are using 1 index notation:
3284
3285           $worksheet1->set_h_pagebreaks( 20 );    # Break between row 20 and 21
3286
3287       The "set_h_pagebreaks()" method will accept a list of page breaks and
3288       you can call it more than once:
3289
3290           $worksheet2->set_h_pagebreaks( 20,  40,  60,  80,  100 );    # Add breaks
3291           $worksheet2->set_h_pagebreaks( 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 );    # Add some more
3292
3293       Note: If you specify the "fit to page" option via the "fit_to_pages()"
3294       method it will override all manual page breaks.
3295
3296       There is a silent limitation of about 1000 horizontal page breaks per
3297       worksheet in line with an Excel internal limitation.
3298
3299   set_v_pagebreaks( @breaks )
3300       Add vertical page breaks to a worksheet. A page break causes all the
3301       data that follows it to be printed on the next page. Vertical page
3302       breaks act between columns. To create a page break between columns 20
3303       and 21 you must specify the break at column 21. However in zero index
3304       notation this is actually column 20. So you can pretend for a small
3305       while that you are using 1 index notation:
3306
3307           $worksheet1->set_v_pagebreaks(20); # Break between column 20 and 21
3308
3309       The "set_v_pagebreaks()" method will accept a list of page breaks and
3310       you can call it more than once:
3311
3312           $worksheet2->set_v_pagebreaks( 20,  40,  60,  80,  100 );    # Add breaks
3313           $worksheet2->set_v_pagebreaks( 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 );    # Add some more
3314
3315       Note: If you specify the "fit to page" option via the "fit_to_pages()"
3316       method it will override all manual page breaks.
3317

CELL FORMATTING

3319       This section describes the methods and properties that are available
3320       for formatting cells in Excel. The properties of a cell that can be
3321       formatted include: fonts, colours, patterns, borders, alignment and
3322       number formatting.
3323
3324   Creating and using a Format object
3325       Cell formatting is defined through a Format object. Format objects are
3326       created by calling the workbook "add_format()" method as follows:
3327
3328           my $format1 = $workbook->add_format();            # Set properties later
3329           my $format2 = $workbook->add_format( %props );    # Set at creation
3330
3331       The format object holds all the formatting properties that can be
3332       applied to a cell, a row or a column. The process of setting these
3333       properties is discussed in the next section.
3334
3335       Once a Format object has been constructed and its properties have been
3336       set it can be passed as an argument to the worksheet "write" methods as
3337       follows:
3338
3339           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, 'One', $format );
3340           $worksheet->write_string( 1, 0, 'Two', $format );
3341           $worksheet->write_number( 2, 0, 3, $format );
3342           $worksheet->write_blank( 3, 0, $format );
3343
3344       Formats can also be passed to the worksheet "set_row()" and
3345       "set_column()" methods to define the default property for a row or
3346       column.
3347
3348           $worksheet->set_row( 0, 15, $format );
3349           $worksheet->set_column( 0, 0, 15, $format );
3350
3351   Format methods and Format properties
3352       The following table shows the Excel format categories, the formatting
3353       properties that can be applied and the equivalent object method:
3354
3355           Category   Description       Property        Method Name
3356           --------   -----------       --------        -----------
3357           Font       Font type         font            set_font()
3358                      Font size         size            set_size()
3359                      Font color        color           set_color()
3360                      Bold              bold            set_bold()
3361                      Italic            italic          set_italic()
3362                      Underline         underline       set_underline()
3363                      Strikeout         font_strikeout  set_font_strikeout()
3364                      Super/Subscript   font_script     set_font_script()
3365                      Outline           font_outline    set_font_outline()
3366                      Shadow            font_shadow     set_font_shadow()
3367
3368           Number     Numeric format    num_format      set_num_format()
3369
3370           Protection Lock cells        locked          set_locked()
3371                      Hide formulas     hidden          set_hidden()
3372
3373           Alignment  Horizontal align  align           set_align()
3374                      Vertical align    valign          set_align()
3375                      Rotation          rotation        set_rotation()
3376                      Text wrap         text_wrap       set_text_wrap()
3377                      Justify last      text_justlast   set_text_justlast()
3378                      Center across     center_across   set_center_across()
3379                      Indentation       indent          set_indent()
3380                      Shrink to fit     shrink          set_shrink()
3381
3382           Pattern    Cell pattern      pattern         set_pattern()
3383                      Background color  bg_color        set_bg_color()
3384                      Foreground color  fg_color        set_fg_color()
3385
3386           Border     Cell border       border          set_border()
3387                      Bottom border     bottom          set_bottom()
3388                      Top border        top             set_top()
3389                      Left border       left            set_left()
3390                      Right border      right           set_right()
3391                      Border color      border_color    set_border_color()
3392                      Bottom color      bottom_color    set_bottom_color()
3393                      Top color         top_color       set_top_color()
3394                      Left color        left_color      set_left_color()
3395                      Right color       right_color     set_right_color()
3396                      Diagonal type     diag_type       set_diag_type()
3397                      Diagonal border   diag_border     set_diag_border()
3398                      Diagonal color    diag_color      set_diag_color()
3399
3400       There are two ways of setting Format properties: by using the object
3401       method interface or by setting the property directly. For example, a
3402       typical use of the method interface would be as follows:
3403
3404           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
3405           $format->set_bold();
3406           $format->set_color( 'red' );
3407
3408       By comparison the properties can be set directly by passing a hash of
3409       properties to the Format constructor:
3410
3411           my $format = $workbook->add_format( bold => 1, color => 'red' );
3412
3413       or after the Format has been constructed by means of the
3414       "set_format_properties()" method as follows:
3415
3416           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
3417           $format->set_format_properties( bold => 1, color => 'red' );
3418
3419       You can also store the properties in one or more named hashes and pass
3420       them to the required method:
3421
3422           my %font = (
3423               font  => 'Calibri',
3424               size  => 12,
3425               color => 'blue',
3426               bold  => 1,
3427           );
3428
3429           my %shading = (
3430               bg_color => 'green',
3431               pattern  => 1,
3432           );
3433
3434
3435           my $format1 = $workbook->add_format( %font );            # Font only
3436           my $format2 = $workbook->add_format( %font, %shading );  # Font and shading
3437
3438       The provision of two ways of setting properties might lead you to
3439       wonder which is the best way. The method mechanism may be better if you
3440       prefer setting properties via method calls (which the author did when
3441       the code was first written) otherwise passing properties to the
3442       constructor has proved to be a little more flexible and self
3443       documenting in practice. An additional advantage of working with
3444       property hashes is that it allows you to share formatting between
3445       workbook objects as shown in the example above.
3446
3447       The Perl/Tk style of adding properties is also supported:
3448
3449           my %font = (
3450               -font  => 'Calibri',
3451               -size  => 12,
3452               -color => 'blue',
3453               -bold  => 1,
3454           );
3455
3456   Working with formats
3457       The default format is Calibri 11 with all other properties off.
3458
3459       Each unique format in Excel::Writer::XLSX must have a corresponding
3460       Format object. It isn't possible to use a Format with a write() method
3461       and then redefine the Format for use at a later stage. This is because
3462       a Format is applied to a cell not in its current state but in its final
3463       state. Consider the following example:
3464
3465           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
3466           $format->set_bold();
3467           $format->set_color( 'red' );
3468           $worksheet->write( 'A1', 'Cell A1', $format );
3469           $format->set_color( 'green' );
3470           $worksheet->write( 'B1', 'Cell B1', $format );
3471
3472       Cell A1 is assigned the Format $format which is initially set to the
3473       colour red. However, the colour is subsequently set to green. When
3474       Excel displays Cell A1 it will display the final state of the Format
3475       which in this case will be the colour green.
3476
3477       In general a method call without an argument will turn a property on,
3478       for example:
3479
3480           my $format1 = $workbook->add_format();
3481           $format1->set_bold();       # Turns bold on
3482           $format1->set_bold( 1 );    # Also turns bold on
3483           $format1->set_bold( 0 );    # Turns bold off
3484

FORMAT METHODS

3486       The Format object methods are described in more detail in the following
3487       sections. In addition, there is a Perl program called "formats.pl" in
3488       the "examples" directory of the WriteExcel distribution. This program
3489       creates an Excel workbook called "formats.xlsx" which contains examples
3490       of almost all the format types.
3491
3492       The following Format methods are available:
3493
3494           set_font()
3495           set_size()
3496           set_color()
3497           set_bold()
3498           set_italic()
3499           set_underline()
3500           set_font_strikeout()
3501           set_font_script()
3502           set_font_outline()
3503           set_font_shadow()
3504           set_num_format()
3505           set_locked()
3506           set_hidden()
3507           set_align()
3508           set_rotation()
3509           set_text_wrap()
3510           set_text_justlast()
3511           set_center_across()
3512           set_indent()
3513           set_shrink()
3514           set_pattern()
3515           set_bg_color()
3516           set_fg_color()
3517           set_border()
3518           set_bottom()
3519           set_top()
3520           set_left()
3521           set_right()
3522           set_border_color()
3523           set_bottom_color()
3524           set_top_color()
3525           set_left_color()
3526           set_right_color()
3527           set_diag_type()
3528           set_diag_border()
3529           set_diag_color()
3530
3531       The above methods can also be applied directly as properties. For
3532       example "$format->set_bold()" is equivalent to
3533       "$workbook->add_format(bold => 1)".
3534
3535   set_format_properties( %properties )
3536       The properties of an existing Format object can be also be set by means
3537       of "set_format_properties()":
3538
3539           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
3540           $format->set_format_properties( bold => 1, color => 'red' );
3541
3542       However, this method is here mainly for legacy reasons. It is
3543       preferable to set the properties in the format constructor:
3544
3545           my $format = $workbook->add_format( bold => 1, color => 'red' );
3546
3547   set_font( $fontname )
3548           Default state:      Font is Calibri
3549           Default action:     None
3550           Valid args:         Any valid font name
3551
3552       Specify the font used:
3553
3554           $format->set_font('Times New Roman');
3555
3556       Excel can only display fonts that are installed on the system that it
3557       is running on. Therefore it is best to use the fonts that come as
3558       standard such as 'Calibri', 'Times New Roman' and 'Courier New'. See
3559       also the Fonts worksheet created by formats.pl
3560
3561   set_size()
3562           Default state:      Font size is 10
3563           Default action:     Set font size to 1
3564           Valid args:         Integer values from 1 to as big as your screen.
3565
3566       Set the font size. Excel adjusts the height of a row to accommodate the
3567       largest font size in the row. You can also explicitly specify the
3568       height of a row using the set_row() worksheet method.
3569
3570           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
3571           $format->set_size( 30 );
3572
3573   set_color()
3574           Default state:      Excels default color, usually black
3575           Default action:     Set the default color
3576           Valid args:         Integers from 8..63 or the following strings:
3577                               'black'
3578                               'blue'
3579                               'brown'
3580                               'cyan'
3581                               'gray'
3582                               'green'
3583                               'lime'
3584                               'magenta'
3585                               'navy'
3586                               'orange'
3587                               'pink'
3588                               'purple'
3589                               'red'
3590                               'silver'
3591                               'white'
3592                               'yellow'
3593
3594       Set the font colour. The "set_color()" method is used as follows:
3595
3596           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
3597           $format->set_color( 'red' );
3598           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, 'wheelbarrow', $format );
3599
3600       Note: The "set_color()" method is used to set the colour of the font in
3601       a cell. To set the colour of a cell use the "set_bg_color()" and
3602       "set_pattern()" methods.
3603
3604       For additional examples see the 'Named colors' and 'Standard colors'
3605       worksheets created by formats.pl in the examples directory.
3606
3607       See also "WORKING WITH COLOURS".
3608
3609   set_bold()
3610           Default state:      bold is off
3611           Default action:     Turn bold on
3612           Valid args:         0, 1
3613
3614       Set the bold property of the font:
3615
3616           $format->set_bold();  # Turn bold on
3617
3618   set_italic()
3619           Default state:      Italic is off
3620           Default action:     Turn italic on
3621           Valid args:         0, 1
3622
3623       Set the italic property of the font:
3624
3625           $format->set_italic();  # Turn italic on
3626
3627   set_underline()
3628           Default state:      Underline is off
3629           Default action:     Turn on single underline
3630           Valid args:         0  = No underline
3631                               1  = Single underline
3632                               2  = Double underline
3633                               33 = Single accounting underline
3634                               34 = Double accounting underline
3635
3636       Set the underline property of the font.
3637
3638           $format->set_underline();   # Single underline
3639
3640   set_font_strikeout()
3641           Default state:      Strikeout is off
3642           Default action:     Turn strikeout on
3643           Valid args:         0, 1
3644
3645       Set the strikeout property of the font.
3646
3647   set_font_script()
3648           Default state:      Super/Subscript is off
3649           Default action:     Turn Superscript on
3650           Valid args:         0  = Normal
3651                               1  = Superscript
3652                               2  = Subscript
3653
3654       Set the superscript/subscript property of the font.
3655
3656   set_font_outline()
3657           Default state:      Outline is off
3658           Default action:     Turn outline on
3659           Valid args:         0, 1
3660
3661       Macintosh only.
3662
3663   set_font_shadow()
3664           Default state:      Shadow is off
3665           Default action:     Turn shadow on
3666           Valid args:         0, 1
3667
3668       Macintosh only.
3669
3670   set_num_format()
3671           Default state:      General format
3672           Default action:     Format index 1
3673           Valid args:         See the following table
3674
3675       This method is used to define the numerical format of a number in
3676       Excel. It controls whether a number is displayed as an integer, a
3677       floating point number, a date, a currency value or some other user
3678       defined format.
3679
3680       The numerical format of a cell can be specified by using a format
3681       string or an index to one of Excel's built-in formats:
3682
3683           my $format1 = $workbook->add_format();
3684           my $format2 = $workbook->add_format();
3685           $format1->set_num_format( 'd mmm yyyy' );    # Format string
3686           $format2->set_num_format( 0x0f );            # Format index
3687
3688           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, 36892.521, $format1 );    # 1 Jan 2001
3689           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, 36892.521, $format2 );    # 1-Jan-01
3690
3691       Using format strings you can define very sophisticated formatting of
3692       numbers.
3693
3694           $format01->set_num_format( '0.000' );
3695           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, 3.1415926, $format01 );    # 3.142
3696
3697           $format02->set_num_format( '#,##0' );
3698           $worksheet->write( 1, 0, 1234.56, $format02 );      # 1,235
3699
3700           $format03->set_num_format( '#,##0.00' );
3701           $worksheet->write( 2, 0, 1234.56, $format03 );      # 1,234.56
3702
3703           $format04->set_num_format( '$0.00' );
3704           $worksheet->write( 3, 0, 49.99, $format04 );        # $49.99
3705
3706           # Note you can use other currency symbols such as the pound or yen as well.
3707           # Other currencies may require the use of Unicode.
3708
3709           $format07->set_num_format( 'mm/dd/yy' );
3710           $worksheet->write( 6, 0, 36892.521, $format07 );    # 01/01/01
3711
3712           $format08->set_num_format( 'mmm d yyyy' );
3713           $worksheet->write( 7, 0, 36892.521, $format08 );    # Jan 1 2001
3714
3715           $format09->set_num_format( 'd mmmm yyyy' );
3716           $worksheet->write( 8, 0, 36892.521, $format09 );    # 1 January 2001
3717
3718           $format10->set_num_format( 'dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm AM/PM' );
3719           $worksheet->write( 9, 0, 36892.521, $format10 );    # 01/01/2001 12:30 AM
3720
3721           $format11->set_num_format( '0 "dollar and" .00 "cents"' );
3722           $worksheet->write( 10, 0, 1.87, $format11 );        # 1 dollar and .87 cents
3723
3724           # Conditional numerical formatting.
3725           $format12->set_num_format( '[Green]General;[Red]-General;General' );
3726           $worksheet->write( 11, 0, 123, $format12 );         # > 0 Green
3727           $worksheet->write( 12, 0, -45, $format12 );         # < 0 Red
3728           $worksheet->write( 13, 0, 0,   $format12 );         # = 0 Default colour
3729
3730           # Zip code
3731           $format13->set_num_format( '00000' );
3732           $worksheet->write( 14, 0, '01209', $format13 );
3733
3734       The number system used for dates is described in "DATES AND TIME IN
3735       EXCEL".
3736
3737       The colour format should have one of the following values:
3738
3739           [Black] [Blue] [Cyan] [Green] [Magenta] [Red] [White] [Yellow]
3740
3741       Alternatively you can specify the colour based on a colour index as
3742       follows: "[Color n]", where n is a standard Excel colour index - 7. See
3743       the 'Standard colors' worksheet created by formats.pl.
3744
3745       For more information refer to the documentation on formatting in the
3746       "docs" directory of the Excel::Writer::XLSX distro, the Excel on-line
3747       help or
3748       <http://office.microsoft.com/en-gb/assistance/HP051995001033.aspx>.
3749
3750       You should ensure that the format string is valid in Excel prior to
3751       using it in WriteExcel.
3752
3753       Excel's built-in formats are shown in the following table:
3754
3755           Index   Index   Format String
3756           0       0x00    General
3757           1       0x01    0
3758           2       0x02    0.00
3759           3       0x03    #,##0
3760           4       0x04    #,##0.00
3761           5       0x05    ($#,##0_);($#,##0)
3762           6       0x06    ($#,##0_);[Red]($#,##0)
3763           7       0x07    ($#,##0.00_);($#,##0.00)
3764           8       0x08    ($#,##0.00_);[Red]($#,##0.00)
3765           9       0x09    0%
3766           10      0x0a    0.00%
3767           11      0x0b    0.00E+00
3768           12      0x0c    # ?/?
3769           13      0x0d    # ??/??
3770           14      0x0e    m/d/yy
3771           15      0x0f    d-mmm-yy
3772           16      0x10    d-mmm
3773           17      0x11    mmm-yy
3774           18      0x12    h:mm AM/PM
3775           19      0x13    h:mm:ss AM/PM
3776           20      0x14    h:mm
3777           21      0x15    h:mm:ss
3778           22      0x16    m/d/yy h:mm
3779           ..      ....    ...........
3780           37      0x25    (#,##0_);(#,##0)
3781           38      0x26    (#,##0_);[Red](#,##0)
3782           39      0x27    (#,##0.00_);(#,##0.00)
3783           40      0x28    (#,##0.00_);[Red](#,##0.00)
3784           41      0x29    _(* #,##0_);_(* (#,##0);_(* "-"_);_(@_)
3785           42      0x2a    _($* #,##0_);_($* (#,##0);_($* "-"_);_(@_)
3786           43      0x2b    _(* #,##0.00_);_(* (#,##0.00);_(* "-"??_);_(@_)
3787           44      0x2c    _($* #,##0.00_);_($* (#,##0.00);_($* "-"??_);_(@_)
3788           45      0x2d    mm:ss
3789           46      0x2e    [h]:mm:ss
3790           47      0x2f    mm:ss.0
3791           48      0x30    ##0.0E+0
3792           49      0x31    @
3793
3794       For examples of these formatting codes see the 'Numerical formats'
3795       worksheet created by formats.pl. See also the number_formats1.html and
3796       the number_formats2.html documents in the "docs" directory of the
3797       distro.
3798
3799       Note 1. Numeric formats 23 to 36 are not documented by Microsoft and
3800       may differ in international versions.
3801
3802       Note 2. The dollar sign appears as the defined local currency symbol.
3803
3804   set_locked()
3805           Default state:      Cell locking is on
3806           Default action:     Turn locking on
3807           Valid args:         0, 1
3808
3809       This property can be used to prevent modification of a cells contents.
3810       Following Excel's convention, cell locking is turned on by default.
3811       However, it only has an effect if the worksheet has been protected, see
3812       the worksheet "protect()" method.
3813
3814           my $locked = $workbook->add_format();
3815           $locked->set_locked( 1 );    # A non-op
3816
3817           my $unlocked = $workbook->add_format();
3818           $locked->set_locked( 0 );
3819
3820           # Enable worksheet protection
3821           $worksheet->protect();
3822
3823           # This cell cannot be edited.
3824           $worksheet->write( 'A1', '=1+2', $locked );
3825
3826           # This cell can be edited.
3827           $worksheet->write( 'A2', '=1+2', $unlocked );
3828
3829       Note: This offers weak protection even with a password, see the note in
3830       relation to the "protect()" method.
3831
3832   set_hidden()
3833           Default state:      Formula hiding is off
3834           Default action:     Turn hiding on
3835           Valid args:         0, 1
3836
3837       This property is used to hide a formula while still displaying its
3838       result. This is generally used to hide complex calculations from end
3839       users who are only interested in the result. It only has an effect if
3840       the worksheet has been protected, see the worksheet "protect()" method.
3841
3842           my $hidden = $workbook->add_format();
3843           $hidden->set_hidden();
3844
3845           # Enable worksheet protection
3846           $worksheet->protect();
3847
3848           # The formula in this cell isn't visible
3849           $worksheet->write( 'A1', '=1+2', $hidden );
3850
3851       Note: This offers weak protection even with a password, see the note in
3852       relation to the "protect()" method.
3853
3854   set_align()
3855           Default state:      Alignment is off
3856           Default action:     Left alignment
3857           Valid args:         'left'              Horizontal
3858                               'center'
3859                               'right'
3860                               'fill'
3861                               'justify'
3862                               'center_across'
3863
3864                               'top'               Vertical
3865                               'vcenter'
3866                               'bottom'
3867                               'vjustify'
3868
3869       This method is used to set the horizontal and vertical text alignment
3870       within a cell. Vertical and horizontal alignments can be combined. The
3871       method is used as follows:
3872
3873           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
3874           $format->set_align( 'center' );
3875           $format->set_align( 'vcenter' );
3876           $worksheet->set_row( 0, 30 );
3877           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, 'X', $format );
3878
3879       Text can be aligned across two or more adjacent cells using the
3880       "center_across" property. However, for genuine merged cells it is
3881       better to use the "merge_range()" worksheet method.
3882
3883       The "vjustify" (vertical justify) option can be used to provide
3884       automatic text wrapping in a cell. The height of the cell will be
3885       adjusted to accommodate the wrapped text. To specify where the text
3886       wraps use the "set_text_wrap()" method.
3887
3888       For further examples see the 'Alignment' worksheet created by
3889       formats.pl.
3890
3891   set_center_across()
3892           Default state:      Center across selection is off
3893           Default action:     Turn center across on
3894           Valid args:         1
3895
3896       Text can be aligned across two or more adjacent cells using the
3897       "set_center_across()" method. This is an alias for the
3898       "set_align('center_across')" method call.
3899
3900       Only one cell should contain the text, the other cells should be blank:
3901
3902           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
3903           $format->set_center_across();
3904
3905           $worksheet->write( 1, 1, 'Center across selection', $format );
3906           $worksheet->write_blank( 1, 2, $format );
3907
3908       See also the "merge1.pl" to "merge6.pl" programs in the "examples"
3909       directory and the "merge_range()" method.
3910
3911   set_text_wrap()
3912           Default state:      Text wrap is off
3913           Default action:     Turn text wrap on
3914           Valid args:         0, 1
3915
3916       Here is an example using the text wrap property, the escape character
3917       "\n" is used to indicate the end of line:
3918
3919           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
3920           $format->set_text_wrap();
3921           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, "It's\na bum\nwrap", $format );
3922
3923       Excel will adjust the height of the row to accommodate the wrapped
3924       text. A similar effect can be obtained without newlines using the
3925       "set_align('vjustify')" method. See the "textwrap.pl" program in the
3926       "examples" directory.
3927
3928   set_rotation()
3929           Default state:      Text rotation is off
3930           Default action:     None
3931           Valid args:         Integers in the range -90 to 90 and 270
3932
3933       Set the rotation of the text in a cell. The rotation can be any angle
3934       in the range -90 to 90 degrees.
3935
3936           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
3937           $format->set_rotation( 30 );
3938           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, 'This text is rotated', $format );
3939
3940       The angle 270 is also supported. This indicates text where the letters
3941       run from top to bottom.
3942
3943   set_indent()
3944           Default state:      Text indentation is off
3945           Default action:     Indent text 1 level
3946           Valid args:         Positive integers
3947
3948       This method can be used to indent text. The argument, which should be
3949       an integer, is taken as the level of indentation:
3950
3951           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
3952           $format->set_indent( 2 );
3953           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, 'This text is indented', $format );
3954
3955       Indentation is a horizontal alignment property. It will override any
3956       other horizontal properties but it can be used in conjunction with
3957       vertical properties.
3958
3959   set_shrink()
3960           Default state:      Text shrinking is off
3961           Default action:     Turn "shrink to fit" on
3962           Valid args:         1
3963
3964       This method can be used to shrink text so that it fits in a cell.
3965
3966           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
3967           $format->set_shrink();
3968           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, 'Honey, I shrunk the text!', $format );
3969
3970   set_text_justlast()
3971           Default state:      Justify last is off
3972           Default action:     Turn justify last on
3973           Valid args:         0, 1
3974
3975       Only applies to Far Eastern versions of Excel.
3976
3977   set_pattern()
3978           Default state:      Pattern is off
3979           Default action:     Solid fill is on
3980           Valid args:         0 .. 18
3981
3982       Set the background pattern of a cell.
3983
3984       Examples of the available patterns are shown in the 'Patterns'
3985       worksheet created by formats.pl. However, it is unlikely that you will
3986       ever need anything other than Pattern 1 which is a solid fill of the
3987       background color.
3988
3989   set_bg_color()
3990           Default state:      Color is off
3991           Default action:     Solid fill.
3992           Valid args:         See set_color()
3993
3994       The "set_bg_color()" method can be used to set the background colour of
3995       a pattern. Patterns are defined via the "set_pattern()" method. If a
3996       pattern hasn't been defined then a solid fill pattern is used as the
3997       default.
3998
3999       Here is an example of how to set up a solid fill in a cell:
4000
4001           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
4002
4003           $format->set_pattern();    # This is optional when using a solid fill
4004
4005           $format->set_bg_color( 'green' );
4006           $worksheet->write( 'A1', 'Ray', $format );
4007
4008       For further examples see the 'Patterns' worksheet created by
4009       formats.pl.
4010
4011   set_fg_color()
4012           Default state:      Color is off
4013           Default action:     Solid fill.
4014           Valid args:         See set_color()
4015
4016       The "set_fg_color()" method can be used to set the foreground colour of
4017       a pattern.
4018
4019       For further examples see the 'Patterns' worksheet created by
4020       formats.pl.
4021
4022   set_border()
4023           Also applies to:    set_bottom()
4024                               set_top()
4025                               set_left()
4026                               set_right()
4027
4028           Default state:      Border is off
4029           Default action:     Set border type 1
4030           Valid args:         0-13, See below.
4031
4032       A cell border is comprised of a border on the bottom, top, left and
4033       right. These can be set to the same value using "set_border()" or
4034       individually using the relevant method calls shown above.
4035
4036       The following shows the border styles sorted by Excel::Writer::XLSX
4037       index number:
4038
4039           Index   Name            Weight   Style
4040           =====   =============   ======   ===========
4041           0       None            0
4042           1       Continuous      1        -----------
4043           2       Continuous      2        -----------
4044           3       Dash            1        - - - - - -
4045           4       Dot             1        . . . . . .
4046           5       Continuous      3        -----------
4047           6       Double          3        ===========
4048           7       Continuous      0        -----------
4049           8       Dash            2        - - - - - -
4050           9       Dash Dot        1        - . - . - .
4051           10      Dash Dot        2        - . - . - .
4052           11      Dash Dot Dot    1        - . . - . .
4053           12      Dash Dot Dot    2        - . . - . .
4054           13      SlantDash Dot   2        / - . / - .
4055
4056       The following shows the borders sorted by style:
4057
4058           Name            Weight   Style         Index
4059           =============   ======   ===========   =====
4060           Continuous      0        -----------   7
4061           Continuous      1        -----------   1
4062           Continuous      2        -----------   2
4063           Continuous      3        -----------   5
4064           Dash            1        - - - - - -   3
4065           Dash            2        - - - - - -   8
4066           Dash Dot        1        - . - . - .   9
4067           Dash Dot        2        - . - . - .   10
4068           Dash Dot Dot    1        - . . - . .   11
4069           Dash Dot Dot    2        - . . - . .   12
4070           Dot             1        . . . . . .   4
4071           Double          3        ===========   6
4072           None            0                      0
4073           SlantDash Dot   2        / - . / - .   13
4074
4075       The following shows the borders in the order shown in the Excel Dialog.
4076
4077           Index   Style             Index   Style
4078           =====   =====             =====   =====
4079           0       None              12      - . . - . .
4080           7       -----------       13      / - . / - .
4081           4       . . . . . .       10      - . - . - .
4082           11      - . . - . .       8       - - - - - -
4083           9       - . - . - .       2       -----------
4084           3       - - - - - -       5       -----------
4085           1       -----------       6       ===========
4086
4087       Examples of the available border styles are shown in the 'Borders'
4088       worksheet created by formats.pl.
4089
4090   set_border_color()
4091           Also applies to:    set_bottom_color()
4092                               set_top_color()
4093                               set_left_color()
4094                               set_right_color()
4095
4096           Default state:      Color is off
4097           Default action:     Undefined
4098           Valid args:         See set_color()
4099
4100       Set the colour of the cell borders. A cell border is comprised of a
4101       border on the bottom, top, left and right. These can be set to the same
4102       colour using "set_border_color()" or individually using the relevant
4103       method calls shown above. Examples of the border styles and colours are
4104       shown in the 'Borders' worksheet created by formats.pl.
4105
4106   set_diag_type()
4107           Default state:      Diagonal border is off.
4108           Default action:     None.
4109           Valid args:         1-3, See below.
4110
4111       Set the diagonal border type for the cell. Three types of diagonal
4112       borders are available in Excel:
4113
4114          1: From bottom left to top right.
4115          2: From top left to bottom right.
4116          3: Same as 1 and 2 combined.
4117
4118       For example:
4119
4120           $format->set_diag_type( 3 );
4121
4122   set_diag_border()
4123           Default state:      Border is off
4124           Default action:     Set border type 1
4125           Valid args:         0-13, See below.
4126
4127       Set the diagonal border style. Same as the parameter to "set_border()"
4128       above.
4129
4130   set_diag_color()
4131           Default state:      Color is off
4132           Default action:     Undefined
4133           Valid args:         See set_color()
4134
4135       Set the colour of the diagonal cell border:
4136
4137           $format->set_diag_type( 3 );
4138           $format->set_diag_border( 7 );
4139           $format->set_diag_color( 'red' );
4140
4141   copy( $format )
4142       This method is used to copy all of the properties from one Format
4143       object to another:
4144
4145           my $lorry1 = $workbook->add_format();
4146           $lorry1->set_bold();
4147           $lorry1->set_italic();
4148           $lorry1->set_color( 'red' );    # lorry1 is bold, italic and red
4149
4150           my $lorry2 = $workbook->add_format();
4151           $lorry2->copy( $lorry1 );
4152           $lorry2->set_color( 'yellow' );    # lorry2 is bold, italic and yellow
4153
4154       The "copy()" method is only useful if you are using the method
4155       interface to Format properties. It generally isn't required if you are
4156       setting Format properties directly using hashes.
4157
4158       Note: this is not a copy constructor, both objects must exist prior to
4159       copying.
4160

UNICODE IN EXCEL

4162       The following is a brief introduction to handling Unicode in
4163       "Excel::Writer::XLSX".
4164
4165       For a more general introduction to Unicode handling in Perl see
4166       perlunitut and perluniintro.
4167
4168       Excel::Writer::XLSX writer differs from Spreadsheet::WriteExcel in that
4169       it only handles Unicode data in "UTF-8" format and doesn't try to
4170       handle legacy UTF-16 Excel formats.
4171
4172       If the data is in "UTF-8" format then Excel::Writer::XLSX will handle
4173       it automatically.
4174
4175       If you are dealing with non-ASCII characters that aren't in "UTF-8"
4176       then perl provides useful tools in the guise of the "Encode" module to
4177       help you to convert to the required format. For example:
4178
4179           use Encode 'decode';
4180
4181           my $string = 'some string with koi8-r characters';
4182              $string = decode('koi8-r', $string); # koi8-r to utf8
4183
4184       Alternatively you can read data from an encoded file and convert it to
4185       "UTF-8" as you read it in:
4186
4187           my $file = 'unicode_koi8r.txt';
4188           open FH, '<:encoding(koi8-r)', $file or die "Couldn't open $file: $!\n";
4189
4190           my $row = 0;
4191           while ( <FH> ) {
4192               # Data read in is now in utf8 format.
4193               chomp;
4194               $worksheet->write( $row++, 0, $_ );
4195           }
4196
4197       These methodologies are explained in more detail in perlunitut,
4198       perluniintro and perlunicode.
4199
4200       If the program contains UTF-8 text then you will also need to add "use
4201       utf8" to the includes:
4202
4203           use utf8;
4204
4205           ...
4206
4207           $worksheet->write( 'A1', 'Some UTF-8 string' );
4208
4209       See also the "unicode_*.pl" programs in the examples directory of the
4210       distro.
4211

WORKING WITH COLOURS

4213       Throughout Excel::Writer::XLSX colours can be specified using a Html
4214       style "#RRGGBB" value. For example with a Format object:
4215
4216           $format->set_font_color( '#FF0000' );
4217
4218       For backward compatibility a limited number of color names are
4219       supported:
4220
4221           $format->set_font_color( 'red' );
4222
4223       The color names supported are:
4224
4225           black
4226           blue
4227           brown
4228           cyan
4229           gray
4230           green
4231           lime
4232           magenta
4233           navy
4234           orange
4235           pink
4236           purple
4237           red
4238           silver
4239           white
4240           yellow
4241
4242       See also "colors.pl" in the "examples" directory.
4243

DATES AND TIME IN EXCEL

4245       There are two important things to understand about dates and times in
4246       Excel:
4247
4248       1 A date/time in Excel is a real number plus an Excel number format.
4249       2 Excel::Writer::XLSX doesn't automatically convert date/time strings
4250       in "write()" to an Excel date/time.
4251
4252       These two points are explained in more detail below along with some
4253       suggestions on how to convert times and dates to the required format.
4254
4255   An Excel date/time is a number plus a format
4256       If you write a date string with "write()" then all you will get is a
4257       string:
4258
4259           $worksheet->write( 'A1', '02/03/04' );   # !! Writes a string not a date. !!
4260
4261       Dates and times in Excel are represented by real numbers, for example
4262       "Jan 1 2001 12:30 AM" is represented by the number 36892.521.
4263
4264       The integer part of the number stores the number of days since the
4265       epoch and the fractional part stores the percentage of the day.
4266
4267       A date or time in Excel is just like any other number. To have the
4268       number display as a date you must apply an Excel number format to it.
4269       Here are some examples.
4270
4271           #!/usr/bin/perl -w
4272
4273           use strict;
4274           use Excel::Writer::XLSX;
4275
4276           my $workbook  = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'date_examples.xlsx' );
4277           my $worksheet = $workbook->add_worksheet();
4278
4279           $worksheet->set_column( 'A:A', 30 );    # For extra visibility.
4280
4281           my $number = 39506.5;
4282
4283           $worksheet->write( 'A1', $number );             #   39506.5
4284
4285           my $format2 = $workbook->add_format( num_format => 'dd/mm/yy' );
4286           $worksheet->write( 'A2', $number, $format2 );    #  28/02/08
4287
4288           my $format3 = $workbook->add_format( num_format => 'mm/dd/yy' );
4289           $worksheet->write( 'A3', $number, $format3 );    #  02/28/08
4290
4291           my $format4 = $workbook->add_format( num_format => 'd-m-yyyy' );
4292           $worksheet->write( 'A4', $number, $format4 );    #  28-2-2008
4293
4294           my $format5 = $workbook->add_format( num_format => 'dd/mm/yy hh:mm' );
4295           $worksheet->write( 'A5', $number, $format5 );    #  28/02/08 12:00
4296
4297           my $format6 = $workbook->add_format( num_format => 'd mmm yyyy' );
4298           $worksheet->write( 'A6', $number, $format6 );    # 28 Feb 2008
4299
4300           my $format7 = $workbook->add_format( num_format => 'mmm d yyyy hh:mm AM/PM' );
4301           $worksheet->write('A7', $number , $format7);     #  Feb 28 2008 12:00 PM
4302
4303           $workbook->close();
4304
4305   Excel::Writer::XLSX doesn't automatically convert date/time strings
4306       Excel::Writer::XLSX doesn't automatically convert input date strings
4307       into Excel's formatted date numbers due to the large number of possible
4308       date formats and also due to the possibility of misinterpretation.
4309
4310       For example, does "02/03/04" mean March 2 2004, February 3 2004 or even
4311       March 4 2002.
4312
4313       Therefore, in order to handle dates you will have to convert them to
4314       numbers and apply an Excel format. Some methods for converting dates
4315       are listed in the next section.
4316
4317       The most direct way is to convert your dates to the ISO8601
4318       "yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.sss" date format and use the "write_date_time()"
4319       worksheet method:
4320
4321           $worksheet->write_date_time( 'A2', '2001-01-01T12:20', $format );
4322
4323       See the "write_date_time()" section of the documentation for more
4324       details.
4325
4326       A general methodology for handling date strings with
4327       "write_date_time()" is:
4328
4329           1. Identify incoming date/time strings with a regex.
4330           2. Extract the component parts of the date/time using the same regex.
4331           3. Convert the date/time to the ISO8601 format.
4332           4. Write the date/time using write_date_time() and a number format.
4333
4334       Here is an example:
4335
4336           #!/usr/bin/perl -w
4337
4338           use strict;
4339           use Excel::Writer::XLSX;
4340
4341           my $workbook  = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'example.xlsx' );
4342           my $worksheet = $workbook->add_worksheet();
4343
4344           # Set the default format for dates.
4345           my $date_format = $workbook->add_format( num_format => 'mmm d yyyy' );
4346
4347           # Increase column width to improve visibility of data.
4348           $worksheet->set_column( 'A:C', 20 );
4349
4350           # Simulate reading from a data source.
4351           my $row = 0;
4352
4353           while ( <DATA> ) {
4354               chomp;
4355
4356               my $col  = 0;
4357               my @data = split ' ';
4358
4359               for my $item ( @data ) {
4360
4361                   # Match dates in the following formats: d/m/yy, d/m/yyyy
4362                   if ( $item =~ qr[^(\d{1,2})/(\d{1,2})/(\d{4})$] ) {
4363
4364                       # Change to the date format required by write_date_time().
4365                       my $date = sprintf "%4d-%02d-%02dT", $3, $2, $1;
4366
4367                       $worksheet->write_date_time( $row, $col++, $date,
4368                           $date_format );
4369                   }
4370                   else {
4371
4372                       # Just plain data
4373                       $worksheet->write( $row, $col++, $item );
4374                   }
4375               }
4376               $row++;
4377           }
4378
4379           $workbook->close();
4380
4381           __DATA__
4382           Item    Cost    Date
4383           Book    10      1/9/2007
4384           Beer    4       12/9/2007
4385           Bed     500     5/10/2007
4386
4387       For a slightly more advanced solution you can modify the "write()"
4388       method to handle date formats of your choice via the
4389       "add_write_handler()" method. See the "add_write_handler()" section of
4390       the docs and the write_handler3.pl and write_handler4.pl programs in
4391       the examples directory of the distro.
4392
4393   Converting dates and times to an Excel date or time
4394       The "write_date_time()" method above is just one way of handling dates
4395       and times.
4396
4397       You can also use the "convert_date_time()" worksheet method to convert
4398       from an ISO8601 style date string to an Excel date and time number.
4399
4400       The Excel::Writer::XLSX::Utility module which is included in the distro
4401       has date/time handling functions:
4402
4403           use Excel::Writer::XLSX::Utility;
4404
4405           $date           = xl_date_list(2002, 1, 1);         # 37257
4406           $date           = xl_parse_date("11 July 1997");    # 35622
4407           $time           = xl_parse_time('3:21:36 PM');      # 0.64
4408           $date           = xl_decode_date_EU("13 May 2002"); # 37389
4409
4410       Note: some of these functions require additional CPAN modules.
4411
4412       For date conversions using the CPAN "DateTime" framework see
4413       DateTime::Format::Excel
4414       <http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=DateTime-Format-Excel>.
4415

OUTLINES AND GROUPING IN EXCEL

4417       Excel allows you to group rows or columns so that they can be hidden or
4418       displayed with a single mouse click. This feature is referred to as
4419       outlines.
4420
4421       Outlines can reduce complex data down to a few salient sub-totals or
4422       summaries.
4423
4424       This feature is best viewed in Excel but the following is an ASCII
4425       representation of what a worksheet with three outlines might look like.
4426       Rows 3-4 and rows 7-8 are grouped at level 2. Rows 2-9 are grouped at
4427       level 1. The lines at the left hand side are called outline level bars.
4428
4429                   ------------------------------------------
4430            1 2 3 |   |   A   |   B   |   C   |   D   |  ...
4431                   ------------------------------------------
4432             _    | 1 |   A   |       |       |       |  ...
4433            |  _  | 2 |   B   |       |       |       |  ...
4434            | |   | 3 |  (C)  |       |       |       |  ...
4435            | |   | 4 |  (D)  |       |       |       |  ...
4436            | -   | 5 |   E   |       |       |       |  ...
4437            |  _  | 6 |   F   |       |       |       |  ...
4438            | |   | 7 |  (G)  |       |       |       |  ...
4439            | |   | 8 |  (H)  |       |       |       |  ...
4440            | -   | 9 |   I   |       |       |       |  ...
4441            -     | . |  ...  |  ...  |  ...  |  ...  |  ...
4442
4443       Clicking the minus sign on each of the level 2 outlines will collapse
4444       and hide the data as shown in the next figure. The minus sign changes
4445       to a plus sign to indicate that the data in the outline is hidden.
4446
4447                   ------------------------------------------
4448            1 2 3 |   |   A   |   B   |   C   |   D   |  ...
4449                   ------------------------------------------
4450             _    | 1 |   A   |       |       |       |  ...
4451            |     | 2 |   B   |       |       |       |  ...
4452            | +   | 5 |   E   |       |       |       |  ...
4453            |     | 6 |   F   |       |       |       |  ...
4454            | +   | 9 |   I   |       |       |       |  ...
4455            -     | . |  ...  |  ...  |  ...  |  ...  |  ...
4456
4457       Clicking on the minus sign on the level 1 outline will collapse the
4458       remaining rows as follows:
4459
4460                   ------------------------------------------
4461            1 2 3 |   |   A   |   B   |   C   |   D   |  ...
4462                   ------------------------------------------
4463                  | 1 |   A   |       |       |       |  ...
4464            +     | . |  ...  |  ...  |  ...  |  ...  |  ...
4465
4466       Grouping in "Excel::Writer::XLSX" is achieved by setting the outline
4467       level via the "set_row()" and "set_column()" worksheet methods:
4468
4469           set_row( $row, $height, $format, $hidden, $level, $collapsed )
4470           set_column( $first_col, $last_col, $width, $format, $hidden, $level, $collapsed )
4471
4472       The following example sets an outline level of 1 for rows 2 and 3
4473       (zero-indexed) and columns B to G. The parameters $height and $XF are
4474       assigned default values since they are undefined:
4475
4476           $worksheet->set_row( 1, undef, undef, 0, 1 );
4477           $worksheet->set_row( 2, undef, undef, 0, 1 );
4478           $worksheet->set_column( 'B:G', undef, undef, 0, 1 );
4479
4480       Excel allows up to 7 outline levels. Therefore the $level parameter
4481       should be in the range "0 <= $level <= 7".
4482
4483       Rows and columns can be collapsed by setting the $hidden flag for the
4484       hidden rows/columns and setting the $collapsed flag for the row/column
4485       that has the collapsed "+" symbol:
4486
4487           $worksheet->set_row( 1, undef, undef, 1, 1 );
4488           $worksheet->set_row( 2, undef, undef, 1, 1 );
4489           $worksheet->set_row( 3, undef, undef, 0, 0, 1 );          # Collapsed flag.
4490
4491           $worksheet->set_column( 'B:G', undef, undef, 1, 1 );
4492           $worksheet->set_column( 'H:H', undef, undef, 0, 0, 1 );   # Collapsed flag.
4493
4494       Note: Setting the $collapsed flag is particularly important for
4495       compatibility with OpenOffice.org and Gnumeric.
4496
4497       For a more complete example see the "outline.pl" and
4498       "outline_collapsed.pl" programs in the examples directory of the
4499       distro.
4500
4501       Some additional outline properties can be set via the
4502       "outline_settings()" worksheet method, see above.
4503

DATA VALIDATION IN EXCEL

4505       Data validation is a feature of Excel which allows you to restrict the
4506       data that a users enters in a cell and to display help and warning
4507       messages. It also allows you to restrict input to values in a drop down
4508       list.
4509
4510       A typical use case might be to restrict data in a cell to integer
4511       values in a certain range, to provide a help message to indicate the
4512       required value and to issue a warning if the input data doesn't meet
4513       the stated criteria. In Excel::Writer::XLSX we could do that as
4514       follows:
4515
4516           $worksheet->data_validation('B3',
4517               {
4518                   validate        => 'integer',
4519                   criteria        => 'between',
4520                   minimum         => 1,
4521                   maximum         => 100,
4522                   input_title     => 'Input an integer:',
4523                   input_message   => 'Between 1 and 100',
4524                   error_message   => 'Sorry, try again.',
4525               });
4526
4527       For more information on data validation see the following Microsoft
4528       support article "Description and examples of data validation in Excel":
4529       <http://support.microsoft.com/kb/211485>.
4530
4531       The following sections describe how to use the "data_validation()"
4532       method and its various options.
4533
4534   data_validation( $row, $col, { parameter => 'value', ... } )
4535       The "data_validation()" method is used to construct an Excel data
4536       validation.
4537
4538       It can be applied to a single cell or a range of cells. You can pass 3
4539       parameters such as "($row, $col, {...})" or 5 parameters such as
4540       "($first_row, $first_col, $last_row, $last_col, {...})". You can also
4541       use "A1" style notation. For example:
4542
4543           $worksheet->data_validation( 0, 0,       {...} );
4544           $worksheet->data_validation( 0, 0, 4, 1, {...} );
4545
4546           # Which are the same as:
4547
4548           $worksheet->data_validation( 'A1',       {...} );
4549           $worksheet->data_validation( 'A1:B5',    {...} );
4550
4551       See also the note about "Cell notation" for more information.
4552
4553       The last parameter in "data_validation()" must be a hash ref containing
4554       the parameters that describe the type and style of the data validation.
4555       The allowable parameters are:
4556
4557           validate
4558           criteria
4559           value | minimum | source
4560           maximum
4561           ignore_blank
4562           dropdown
4563
4564           input_title
4565           input_message
4566           show_input
4567
4568           error_title
4569           error_message
4570           error_type
4571           show_error
4572
4573       These parameters are explained in the following sections. Most of the
4574       parameters are optional, however, you will generally require the three
4575       main options "validate", "criteria" and "value".
4576
4577           $worksheet->data_validation('B3',
4578               {
4579                   validate => 'integer',
4580                   criteria => '>',
4581                   value    => 100,
4582               });
4583
4584       The "data_validation" method returns:
4585
4586            0 for success.
4587           -1 for insufficient number of arguments.
4588           -2 for row or column out of bounds.
4589           -3 for incorrect parameter or value.
4590
4591   validate
4592       This parameter is passed in a hash ref to "data_validation()".
4593
4594       The "validate" parameter is used to set the type of data that you wish
4595       to validate. It is always required and it has no default value.
4596       Allowable values are:
4597
4598           any
4599           integer
4600           decimal
4601           list
4602           date
4603           time
4604           length
4605           custom
4606
4607       ·   any is used to specify that the type of data is unrestricted. This
4608           is useful to display an input message without restricting the data
4609           that can be entered.
4610
4611       ·   integer restricts the cell to integer values. Excel refers to this
4612           as 'whole number'.
4613
4614               validate => 'integer',
4615               criteria => '>',
4616               value    => 100,
4617
4618       ·   decimal restricts the cell to decimal values.
4619
4620               validate => 'decimal',
4621               criteria => '>',
4622               value    => 38.6,
4623
4624       ·   list restricts the cell to a set of user specified values. These
4625           can be passed in an array ref or as a cell range (named ranges
4626           aren't currently supported):
4627
4628               validate => 'list',
4629               value    => ['open', 'high', 'close'],
4630               # Or like this:
4631               value    => 'B1:B3',
4632
4633           Excel requires that range references are only to cells on the same
4634           worksheet.
4635
4636       ·   date restricts the cell to date values. Dates in Excel are
4637           expressed as integer values but you can also pass an ISO8601 style
4638           string as used in "write_date_time()". See also "DATES AND TIME IN
4639           EXCEL" for more information about working with Excel's dates.
4640
4641               validate => 'date',
4642               criteria => '>',
4643               value    => 39653, # 24 July 2008
4644               # Or like this:
4645               value    => '2008-07-24T',
4646
4647       ·   time restricts the cell to time values. Times in Excel are
4648           expressed as decimal values but you can also pass an ISO8601 style
4649           string as used in "write_date_time()". See also "DATES AND TIME IN
4650           EXCEL" for more information about working with Excel's times.
4651
4652               validate => 'time',
4653               criteria => '>',
4654               value    => 0.5, # Noon
4655               # Or like this:
4656               value    => 'T12:00:00',
4657
4658       ·   length restricts the cell data based on an integer string length.
4659           Excel refers to this as 'Text length'.
4660
4661               validate => 'length',
4662               criteria => '>',
4663               value    => 10,
4664
4665       ·   custom restricts the cell based on an external Excel formula that
4666           returns a "TRUE/FALSE" value.
4667
4668               validate => 'custom',
4669               value    => '=IF(A10>B10,TRUE,FALSE)',
4670
4671   criteria
4672       This parameter is passed in a hash ref to "data_validation()".
4673
4674       The "criteria" parameter is used to set the criteria by which the data
4675       in the cell is validated. It is almost always required except for the
4676       "list" and "custom" validate options. It has no default value.
4677       Allowable values are:
4678
4679           'between'
4680           'not between'
4681           'equal to'                  |  '=='  |  '='
4682           'not equal to'              |  '!='  |  '<>'
4683           'greater than'              |  '>'
4684           'less than'                 |  '<'
4685           'greater than or equal to'  |  '>='
4686           'less than or equal to'     |  '<='
4687
4688       You can either use Excel's textual description strings, in the first
4689       column above, or the more common symbolic alternatives. The following
4690       are equivalent:
4691
4692           validate => 'integer',
4693           criteria => 'greater than',
4694           value    => 100,
4695
4696           validate => 'integer',
4697           criteria => '>',
4698           value    => 100,
4699
4700       The "list" and "custom" validate options don't require a "criteria". If
4701       you specify one it will be ignored.
4702
4703           validate => 'list',
4704           value    => ['open', 'high', 'close'],
4705
4706           validate => 'custom',
4707           value    => '=IF(A10>B10,TRUE,FALSE)',
4708
4709   value | minimum | source
4710       This parameter is passed in a hash ref to "data_validation()".
4711
4712       The "value" parameter is used to set the limiting value to which the
4713       "criteria" is applied. It is always required and it has no default
4714       value. You can also use the synonyms "minimum" or "source" to make the
4715       validation a little clearer and closer to Excel's description of the
4716       parameter:
4717
4718           # Use 'value'
4719           validate => 'integer',
4720           criteria => '>',
4721           value    => 100,
4722
4723           # Use 'minimum'
4724           validate => 'integer',
4725           criteria => 'between',
4726           minimum  => 1,
4727           maximum  => 100,
4728
4729           # Use 'source'
4730           validate => 'list',
4731           source   => '$B$1:$B$3',
4732
4733   maximum
4734       This parameter is passed in a hash ref to "data_validation()".
4735
4736       The "maximum" parameter is used to set the upper limiting value when
4737       the "criteria" is either 'between' or 'not between':
4738
4739           validate => 'integer',
4740           criteria => 'between',
4741           minimum  => 1,
4742           maximum  => 100,
4743
4744   ignore_blank
4745       This parameter is passed in a hash ref to "data_validation()".
4746
4747       The "ignore_blank" parameter is used to toggle on and off the 'Ignore
4748       blank' option in the Excel data validation dialog. When the option is
4749       on the data validation is not applied to blank data in the cell. It is
4750       on by default.
4751
4752           ignore_blank => 0,  # Turn the option off
4753
4754   dropdown
4755       This parameter is passed in a hash ref to "data_validation()".
4756
4757       The "dropdown" parameter is used to toggle on and off the 'In-cell
4758       dropdown' option in the Excel data validation dialog. When the option
4759       is on a dropdown list will be shown for "list" validations. It is on by
4760       default.
4761
4762           dropdown => 0,      # Turn the option off
4763
4764   input_title
4765       This parameter is passed in a hash ref to "data_validation()".
4766
4767       The "input_title" parameter is used to set the title of the input
4768       message that is displayed when a cell is entered. It has no default
4769       value and is only displayed if the input message is displayed. See the
4770       "input_message" parameter below.
4771
4772           input_title   => 'This is the input title',
4773
4774       The maximum title length is 32 characters.
4775
4776   input_message
4777       This parameter is passed in a hash ref to "data_validation()".
4778
4779       The "input_message" parameter is used to set the input message that is
4780       displayed when a cell is entered. It has no default value.
4781
4782           validate      => 'integer',
4783           criteria      => 'between',
4784           minimum       => 1,
4785           maximum       => 100,
4786           input_title   => 'Enter the applied discount:',
4787           input_message => 'between 1 and 100',
4788
4789       The message can be split over several lines using newlines, "\n" in
4790       double quoted strings.
4791
4792           input_message => "This is\na test.",
4793
4794       The maximum message length is 255 characters.
4795
4796   show_input
4797       This parameter is passed in a hash ref to "data_validation()".
4798
4799       The "show_input" parameter is used to toggle on and off the 'Show input
4800       message when cell is selected' option in the Excel data validation
4801       dialog. When the option is off an input message is not displayed even
4802       if it has been set using "input_message". It is on by default.
4803
4804           show_input => 0,      # Turn the option off
4805
4806   error_title
4807       This parameter is passed in a hash ref to "data_validation()".
4808
4809       The "error_title" parameter is used to set the title of the error
4810       message that is displayed when the data validation criteria is not met.
4811       The default error title is 'Microsoft Excel'.
4812
4813           error_title   => 'Input value is not valid',
4814
4815       The maximum title length is 32 characters.
4816
4817   error_message
4818       This parameter is passed in a hash ref to "data_validation()".
4819
4820       The "error_message" parameter is used to set the error message that is
4821       displayed when a cell is entered. The default error message is "The
4822       value you entered is not valid.\nA user has restricted values that can
4823       be entered into the cell.".
4824
4825           validate      => 'integer',
4826           criteria      => 'between',
4827           minimum       => 1,
4828           maximum       => 100,
4829           error_title   => 'Input value is not valid',
4830           error_message => 'It should be an integer between 1 and 100',
4831
4832       The message can be split over several lines using newlines, "\n" in
4833       double quoted strings.
4834
4835           input_message => "This is\na test.",
4836
4837       The maximum message length is 255 characters.
4838
4839   error_type
4840       This parameter is passed in a hash ref to "data_validation()".
4841
4842       The "error_type" parameter is used to specify the type of error dialog
4843       that is displayed. There are 3 options:
4844
4845           'stop'
4846           'warning'
4847           'information'
4848
4849       The default is 'stop'.
4850
4851   show_error
4852       This parameter is passed in a hash ref to "data_validation()".
4853
4854       The "show_error" parameter is used to toggle on and off the 'Show error
4855       alert after invalid data is entered' option in the Excel data
4856       validation dialog. When the option is off an error message is not
4857       displayed even if it has been set using "error_message". It is on by
4858       default.
4859
4860           show_error => 0,      # Turn the option off
4861
4862   Data Validation Examples
4863       Example 1. Limiting input to an integer greater than a fixed value.
4864
4865           $worksheet->data_validation('A1',
4866               {
4867                   validate        => 'integer',
4868                   criteria        => '>',
4869                   value           => 0,
4870               });
4871
4872       Example 2. Limiting input to an integer greater than a fixed value
4873       where the value is referenced from a cell.
4874
4875           $worksheet->data_validation('A2',
4876               {
4877                   validate        => 'integer',
4878                   criteria        => '>',
4879                   value           => '=E3',
4880               });
4881
4882       Example 3. Limiting input to a decimal in a fixed range.
4883
4884           $worksheet->data_validation('A3',
4885               {
4886                   validate        => 'decimal',
4887                   criteria        => 'between',
4888                   minimum         => 0.1,
4889                   maximum         => 0.5,
4890               });
4891
4892       Example 4. Limiting input to a value in a dropdown list.
4893
4894           $worksheet->data_validation('A4',
4895               {
4896                   validate        => 'list',
4897                   source          => ['open', 'high', 'close'],
4898               });
4899
4900       Example 5. Limiting input to a value in a dropdown list where the list
4901       is specified as a cell range.
4902
4903           $worksheet->data_validation('A5',
4904               {
4905                   validate        => 'list',
4906                   source          => '=$E$4:$G$4',
4907               });
4908
4909       Example 6. Limiting input to a date in a fixed range.
4910
4911           $worksheet->data_validation('A6',
4912               {
4913                   validate        => 'date',
4914                   criteria        => 'between',
4915                   minimum         => '2008-01-01T',
4916                   maximum         => '2008-12-12T',
4917               });
4918
4919       Example 7. Displaying a message when the cell is selected.
4920
4921           $worksheet->data_validation('A7',
4922               {
4923                   validate      => 'integer',
4924                   criteria      => 'between',
4925                   minimum       => 1,
4926                   maximum       => 100,
4927                   input_title   => 'Enter an integer:',
4928                   input_message => 'between 1 and 100',
4929               });
4930
4931       See also the "data_validate.pl" program in the examples directory of
4932       the distro.
4933

CONDITIONAL FORMATTING IN EXCEL

4935       Conditional formatting is a feature of Excel which allows you to apply
4936       a format to a cell or a range of cells based on a certain criteria.
4937
4938       For example the following criteria is used to highlight cells >= 50 in
4939       red in the "conditional_format.pl" example from the distro:
4940
4941           # Write a conditional format over a range.
4942           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'B3:K12',
4943               {
4944                   type     => 'cell',
4945                   criteria => '>=',
4946                   value    => 50,
4947                   format   => $format1,
4948               }
4949           );
4950
4951   conditional_formatting( $row, $col, { parameter => 'value', ... } )
4952       The "conditional_formatting()" method is used to apply formatting
4953       based on user defined criteria to an Excel::Writer::XLSX file.
4954
4955       It can be applied to a single cell or a range of cells. You can pass 3
4956       parameters such as "($row, $col, {...})" or 5 parameters such as
4957       "($first_row, $first_col, $last_row, $last_col, {...})". You can also
4958       use "A1" style notation. For example:
4959
4960           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 0, 0,       {...} );
4961           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 0, 0, 4, 1, {...} );
4962
4963           # Which are the same as:
4964
4965           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1',       {...} );
4966           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:B5',    {...} );
4967
4968       See also the note about "Cell notation" for more information.
4969
4970       Using "A1" style notation is also possible to specify non-contiguous
4971       ranges, separated by a comma. For example:
4972
4973           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:D5,A8:D12', {...} );
4974
4975       The last parameter in "conditional_formatting()" must be a hash ref
4976       containing the parameters that describe the type and style of the data
4977       validation. The main parameters are:
4978
4979           type
4980           format
4981           criteria
4982           value
4983           minimum
4984           maximum
4985
4986       Other, less commonly used parameters are:
4987
4988           min_type
4989           mid_type
4990           max_type
4991           min_value
4992           mid_value
4993           max_value
4994           min_color
4995           mid_color
4996           max_color
4997           bar_color
4998           bar_only
4999           bar_solid
5000           bar_negative_color
5001           bar_border_color
5002           bar_negative_border_color
5003           bar_negative_color_same
5004           bar_negative_border_color_same
5005           bar_no_border
5006           bar_direction
5007           bar_axis_position
5008           bar_axis_color
5009           data_bar_2010
5010           icon_style
5011           icons
5012           reverse_icons
5013           icons_only
5014           stop_if_true
5015           multi_range
5016
5017       Additional parameters which are used for specific conditional format
5018       types are shown in the relevant sections below.
5019
5020   type
5021       This parameter is passed in a hash ref to "conditional_formatting()".
5022
5023       The "type" parameter is used to set the type of conditional formatting
5024       that you wish to apply. It is always required and it has no default
5025       value. Allowable "type" values and their associated parameters are:
5026
5027           Type            Parameters
5028           ====            ==========
5029           cell            criteria
5030                           value
5031                           minimum
5032                           maximum
5033                           format
5034
5035           date            criteria
5036                           value
5037                           minimum
5038                           maximum
5039                           format
5040
5041           time_period     criteria
5042                           format
5043
5044           text            criteria
5045                           value
5046                           format
5047
5048           average         criteria
5049                           format
5050
5051           duplicate       format
5052
5053           unique          format
5054
5055           top             criteria
5056                           value
5057                           format
5058
5059           bottom          criteria
5060                           value
5061                           format
5062
5063           blanks          format
5064
5065           no_blanks       format
5066
5067           errors          format
5068
5069           no_errors       format
5070
5071           formula         criteria
5072                           format
5073
5074           2_color_scale   min_type
5075                           max_type
5076                           min_value
5077                           max_value
5078                           min_color
5079                           max_color
5080
5081           3_color_scale   min_type
5082                           mid_type
5083                           max_type
5084                           min_value
5085                           mid_value
5086                           max_value
5087                           min_color
5088                           mid_color
5089                           max_color
5090
5091           data_bar        min_type
5092                           max_type
5093                           min_value
5094                           max_value
5095                           bar_only
5096                           bar_color
5097                           bar_solid*
5098                           bar_negative_color*
5099                           bar_border_color*
5100                           bar_negative_border_color*
5101                           bar_negative_color_same*
5102                           bar_negative_border_color_same*
5103                           bar_no_border*
5104                           bar_direction*
5105                           bar_axis_position*
5106                           bar_axis_color*
5107                           data_bar_2010*
5108
5109           icon_set        icon_style
5110                           reverse_icons
5111                           icons
5112                           icons_only
5113
5114       Data bar parameters marked with (*) are only available in Excel 2010
5115       and later. Files that use these properties can still be opened in Excel
5116       2007 but the data bars will be displayed without them.
5117
5118   type => 'cell'
5119       This is the most common conditional formatting type. It is used when a
5120       format is applied to a cell based on a simple criterion. For example:
5121
5122           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1',
5123               {
5124                   type     => 'cell',
5125                   criteria => 'greater than',
5126                   value    => 5,
5127                   format   => $red_format,
5128               }
5129           );
5130
5131       Or, using the "between" criteria:
5132
5133           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'C1:C4',
5134               {
5135                   type     => 'cell',
5136                   criteria => 'between',
5137                   minimum  => 20,
5138                   maximum  => 30,
5139                   format   => $green_format,
5140               }
5141           );
5142
5143   criteria
5144       The "criteria" parameter is used to set the criteria by which the cell
5145       data will be evaluated. It has no default value. The most common
5146       criteria as applied to "{ type => 'cell' }" are:
5147
5148           'between'
5149           'not between'
5150           'equal to'                  |  '=='  |  '='
5151           'not equal to'              |  '!='  |  '<>'
5152           'greater than'              |  '>'
5153           'less than'                 |  '<'
5154           'greater than or equal to'  |  '>='
5155           'less than or equal to'     |  '<='
5156
5157       You can either use Excel's textual description strings, in the first
5158       column above, or the more common symbolic alternatives.
5159
5160       Additional criteria which are specific to other conditional format
5161       types are shown in the relevant sections below.
5162
5163   value
5164       The "value" is generally used along with the "criteria" parameter to
5165       set the rule by which the cell data  will be evaluated.
5166
5167           type     => 'cell',
5168           criteria => '>',
5169           value    => 5
5170           format   => $format,
5171
5172       The "value" property can also be an cell reference.
5173
5174           type     => 'cell',
5175           criteria => '>',
5176           value    => '$C$1',
5177           format   => $format,
5178
5179   format
5180       The "format" parameter is used to specify the format that will be
5181       applied to the cell when the conditional formatting criterion is met.
5182       The format is created using the "add_format()" method in the same way
5183       as cell formats:
5184
5185           $format = $workbook->add_format( bold => 1, italic => 1 );
5186
5187           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1',
5188               {
5189                   type     => 'cell',
5190                   criteria => '>',
5191                   value    => 5
5192                   format   => $format,
5193               }
5194           );
5195
5196       The conditional format follows the same rules as in Excel: it is
5197       superimposed over the existing cell format and not all font and border
5198       properties can be modified. Font properties that can't be modified are
5199       font name, font size, superscript and subscript. The border property
5200       that cannot be modified is diagonal borders.
5201
5202       Excel specifies some default formats to be used with conditional
5203       formatting. You can replicate them using the following
5204       Excel::Writer::XLSX formats:
5205
5206           # Light red fill with dark red text.
5207
5208           my $format1 = $workbook->add_format(
5209               bg_color => '#FFC7CE',
5210               color    => '#9C0006',
5211           );
5212
5213           # Light yellow fill with dark yellow text.
5214
5215           my $format2 = $workbook->add_format(
5216               bg_color => '#FFEB9C',
5217               color    => '#9C6500',
5218           );
5219
5220           # Green fill with dark green text.
5221
5222           my $format3 = $workbook->add_format(
5223               bg_color => '#C6EFCE',
5224               color    => '#006100',
5225           );
5226
5227   minimum
5228       The "minimum" parameter is used to set the lower limiting value when
5229       the "criteria" is either 'between' or 'not between':
5230
5231           validate => 'integer',
5232           criteria => 'between',
5233           minimum  => 1,
5234           maximum  => 100,
5235
5236   maximum
5237       The "maximum" parameter is used to set the upper limiting value when
5238       the "criteria" is either 'between' or 'not between'. See the previous
5239       example.
5240
5241   type => 'date'
5242       The "date" type is the same as the "cell" type and uses the same
5243       criteria and values. However it allows the "value", "minimum" and
5244       "maximum" properties to be specified in the ISO8601
5245       "yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.sss" date format which is detailed in the
5246       "write_date_time()" method.
5247
5248           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A4',
5249               {
5250                   type     => 'date',
5251                   criteria => 'greater than',
5252                   value    => '2011-01-01T',
5253                   format   => $format,
5254               }
5255           );
5256
5257   type => 'time_period'
5258       The "time_period" type is used to specify Excel's "Dates Occurring"
5259       style conditional format.
5260
5261           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A4',
5262               {
5263                   type     => 'time_period',
5264                   criteria => 'yesterday',
5265                   format   => $format,
5266               }
5267           );
5268
5269       The period is set in the "criteria" and can have one of the following
5270       values:
5271
5272               criteria => 'yesterday',
5273               criteria => 'today',
5274               criteria => 'last 7 days',
5275               criteria => 'last week',
5276               criteria => 'this week',
5277               criteria => 'next week',
5278               criteria => 'last month',
5279               criteria => 'this month',
5280               criteria => 'next month'
5281
5282   type => 'text'
5283       The "text" type is used to specify Excel's "Specific Text" style
5284       conditional format. It is used to do simple string matching using the
5285       "criteria" and "value" parameters:
5286
5287           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A4',
5288               {
5289                   type     => 'text',
5290                   criteria => 'containing',
5291                   value    => 'foo',
5292                   format   => $format,
5293               }
5294           );
5295
5296       The "criteria" can have one of the following values:
5297
5298           criteria => 'containing',
5299           criteria => 'not containing',
5300           criteria => 'begins with',
5301           criteria => 'ends with',
5302
5303       The "value" parameter should be a string or single character.
5304
5305   type => 'average'
5306       The "average" type is used to specify Excel's "Average" style
5307       conditional format.
5308
5309           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A4',
5310               {
5311                   type     => 'average',
5312                   criteria => 'above',
5313                   format   => $format,
5314               }
5315           );
5316
5317       The type of average for the conditional format range is specified by
5318       the "criteria":
5319
5320           criteria => 'above',
5321           criteria => 'below',
5322           criteria => 'equal or above',
5323           criteria => 'equal or below',
5324           criteria => '1 std dev above',
5325           criteria => '1 std dev below',
5326           criteria => '2 std dev above',
5327           criteria => '2 std dev below',
5328           criteria => '3 std dev above',
5329           criteria => '3 std dev below',
5330
5331   type => 'duplicate'
5332       The "duplicate" type is used to highlight duplicate cells in a range:
5333
5334           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A4',
5335               {
5336                   type     => 'duplicate',
5337                   format   => $format,
5338               }
5339           );
5340
5341   type => 'unique'
5342       The "unique" type is used to highlight unique cells in a range:
5343
5344           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A4',
5345               {
5346                   type     => 'unique',
5347                   format   => $format,
5348               }
5349           );
5350
5351   type => 'top'
5352       The "top" type is used to specify the top "n" values by number or
5353       percentage in a range:
5354
5355           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A4',
5356               {
5357                   type     => 'top',
5358                   value    => 10,
5359                   format   => $format,
5360               }
5361           );
5362
5363       The "criteria" can be used to indicate that a percentage condition is
5364       required:
5365
5366           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A4',
5367               {
5368                   type     => 'top',
5369                   value    => 10,
5370                   criteria => '%',
5371                   format   => $format,
5372               }
5373           );
5374
5375   type => 'bottom'
5376       The "bottom" type is used to specify the bottom "n" values by number or
5377       percentage in a range.
5378
5379       It takes the same parameters as "top", see above.
5380
5381   type => 'blanks'
5382       The "blanks" type is used to highlight blank cells in a range:
5383
5384           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A4',
5385               {
5386                   type     => 'blanks',
5387                   format   => $format,
5388               }
5389           );
5390
5391   type => 'no_blanks'
5392       The "no_blanks" type is used to highlight non blank cells in a range:
5393
5394           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A4',
5395               {
5396                   type     => 'no_blanks',
5397                   format   => $format,
5398               }
5399           );
5400
5401   type => 'errors'
5402       The "errors" type is used to highlight error cells in a range:
5403
5404           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A4',
5405               {
5406                   type     => 'errors',
5407                   format   => $format,
5408               }
5409           );
5410
5411   type => 'no_errors'
5412       The "no_errors" type is used to highlight non error cells in a range:
5413
5414           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A4',
5415               {
5416                   type     => 'no_errors',
5417                   format   => $format,
5418               }
5419           );
5420
5421   type => 'formula'
5422       The "formula" type is used to specify a conditional format based on a
5423       user defined formula:
5424
5425           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A4',
5426               {
5427                   type     => 'formula',
5428                   criteria => '=$A$1 > 5',
5429                   format   => $format,
5430               }
5431           );
5432
5433       The formula is specified in the "criteria".
5434
5435   type => '2_color_scale'
5436       The "2_color_scale" type is used to specify Excel's "2 Color Scale"
5437       style conditional format.
5438
5439           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A12',
5440               {
5441                   type  => '2_color_scale',
5442               }
5443           );
5444
5445       This conditional type can be modified with "min_type", "max_type",
5446       "min_value", "max_value", "min_color" and "max_color", see below.
5447
5448   type => '3_color_scale'
5449       The "3_color_scale" type is used to specify Excel's "3 Color Scale"
5450       style conditional format.
5451
5452           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A12',
5453               {
5454                   type  => '3_color_scale',
5455               }
5456           );
5457
5458       This conditional type can be modified with "min_type", "mid_type",
5459       "max_type", "min_value", "mid_value", "max_value", "min_color",
5460       "mid_color" and "max_color", see below.
5461
5462   type => 'data_bar'
5463       The "data_bar" type is used to specify Excel's "Data Bar" style
5464       conditional format.
5465
5466           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A12',
5467               {
5468                   type  => 'data_bar',
5469               }
5470           );
5471
5472       This data bar conditional type can be modified with the following
5473       parameters, which are explained in the sections below. These properties
5474       were available in the original xlsx file specification used in Excel
5475       2007::
5476
5477           min_type
5478           max_type
5479           min_value
5480           max_value
5481           bar_color
5482           bar_only
5483
5484       In Excel 2010 additional data bar properties were added such as solid
5485       (non-gradient) bars and control over how negative values are displayed.
5486       These properties can be set using the following parameters:
5487
5488           bar_solid
5489           bar_negative_color
5490           bar_border_color
5491           bar_negative_border_color
5492           bar_negative_color_same
5493           bar_negative_border_color_same
5494           bar_no_border
5495           bar_direction
5496           bar_axis_position
5497           bar_axis_color
5498           data_bar_2010
5499
5500       Files that use these Excel 2010 properties can still be opened in Excel
5501       2007 but the data bars will be displayed without them.
5502
5503   type => 'icon_set'
5504       The "icon_set" type is used to specify a conditional format with a set
5505       of icons such as traffic lights or arrows:
5506
5507           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:C1',
5508               {
5509                   type         => 'icon_set',
5510                   icon_style   => '3_traffic_lights',
5511               }
5512           );
5513
5514       The icon set style is specified by the "icon_style" parameter. Valid
5515       options are:
5516
5517           3_arrows
5518           3_arrows_gray
5519           3_flags
5520           3_signs
5521           3_symbols
5522           3_symbols_circled
5523           3_traffic_lights
5524           3_traffic_lights_rimmed
5525
5526           4_arrows
5527           4_arrows_gray
5528           4_ratings
5529           4_red_to_black
5530           4_traffic_lights
5531
5532           5_arrows
5533           5_arrows_gray
5534           5_quarters
5535           5_ratings
5536
5537       The criteria, type and value of each icon can be specified using the
5538       "icon" array of hash refs with optional "criteria", "type" and "value"
5539       parameters:
5540
5541           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:D1',
5542               {
5543                   type         => 'icon_set',
5544                   icon_style   => '4_red_to_black',
5545                   icons        => [ {criteria => '>',  type => 'number',     value => 90},
5546                                     {criteria => '>=', type => 'percentile', value => 50},
5547                                     {criteria => '>',  type => 'percent',    value => 25},
5548                                   ],
5549               }
5550           );
5551
5552       The "icons criteria" parameter should be either ">=" or ">". The
5553       default "criteria" is ">=".
5554
5555       The "icons type" parameter should be one of the following values:
5556
5557           number
5558           percentile
5559           percent
5560           formula
5561
5562       The default "type" is "percent".
5563
5564       The "icons value" parameter can be a value or formula:
5565
5566           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:D1',
5567               {
5568                   type         => 'icon_set',
5569                   icon_style   => '4_red_to_black',
5570                   icons        => [ {value => 90},
5571                                     {value => 50},
5572                                     {value => 25},
5573                                   ],
5574               }
5575           );
5576
5577       Note: The "icons" parameters should start with the highest value and
5578       with each subsequent one being lower. The default "value" is "(n * 100)
5579       / number_of_icons". The lowest number icon in an icon set has
5580       properties defined by Excel. Therefore in a "n" icon set, there is no
5581       "n-1" hash of parameters.
5582
5583       The order of the icons can be reversed using the "reverse_icons"
5584       parameter:
5585
5586           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:C1',
5587               {
5588                   type          => 'icon_set',
5589                   icon_style    => '3_arrows',
5590                   reverse_icons => 1,
5591               }
5592           );
5593
5594       The icons can be displayed without the cell value using the
5595       "icons_only" parameter:
5596
5597           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:C1',
5598               {
5599                   type         => 'icon_set',
5600                   icon_style   => '3_flags',
5601                   icons_only   => 1,
5602               }
5603           );
5604
5605   min_type, mid_type, max_type
5606       The "min_type" and "max_type" properties are available when the
5607       conditional formatting type is "2_color_scale", "3_color_scale" or
5608       "data_bar". The "mid_type" is available for "3_color_scale". The
5609       properties are used as follows:
5610
5611           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A12',
5612               {
5613                   type      => '2_color_scale',
5614                   min_type  => 'percent',
5615                   max_type  => 'percent',
5616               }
5617           );
5618
5619       The available min/mid/max types are:
5620
5621           min        (for min_type only)
5622           num
5623           percent
5624           percentile
5625           formula
5626           max        (for max_type only)
5627
5628   min_value, mid_value, max_value
5629       The "min_value" and "max_value" properties are available when the
5630       conditional formatting type is "2_color_scale", "3_color_scale" or
5631       "data_bar". The "mid_value" is available for "3_color_scale". The
5632       properties are used as follows:
5633
5634           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A12',
5635               {
5636                   type       => '2_color_scale',
5637                   min_value  => 10,
5638                   max_value  => 90,
5639               }
5640           );
5641
5642   min_color, mid_color,  max_color, bar_color
5643       The "min_color" and "max_color" properties are available when the
5644       conditional formatting type is "2_color_scale", "3_color_scale" or
5645       "data_bar". The "mid_color" is available for "3_color_scale". The
5646       properties are used as follows:
5647
5648           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:A12',
5649               {
5650                   type      => '2_color_scale',
5651                   min_color => "#C5D9F1",
5652                   max_color => "#538ED5",
5653               }
5654           );
5655
5656       The color can be specified as an Excel::Writer::XLSX color index or,
5657       more usefully, as a HTML style RGB hex number, as shown above.
5658
5659   bar_only
5660       The "bar_only" parameter property displays a bar data but not the data
5661       in the cells:
5662
5663           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'D3:D14',
5664               {
5665                   type     => 'data_bar',
5666                   bar_only => 1
5667               }
5668           );
5669
5670   bar_solid
5671       The "bar_solid" parameter turns on a solid (non-gradient) fill for data
5672       bars:
5673
5674           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'H3:H14',
5675               {
5676                   type      => 'data_bar',
5677                   bar_solid => 1
5678               }
5679           );
5680
5681       Note, this property is only visible in Excel 2010 and later.
5682
5683   bar_negative_color
5684       The "bar_negative_color" parameter is used to set the color fill for
5685       the negative portion of a data bar.
5686
5687       The color can be specified as an Excel::Writer::XLSX color index or as
5688       a HTML style RGB hex number, as shown in the other examples.
5689
5690       Note, this property is only visible in Excel 2010 and later.
5691
5692   bar_border_color
5693       The "bar_border_color" parameter is used to set the border color of a
5694       data bar.
5695
5696       The color can be specified as an Excel::Writer::XLSX color index or as
5697       a HTML style RGB hex number, as shown in the other examples.
5698
5699       Note, this property is only visible in Excel 2010 and later.
5700
5701   bar_negative_border_color
5702       The "bar_negative_border_color" parameter is used to set the border
5703       color of the negative portion of a data bar.
5704
5705       The color can be specified as an Excel::Writer::XLSX color index or as
5706       a HTML style RGB hex number, as shown in the other examples.
5707
5708       Note, this property is only visible in Excel 2010 and later.
5709
5710   bar_negative_color_same
5711       The "bar_negative_color_same" parameter sets the fill color for the
5712       negative portion of a data bar to be the same as the fill color for the
5713       positive portion of the data bar:
5714
5715           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'N3:N14',
5716               {
5717                   type                           => 'data_bar',
5718                   bar_negative_color_same        => 1,
5719                   bar_negative_border_color_same => 1
5720               }
5721           );
5722
5723       Note, this property is only visible in Excel 2010 and later.
5724
5725   bar_negative_border_color_same
5726       The "bar_negative_border_color_same" parameter sets the border color
5727       for the negative portion of a data bar to be the same as the border
5728       color for the positive portion of the data bar.
5729
5730       Note, this property is only visible in Excel 2010 and later.
5731
5732   bar_no_border
5733       The "bar_no_border" parameter turns off the border of a data bar.
5734
5735       Note, this property is only visible in Excel 2010 and later, however
5736       the default in Excel 2007 is not to have a border.
5737
5738   bar_direction
5739       The "bar_direction" parameter sets the direction for data bars. This
5740       property can be either "left" for left-to-right or "right" for right-
5741       to-left. If the property isn't set then Excel will adjust the position
5742       automatically based on the context:
5743
5744           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'J3:J14',
5745               {
5746                   type          => 'data_bar',
5747                   bar_direction => 'right'
5748               }
5749           );
5750
5751       Note, this property is only visible in Excel 2010 and later.
5752
5753   bar_axis_position
5754       The "bar_axis_position" parameter sets the position within the cells
5755       for the axis that is shown in data bars when there are negative values
5756       to display. The property can be either "middle" or "none". If the
5757       property isn't set then Excel will position the axis based on the range
5758       of positive and negative values.
5759
5760       Note, this property is only visible in Excel 2010 and later.
5761
5762   bar_axis_color
5763       The "bar_axis_color" parameter sets the color for the axis that is
5764       shown in data bars when there are negative values to display.
5765
5766       The color can be specified as an Excel::Writer::XLSX color index or as
5767       a HTML style RGB hex number, as shown in the other examples.
5768
5769       Note, this property is only visible in Excel 2010 and later.
5770
5771   data_bar_2010
5772       The "data_bar_2010" parameter sets Excel 2010 style data bars even when
5773       Excel 2010 specific properties aren't used. This can be used to create
5774       consistency across all the data bar formatting in a worksheet:
5775
5776           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'L3:L14',
5777               {
5778                   type          => 'data_bar',
5779                   data_bar_2010 => 1
5780               }
5781           );
5782
5783       Note, this property is only visible in Excel 2010 and later.
5784
5785   stop_if_true
5786       The "stop_if_true" parameter, if set to a true value, will enable the
5787       "stop if true" feature on the conditional formatting rule, so that
5788       subsequent rules are not examined for any cell on which the conditions
5789       for this rule are met.
5790
5791   Conditional Formatting Examples
5792       Example 1. Highlight cells greater than an integer value.
5793
5794           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:F10',
5795               {
5796                   type     => 'cell',
5797                   criteria => 'greater than',
5798                   value    => 5,
5799                   format   => $format,
5800               }
5801           );
5802
5803       Example 2. Highlight cells greater than a value in a reference cell.
5804
5805           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:F10',
5806               {
5807                   type     => 'cell',
5808                   criteria => 'greater than',
5809                   value    => '$H$1',
5810                   format   => $format,
5811               }
5812           );
5813
5814       Example 3. Highlight cells greater than a certain date:
5815
5816           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:F10',
5817               {
5818                   type     => 'date',
5819                   criteria => 'greater than',
5820                   value    => '2011-01-01T',
5821                   format   => $format,
5822               }
5823           );
5824
5825       Example 4. Highlight cells with a date in the last seven days:
5826
5827           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:F10',
5828               {
5829                   type     => 'time_period',
5830                   criteria => 'last 7 days',
5831                   format   => $format,
5832               }
5833           );
5834
5835       Example 5. Highlight cells with strings starting with the letter "b":
5836
5837           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:F10',
5838               {
5839                   type     => 'text',
5840                   criteria => 'begins with',
5841                   value    => 'b',
5842                   format   => $format,
5843               }
5844           );
5845
5846       Example 6. Highlight cells that are 1 std deviation above the average
5847       for the range:
5848
5849           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:F10',
5850               {
5851                   type     => 'average',
5852                   format   => $format,
5853               }
5854           );
5855
5856       Example 7. Highlight duplicate cells in a range:
5857
5858           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:F10',
5859               {
5860                   type     => 'duplicate',
5861                   format   => $format,
5862               }
5863           );
5864
5865       Example 8. Highlight unique cells in a range.
5866
5867           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:F10',
5868               {
5869                   type     => 'unique',
5870                   format   => $format,
5871               }
5872           );
5873
5874       Example 9. Highlight the top 10 cells.
5875
5876           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:F10',
5877               {
5878                   type     => 'top',
5879                   value    => 10,
5880                   format   => $format,
5881               }
5882           );
5883
5884       Example 10. Highlight blank cells.
5885
5886           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:F10',
5887               {
5888                   type     => 'blanks',
5889                   format   => $format,
5890               }
5891           );
5892
5893       Example 11. Set traffic light icons in 3 cells:
5894
5895           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'A1:C1',
5896               {
5897                   type         => 'icon_set',
5898                   icon_style   => '3_traffic_lights',
5899               }
5900           );
5901
5902       See also the "conditional_format.pl" example program in "EXAMPLES".
5903

SPARKLINES IN EXCEL

5905       Sparklines are a feature of Excel 2010+ which allows you to add small
5906       charts to worksheet cells. These are useful for showing visual trends
5907       in data in a compact format.
5908
5909       In Excel::Writer::XLSX Sparklines can be added to cells using the
5910       "add_sparkline()" worksheet method:
5911
5912           $worksheet->add_sparkline(
5913               {
5914                   location => 'F2',
5915                   range    => 'Sheet1!A2:E2',
5916                   type     => 'column',
5917                   style    => 12,
5918               }
5919           );
5920
5921       Note: Sparklines are a feature of Excel 2010+ only. You can write them
5922       to an XLSX file that can be read by Excel 2007 but they won't be
5923       displayed.
5924
5925   add_sparkline( { parameter => 'value', ... } )
5926       The "add_sparkline()" worksheet method is used to add sparklines to a
5927       cell or a range of cells.
5928
5929       The parameters to "add_sparkline()" must be passed in a hash ref. The
5930       main sparkline parameters are:
5931
5932           location        (required)
5933           range           (required)
5934           type
5935           style
5936
5937           markers
5938           negative_points
5939           axis
5940           reverse
5941
5942       Other, less commonly used parameters are:
5943
5944           high_point
5945           low_point
5946           first_point
5947           last_point
5948           max
5949           min
5950           empty_cells
5951           show_hidden
5952           date_axis
5953           weight
5954
5955           series_color
5956           negative_color
5957           markers_color
5958           first_color
5959           last_color
5960           high_color
5961           low_color
5962
5963       These parameters are explained in the sections below:
5964
5965   location
5966       This is the cell where the sparkline will be displayed:
5967
5968           location => 'F1'
5969
5970       The "location" should be a single cell. (For multiple cells see
5971       "Grouped Sparklines" below).
5972
5973       To specify the location in row-column notation use the
5974       "xl_rowcol_to_cell()" function from the Excel::Writer::XLSX::Utility
5975       module.
5976
5977           use Excel::Writer::XLSX::Utility ':rowcol';
5978           ...
5979           location => xl_rowcol_to_cell( 0, 5 ), # F1
5980
5981   range
5982       This specifies the cell data range that the sparkline will plot:
5983
5984           $worksheet->add_sparkline(
5985               {
5986                   location => 'F1',
5987                   range    => 'A1:E1',
5988               }
5989           );
5990
5991       The "range" should be a 2D array. (For 3D arrays of cells see "Grouped
5992       Sparklines" below).
5993
5994       If "range" is not on the same worksheet you can specify its location
5995       using the usual Excel notation:
5996
5997                   range => 'Sheet1!A1:E1',
5998
5999       If the worksheet contains spaces or special characters you should quote
6000       the worksheet name in the same way that Excel does:
6001
6002                   range => q('Monthly Data'!A1:E1),
6003
6004       To specify the location in row-column notation use the "xl_range()" or
6005       "xl_range_formula()" functions from the Excel::Writer::XLSX::Utility
6006       module.
6007
6008           use Excel::Writer::XLSX::Utility ':rowcol';
6009           ...
6010           range => xl_range( 1, 1,  0, 4 ),                   # 'A1:E1'
6011           range => xl_range_formula( 'Sheet1', 0, 0,  0, 4 ), # 'Sheet1!A2:E2'
6012
6013   type
6014       Specifies the type of sparkline. There are 3 available sparkline types:
6015
6016           line    (default)
6017           column
6018           win_loss
6019
6020       For example:
6021
6022           {
6023               location => 'F1',
6024               range    => 'A1:E1',
6025               type     => 'column',
6026           }
6027
6028   style
6029       Excel provides 36 built-in Sparkline styles in 6 groups of 6. The
6030       "style" parameter can be used to replicate these and should be a
6031       corresponding number from 1 .. 36.
6032
6033           {
6034               location => 'A14',
6035               range    => 'Sheet2!A2:J2',
6036               style    => 3,
6037           }
6038
6039       The style number starts in the top left of the style grid and runs left
6040       to right. The default style is 1. It is possible to override colour
6041       elements of the sparklines using the *_color parameters below.
6042
6043   markers
6044       Turn on the markers for "line" style sparklines.
6045
6046           {
6047               location => 'A6',
6048               range    => 'Sheet2!A1:J1',
6049               markers  => 1,
6050           }
6051
6052       Markers aren't shown in Excel for "column" and "win_loss" sparklines.
6053
6054   negative_points
6055       Highlight negative values in a sparkline range. This is usually
6056       required with "win_loss" sparklines.
6057
6058           {
6059               location        => 'A21',
6060               range           => 'Sheet2!A3:J3',
6061               type            => 'win_loss',
6062               negative_points => 1,
6063           }
6064
6065   axis
6066       Display a horizontal axis in the sparkline:
6067
6068           {
6069               location => 'A10',
6070               range    => 'Sheet2!A1:J1',
6071               axis     => 1,
6072           }
6073
6074   reverse
6075       Plot the data from right-to-left instead of the default left-to-right:
6076
6077           {
6078               location => 'A24',
6079               range    => 'Sheet2!A4:J4',
6080               type     => 'column',
6081               reverse  => 1,
6082           }
6083
6084   weight
6085       Adjust the default line weight (thickness) for "line" style sparklines.
6086
6087            weight => 0.25,
6088
6089       The weight value should be one of the following values allowed by
6090       Excel:
6091
6092           0.25  0.5   0.75
6093           1     1.25
6094           2.25
6095           3
6096           4.25
6097           6
6098
6099   high_point, low_point, first_point, last_point
6100       Highlight points in a sparkline range.
6101
6102               high_point  => 1,
6103               low_point   => 1,
6104               first_point => 1,
6105               last_point  => 1,
6106
6107   max, min
6108       Specify the maximum and minimum vertical axis values:
6109
6110               max         => 0.5,
6111               min         => -0.5,
6112
6113       As a special case you can set the maximum and minimum to be for a group
6114       of sparklines rather than one:
6115
6116               max         => 'group',
6117
6118       See "Grouped Sparklines" below.
6119
6120   empty_cells
6121       Define how empty cells are handled in a sparkline.
6122
6123           empty_cells => 'zero',
6124
6125       The available options are:
6126
6127           gaps   : show empty cells as gaps (the default).
6128           zero   : plot empty cells as 0.
6129           connect: Connect points with a line ("line" type  sparklines only).
6130
6131   show_hidden
6132       Plot data in hidden rows and columns:
6133
6134           show_hidden => 1,
6135
6136       Note, this option is off by default.
6137
6138   date_axis
6139       Specify an alternative date axis for the sparkline. This is useful if
6140       the data being plotted isn't at fixed width intervals:
6141
6142           {
6143               location  => 'F3',
6144               range     => 'A3:E3',
6145               date_axis => 'A4:E4',
6146           }
6147
6148       The number of cells in the date range should correspond to the number
6149       of cells in the data range.
6150
6151   series_color
6152       It is possible to override the colour of a sparkline style using the
6153       following parameters:
6154
6155           series_color
6156           negative_color
6157           markers_color
6158           first_color
6159           last_color
6160           high_color
6161           low_color
6162
6163       The color should be specified as a HTML style "#rrggbb" hex value:
6164
6165           {
6166               location     => 'A18',
6167               range        => 'Sheet2!A2:J2',
6168               type         => 'column',
6169               series_color => '#E965E0',
6170           }
6171
6172   Grouped Sparklines
6173       The "add_sparkline()" worksheet method can be used multiple times to
6174       write as many sparklines as are required in a worksheet.
6175
6176       However, it is sometimes necessary to group contiguous sparklines so
6177       that changes that are applied to one are applied to all. In Excel this
6178       is achieved by selecting a 3D range of cells for the data "range" and a
6179       2D range of cells for the "location".
6180
6181       In Excel::Writer::XLSX, you can simulate this by passing an array refs
6182       of values to "location" and "range":
6183
6184           {
6185               location => [ 'A27',          'A28',          'A29'          ],
6186               range    => [ 'Sheet2!A5:J5', 'Sheet2!A6:J6', 'Sheet2!A7:J7' ],
6187               markers  => 1,
6188           }
6189
6190   Sparkline examples
6191       See the "sparklines1.pl" and "sparklines2.pl" example programs in the
6192       "examples" directory of the distro.
6193

TABLES IN EXCEL

6195       Tables in Excel are a way of grouping a range of cells into a single
6196       entity that has common formatting or that can be referenced from
6197       formulas. Tables can have column headers, autofilters, total rows,
6198       column formulas and default formatting.
6199
6200       For more information see "An Overview of Excel Tables"
6201       <http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/overview-of-excel-tables-HA010048546.aspx>.
6202
6203       Note, tables don't work in Excel::Writer::XLSX when
6204       "set_optimization()" mode in on.
6205
6206   add_table( $row1, $col1, $row2, $col2, { parameter => 'value', ... })
6207       Tables are added to a worksheet using the "add_table()" method:
6208
6209           $worksheet->add_table( 'B3:F7', { %parameters } );
6210
6211       The data range can be specified in 'A1' or 'row/col' notation (see also
6212       the note about "Cell notation" for more information):
6213
6214           $worksheet->add_table( 'B3:F7' );
6215           # Same as:
6216           $worksheet->add_table(  2, 1, 6, 5 );
6217
6218       The last parameter in "add_table()" should be a hash ref containing the
6219       parameters that describe the table options and data. The available
6220       parameters are:
6221
6222               data
6223               autofilter
6224               header_row
6225               banded_columns
6226               banded_rows
6227               first_column
6228               last_column
6229               style
6230               total_row
6231               columns
6232               name
6233
6234       The table parameters are detailed below. There are no required
6235       parameters and the hash ref isn't required if no options are specified.
6236
6237   data
6238       The "data" parameter can be used to specify the data in the cells of
6239       the table.
6240
6241           my $data = [
6242               [ 'Apples',  10000, 5000, 8000, 6000 ],
6243               [ 'Pears',   2000,  3000, 4000, 5000 ],
6244               [ 'Bananas', 6000,  6000, 6500, 6000 ],
6245               [ 'Oranges', 500,   300,  200,  700 ],
6246
6247           ];
6248
6249           $worksheet->add_table( 'B3:F7', { data => $data } );
6250
6251       Table data can also be written separately, as an array or individual
6252       cells.
6253
6254           # These two statements are the same as the single statement above.
6255           $worksheet->add_table( 'B3:F7' );
6256           $worksheet->write_col( 'B4', $data );
6257
6258       Writing the cell data separately is occasionally required when you need
6259       to control the "write_*()" method used to populate the cells or if you
6260       wish to tweak the cell formatting.
6261
6262       The "data" structure should be an array ref of array refs holding row
6263       data as shown above.
6264
6265   header_row
6266       The "header_row" parameter can be used to turn on or off the header row
6267       in the table. It is on by default.
6268
6269           $worksheet->add_table( 'B4:F7', { header_row => 0 } ); # Turn header off.
6270
6271       The header row will contain default captions such as "Column 1",
6272       "Column 2",  etc. These captions can be overridden using the "columns"
6273       parameter below.
6274
6275   autofilter
6276       The "autofilter" parameter can be used to turn on or off the autofilter
6277       in the header row. It is on by default.
6278
6279           $worksheet->add_table( 'B3:F7', { autofilter => 0 } ); # Turn autofilter off.
6280
6281       The "autofilter" is only shown if the "header_row" is on. Filters
6282       within the table are not supported.
6283
6284   banded_rows
6285       The "banded_rows" parameter can be used to used to create rows of
6286       alternating colour in the table. It is on by default.
6287
6288           $worksheet->add_table( 'B3:F7', { banded_rows => 0 } );
6289
6290   banded_columns
6291       The "banded_columns" parameter can be used to used to create columns of
6292       alternating colour in the table. It is off by default.
6293
6294           $worksheet->add_table( 'B3:F7', { banded_columns => 1 } );
6295
6296   first_column
6297       The "first_column" parameter can be used to highlight the first column
6298       of the table. The type of highlighting will depend on the "style" of
6299       the table. It may be bold text or a different colour. It is off by
6300       default.
6301
6302           $worksheet->add_table( 'B3:F7', { first_column => 1 } );
6303
6304   last_column
6305       The "last_column" parameter can be used to highlight the last column of
6306       the table. The type of highlighting will depend on the "style" of the
6307       table. It may be bold text or a different colour. It is off by default.
6308
6309           $worksheet->add_table( 'B3:F7', { last_column => 1 } );
6310
6311   style
6312       The "style" parameter can be used to set the style of the table.
6313       Standard Excel table format names should be used (with matching
6314       capitalisation):
6315
6316           $worksheet11->add_table(
6317               'B3:F7',
6318               {
6319                   data      => $data,
6320                   style     => 'Table Style Light 11',
6321               }
6322           );
6323
6324       The default table style is 'Table Style Medium 9'.
6325
6326   name
6327       By default tables are named "Table1", "Table2", etc. The "name"
6328       parameter can be used to set the name of the table:
6329
6330           $worksheet->add_table( 'B3:F7', { name => 'SalesData' } );
6331
6332       If you override the table name you must ensure that it doesn't clash
6333       with an existing table name and that it follows Excel's requirements
6334       for table names
6335       <http://office.microsoft.com/en-001/excel-help/define-and-use-names-in-formulas-HA010147120.aspx#BMsyntax_rules_for_names>.
6336
6337       If you need to know the name of the table, for example to use it in a
6338       formula, you can get it as follows:
6339
6340           my $table      = $worksheet2->add_table( 'B3:F7' );
6341           my $table_name = $table->{_name};
6342
6343   total_row
6344       The "total_row" parameter can be used to turn on the total row in the
6345       last row of a table. It is distinguished from the other rows by a
6346       different formatting and also with dropdown "SUBTOTAL" functions.
6347
6348           $worksheet->add_table( 'B3:F7', { total_row => 1 } );
6349
6350       The default total row doesn't have any captions or functions. These
6351       must by specified via the "columns" parameter below.
6352
6353   columns
6354       The "columns" parameter can be used to set properties for columns
6355       within the table.
6356
6357       The sub-properties that can be set are:
6358
6359           header
6360           formula
6361           total_string
6362           total_function
6363           total_value
6364           format
6365           header_format
6366
6367       The column data must be specified as an array ref of hash refs. For
6368       example to override the default 'Column n' style table headers:
6369
6370           $worksheet->add_table(
6371               'B3:F7',
6372               {
6373                   data    => $data,
6374                   columns => [
6375                       { header => 'Product' },
6376                       { header => 'Quarter 1' },
6377                       { header => 'Quarter 2' },
6378                       { header => 'Quarter 3' },
6379                       { header => 'Quarter 4' },
6380                   ]
6381               }
6382           );
6383
6384       If you don't wish to specify properties for a specific column you pass
6385       an empty hash ref and the defaults will be applied:
6386
6387                   ...
6388                   columns => [
6389                       { header => 'Product' },
6390                       { header => 'Quarter 1' },
6391                       { },                        # Defaults to 'Column 3'.
6392                       { header => 'Quarter 3' },
6393                       { header => 'Quarter 4' },
6394                   ]
6395                   ...
6396
6397       Column formulas can by applied using the "formula" column property:
6398
6399           $worksheet8->add_table(
6400               'B3:G7',
6401               {
6402                   data    => $data,
6403                   columns => [
6404                       { header => 'Product' },
6405                       { header => 'Quarter 1' },
6406                       { header => 'Quarter 2' },
6407                       { header => 'Quarter 3' },
6408                       { header => 'Quarter 4' },
6409                       {
6410                           header  => 'Year',
6411                           formula => '=SUM(Table8[@[Quarter 1]:[Quarter 4]])'
6412                       },
6413                   ]
6414               }
6415           );
6416
6417       The Excel 2007 "[#This Row]" and Excel 2010 "@" structural references
6418       are supported within the formula.
6419
6420       As stated above the "total_row" table parameter turns on the "Total"
6421       row in the table but it doesn't populate it with any defaults. Total
6422       captions and functions must be specified via the "columns" property and
6423       the "total_string", "total_function" and "total_value" sub properties:
6424
6425           $worksheet10->add_table(
6426               'B3:F8',
6427               {
6428                   data      => $data,
6429                   total_row => 1,
6430                   columns   => [
6431                       { header => 'Product',   total_string   => 'Totals' },
6432                       { header => 'Quarter 1', total_function => 'sum' },
6433                       { header => 'Quarter 2', total_function => 'sum' },
6434                       { header => 'Quarter 3', total_function => 'sum' },
6435                       { header => 'Quarter 4', total_function => 'sum' },
6436                   ]
6437               }
6438           );
6439
6440       The supported totals row "SUBTOTAL" functions are:
6441
6442               average
6443               count_nums
6444               count
6445               max
6446               min
6447               std_dev
6448               sum
6449               var
6450
6451       User defined functions or formulas aren't supported.
6452
6453       It is also possible to set a calculated value for the "total_function"
6454       using the "total_value" sub property. This is only necessary when
6455       creating workbooks for applications that cannot calculate the value of
6456       formulas automatically. This is similar to setting the "value" optional
6457       property in "write_formula()":
6458
6459           $worksheet10->add_table(
6460               'B3:F8',
6461               {
6462                   data      => $data,
6463                   total_row => 1,
6464                   columns   => [
6465                       { total_string   => 'Totals' },
6466                       { total_function => 'sum', total_value => 100 },
6467                       { total_function => 'sum', total_value => 200 },
6468                       { total_function => 'sum', total_value => 100 },
6469                       { total_function => 'sum', total_value => 400 },
6470                   ]
6471               }
6472           );
6473
6474       Formatting can also be applied to columns, to the column data using
6475       "format" and to the header using "header_format":
6476
6477           my $currency_format = $workbook->add_format( num_format => '$#,##0' );
6478
6479           $worksheet->add_table(
6480               'B3:D8',
6481               {
6482                   data      => $data,
6483                   total_row => 1,
6484                   columns   => [
6485                       { header => 'Product', total_string => 'Totals' },
6486                       {
6487                           header         => 'Quarter 1',
6488                           total_function => 'sum',
6489                           format         => $currency_format,
6490                       },
6491                       {
6492                           header         => 'Quarter 2',
6493                           header_format  => $bold,
6494                           total_function => 'sum',
6495                           format         => $currency_format,
6496                       },
6497                   ]
6498               }
6499           );
6500
6501       Standard Excel::Writer::XLSX format objects can be used. However, they
6502       should be limited to numerical formats for the columns and simple
6503       formatting like text wrap for the headers. Overriding other table
6504       formatting may produce inconsistent results.
6505

FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS IN EXCEL

6507   Introduction
6508       The following is a brief introduction to formulas and functions in
6509       Excel and Excel::Writer::XLSX.
6510
6511       A formula is a string that begins with an equals sign:
6512
6513           '=A1+B1'
6514           '=AVERAGE(1, 2, 3)'
6515
6516       The formula can contain numbers, strings, boolean values, cell
6517       references, cell ranges and functions. Named ranges are not supported.
6518       Formulas should be written as they appear in Excel, that is cells and
6519       functions must be in uppercase.
6520
6521       Cells in Excel are referenced using the A1 notation system where the
6522       column is designated by a letter and the row by a number. Columns range
6523       from A to XFD i.e. 0 to 16384, rows range from 1 to 1048576. The
6524       "Excel::Writer::XLSX::Utility" module that is included in the distro
6525       contains helper functions for dealing with A1 notation, for example:
6526
6527           use Excel::Writer::XLSX::Utility;
6528
6529           ( $row, $col ) = xl_cell_to_rowcol( 'C2' );    # (1, 2)
6530           $str = xl_rowcol_to_cell( 1, 2 );              # C2
6531
6532       The Excel "$" notation in cell references is also supported. This
6533       allows you to specify whether a row or column is relative or absolute.
6534       This only has an effect if the cell is copied. The following examples
6535       show relative and absolute values.
6536
6537           '=A1'   # Column and row are relative
6538           '=$A1'  # Column is absolute and row is relative
6539           '=A$1'  # Column is relative and row is absolute
6540           '=$A$1' # Column and row are absolute
6541
6542       Formulas can also refer to cells in other worksheets of the current
6543       workbook. For example:
6544
6545           '=Sheet2!A1'
6546           '=Sheet2!A1:A5'
6547           '=Sheet2:Sheet3!A1'
6548           '=Sheet2:Sheet3!A1:A5'
6549           q{='Test Data'!A1}
6550           q{='Test Data1:Test Data2'!A1}
6551
6552       The sheet reference and the cell reference are separated by "!" the
6553       exclamation mark symbol. If worksheet names contain spaces, commas or
6554       parentheses then Excel requires that the name is enclosed in single
6555       quotes as shown in the last two examples above. In order to avoid using
6556       a lot of escape characters you can use the quote operator "q{}" to
6557       protect the quotes. See "perlop" in the main Perl documentation. Only
6558       valid sheet names that have been added using the "add_worksheet()"
6559       method can be used in formulas. You cannot reference external
6560       workbooks.
6561
6562       The following table lists the operators that are available in Excel's
6563       formulas. The majority of the operators are the same as Perl's,
6564       differences are indicated:
6565
6566           Arithmetic operators:
6567           =====================
6568           Operator  Meaning                   Example
6569              +      Addition                  1+2
6570              -      Subtraction               2-1
6571              *      Multiplication            2*3
6572              /      Division                  1/4
6573              ^      Exponentiation            2^3      # Equivalent to **
6574              -      Unary minus               -(1+2)
6575              %      Percent (Not modulus)     13%
6576
6577
6578           Comparison operators:
6579           =====================
6580           Operator  Meaning                   Example
6581               =     Equal to                  A1 =  B1 # Equivalent to ==
6582               <>    Not equal to              A1 <> B1 # Equivalent to !=
6583               >     Greater than              A1 >  B1
6584               <     Less than                 A1 <  B1
6585               >=    Greater than or equal to  A1 >= B1
6586               <=    Less than or equal to     A1 <= B1
6587
6588
6589           String operator:
6590           ================
6591           Operator  Meaning                   Example
6592               &     Concatenation             "Hello " & "World!" # [1]
6593
6594
6595           Reference operators:
6596           ====================
6597           Operator  Meaning                   Example
6598               :     Range operator            A1:A4               # [2]
6599               ,     Union operator            SUM(1, 2+2, B3)     # [3]
6600
6601
6602           Notes:
6603           [1]: Equivalent to "Hello " . "World!" in Perl.
6604           [2]: This range is equivalent to cells A1, A2, A3 and A4.
6605           [3]: The comma behaves like the list separator in Perl.
6606
6607       The range and comma operators can have different symbols in non-English
6608       versions of Excel, see below.
6609
6610       For a general introduction to Excel's formulas and an explanation of
6611       the syntax of the function refer to the Excel help files or the
6612       following:
6613       <http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/assistance/CH062528031033.aspx>.
6614
6615       In most cases a formula in Excel can be used directly in the
6616       "write_formula" method. However, there are a few potential issues and
6617       differences that the user should be aware of. These are explained in
6618       the following sections.
6619
6620   Non US Excel functions and syntax
6621       Excel stores formulas in the format of the US English version,
6622       regardless of the language or locale of the end-user's version of
6623       Excel. Therefore all formula function names written using
6624       Excel::Writer::XLSX must be in English:
6625
6626           worksheet->write_formula('A1', '=SUM(1, 2, 3)');   # OK
6627           worksheet->write_formula('A2', '=SOMME(1, 2, 3)'); # French. Error on load.
6628
6629       Also, formulas must be written with the US style separator/range
6630       operator which is a comma (not semi-colon). Therefore a formula with
6631       multiple values should be written as follows:
6632
6633           worksheet->write_formula('A1', '=SUM(1, 2, 3)'); # OK
6634           worksheet->write_formula('A2', '=SUM(1; 2; 3)'); # Semi-colon. Error on load.
6635
6636       If you have a non-English version of Excel you can use the following
6637       multi-lingual Formula Translator
6638       (<http://en.excel-translator.de/language/>) to help you convert the
6639       formula. It can also replace semi-colons with commas.
6640
6641   Formulas added in Excel 2010 and later
6642       Excel 2010 and later added functions which weren't defined in the
6643       original file specification. These functions are referred to by
6644       Microsoft as future functions. Examples of these functions are "ACOT",
6645       "CHISQ.DIST.RT" , "CONFIDENCE.NORM", "STDEV.P", "STDEV.S" and
6646       "WORKDAY.INTL".
6647
6648       When written using "write_formula()" these functions need to be fully
6649       qualified with a "_xlfn." (or other) prefix as they are shown the list
6650       below. For example:
6651
6652           worksheet->write_formula('A1', '=_xlfn.STDEV.S(B1:B10)')
6653
6654       They will appear without the prefix in Excel.
6655
6656       The following list is taken from the MS XLSX extensions documentation
6657       on future functions:
6658       <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd907480%28v=office.12%29.aspx>:
6659
6660           _xlfn.ACOT
6661           _xlfn.ACOTH
6662           _xlfn.AGGREGATE
6663           _xlfn.ARABIC
6664           _xlfn.BASE
6665           _xlfn.BETA.DIST
6666           _xlfn.BETA.INV
6667           _xlfn.BINOM.DIST
6668           _xlfn.BINOM.DIST.RANGE
6669           _xlfn.BINOM.INV
6670           _xlfn.BITAND
6671           _xlfn.BITLSHIFT
6672           _xlfn.BITOR
6673           _xlfn.BITRSHIFT
6674           _xlfn.BITXOR
6675           _xlfn.CEILING.MATH
6676           _xlfn.CEILING.PRECISE
6677           _xlfn.CHISQ.DIST
6678           _xlfn.CHISQ.DIST.RT
6679           _xlfn.CHISQ.INV
6680           _xlfn.CHISQ.INV.RT
6681           _xlfn.CHISQ.TEST
6682           _xlfn.COMBINA
6683           _xlfn.CONFIDENCE.NORM
6684           _xlfn.CONFIDENCE.T
6685           _xlfn.COT
6686           _xlfn.COTH
6687           _xlfn.COVARIANCE.P
6688           _xlfn.COVARIANCE.S
6689           _xlfn.CSC
6690           _xlfn.CSCH
6691           _xlfn.DAYS
6692           _xlfn.DECIMAL
6693           ECMA.CEILING
6694           _xlfn.ERF.PRECISE
6695           _xlfn.ERFC.PRECISE
6696           _xlfn.EXPON.DIST
6697           _xlfn.F.DIST
6698           _xlfn.F.DIST.RT
6699           _xlfn.F.INV
6700           _xlfn.F.INV.RT
6701           _xlfn.F.TEST
6702           _xlfn.FILTERXML
6703           _xlfn.FLOOR.MATH
6704           _xlfn.FLOOR.PRECISE
6705           _xlfn.FORECAST.ETS
6706           _xlfn.FORECAST.ETS.CONFINT
6707           _xlfn.FORECAST.ETS.SEASONALITY
6708           _xlfn.FORECAST.ETS.STAT
6709           _xlfn.FORECAST.LINEAR
6710           _xlfn.FORMULATEXT
6711           _xlfn.GAMMA
6712           _xlfn.GAMMA.DIST
6713           _xlfn.GAMMA.INV
6714           _xlfn.GAMMALN.PRECISE
6715           _xlfn.GAUSS
6716           _xlfn.HYPGEOM.DIST
6717           _xlfn.IFNA
6718           _xlfn.IMCOSH
6719           _xlfn.IMCOT
6720           _xlfn.IMCSC
6721           _xlfn.IMCSCH
6722           _xlfn.IMSEC
6723           _xlfn.IMSECH
6724           _xlfn.IMSINH
6725           _xlfn.IMTAN
6726           _xlfn.ISFORMULA
6727           ISO.CEILING
6728           _xlfn.ISOWEEKNUM
6729           _xlfn.LOGNORM.DIST
6730           _xlfn.LOGNORM.INV
6731           _xlfn.MODE.MULT
6732           _xlfn.MODE.SNGL
6733           _xlfn.MUNIT
6734           _xlfn.NEGBINOM.DIST
6735           NETWORKDAYS.INTL
6736           _xlfn.NORM.DIST
6737           _xlfn.NORM.INV
6738           _xlfn.NORM.S.DIST
6739           _xlfn.NORM.S.INV
6740           _xlfn.NUMBERVALUE
6741           _xlfn.PDURATION
6742           _xlfn.PERCENTILE.EXC
6743           _xlfn.PERCENTILE.INC
6744           _xlfn.PERCENTRANK.EXC
6745           _xlfn.PERCENTRANK.INC
6746           _xlfn.PERMUTATIONA
6747           _xlfn.PHI
6748           _xlfn.POISSON.DIST
6749           _xlfn.QUARTILE.EXC
6750           _xlfn.QUARTILE.INC
6751           _xlfn.QUERYSTRING
6752           _xlfn.RANK.AVG
6753           _xlfn.RANK.EQ
6754           _xlfn.RRI
6755           _xlfn.SEC
6756           _xlfn.SECH
6757           _xlfn.SHEET
6758           _xlfn.SHEETS
6759           _xlfn.SKEW.P
6760           _xlfn.STDEV.P
6761           _xlfn.STDEV.S
6762           _xlfn.T.DIST
6763           _xlfn.T.DIST.2T
6764           _xlfn.T.DIST.RT
6765           _xlfn.T.INV
6766           _xlfn.T.INV.2T
6767           _xlfn.T.TEST
6768           _xlfn.UNICHAR
6769           _xlfn.UNICODE
6770           _xlfn.VAR.P
6771           _xlfn.VAR.S
6772           _xlfn.WEBSERVICE
6773           _xlfn.WEIBULL.DIST
6774           WORKDAY.INTL
6775           _xlfn.XOR
6776           _xlfn.Z.TEST
6777
6778   Using Tables in Formulas
6779       Worksheet tables can be added with Excel::Writer::XLSX using the
6780       "add_table()" method:
6781
6782           worksheet->add_table('B3:F7', {options});
6783
6784       By default tables are named "Table1", "Table2", etc., in the order that
6785       they are added. However it can also be set by the user using the "name"
6786       parameter:
6787
6788           worksheet->add_table('B3:F7', {'name': 'SalesData'});
6789
6790       If you need to know the name of the table, for example to use it in a
6791       formula, you can get it as follows:
6792
6793           table = worksheet->add_table('B3:F7');
6794           table_name = table->{_name};
6795
6796       When used in a formula a table name such as "TableX" should be referred
6797       to as "TableX[]" (like a Perl array):
6798
6799           worksheet->write_formula('A5', '=VLOOKUP("Sales", Table1[], 2, FALSE');
6800
6801   Dealing with #NAME? errors
6802       If there is an error in the syntax of a formula it is usually displayed
6803       in Excel as "#NAME?". If you encounter an error like this you can debug
6804       it as follows:
6805
6806       1. Ensure the formula is valid in Excel by copying and pasting it into
6807       a cell. Note, this should be done in Excel and not other applications
6808       such as OpenOffice or LibreOffice since they may have slightly
6809       different syntax.
6810       2. Ensure the formula is using comma separators instead of semi-colons,
6811       see "Non US Excel functions and syntax" above.
6812       3. Ensure the formula is in English, see "Non US Excel functions and
6813       syntax" above.
6814       4. Ensure that the formula doesn't contain an Excel 2010+ future
6815       function as listed in "Formulas added in Excel 2010 and later" above.
6816       If it does then ensure that the correct prefix is used.
6817
6818       Finally if you have completed all the previous steps and still get a
6819       "#NAME?" error you can examine a valid Excel file to see what the
6820       correct syntax should be. To do this you should create a valid formula
6821       in Excel and save the file. You can then examine the XML in the
6822       unzipped file.
6823
6824       The following shows how to do that using Linux "unzip" and libxml's
6825       xmllint <http://xmlsoft.org/xmllint.html> to format the XML for
6826       clarity:
6827
6828           $ unzip myfile.xlsx -d myfile
6829           $ xmllint --format myfile/xl/worksheets/sheet1.xml | grep '<f>'
6830
6831                   <f>SUM(1, 2, 3)</f>
6832
6833   Formula Results
6834       Excel::Writer::XLSX doesn't calculate the result of a formula and
6835       instead stores the value 0 as the formula result. It then sets a global
6836       flag in the XLSX file to say that all formulas and functions should be
6837       recalculated when the file is opened.
6838
6839       This is the method recommended in the Excel documentation and in
6840       general it works fine with spreadsheet applications. However,
6841       applications that don't have a facility to calculate formulas will only
6842       display the 0 results. Examples of such applications are Excel Viewer,
6843       PDF Converters, and some mobile device applications.
6844
6845       If required, it is also possible to specify the calculated result of
6846       the formula using the optional last "value" parameter in
6847       "write_formula":
6848
6849           worksheet->write_formula('A1', '=2+2', num_format, 4);
6850
6851       The "value" parameter can be a number, a string, a boolean sting
6852       ('TRUE' or 'FALSE') or one of the following Excel error codes:
6853
6854           #DIV/0!
6855           #N/A
6856           #NAME?
6857           #NULL!
6858           #NUM!
6859           #REF!
6860           #VALUE!
6861
6862       It is also possible to specify the calculated result of an array
6863       formula created with "write_array_formula":
6864
6865           # Specify the result for a single cell range.
6866           worksheet->write_array_formula('A1:A1', '{=SUM(B1:C1*B2:C2)}', format, 2005);
6867
6868       However, using this parameter only writes a single value to the upper
6869       left cell in the result array. For a multi-cell array formula where the
6870       results are required, the other result values can be specified by using
6871       "write_number()" to write to the appropriate cell:
6872
6873           # Specify the results for a multi cell range.
6874           worksheet->write_array_formula('A1:A3', '{=TREND(C1:C3,B1:B3)}', format, 15);
6875           worksheet->write_number('A2', 12, format);
6876           worksheet->write_number('A3', 14, format);
6877

WORKING WITH VBA MACROS

6879       An Excel "xlsm" file is exactly the same as a "xlsx" file except that
6880       is includes an additional "vbaProject.bin" file which contains
6881       functions and/or macros. Excel uses a different extension to
6882       differentiate between the two file formats since files containing
6883       macros are usually subject to additional security checks.
6884
6885       The "vbaProject.bin" file is a binary OLE COM container. This was the
6886       format used in older "xls" versions of Excel prior to Excel 2007.
6887       Unlike all of the other components of an xlsx/xlsm file the data isn't
6888       stored in XML format. Instead the functions and macros as stored as
6889       pre-parsed binary format. As such it wouldn't be feasible to define
6890       macros and create a "vbaProject.bin" file from scratch (at least not in
6891       the remaining lifespan and interest levels of the author).
6892
6893       Instead a workaround is used to extract "vbaProject.bin" files from
6894       existing xlsm files and then add these to Excel::Writer::XLSX files.
6895
6896   The extract_vba utility
6897       The "extract_vba" utility is used to extract the "vbaProject.bin"
6898       binary from an Excel 2007+ xlsm file. The utility is included in the
6899       Excel::Writer::XLSX bin directory and is also installed as a standalone
6900       executable file:
6901
6902           $ extract_vba macro_file.xlsm
6903           Extracted: vbaProject.bin
6904
6905   Adding the VBA macros to a Excel::Writer::XLSX file
6906       Once the "vbaProject.bin" file has been extracted it can be added to
6907       the Excel::Writer::XLSX workbook using the "add_vba_project()" method:
6908
6909           $workbook->add_vba_project( './vbaProject.bin' );
6910
6911       If the VBA file contains functions you can then refer to them in
6912       calculations using "write_formula":
6913
6914           $worksheet->write_formula( 'A1', '=MyMortgageCalc(200000, 25)' );
6915
6916       Excel files that contain functions and macros should use an "xlsm"
6917       extension or else Excel will complain and possibly not open the file:
6918
6919           my $workbook  = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'file.xlsm' );
6920
6921       It is also possible to assign a macro to a button that is inserted into
6922       a worksheet using the "insert_button()" method:
6923
6924           my $workbook  = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'file.xlsm' );
6925           ...
6926           $workbook->add_vba_project( './vbaProject.bin' );
6927
6928           $worksheet->insert_button( 'C2', { macro => 'my_macro' } );
6929
6930       It may be necessary to specify a more explicit macro name prefixed by
6931       the workbook VBA name as follows:
6932
6933           $worksheet->insert_button( 'C2', { macro => 'ThisWorkbook.my_macro' } );
6934
6935       See the "macros.pl" from the examples directory for a working example.
6936
6937       Note: Button is the only VBA Control supported by Excel::Writer::XLSX.
6938       Due to the large effort in implementation (1+ man months) it is
6939       unlikely that any other form elements will be added in the future.
6940
6941   Setting the VBA codenames
6942       VBA macros generally refer to workbook and worksheet objects. If the
6943       VBA codenames aren't specified then Excel::Writer::XLSX will use the
6944       Excel defaults of "ThisWorkbook" and "Sheet1", "Sheet2" etc.
6945
6946       If the macro uses other codenames you can set them using the workbook
6947       and worksheet "set_vba_name()" methods as follows:
6948
6949             $workbook->set_vba_name( 'MyWorkbook' );
6950             $worksheet->set_vba_name( 'MySheet' );
6951
6952       You can find the names that are used in the VBA editor or by unzipping
6953       the "xlsm" file and grepping the files. The following shows how to do
6954       that using libxml's xmllint <http://xmlsoft.org/xmllint.html> to format
6955       the XML for clarity:
6956
6957           $ unzip myfile.xlsm -d myfile
6958           $ xmllint --format `find myfile -name "*.xml" | xargs` | grep "Pr.*codeName"
6959
6960             <workbookPr codeName="MyWorkbook" defaultThemeVersion="124226"/>
6961             <sheetPr codeName="MySheet"/>
6962
6963       Note: This step is particularly important for macros created with non-
6964       English versions of Excel.
6965
6966   What to do if it doesn't work
6967       This feature should be considered experimental and there is no
6968       guarantee that it will work in all cases. Some effort may be required
6969       and some knowledge of VBA will certainly help. If things don't work out
6970       here are some things to try:
6971
6972       ·   Start with a simple macro file, ensure that it works and then add
6973           complexity.
6974
6975       ·   Try to extract the macros from an Excel 2007 file. The method
6976           should work with macros from later versions (it was also tested
6977           with Excel 2010 macros). However there may be features in the macro
6978           files of more recent version of Excel that aren't backward
6979           compatible.
6980
6981       ·   Check the code names that macros use to refer to the workbook and
6982           worksheets (see the previous section above). In general VBA uses a
6983           code name of "ThisWorkbook" to refer to the current workbook and
6984           the sheet name (such as "Sheet1") to refer to the worksheets. These
6985           are the defaults used by Excel::Writer::XLSX. If the macro uses
6986           other names then you can specify these using the workbook and
6987           worksheet "set_vba_name()" methods:
6988
6989                 $workbook>set_vba_name( 'MyWorkbook' );
6990                 $worksheet->set_vba_name( 'MySheet' );
6991

EXAMPLES

6993       See Excel::Writer::XLSX::Examples for a full list of examples.
6994
6995   Example 1
6996       The following example shows some of the basic features of
6997       Excel::Writer::XLSX.
6998
6999           #!/usr/bin/perl -w
7000
7001           use strict;
7002           use Excel::Writer::XLSX;
7003
7004           # Create a new workbook called simple.xlsx and add a worksheet
7005           my $workbook  = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'simple.xlsx' );
7006           my $worksheet = $workbook->add_worksheet();
7007
7008           # The general syntax is write($row, $column, $token). Note that row and
7009           # column are zero indexed
7010
7011           # Write some text
7012           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, 'Hi Excel!' );
7013
7014
7015           # Write some numbers
7016           $worksheet->write( 2, 0, 3 );
7017           $worksheet->write( 3, 0, 3.00000 );
7018           $worksheet->write( 4, 0, 3.00001 );
7019           $worksheet->write( 5, 0, 3.14159 );
7020
7021
7022           # Write some formulas
7023           $worksheet->write( 7, 0, '=A3 + A6' );
7024           $worksheet->write( 8, 0, '=IF(A5>3,"Yes", "No")' );
7025
7026
7027           # Write a hyperlink
7028           my $hyperlink_format = $workbook->add_format(
7029               color     => 'blue',
7030               underline => 1,
7031           );
7032
7033           $worksheet->write( 10, 0, 'http://www.perl.com/', $hyperlink_format );
7034
7035           $workbook->close();
7036
7037   Example 2
7038       The following is a general example which demonstrates some features of
7039       working with multiple worksheets.
7040
7041           #!/usr/bin/perl -w
7042
7043           use strict;
7044           use Excel::Writer::XLSX;
7045
7046           # Create a new Excel workbook
7047           my $workbook = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'regions.xlsx' );
7048
7049           # Add some worksheets
7050           my $north = $workbook->add_worksheet( 'North' );
7051           my $south = $workbook->add_worksheet( 'South' );
7052           my $east  = $workbook->add_worksheet( 'East' );
7053           my $west  = $workbook->add_worksheet( 'West' );
7054
7055           # Add a Format
7056           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
7057           $format->set_bold();
7058           $format->set_color( 'blue' );
7059
7060           # Add a caption to each worksheet
7061           for my $worksheet ( $workbook->sheets() ) {
7062               $worksheet->write( 0, 0, 'Sales', $format );
7063           }
7064
7065           # Write some data
7066           $north->write( 0, 1, 200000 );
7067           $south->write( 0, 1, 100000 );
7068           $east->write( 0, 1, 150000 );
7069           $west->write( 0, 1, 100000 );
7070
7071           # Set the active worksheet
7072           $south->activate();
7073
7074           # Set the width of the first column
7075           $south->set_column( 0, 0, 20 );
7076
7077           # Set the active cell
7078           $south->set_selection( 0, 1 );
7079
7080           $workbook->close();
7081
7082   Example 3
7083       Example of how to add conditional formatting to an Excel::Writer::XLSX
7084       file. The example below highlights cells that have a value greater than
7085       or equal to 50 in red and cells below that value in green.
7086
7087           #!/usr/bin/perl
7088
7089           use strict;
7090           use warnings;
7091           use Excel::Writer::XLSX;
7092
7093           my $workbook  = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'conditional_format.xlsx' );
7094           my $worksheet = $workbook->add_worksheet();
7095
7096
7097           # This example below highlights cells that have a value greater than or
7098           # equal to 50 in red and cells below that value in green.
7099
7100           # Light red fill with dark red text.
7101           my $format1 = $workbook->add_format(
7102               bg_color => '#FFC7CE',
7103               color    => '#9C0006',
7104
7105           );
7106
7107           # Green fill with dark green text.
7108           my $format2 = $workbook->add_format(
7109               bg_color => '#C6EFCE',
7110               color    => '#006100',
7111
7112           );
7113
7114           # Some sample data to run the conditional formatting against.
7115           my $data = [
7116               [ 34, 72,  38, 30, 75, 48, 75, 66, 84, 86 ],
7117               [ 6,  24,  1,  84, 54, 62, 60, 3,  26, 59 ],
7118               [ 28, 79,  97, 13, 85, 93, 93, 22, 5,  14 ],
7119               [ 27, 71,  40, 17, 18, 79, 90, 93, 29, 47 ],
7120               [ 88, 25,  33, 23, 67, 1,  59, 79, 47, 36 ],
7121               [ 24, 100, 20, 88, 29, 33, 38, 54, 54, 88 ],
7122               [ 6,  57,  88, 28, 10, 26, 37, 7,  41, 48 ],
7123               [ 52, 78,  1,  96, 26, 45, 47, 33, 96, 36 ],
7124               [ 60, 54,  81, 66, 81, 90, 80, 93, 12, 55 ],
7125               [ 70, 5,   46, 14, 71, 19, 66, 36, 41, 21 ],
7126           ];
7127
7128           my $caption = 'Cells with values >= 50 are in light red. '
7129             . 'Values < 50 are in light green';
7130
7131           # Write the data.
7132           $worksheet->write( 'A1', $caption );
7133           $worksheet->write_col( 'B3', $data );
7134
7135           # Write a conditional format over a range.
7136           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'B3:K12',
7137               {
7138                   type     => 'cell',
7139                   criteria => '>=',
7140                   value    => 50,
7141                   format   => $format1,
7142               }
7143           );
7144
7145           # Write another conditional format over the same range.
7146           $worksheet->conditional_formatting( 'B3:K12',
7147               {
7148                   type     => 'cell',
7149                   criteria => '<',
7150                   value    => 50,
7151                   format   => $format2,
7152               }
7153           );
7154
7155           $workbook->close();
7156
7157   Example 4
7158       The following is a simple example of using functions.
7159
7160           #!/usr/bin/perl -w
7161
7162           use strict;
7163           use Excel::Writer::XLSX;
7164
7165           # Create a new workbook and add a worksheet
7166           my $workbook  = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'stats.xlsx' );
7167           my $worksheet = $workbook->add_worksheet( 'Test data' );
7168
7169           # Set the column width for columns 1
7170           $worksheet->set_column( 0, 0, 20 );
7171
7172
7173           # Create a format for the headings
7174           my $format = $workbook->add_format();
7175           $format->set_bold();
7176
7177
7178           # Write the sample data
7179           $worksheet->write( 0, 0, 'Sample', $format );
7180           $worksheet->write( 0, 1, 1 );
7181           $worksheet->write( 0, 2, 2 );
7182           $worksheet->write( 0, 3, 3 );
7183           $worksheet->write( 0, 4, 4 );
7184           $worksheet->write( 0, 5, 5 );
7185           $worksheet->write( 0, 6, 6 );
7186           $worksheet->write( 0, 7, 7 );
7187           $worksheet->write( 0, 8, 8 );
7188
7189           $worksheet->write( 1, 0, 'Length', $format );
7190           $worksheet->write( 1, 1, 25.4 );
7191           $worksheet->write( 1, 2, 25.4 );
7192           $worksheet->write( 1, 3, 24.8 );
7193           $worksheet->write( 1, 4, 25.0 );
7194           $worksheet->write( 1, 5, 25.3 );
7195           $worksheet->write( 1, 6, 24.9 );
7196           $worksheet->write( 1, 7, 25.2 );
7197           $worksheet->write( 1, 8, 24.8 );
7198
7199           # Write some statistical functions
7200           $worksheet->write( 4, 0, 'Count', $format );
7201           $worksheet->write( 4, 1, '=COUNT(B1:I1)' );
7202
7203           $worksheet->write( 5, 0, 'Sum', $format );
7204           $worksheet->write( 5, 1, '=SUM(B2:I2)' );
7205
7206           $worksheet->write( 6, 0, 'Average', $format );
7207           $worksheet->write( 6, 1, '=AVERAGE(B2:I2)' );
7208
7209           $worksheet->write( 7, 0, 'Min', $format );
7210           $worksheet->write( 7, 1, '=MIN(B2:I2)' );
7211
7212           $worksheet->write( 8, 0, 'Max', $format );
7213           $worksheet->write( 8, 1, '=MAX(B2:I2)' );
7214
7215           $worksheet->write( 9, 0, 'Standard Deviation', $format );
7216           $worksheet->write( 9, 1, '=STDEV(B2:I2)' );
7217
7218           $worksheet->write( 10, 0, 'Kurtosis', $format );
7219           $worksheet->write( 10, 1, '=KURT(B2:I2)' );
7220
7221           $workbook->close();
7222
7223   Example 5
7224       The following example converts a tab separated file called "tab.txt"
7225       into an Excel file called "tab.xlsx".
7226
7227           #!/usr/bin/perl -w
7228
7229           use strict;
7230           use Excel::Writer::XLSX;
7231
7232           open( TABFILE, 'tab.txt' ) or die "tab.txt: $!";
7233
7234           my $workbook  = Excel::Writer::XLSX->new( 'tab.xlsx' );
7235           my $worksheet = $workbook->add_worksheet();
7236
7237           # Row and column are zero indexed
7238           my $row = 0;
7239
7240           while ( <TABFILE> ) {
7241               chomp;
7242
7243               # Split on single tab
7244               my @fields = split( '\t', $_ );
7245
7246               my $col = 0;
7247               for my $token ( @fields ) {
7248                   $worksheet->write( $row, $col, $token );
7249                   $col++;
7250               }
7251               $row++;
7252           }
7253
7254           $workbook->close();
7255
7256       NOTE: This is a simple conversion program for illustrative purposes
7257       only. For converting a CSV or Tab separated or any other type of
7258       delimited text file to Excel I recommend the more rigorous csv2xls
7259       program that is part of H.Merijn Brand's Text::CSV_XS module distro.
7260
7261       See the examples/csv2xls link here:
7262       <http://search.cpan.org/~hmbrand/Text-CSV_XS/MANIFEST>.
7263
7264   Additional Examples
7265       The following is a description of the example files that are provided
7266       in the standard Excel::Writer::XLSX distribution. They demonstrate the
7267       different features and options of the module. See
7268       Excel::Writer::XLSX::Examples for more details.
7269
7270           Getting started
7271           ===============
7272           a_simple.pl             A simple demo of some of the features.
7273           bug_report.pl           A template for submitting bug reports.
7274           demo.pl                 A demo of some of the available features.
7275           formats.pl              All the available formatting on several worksheets.
7276           regions.pl              A simple example of multiple worksheets.
7277           stats.pl                Basic formulas and functions.
7278
7279
7280           Intermediate
7281           ============
7282           autofilter.pl           Examples of worksheet autofilters.
7283           array_formula.pl        Examples of how to write array formulas.
7284           cgi.pl                  A simple CGI program.
7285           chart_area.pl           A demo of area style charts.
7286           chart_bar.pl            A demo of bar (vertical histogram) style charts.
7287           chart_column.pl         A demo of column (histogram) style charts.
7288           chart_line.pl           A demo of line style charts.
7289           chart_pie.pl            A demo of pie style charts.
7290           chart_doughnut.pl       A demo of doughnut style charts.
7291           chart_radar.pl          A demo of radar style charts.
7292           chart_scatter.pl        A demo of scatter style charts.
7293           chart_secondary_axis.pl A demo of a line chart with a secondary axis.
7294           chart_combined.pl       A demo of a combined column and line chart.
7295           chart_pareto.pl         A demo of a combined Pareto chart.
7296           chart_stock.pl          A demo of stock style charts.
7297           chart_data_table.pl     A demo of a chart with a data table on the axis.
7298           chart_data_tools.pl     A demo of charts with data highlighting options.
7299           chart_clustered.pl      A demo of a chart with a clustered axis.
7300           chart_styles.pl         A demo of the available chart styles.
7301           colors.pl               A demo of the colour palette and named colours.
7302           comments1.pl            Add comments to worksheet cells.
7303           comments2.pl            Add comments with advanced options.
7304           conditional_format.pl   Add conditional formats to a range of cells.
7305           data_validate.pl        An example of data validation and dropdown lists.
7306           date_time.pl            Write dates and times with write_date_time().
7307           defined_name.pl         Example of how to create defined names.
7308           diag_border.pl          A simple example of diagonal cell borders.
7309           filehandle.pl           Examples of working with filehandles.
7310           headers.pl              Examples of worksheet headers and footers.
7311           hide_row_col.pl         Example of hiding rows and columns.
7312           hide_sheet.pl           Simple example of hiding a worksheet.
7313           hyperlink1.pl           Shows how to create web hyperlinks.
7314           hyperlink2.pl           Examples of internal and external hyperlinks.
7315           indent.pl               An example of cell indentation.
7316           macros.pl               An example of adding macros from an existing file.
7317           merge1.pl               A simple example of cell merging.
7318           merge2.pl               A simple example of cell merging with formatting.
7319           merge3.pl               Add hyperlinks to merged cells.
7320           merge4.pl               An advanced example of merging with formatting.
7321           merge5.pl               An advanced example of merging with formatting.
7322           merge6.pl               An example of merging with Unicode strings.
7323           mod_perl1.pl            A simple mod_perl 1 program.
7324           mod_perl2.pl            A simple mod_perl 2 program.
7325           panes.pl                An examples of how to create panes.
7326           outline.pl              An example of outlines and grouping.
7327           outline_collapsed.pl    An example of collapsed outlines.
7328           protection.pl           Example of cell locking and formula hiding.
7329           rich_strings.pl         Example of strings with multiple formats.
7330           right_to_left.pl        Change default sheet direction to right to left.
7331           sales.pl                An example of a simple sales spreadsheet.
7332           shape1.pl               Insert shapes in worksheet.
7333           shape2.pl               Insert shapes in worksheet. With properties.
7334           shape3.pl               Insert shapes in worksheet. Scaled.
7335           shape4.pl               Insert shapes in worksheet. With modification.
7336           shape5.pl               Insert shapes in worksheet. With connections.
7337           shape6.pl               Insert shapes in worksheet. With connections.
7338           shape7.pl               Insert shapes in worksheet. One to many connections.
7339           shape8.pl               Insert shapes in worksheet. One to many connections.
7340           shape_all.pl            Demo of all the available shape and connector types.
7341           sparklines1.pl          Simple sparklines demo.
7342           sparklines2.pl          Sparklines demo showing formatting options.
7343           stats_ext.pl            Same as stats.pl with external references.
7344           stocks.pl               Demonstrates conditional formatting.
7345           tab_colors.pl           Example of how to set worksheet tab colours.
7346           tables.pl               Add Excel tables to a worksheet.
7347           write_handler1.pl       Example of extending the write() method. Step 1.
7348           write_handler2.pl       Example of extending the write() method. Step 2.
7349           write_handler3.pl       Example of extending the write() method. Step 3.
7350           write_handler4.pl       Example of extending the write() method. Step 4.
7351           write_to_scalar.pl      Example of writing an Excel file to a Perl scalar.
7352
7353           Unicode
7354           =======
7355           unicode_2022_jp.pl      Japanese: ISO-2022-JP.
7356           unicode_8859_11.pl      Thai:     ISO-8859_11.
7357           unicode_8859_7.pl       Greek:    ISO-8859_7.
7358           unicode_big5.pl         Chinese:  BIG5.
7359           unicode_cp1251.pl       Russian:  CP1251.
7360           unicode_cp1256.pl       Arabic:   CP1256.
7361           unicode_cyrillic.pl     Russian:  Cyrillic.
7362           unicode_koi8r.pl        Russian:  KOI8-R.
7363           unicode_polish_utf8.pl  Polish :  UTF8.
7364           unicode_shift_jis.pl    Japanese: Shift JIS.
7365

LIMITATIONS

7367       The following limits are imposed by Excel 2007+:
7368
7369           Description                             Limit
7370           --------------------------------------  ------
7371           Maximum number of chars in a string     32,767
7372           Maximum number of columns               16,384
7373           Maximum number of rows                  1,048,576
7374           Maximum chars in a sheet name           31
7375           Maximum chars in a header/footer        254
7376
7377           Maximum characters in hyperlink url     255
7378           Maximum characters in hyperlink anchor  255
7379           Maximum number of unique hyperlinks*    65,530
7380
7381       * Per worksheet. Excel allows a greater number of non-unique hyperlinks
7382       if they are contiguous and can be grouped into a single range. This
7383       will be supported in a later version of Excel::Writer::XLSX if
7384       possible.
7385

Compatibility with Spreadsheet::WriteExcel

7387       The "Excel::Writer::XLSX" module is a drop-in replacement for
7388       "Spreadsheet::WriteExcel".
7389
7390       It supports all of the features of Spreadsheet::WriteExcel with some
7391       minor differences noted below.
7392
7393           Workbook Methods            Support
7394           ================            ======
7395           new()                       Yes
7396           add_worksheet()             Yes
7397           add_format()                Yes
7398           add_chart()                 Yes
7399           add_shape()                 Yes. Not in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7400           add_vba_project()           Yes. Not in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7401           close()                     Yes
7402           set_properties()            Yes
7403           define_name()               Yes
7404           set_tempdir()               Yes
7405           set_custom_color()          Yes
7406           sheets()                    Yes
7407           set_1904()                  Yes
7408           set_optimization()          Yes. Not required in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7409           add_chart_ext()             Not supported. Not required in Excel::Writer::XLSX.
7410           compatibility_mode()        Deprecated. Not required in Excel::Writer::XLSX.
7411           set_codepage()              Deprecated. Not required in Excel::Writer::XLSX.
7412
7413
7414           Worksheet Methods           Support
7415           =================           =======
7416           write()                     Yes
7417           write_number()              Yes
7418           write_string()              Yes
7419           write_rich_string()         Yes. Not in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7420           write_blank()               Yes
7421           write_row()                 Yes
7422           write_col()                 Yes
7423           write_date_time()           Yes
7424           write_url()                 Yes
7425           write_formula()             Yes
7426           write_array_formula()       Yes. Not in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7427           keep_leading_zeros()        Yes
7428           write_comment()             Yes
7429           show_comments()             Yes
7430           set_comments_author()       Yes
7431           add_write_handler()         Yes
7432           insert_image()              Yes.
7433           insert_chart()              Yes
7434           insert_shape()              Yes. Not in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7435           insert_button()             Yes. Not in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7436           data_validation()           Yes
7437           conditional_formatting()    Yes. Not in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7438           add_sparkline()             Yes. Not in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7439           add_table()                 Yes. Not in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7440           get_name()                  Yes
7441           activate()                  Yes
7442           select()                    Yes
7443           hide()                      Yes
7444           set_first_sheet()           Yes
7445           protect()                   Yes
7446           set_selection()             Yes
7447           set_row()                   Yes.
7448           set_column()                Yes.
7449           set_default_row()           Yes. Not in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7450           outline_settings()          Yes
7451           freeze_panes()              Yes
7452           split_panes()               Yes
7453           merge_range()               Yes
7454           merge_range_type()          Yes. Not in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7455           set_zoom()                  Yes
7456           right_to_left()             Yes
7457           hide_zero()                 Yes
7458           set_tab_color()             Yes
7459           autofilter()                Yes
7460           filter_column()             Yes
7461           filter_column_list()        Yes. Not in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7462           write_utf16be_string()      Deprecated. Use Perl utf8 strings instead.
7463           write_utf16le_string()      Deprecated. Use Perl utf8 strings instead.
7464           store_formula()             Deprecated. See docs.
7465           repeat_formula()            Deprecated. See docs.
7466           write_url_range()           Not supported. Not required in Excel::Writer::XLSX.
7467
7468           Page Set-up Methods         Support
7469           ===================         =======
7470           set_landscape()             Yes
7471           set_portrait()              Yes
7472           set_page_view()             Yes
7473           set_paper()                 Yes
7474           center_horizontally()       Yes
7475           center_vertically()         Yes
7476           set_margins()               Yes
7477           set_header()                Yes
7478           set_footer()                Yes
7479           repeat_rows()               Yes
7480           repeat_columns()            Yes
7481           hide_gridlines()            Yes
7482           print_row_col_headers()     Yes
7483           print_area()                Yes
7484           print_across()              Yes
7485           fit_to_pages()              Yes
7486           set_start_page()            Yes
7487           set_print_scale()           Yes
7488           set_h_pagebreaks()          Yes
7489           set_v_pagebreaks()          Yes
7490
7491           Format Methods              Support
7492           ==============              =======
7493           set_font()                  Yes
7494           set_size()                  Yes
7495           set_color()                 Yes
7496           set_bold()                  Yes
7497           set_italic()                Yes
7498           set_underline()             Yes
7499           set_font_strikeout()        Yes
7500           set_font_script()           Yes
7501           set_font_outline()          Yes
7502           set_font_shadow()           Yes
7503           set_num_format()            Yes
7504           set_locked()                Yes
7505           set_hidden()                Yes
7506           set_align()                 Yes
7507           set_rotation()              Yes
7508           set_text_wrap()             Yes
7509           set_text_justlast()         Yes
7510           set_center_across()         Yes
7511           set_indent()                Yes
7512           set_shrink()                Yes
7513           set_pattern()               Yes
7514           set_bg_color()              Yes
7515           set_fg_color()              Yes
7516           set_border()                Yes
7517           set_bottom()                Yes
7518           set_top()                   Yes
7519           set_left()                  Yes
7520           set_right()                 Yes
7521           set_border_color()          Yes
7522           set_bottom_color()          Yes
7523           set_top_color()             Yes
7524           set_left_color()            Yes
7525           set_right_color()           Yes
7526

REQUIREMENTS

7528       <http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Archive-Zip/>.
7529
7530       Perl 5.8.2.
7531

SPEED AND MEMORY USAGE

7533       "Spreadsheet::WriteExcel" was written to optimise speed and reduce
7534       memory usage. However, these design goals meant that it wasn't easy to
7535       implement features that many users requested such as writing formatting
7536       and data separately.
7537
7538       As a result "Excel::Writer::XLSX" takes a different design approach and
7539       holds a lot more data in memory so that it is functionally more
7540       flexible.
7541
7542       The effect of this is that Excel::Writer::XLSX is about 30% slower than
7543       Spreadsheet::WriteExcel and uses 5 times more memory.
7544
7545       In addition the extended row and column ranges in Excel 2007+ mean that
7546       it is possible to run out of memory creating large files. This was
7547       almost never an issue with Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7548
7549       This memory usage can be reduced almost completely by using the
7550       Workbook "set_optimization()" method:
7551
7552           $workbook->set_optimization();
7553
7554       This also gives an increase in performance to within 1-10% of
7555       Spreadsheet::WriteExcel, see below.
7556
7557       The trade-off is that you won't be able to take advantage of any new
7558       features that manipulate cell data after it is written. One such
7559       feature is Tables.
7560
7561   Performance figures
7562       The performance figures below show execution speed and memory usage for
7563       60 columns x N rows for a 50/50 mixture of strings and numbers.
7564       Percentage speeds are relative to Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7565
7566           Excel::Writer::XLSX
7567                Rows  Time (s)    Memory (bytes)  Rel. Time
7568                 400      0.66         6,586,254       129%
7569                 800      1.26        13,099,422       125%
7570                1600      2.55        26,126,361       123%
7571                3200      5.16        52,211,284       125%
7572                6400     10.47       104,401,428       128%
7573               12800     21.48       208,784,519       131%
7574               25600     43.90       417,700,746       126%
7575               51200     88.52       835,900,298       126%
7576
7577           Excel::Writer::XLSX + set_optimisation()
7578                Rows  Time (s)    Memory (bytes)  Rel. Time
7579                 400      0.70            63,059       135%
7580                 800      1.10            63,059       110%
7581                1600      2.30            63,062       111%
7582                3200      4.44            63,062       107%
7583                6400      8.91            63,062       109%
7584               12800     17.69            63,065       108%
7585               25600     35.15            63,065       101%
7586               51200     70.67            63,065       101%
7587
7588           Spreadsheet::WriteExcel
7589                Rows  Time (s)    Memory (bytes)
7590                 400      0.51         1,265,583
7591                 800      1.01         2,424,855
7592                1600      2.07         4,743,400
7593                3200      4.14         9,411,139
7594                6400      8.20        18,766,915
7595               12800     16.39        37,478,468
7596               25600     34.72        75,044,423
7597               51200     70.21       150,543,431
7598

DOWNLOADING

7600       The latest version of this module is always available at:
7601       <http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Excel-Writer-XLSX/>.
7602

INSTALLATION

7604       The module can be installed using the standard Perl procedure:
7605
7606                   perl Makefile.PL
7607                   make
7608                   make test
7609                   make install    # You may need to be sudo/root
7610

DIAGNOSTICS

7612       Filename required by Excel::Writer::XLSX->new()
7613           A filename must be given in the constructor.
7614
7615       Can't open filename. It may be in use or protected.
7616           The file cannot be opened for writing. The directory that you are
7617           writing to may be protected or the file may be in use by another
7618           program.
7619
7620       Can't call method "XXX" on an undefined value at someprogram.pl.
7621           On Windows this is usually caused by the file that you are trying
7622           to create clashing with a version that is already open and locked
7623           by Excel.
7624
7625       The file you are trying to open 'file.xls' is in a different format
7626       than specified by the file extension.
7627           This warning occurs when you create an XLSX file but give it an xls
7628           extension.
7629

WRITING EXCEL FILES

7631       Depending on your requirements, background and general sensibilities
7632       you may prefer one of the following methods of getting data into Excel:
7633
7634       ·   Spreadsheet::WriteExcel
7635
7636           This module is the precursor to Excel::Writer::XLSX and uses the
7637           same interface. It produces files in the Excel Biff xls format that
7638           was used in Excel versions 97-2003. These files can still be read
7639           by Excel 2007 but have some limitations in relation to the number
7640           of rows and columns that the format supports.
7641
7642           Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.
7643
7644       ·   Win32::OLE module and office automation
7645
7646           This requires a Windows platform and an installed copy of Excel.
7647           This is the most powerful and complete method for interfacing with
7648           Excel.
7649
7650           Win32::OLE
7651
7652       ·   CSV, comma separated variables or text
7653
7654           Excel will open and automatically convert files with a "csv"
7655           extension.
7656
7657           To create CSV files refer to the Text::CSV_XS module.
7658
7659       ·   DBI with DBD::ADO or DBD::ODBC
7660
7661           Excel files contain an internal index table that allows them to act
7662           like a database file. Using one of the standard Perl database
7663           modules you can connect to an Excel file as a database.
7664
7665       For other Perl-Excel modules try the following search:
7666       <http://search.cpan.org/search?mode=module&query=excel>.
7667

READING EXCEL FILES

7669       To read data from Excel files try:
7670
7671       ·   Spreadsheet::XLSX
7672
7673           A module for reading formatted or unformatted data form XLSX files.
7674
7675           Spreadsheet::XLSX
7676
7677       ·   SimpleXlsx
7678
7679           A lightweight module for reading data from XLSX files.
7680
7681           SimpleXlsx
7682
7683       ·   Spreadsheet::ParseExcel
7684
7685           This module can read  data from an Excel XLS file but it doesn't
7686           support the XLSX format.
7687
7688           Spreadsheet::ParseExcel
7689
7690       ·   Win32::OLE module and office automation (reading)
7691
7692           See above.
7693
7694       ·   DBI with DBD::ADO or DBD::ODBC.
7695
7696           See above.
7697
7698       For other Perl-Excel modules try the following search:
7699       <http://search.cpan.org/search?mode=module&query=excel>.
7700

BUGS

7702       ·   Memory usage is very high for large worksheets.
7703
7704           If you run out of memory creating large worksheets use the
7705           "set_optimization()" method. See "SPEED AND MEMORY USAGE" for more
7706           information.
7707
7708       ·   Perl packaging programs can't find chart modules.
7709
7710           When using Excel::Writer::XLSX charts with Perl packagers such as
7711           PAR or Cava you should explicitly include the chart that you are
7712           trying to create in your "use" statements. This isn't a bug as such
7713           but it might help someone from banging their head off a wall:
7714
7715               ...
7716               use Excel::Writer::XLSX;
7717               use Excel::Writer::XLSX::Chart::Column;
7718               ...
7719
7720       If you wish to submit a bug report run the "bug_report.pl" program in
7721       the "examples" directory of the distro.
7722
7723       The bug tracker is on Github:
7724       <https://github.com/jmcnamara/excel-writer-xlsx/issues>.
7725

TO DO

7727       The roadmap is as follows:
7728
7729       ·   New separated data/formatting API to allow cells to be formatted
7730           after data is added.
7731
7732       ·   More charting features.
7733

REPOSITORY

7735       The Excel::Writer::XLSX source code in host on github:
7736       <http://github.com/jmcnamara/excel-writer-xlsx>.
7737

MAILING LIST

7739       There is a Google group for discussing and asking questions about
7740       Excel::Writer::XLSX. This is a good place to search to see if your
7741       question has been asked before:
7742       <http://groups.google.com/group/spreadsheet-writeexcel>.
7743

DONATIONS and SPONSORSHIP

7745       If you'd care to donate to the Excel::Writer::XLSX project or sponsor a
7746       new feature, you can do so via PayPal: <http://tinyurl.com/7ayes>.
7747

SEE ALSO

7749       Spreadsheet::WriteExcel:
7750       <http://search.cpan.org/dist/Spreadsheet-WriteExcel>.
7751
7752       Spreadsheet::ParseExcel:
7753       <http://search.cpan.org/dist/Spreadsheet-ParseExcel>.
7754
7755       Spreadsheet::XLSX: <http://search.cpan.org/dist/Spreadsheet-XLSX>.
7756

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

7758       The following people contributed to the debugging, testing or
7759       enhancement of Excel::Writer::XLSX:
7760
7761       Rob Messer of IntelliSurvey gave me the initial prompt to port
7762       Spreadsheet::WriteExcel to the XLSX format. IntelliSurvey
7763       (<http://www.intellisurvey.com>) also sponsored large files
7764       optimisations and the charting feature.
7765
7766       Bariatric Advantage (<http://www.bariatricadvantage.com>) sponsored
7767       work on chart formatting.
7768
7769       Eric Johnson provided the ability to use secondary axes with charts.
7770       Thanks to Foxtons (<http://foxtons.co.uk>) for sponsoring this work.
7771
7772       BuildFax (<http://www.buildfax.com>) sponsored the Tables feature and
7773       the Chart point formatting feature.
7774

DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY

7776       Because this software is licensed free of charge, there is no warranty
7777       for the software, to the extent permitted by applicable law. Except
7778       when otherwise stated in writing the copyright holders and/or other
7779       parties provide the software "as is" without warranty of any kind,
7780       either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied
7781       warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The
7782       entire risk as to the quality and performance of the software is with
7783       you. Should the software prove defective, you assume the cost of all
7784       necessary servicing, repair, or correction.
7785
7786       In no event unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing
7787       will any copyright holder, or any other party who may modify and/or
7788       redistribute the software as permitted by the above licence, be liable
7789       to you for damages, including any general, special, incidental, or
7790       consequential damages arising out of the use or inability to use the
7791       software (including but not limited to loss of data or data being
7792       rendered inaccurate or losses sustained by you or third parties or a
7793       failure of the software to operate with any other software), even if
7794       such holder or other party has been advised of the possibility of such
7795       damages.
7796

LICENSE

7798       Either the Perl Artistic Licence
7799       <http://dev.perl.org/licenses/artistic.html> or the GPL
7800       <http://www.opensource.org/licenses/gpl-license.php>.
7801

AUTHOR

7803       John McNamara jmcnamara@cpan.org
7804
7805           Wilderness for miles, eyes so mild and wise
7806           Oasis child, born and so wild
7807           Don't I know you better than the rest
7808           All deception, all deception from you
7809
7810           Any way you run, you run before us
7811           Black and white horse arching among us
7812           Any way you run, you run before us
7813           Black and white horse arching among us
7814
7815             -- Beach House
7816
7818       Copyright MM-MMXIX, John McNamara.
7819
7820       All Rights Reserved. This module is free software. It may be used,
7821       redistributed and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself.
7822
7823
7824
7825perl v5.30.0                      2019-07-26            Excel::Writer::XLSX(3)
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