1WWW::Mechanize(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation WWW::Mechanize(3)
2
6 WWW::Mechanize - Handy web browsing in a Perl object
7
9 version 1.91
10
12 WWW::Mechanize supports performing a sequence of page fetches including
13 following links and submitting forms. Each fetched page is parsed and
14 its links and forms are extracted. A link or a form can be selected,
15 form fields can be filled and the next page can be fetched. Mech also
16 stores a history of the URLs you've visited, which can be queried and
17 revisited.
18 use WWW::Mechanize ();
20 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new();
21 $mech->get( $url );
23 $mech->follow_link( n => 3 );
25 $mech->follow_link( text_regex => qr/download this/i );
26 $mech->follow_link( url => 'http://host.com/index.html' );
27 $mech->submit_form(
29 form_number => 3,
30 fields => {
31 username => 'mungo',
32 password => 'lost-and-alone',
33 }
34 );
35 $mech->submit_form(
37 form_name => 'search',
38 fields => { query => 'pot of gold', },
39 button => 'Search Now'
40 );
41 # Enable strict form processing to catch typos and non-existant form fields.
43 my $strict_mech = WWW::Mechanize->new( strict_forms => 1);
44 $strict_mech->get( $url );
46 # This method call will die, saving you lots of time looking for the bug.
48 $strict_mech->submit_form(
49 form_number => 3,
50 fields => {
51 usernaem => 'mungo', # typo in field name
52 password => 'lost-and-alone',
53 extra_field => 123, # field does not exist
54 }
55 );
56
58 "WWW::Mechanize", or Mech for short, is a Perl module for stateful
59 programmatic web browsing, used for automating interaction with
60 websites.
61 Features include:
63 · All HTTP methods
65 · High-level hyperlink and HTML form support, without having to parse
67 HTML yourself
68 · SSL support
70 · Automatic cookies
72 · Custom HTTP headers
74 · Automatic handling of redirections
76 · Proxies
78 · HTTP authentication
80 Mech is well suited for use in testing web applications. If you use
82 one of the Test::*, like Test::HTML::Lint modules, you can check the
83 fetched content and use that as input to a test call.
84 use Test::More;
86 like( $mech->content(), qr/$expected/, "Got expected content" );
87 Each page fetch stores its URL in a history stack which you can
89 traverse.
90 $mech->back();
92 If you want finer control over your page fetching, you can use these
94 methods. "follow_link" and "submit_form" are just high level wrappers
95 around them.
96 $mech->find_link( n => $number );
98 $mech->form_number( $number );
99 $mech->form_name( $name );
100 $mech->field( $name, $value );
101 $mech->set_fields( %field_values );
102 $mech->set_visible( @criteria );
103 $mech->click( $button );
104 WWW::Mechanize is a proper subclass of LWP::UserAgent and you can also
106 use any of LWP::UserAgent's methods.
107 $mech->add_header($name => $value);
109 Please note that Mech does NOT support JavaScript, you need additional
111 software for that. Please check "JavaScript" in WWW::Mechanize::FAQ for
112 more.
113
115 · <https://github.com/libwww-perl/WWW-Mechanize/issues>
116 The queue for bugs & enhancements in WWW::Mechanize. Please note
118 that the queue at <http://rt.cpan.org> is no longer maintained.
119 · <https://metacpan.org/pod/WWW::Mechanize>
121 The CPAN documentation page for Mechanize.
123 · <https://metacpan.org/pod/distribution/WWW-Mechanize/lib/WWW/Mechanize/FAQ.pod>
125 Frequently asked questions. Make sure you read here FIRST.
127
129 new()
130 Creates and returns a new WWW::Mechanize object, hereafter referred to
131 as the "agent".
132 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new()
134 The constructor for WWW::Mechanize overrides two of the parms to the
136 LWP::UserAgent constructor:
137 agent => 'WWW-Mechanize/#.##'
139 cookie_jar => {} # an empty, memory-only HTTP::Cookies object
140 You can override these overrides by passing parms to the constructor,
142 as in:
143 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new( agent => 'wonderbot 1.01' );
145 If you want none of the overhead of a cookie jar, or don't want your
147 bot accepting cookies, you have to explicitly disallow it, like so:
148 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new( cookie_jar => undef );
150 Here are the parms that WWW::Mechanize recognizes. These do not
152 include parms that LWP::UserAgent recognizes.
153 · "autocheck => [0|1]"
155 Checks each request made to see if it was successful. This saves
157 you the trouble of manually checking yourself. Any errors found
158 are errors, not warnings.
159 The default value is ON, unless it's being subclassed, in which
161 case it is OFF. This means that standalone WWW::Mechanize
162 instances have autocheck turned on, which is protective for the
163 vast majority of Mech users who don't bother checking the return
164 value of get() and post() and can't figure why their code fails.
165 However, if WWW::Mechanize is subclassed, such as for
166 Test::WWW::Mechanize or Test::WWW::Mechanize::Catalyst, this may
167 not be an appropriate default, so it's off.
168 · "noproxy => [0|1]"
170 Turn off the automatic call to the LWP::UserAgent "env_proxy"
172 function.
173 This needs to be explicitly turned off if you're using
175 Crypt::SSLeay to access a https site via a proxy server. Note: you
176 still need to set your HTTPS_PROXY environment variable as
177 appropriate.
178 · "onwarn => \&func"
180 Reference to a "warn"-compatible function, such as "Carp::carp",
182 that is called when a warning needs to be shown.
183 If this is set to "undef", no warnings will ever be shown.
185 However, it's probably better to use the "quiet" method to control
186 that behavior.
187 If this value is not passed, Mech uses "Carp::carp" if Carp is
189 installed, or "CORE::warn" if not.
190 · "onerror => \&func"
192 Reference to a "die"-compatible function, such as "Carp::croak",
194 that is called when there's a fatal error.
195 If this is set to "undef", no errors will ever be shown.
197 If this value is not passed, Mech uses "Carp::croak" if Carp is
199 installed, or "CORE::die" if not.
200 · "quiet => [0|1]"
202 Don't complain on warnings. Setting "quiet => 1" is the same as
204 calling "$mech->quiet(1)". Default is off.
205 · "stack_depth => $value"
207 Sets the depth of the page stack that keeps track of all the
209 downloaded pages. Default is effectively infinite stack size. If
210 the stack is eating up your memory, then set this to a smaller
211 number, say 5 or 10. Setting this to zero means Mech will keep no
212 history.
213 In addition, WWW::Mechanize also allows you to globally enable strict
215 and verbose mode for form handling, which is done with HTML::Form.
216 · "strict_forms => [0|1]"
218 Globally sets the HTML::Form strict flag which causes form
220 submission to croak if any of the passed fields don't exist in the
221 form, and/or a value doesn't exist in a select element. This can
222 still be disabled in individual calls to
223 "submit_form()|"$mech->submit_form( ... )"".
224 Default is off.
226 · "verbose_forms => [0|1]"
228 Globally sets the HTML::Form verbose flag which causes form
230 submission to warn about any bad HTML form constructs found. This
231 cannot be disabled later.
232 Default is off.
234 To support forms, WWW::Mechanize's constructor pushes POST on to the
236 agent's "requests_redirectable" list (see also LWP::UserAgent.)
237 $mech->agent_alias( $alias )
239 Sets the user agent string to the expanded version from a table of
240 actual user strings. $alias can be one of the following:
241 · Windows IE 6
243 · Windows Mozilla
245 · Mac Safari
247 · Mac Mozilla
249 · Linux Mozilla
251 · Linux Konqueror
253 then it will be replaced with a more interesting one. For instance,
255 $mech->agent_alias( 'Windows IE 6' );
257 sets your User-Agent to
259 Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)
261 The list of valid aliases can be returned from "known_agent_aliases()".
263 The current list is:
264 · Windows IE 6
266 · Windows Mozilla
268 · Mac Safari
270 · Mac Mozilla
272 · Linux Mozilla
274 · Linux Konqueror
276 known_agent_aliases()
278 Returns a list of all the agent aliases that Mech knows about.
279
281 $mech->get( $uri )
282 Given a URL/URI, fetches it. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri
283 can be a well-formed URL string, a URI object, or a
284 WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
285 The results are stored internally in the agent object, but you don't
287 know that. Just use the accessors listed below. Poking at the
288 internals is deprecated and subject to change in the future.
289 "get()" is a well-behaved overloaded version of the method in
291 LWP::UserAgent. This lets you do things like
292 $mech->get( $uri, ':content_file' => $tempfile );
294 and you can rest assured that the parms will get filtered down
296 appropriately.
297 NOTE: Because ":content_file" causes the page contents to be stored in
299 a file instead of the response object, some Mech functions that expect
300 it to be there won't work as expected. Use with caution.
301 $mech->post( $uri, content => $content )
303 POSTs $content to $uri. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri can be
304 a well-formed URI string, a URI object, or a WWW::Mechanize::Link
305 object.
306 $mech->put( $uri, content => $content )
308 PUTs $content to $uri. Returns an HTTP::Response object. $uri can be
309 a well-formed URI string, a URI object, or a WWW::Mechanize::Link
310 object.
311 $mech->reload()
313 Acts like the reload button in a browser: repeats the current request.
314 The history (as per the back() method) is not altered.
315 Returns the HTTP::Response object from the reload, or "undef" if
317 there's no current request.
318 $mech->back()
320 The equivalent of hitting the "back" button in a browser. Returns to
321 the previous page. Won't go back past the first page. (Really, what
322 would it do if it could?)
323 Returns true if it could go back, or false if not.
325 $mech->clear_history()
327 This deletes all the history entries and returns true.
328 $mech->history_count()
330 This returns the number of items in the browser history. This number
331 does include the most recently made request.
332 $mech->history($n)
334 This returns the nth item in history. The 0th item is the most recent
335 request and response, which would be acted on by methods like
336 "find_link()". The 1th item is the state you'd return to if you called
337 "back()".
338 The maximum useful value for $n is "$mech->history_count - 1".
340 Requests beyond that bound will return "undef".
341 History items are returned as hash references, in the form:
343 { req => $http_request, res => $http_response }
345
347 $mech->success()
348 Returns a boolean telling whether the last request was successful. If
349 there hasn't been an operation yet, returns false.
350 This is a convenience function that wraps "$mech->res->is_success".
352 $mech->uri()
354 Returns the current URI as a URI object. This object stringifies to the
355 URI itself.
356 $mech->response() / $mech->res()
358 Return the current response as an HTTP::Response object.
359 Synonym for "$mech->response()"
361 $mech->status()
363 Returns the HTTP status code of the response. This is a 3-digit number
364 like 200 for OK, 404 for not found, and so on.
365 $mech->ct() / $mech->content_type()
367 Returns the content type of the response.
368 $mech->base()
370 Returns the base URI for the current response
371 $mech->forms()
373 When called in a list context, returns a list of the forms found in the
374 last fetched page. In a scalar context, returns a reference to an array
375 with those forms. The forms returned are all HTML::Form objects.
376 $mech->current_form()
378 Returns the current form as an HTML::Form object.
379 $mech->links()
381 When called in a list context, returns a list of the links found in the
382 last fetched page. In a scalar context it returns a reference to an
383 array with those links. Each link is a WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
384 $mech->is_html()
386 Returns true/false on whether our content is HTML, according to the
387 HTTP headers.
388 $mech->title()
390 Returns the contents of the "<TITLE>" tag, as parsed by
391 HTML::HeadParser. Returns undef if the content is not HTML.
392
394 $mech->content(...)
395 Returns the content that the mech uses internally for the last page
396 fetched. Ordinarily this is the same as
397 "$mech->response()->decoded_content()", but this may differ for HTML
398 documents if update_html is overloaded (in which case the value passed
399 to the base-class implementation of same will be returned), and/or
400 extra named arguments are passed to content():
401 $mech->content( format => 'text' )
403 Returns a text-only version of the page, with all HTML markup
404 stripped. This feature requires HTML::TreeBuilder version 5 or higher
405 to be installed, or a fatal error will be thrown. This works only if
406 the contents are HTML.
407 $mech->content( base_href => [$base_href|undef] )
409 Returns the HTML document, modified to contain a "<base
410 href="$base_href">" mark-up in the header. $base_href is
411 "$mech->base()" if not specified. This is handy to pass the HTML to
412 e.g. HTML::Display. This works only if the contents are HTML.
413 $mech->content( raw => 1 )
415 Returns "$self->response()->content()", i.e. the raw contents from
416 the response.
417 $mech->content( decoded_by_headers => 1 )
419 Returns the content after applying all "Content-Encoding" headers but
420 with not additional mangling.
421 $mech->content( charset => $charset )
423 Returns "$self->response()->decoded_content(charset => $charset)"
424 (see HTTP::Response for details).
425 To preserve backwards compatibility, additional parameters will be
427 ignored unless none of "raw | decoded_by_headers | charset" is
428 specified and the text is HTML, in which case an error will be
429 triggered.
430 $mech->text()
432 Returns the text of the current HTML content. If the content isn't
433 HTML, $mech will die.
434 The text is extracted by parsing the content, and then the extracted
436 text is cached, so don't worry about performance of calling this
437 repeatedly.
438
440 $mech->links()
441 Lists all the links on the current page. Each link is a
442 WWW::Mechanize::Link object. In list context, returns a list of all
443 links. In scalar context, returns an array reference of all links.
444 $mech->follow_link(...)
446 Follows a specified link on the page. You specify the match to be
447 found using the same parms that "find_link()" uses.
448 Here some examples:
450 · 3rd link called "download"
452 $mech->follow_link( text => 'download', n => 3 );
454 · first link where the URL has "download" in it, regardless of case:
456 $mech->follow_link( url_regex => qr/download/i );
458 or
460 $mech->follow_link( url_regex => qr/(?i:download)/ );
462 · 3rd link on the page
464 $mech->follow_link( n => 3 );
466 · the link with the url
468 $mech->follow_link( url => '/other/page' );
470 or
472 $mech->follow_link( url => 'http://example.com/page' );
474 Returns the result of the GET method (an HTTP::Response object) if a
476 link was found. If the page has no links, or the specified link
477 couldn't be found, returns undef.
478 $mech->find_link( ... )
480 Finds a link in the currently fetched page. It returns a
481 WWW::Mechanize::Link object which describes the link. (You'll probably
482 be most interested in the "url()" property.) If it fails to find a
483 link it returns undef.
484 You can take the URL part and pass it to the "get()" method. If that's
486 your plan, you might as well use the "follow_link()" method directly,
487 since it does the "get()" for you automatically.
488 Note that "<FRAME SRC="...">" tags are parsed out of the the HTML and
490 treated as links so this method works with them.
491 You can select which link to find by passing in one or more of these
493 key/value pairs:
494 · "text => 'string'," and "text_regex => qr/regex/,"
496 "text" matches the text of the link against string, which must be
498 an exact match. To select a link with text that is exactly
499 "download", use
500 $mech->find_link( text => 'download' );
502 "text_regex" matches the text of the link against regex. To select
504 a link with text that has "download" anywhere in it, regardless of
505 case, use
506 $mech->find_link( text_regex => qr/download/i );
508 Note that the text extracted from the page's links are trimmed.
510 For example, "<a> foo </a>" is stored as 'foo', and searching for
511 leading or trailing spaces will fail.
512 · "url => 'string'," and "url_regex => qr/regex/,"
514 Matches the URL of the link against string or regex, as
516 appropriate. The URL may be a relative URL, like foo/bar.html,
517 depending on how it's coded on the page.
518 · "url_abs => string" and "url_abs_regex => regex"
520 Matches the absolute URL of the link against string or regex, as
522 appropriate. The URL will be an absolute URL, even if it's
523 relative in the page.
524 · "name => string" and "name_regex => regex"
526 Matches the name of the link against string or regex, as
528 appropriate.
529 · "id => string" and "id_regex => regex"
531 Matches the attribute 'id' of the link against string or regex, as
533 appropriate.
534 · "class => string" and "class_regex => regex"
536 Matches the attribute 'class' of the link against string or regex,
538 as appropriate.
539 · "tag => string" and "tag_regex => regex"
541 Matches the tag that the link came from against string or regex, as
543 appropriate. The "tag_regex" is probably most useful to check for
544 more than one tag, as in:
545 $mech->find_link( tag_regex => qr/^(a|frame)$/ );
547 The tags and attributes looked at are defined below.
549 If "n" is not specified, it defaults to 1. Therefore, if you don't
551 specify any parms, this method defaults to finding the first link on
552 the page.
553 Note that you can specify multiple text or URL parameters, which will
555 be ANDed together. For example, to find the first link with text of
556 "News" and with "cnn.com" in the URL, use:
557 $mech->find_link( text => 'News', url_regex => qr/cnn\.com/ );
559 The return value is a reference to an array containing a
561 WWW::Mechanize::Link object for every link in "$self->content".
562 The links come from the following:
564 "<a href=...>"
566 "<area href=...>"
567 "<frame src=...>"
568 "<iframe src=...>"
569 "<link href=...>"
570 "<meta content=...>"
571 $mech->find_all_links( ... )
573 Returns all the links on the current page that match the criteria. The
574 method for specifying link criteria is the same as in "find_link()".
575 Each of the links returned is a WWW::Mechanize::Link object.
576 In list context, "find_all_links()" returns a list of the links.
578 Otherwise, it returns a reference to the list of links.
579 "find_all_links()" with no parameters returns all links in the page.
581 $mech->find_all_inputs( ... criteria ... )
583 find_all_inputs() returns an array of all the input controls in the
584 current form whose properties match all of the regexes passed in. The
585 controls returned are all descended from HTML::Form::Input. See
586 "INPUTS" in HTML::Form for details.
587 If no criteria are passed, all inputs will be returned.
589 If there is no current page, there is no form on the current page, or
591 there are no submit controls in the current form then the return will
592 be an empty array.
593 You may use a regex or a literal string:
595 # get all textarea controls whose names begin with "customer"
597 my @customer_text_inputs = $mech->find_all_inputs(
598 type => 'textarea',
599 name_regex => qr/^customer/,
600 );
601 # get all text or textarea controls called "customer"
603 my @customer_text_inputs = $mech->find_all_inputs(
604 type_regex => qr/^(text|textarea)$/,
605 name => 'customer',
606 );
607 $mech->find_all_submits( ... criteria ... )
609 "find_all_submits()" does the same thing as "find_all_inputs()" except
610 that it only returns controls that are submit controls, ignoring other
611 types of input controls like text and checkboxes.
612
614 $mech->images
615 Lists all the images on the current page. Each image is a
616 WWW::Mechanize::Image object. In list context, returns a list of all
617 images. In scalar context, returns an array reference of all images.
618 $mech->find_image()
620 Finds an image in the current page. It returns a WWW::Mechanize::Image
621 object which describes the image. If it fails to find an image it
622 returns undef.
623 You can select which image to find by passing in one or more of these
625 key/value pairs:
626 · "alt => 'string'" and "alt_regex => qr/regex/"
628 "alt" matches the ALT attribute of the image against string, which
630 must be an exact match. To select a image with an ALT tag that is
631 exactly "download", use
632 $mech->find_image( alt => 'download' );
634 "alt_regex" matches the ALT attribute of the image against a
636 regular expression. To select an image with an ALT attribute that
637 has "download" anywhere in it, regardless of case, use
638 $mech->find_image( alt_regex => qr/download/i );
640 · "url => 'string'" and "url_regex => qr/regex/"
642 Matches the URL of the image against string or regex, as
644 appropriate. The URL may be a relative URL, like foo/bar.html,
645 depending on how it's coded on the page.
646 · "url_abs => string" and "url_abs_regex => regex"
648 Matches the absolute URL of the image against string or regex, as
650 appropriate. The URL will be an absolute URL, even if it's
651 relative in the page.
652 · "tag => string" and "tag_regex => regex"
654 Matches the tag that the image came from against string or regex,
656 as appropriate. The "tag_regex" is probably most useful to check
657 for more than one tag, as in:
658 $mech->find_image( tag_regex => qr/^(img|input)$/ );
660 The tags supported are "<img>" and "<input>".
662 · "id => string" and "id_regex => regex"
664 "id" matches the id attribute of the image against string, which
666 must be an exact match. To select an image with the exact id
667 "download-image", use
668 $mech->find_image( id => 'download-image' );
670 "id_regex" matches the id attribute of the image against a regular
672 expression. To select the first image with an id that contains
673 "download" anywhere in it, use
674 $mech->find_image( id_regex => qr/download/ );
676 · "classs => string" and "class_regex => regex"
678 "class" matches the class attribute of the image against string,
680 which must be an exact match. To select an image with the exact
681 class "img-fuid", use
682 $mech->find_image( class => 'img-fluid' );
684 To select an image with the class attribute "rounded float-left",
686 use
687 $mech->find_image( class => 'rounded float-left' );
689 Note that the classes have to be matched as a complete string, in
691 the exact order they appear in the website's source code.
692 "class_regex" matches the class attribute of the image against a
694 regular expression. Use this if you want a partial class name, or
695 if an image has several classes, but you only care about one.
696 To select the first image with the class "rounded", where there are
698 multiple images that might also have either class "float-left" or
699 "float-right", use
700 $mech->find_image( class_regex => qr/\brounded\b/ );
702 Selecting an image with multiple classes where you do not care
704 about the order they appear in the website's source code is not
705 currently supported.
706 If "n" is not specified, it defaults to 1. Therefore, if you don't
708 specify any parms, this method defaults to finding the first image on
709 the page.
710 Note that you can specify multiple ALT or URL parameters, which will be
712 ANDed together. For example, to find the first image with ALT text of
713 "News" and with "cnn.com" in the URL, use:
714 $mech->find_image( image => 'News', url_regex => qr/cnn\.com/ );
716 The return value is a reference to an array containing a
718 WWW::Mechanize::Image object for every image in "$self->content".
719 $mech->find_all_images( ... )
721 Returns all the images on the current page that match the criteria.
722 The method for specifying image criteria is the same as in
723 "find_image()". Each of the images returned is a WWW::Mechanize::Image
724 object.
725 In list context, "find_all_images()" returns a list of the images.
727 Otherwise, it returns a reference to the list of images.
728 "find_all_images()" with no parameters returns all images in the page.
730
732 These methods let you work with the forms on a page. The idea is to
733 choose a form that you'll later work with using the field methods
734 below.
735 $mech->forms
737 Lists all the forms on the current page. Each form is an HTML::Form
738 object. In list context, returns a list of all forms. In scalar
739 context, returns an array reference of all forms.
740 $mech->form_number($number)
742 Selects the numberth form on the page as the target for subsequent
743 calls to "field()" and "click()". Also returns the form that was
744 selected.
745 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
747 internally for later use with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and
748 "click()". When called in a list context, the number of the found form
749 is also returned as a second value.
750 Emits a warning and returns undef if no form is found.
752 The first form is number 1, not zero.
754 $mech->form_name( $name )
756 Selects a form by name. If there is more than one form on the page
757 with that name, then the first one is used, and a warning is generated.
758 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
760 internally for later use with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and
761 "click()".
762 Returns undef if no form is found.
764 $mech->form_id( $name )
766 Selects a form by ID. If there is more than one form on the page with
767 that ID, then the first one is used, and a warning is generated.
768 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
770 internally for later use with Mech's form methods such as "field()" and
771 "click()".
772 If no form is found it returns "undef". This will also trigger a
774 warning, unless "quiet" is enabled.
775 $mech->all_forms_with_fields( @fields )
777 Selects a form by passing in a list of field names it must contain.
778 All matching forms (perhaps none) are returned as a list of HTML::Form
779 objects.
780 $mech->form_with_fields( @fields )
782 Selects a form by passing in a list of field names it must contain. If
783 there is more than one form on the page with that matches, then the
784 first one is used, and a warning is generated.
785 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
787 internally for later used with Mech's form methods such as "field()"
788 and "click()".
789 Returns undef and emits a warning if no form is found.
791 Note that this functionality requires libwww-perl 5.69 or higher.
793 $mech->all_forms_with( $attr1 => $value1, $attr2 => $value2, ... )
795 Searches for forms with arbitrary attribute/value pairs within the
796 <form> tag. (Currently does not work for attribute "action" due to
797 implementation details of HTML::Form.) When given more than one pair,
798 all criteria must match. Using "undef" as value means that the
799 attribute in question may not be present.
800 All matching forms (perhaps none) are returned as a list of HTML::Form
802 objects.
803 $mech->form_with( $attr1 => $value1, $attr2 => $value2, ... )
805 Searches for forms with arbitrary attribute/value pairs within the
806 <form> tag. (Currently does not work for attribute "action" due to
807 implementation details of HTML::Form.) When given more than one pair,
808 all criteria must match. Using "undef" as value means that the
809 attribute in question may not be present.
810 If it is found, the form is returned as an HTML::Form object and set
812 internally for later used with Mech's form methods such as "field()"
813 and "click()".
814 Returns undef if no form is found.
816
818 These methods allow you to set the values of fields in a given form.
819 $mech->field( $name, $value, $number )
821 $mech->field( $name, \@values, $number )
822 Given the name of a field, set its value to the value specified. This
823 applies to the current form (as set by the "form_name()" or
824 "form_number()" method or defaulting to the first form on the page).
825 The optional $number parameter is used to distinguish between two
827 fields with the same name. The fields are numbered from 1.
828 $mech->select($name, $value)
830 $mech->select($name, \@values)
831 Given the name of a "select" field, set its value to the value
832 specified. If the field is not "<select multiple>" and the $value is
833 an array, only the first value will be set. [Note: the documentation
834 previously claimed that only the last value would be set, but this was
835 incorrect.] Passing $value as a hash with an "n" key selects an item
836 by number (e.g. "{n => 3}" or "{n => [2,4]}"). The numbering starts
837 at 1. This applies to the current form.
838 If you have a field with "<select multiple>" and you pass a single
840 $value, then $value will be added to the list of fields selected,
841 without clearing the others. However, if you pass an array reference,
842 then all previously selected values will be cleared.
843 Returns true on successfully setting the value. On failure, returns
845 false and calls "$self->warn()" with an error message.
846 $mech->set_fields( $name => $value ... )
848 This method sets multiple fields of the current form. It takes a list
849 of field name and value pairs. If there is more than one field with the
850 same name, the first one found is set. If you want to select which of
851 the duplicate field to set, use a value which is an anonymous array
852 which has the field value and its number as the 2 elements.
853 # set the second foo field
855 $mech->set_fields( $name => [ 'foo', 2 ] );
856 The fields are numbered from 1.
858 This applies to the current form.
860 $mech->set_visible( @criteria )
862 This method sets fields of the current form without having to know
863 their names. So if you have a login screen that wants a username and
864 password, you do not have to fetch the form and inspect the source (or
865 use the mech-dump utility, installed with WWW::Mechanize) to see what
866 the field names are; you can just say
867 $mech->set_visible( $username, $password );
869 and the first and second fields will be set accordingly. The method is
871 called set_visible because it acts only on visible fields; hidden form
872 inputs are not considered. The order of the fields is the order in
873 which they appear in the HTML source which is nearly always the order
874 anyone viewing the page would think they are in, but some creative work
875 with tables could change that; caveat user.
876 Each element in @criteria is either a field value or a field specifier.
878 A field value is a scalar. A field specifier allows you to specify the
879 type of input field you want to set and is denoted with an arrayref
880 containing two elements. So you could specify the first radio button
881 with
882 $mech->set_visible( [ radio => 'KCRW' ] );
884 Field values and specifiers can be intermixed, hence
886 $mech->set_visible( 'fred', 'secret', [ option => 'Checking' ] );
888 would set the first two fields to "fred" and "secret", and the next
890 "OPTION" menu field to "Checking".
891 The possible field specifier types are: "text", "password", "hidden",
893 "textarea", "file", "image", "submit", "radio", "checkbox" and
894 "option".
895 "set_visible" returns the number of values set.
897 $mech->tick( $name, $value [, $set] )
899 "Ticks" the first checkbox that has both the name and value associated
900 with it on the current form. Dies if there is no named check box for
901 that value. Passing in a false value as the third optional argument
902 will cause the checkbox to be unticked.
903 $mech->untick($name, $value)
905 Causes the checkbox to be unticked. Shorthand for
906 "tick($name,$value,undef)"
907 $mech->value( $name [, $number] )
909 Given the name of a field, return its value. This applies to the
910 current form.
911 The optional $number parameter is used to distinguish between two
913 fields with the same name. The fields are numbered from 1.
914 If the field is of type file (file upload field), the value is always
916 cleared to prevent remote sites from downloading your local files. To
917 upload a file, specify its file name explicitly.
918 $mech->click( $button [, $x, $y] )
920 Has the effect of clicking a button on the current form. The first
921 argument is the name of the button to be clicked. The second and third
922 arguments (optional) allow you to specify the (x,y) coordinates of the
923 click.
924 If there is only one button on the form, "$mech->click()" with no
926 arguments simply clicks that one button.
927 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
929 $mech->click_button( ... )
931 Has the effect of clicking a button on the current form by specifying
932 its name, value, or index. Its arguments are a list of key/value
933 pairs. Only one of name, number, input or value must be specified in
934 the keys.
935 · "name => name"
937 Clicks the button named name in the current form.
939 · "id => id"
941 Clicks the button with the id id in the current form.
943 · "number => n"
945 Clicks the nth button in the current form. Numbering starts at 1.
947 · "value => value"
949 Clicks the button with the value value in the current form.
951 · "input => $inputobject"
953 Clicks on the button referenced by $inputobject, an instance of
955 HTML::Form::SubmitInput obtained e.g. from
956 $mech->current_form()->find_input( undef, 'submit' )
958 $inputobject must belong to the current form.
960 · "x => x"
962 · "y => y"
964 These arguments (optional) allow you to specify the (x,y)
966 coordinates of the click.
967 $mech->submit()
969 Submits the current form, without specifying a button to click.
970 Actually, no button is clicked at all.
971 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
973 This used to be a synonym for "$mech->click( 'submit' )", but is no
975 longer so.
976 $mech->submit_form( ... )
978 This method lets you select a form from the previously fetched page,
979 fill in its fields, and submit it. It combines the
980 "form_number"/"form_name", "set_fields" and "click" methods into one
981 higher level call. Its arguments are a list of key/value pairs, all of
982 which are optional.
983 · "fields => \%fields"
985 Specifies the fields to be filled in the current form.
987 · "with_fields => \%fields"
989 Probably all you need for the common case. It combines a smart form
991 selector and data setting in one operation. It selects the first
992 form that contains all fields mentioned in "\%fields". This is
993 nice because you don't need to know the name or number of the form
994 to do this.
995 (calls "form_with_fields()" and "set_fields()").
997 If you choose "with_fields", the "fields" option will be ignored.
999 The "form_number", "form_name" and "form_id" options will still be
1000 used. An exception will be thrown unless exactly one form matches
1001 all of the provided criteria.
1002 · "form_number => n"
1004 Selects the nth form (calls "form_number()". If this parm is not
1006 specified, the currently-selected form is used.
1007 · "form_name => name"
1009 Selects the form named name (calls "form_name()")
1011 · "form_id => ID"
1013 Selects the form with ID ID (calls "form_id()")>>)
1015 · "button => button"
1017 Clicks on button button (calls "click()")
1019 · "x => x, y => y"
1021 Sets the x or y values for "click()"
1023 · "strict_forms => bool"
1025 Sets the HTML::Form strict flag which causes form submission to
1027 croak if any of the passed fields don't exist on the page, and/or a
1028 value doesn't exist in a select element. By default HTML::Form
1029 sets this value to false.
1030 This behavior can also be turned on globally by passing
1032 "strict_forms => 1" to "WWW::Mechanize->new". If you do that, you
1033 can still disable it for individual calls by passing "strict_forms
1034 => 0" here.
1035 If no form is selected, the first form found is used.
1037 If button is not passed, then the "submit()|"$mech->submit()"" method
1039 is used instead.
1040 If you want to submit a file and get its content from a scalar rather
1042 than a file in the filesystem, you can use:
1043 $mech->submit_form(with_fields => { logfile => [ [ undef, 'whatever', Content => $content ], 1 ] } );
1045 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
1047
1049 $mech->add_header( name => $value [, name => $value... ] )
1050 Sets HTTP headers for the agent to add or remove from the HTTP request.
1051 $mech->add_header( Encoding => 'text/klingon' );
1053 If a value is "undef", then that header will be removed from any future
1055 requests. For example, to never send a Referer header:
1056 $mech->add_header( Referer => undef );
1058 If you want to delete a header, use "delete_header".
1060 Returns the number of name/value pairs added.
1062 NOTE: This method was very different in WWW::Mechanize before 1.00.
1064 Back then, the headers were stored in a package hash, not as a member
1065 of the object instance. Calling "add_header()" would modify the
1066 headers for every WWW::Mechanize object, even after your object no
1067 longer existed.
1068 $mech->delete_header( name [, name ... ] )
1070 Removes HTTP headers from the agent's list of special headers. For
1071 instance, you might need to do something like:
1072 # Don't send a Referer for this URL
1074 $mech->add_header( Referer => undef );
1075 # Get the URL
1077 $mech->get( $url );
1078 # Back to the default behavior
1080 $mech->delete_header( 'Referer' );
1081 $mech->quiet(true/false)
1083 Allows you to suppress warnings to the screen.
1084 $mech->quiet(0); # turns on warnings (the default)
1086 $mech->quiet(1); # turns off warnings
1087 $mech->quiet(); # returns the current quietness status
1088 $mech->stack_depth( $max_depth )
1090 Get or set the page stack depth. Use this if you're doing a lot of page
1091 scraping and running out of memory.
1092 A value of 0 means "no history at all." By default, the max stack
1094 depth is humongously large, effectively keeping all history.
1095 $mech->save_content( $filename, %opts )
1097 Dumps the contents of "$mech->content" into $filename. $filename will
1098 be overwritten. Dies if there are any errors.
1099 If the content type does not begin with "text/", then the content is
1101 saved in binary mode (i.e. "binmode()" is set on the output
1102 filehandle).
1103 Additional arguments can be passed as key/value pairs:
1105 $mech->save_content( $filename, binary => 1 )
1107 Filehandle is set with "binmode" to ":raw" and contents are taken
1108 calling "$self->content(decoded_by_headers => 1)". Same as calling:
1109 $mech->save_content( $filename, binmode => ':raw',
1111 decoded_by_headers => 1 );
1112 This should be the safest way to save contents verbatim.
1114 $mech->save_content( $filename, binmode => $binmode )
1116 Filehandle is set to binary mode. If $binmode begins with ':', it
1117 is passed as a parameter to "binmode":
1118 binmode $fh, $binmode;
1120 otherwise the filehandle is set to binary mode if $binmode is true:
1122 binmode $fh;
1124 all other arguments
1126 are passed as-is to "$mech->content(%opts)". In particular,
1127 "decoded_by_headers" might come handy if you want to revert the
1128 effect of line compression performed by the web server but without
1129 further interpreting the contents (e.g. decoding it according to
1130 the charset).
1131 $mech->dump_headers( [$fh] )
1133 Prints a dump of the HTTP response headers for the most recent
1134 response. If $fh is not specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1135 Unlike the rest of the dump_* methods, $fh can be a scalar. It will be
1137 used as a file name.
1138 $mech->dump_links( [[$fh], $absolute] )
1140 Prints a dump of the links on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1141 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1142 If $absolute is true, links displayed are absolute, not relative.
1144 $mech->dump_images( [[$fh], $absolute] )
1146 Prints a dump of the images on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1147 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1148 If $absolute is true, links displayed are absolute, not relative.
1150 $mech->dump_forms( [$fh] )
1152 Prints a dump of the forms on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1153 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT. Running the following:
1154 my $mech = WWW::Mechanize->new();
1156 $mech->get("https://www.google.com/");
1157 $mech->dump_forms;
1158 will print:
1160 GET https://www.google.com/search [f]
1162 ie=ISO-8859-1 (hidden readonly)
1163 hl=en (hidden readonly)
1164 source=hp (hidden readonly)
1165 biw= (hidden readonly)
1166 bih= (hidden readonly)
1167 q= (text)
1168 btnG=Google Search (submit)
1169 btnI=I'm Feeling Lucky (submit)
1170 gbv=1 (hidden readonly)
1171 $mech->dump_text( [$fh] )
1173 Prints a dump of the text on the current page to $fh. If $fh is not
1174 specified or is undef, it dumps to STDOUT.
1175
1177 $mech->clone()
1178 Clone the mech object. The clone will be using the same cookie jar as
1179 the original mech.
1180 $mech->redirect_ok()
1182 An overloaded version of "redirect_ok()" in LWP::UserAgent. This
1183 method is used to determine whether a redirection in the request should
1184 be followed.
1185 Note that WWW::Mechanize's constructor pushes POST on to the agent's
1187 "requests_redirectable" list.
1188 $mech->request( $request [, $arg [, $size]])
1190 Overloaded version of "request()" in LWP::UserAgent. Performs the
1191 actual request. Normally, if you're using WWW::Mechanize, it's because
1192 you don't want to deal with this level of stuff anyway.
1193 Note that $request will be modified.
1195 Returns an HTTP::Response object.
1197 $mech->update_html( $html )
1199 Allows you to replace the HTML that the mech has found. Updates the
1200 forms and links parse-trees that the mech uses internally.
1201 Say you have a page that you know has malformed output, and you want to
1203 update it so the links come out correctly:
1204 my $html = $mech->content;
1206 $html =~ s[</option>.{0,3}</td>][</option></select></td>]isg;
1207 $mech->update_html( $html );
1208 This method is also used internally by the mech itself to update its
1210 own HTML content when loading a page. This means that if you would like
1211 to systematically perform the above HTML substitution, you would
1212 overload update_html in a subclass thusly:
1213 package MyMech;
1215 use base 'WWW::Mechanize';
1216 sub update_html {
1218 my ($self, $html) = @_;
1219 $html =~ s[</option>.{0,3}</td>][</option></select></td>]isg;
1220 $self->WWW::Mechanize::update_html( $html );
1221 }
1222 If you do this, then the mech will use the tidied-up HTML instead of
1224 the original both when parsing for its own needs, and for returning to
1225 you through "content".
1226 Overloading this method is also the recommended way of implementing
1228 extra validation steps (e.g. link checkers) for every HTML page
1229 received. "warn" and "die" would then come in handy to signal
1230 validation errors.
1231 $mech->credentials( $username, $password )
1233 Provide credentials to be used for HTTP Basic authentication for all
1234 sites and realms until further notice.
1235 The four argument form described in LWP::UserAgent is still supported.
1237 $mech->get_basic_credentials( $realm, $uri, $isproxy )
1239 Returns the credentials for the realm and URI.
1240 $mech->clear_credentials()
1242 Remove any credentials set up with "credentials()".
1243
1245 As a subclass of LWP::UserAgent, WWW::Mechanize inherits all of
1246 LWP::UserAgent's methods. Many of which are overridden or extended.
1247 The following methods are inherited unchanged. View the LWP::UserAgent
1248 documentation for their implementation descriptions.
1249 This is not meant to be an inclusive list. LWP::UA may have added
1251 others.
1252 $mech->head()
1254 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1255 $mech->mirror()
1257 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1258 $mech->simple_request()
1260 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1261 $mech->is_protocol_supported()
1263 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1264 $mech->prepare_request()
1266 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1267 $mech->progress()
1269 Inherited from LWP::UserAgent.
1270
1272 These methods are only used internally. You probably don't need to
1273 know about them.
1274 $mech->_update_page($request, $response)
1276 Updates all internal variables in $mech as if $request was just
1277 performed, and returns $response. The page stack is not altered by this
1278 method, it is up to caller (e.g. "request") to do that.
1279 $mech->_modify_request( $req )
1281 Modifies a HTTP::Request before the request is sent out, for both GET
1282 and POST requests.
1283 We add a "Referer" header, as well as header to note that we can accept
1285 gzip encoded content, if Compress::Zlib is installed.
1286 $mech->_make_request()
1288 Convenience method to make it easier for subclasses like
1289 WWW::Mechanize::Cached to intercept the request.
1290 $mech->_reset_page()
1292 Resets the internal fields that track page parsed stuff.
1293 $mech->_extract_links()
1295 Extracts links from the content of a webpage, and populates the
1296 "{links}" property with WWW::Mechanize::Link objects.
1297 $mech->_push_page_stack()
1299 The agent keeps a stack of visited pages, which it can pop when it
1300 needs to go BACK and so on.
1301 The current page needs to be pushed onto the stack before we get a new
1303 page, and the stack needs to be popped when BACK occurs.
1304 Neither of these take any arguments, they just operate on the $mech
1306 object.
1307 warn( @messages )
1309 Centralized warning method, for diagnostics and non-fatal problems.
1310 Defaults to calling "CORE::warn", but may be overridden by setting
1311 "onwarn" in the constructor.
1312 die( @messages )
1314 Centralized error method. Defaults to calling "CORE::die", but may be
1315 overridden by setting "onerror" in the constructor.
1316
1318 The default settings can get you up and running quickly, but there are
1319 settings you can change in order to make your life easier.
1320 autocheck
1322 "autocheck" can save you the overhead of checking status codes for
1323 success. You may outgrow it as your needs get more sophisticated,
1324 but it's a safe option to start with.
1325 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new( autocheck => 1 );
1327 cookie_jar
1329 You are encouraged to install Mozilla::PublicSuffix and use
1330 HTTP::CookieJar::LWP as your cookie jar. HTTP::CookieJar::LWP
1331 provides a better security model matching that of current Web
1332 browsers when Mozilla::PublicSuffix is installed.
1333 use HTTP::CookieJar::LWP ();
1335 my $jar = HTTP::CookieJar::LWP->new;
1337 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new( cookie_jar => $jar );
1338 protocols_allowed
1340 This option is inherited directly from LWP::UserAgent. It allows
1341 you to whitelist the protocols you're willing to allow.
1342 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new(
1344 protocols_allowed => [ 'http', 'https' ]
1345 );
1346 This will prevent you from inadvertently following URLs like
1348 "file:///etc/passwd"
1349 protocols_forbidden
1351 This option is also inherited directly from LWP::UserAgent. It
1352 allows you to blacklist the protocols you're unwilling to allow.
1353 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new(
1355 protocols_forbidden => [ 'file', 'mailto', 'ssh', ]
1356 );
1357 This will prevent you from inadvertently following URLs like
1359 "file:///etc/passwd"
1360 strict_forms
1362 Consider turning on the "strict_forms" option when you create a new
1363 Mech. This will perform a helpful sanity check on form fields
1364 every time you are submitting a form, which can save you a lot of
1365 debugging time.
1366 my $agent = WWW::Mechanize->new( strict_forms => 1 );
1368 If you do not want to have this option globally, you can still turn
1370 it on for individual forms.
1371 $agent->submit_form( fields => { foo => 'bar' } , strict_forms => 1 );
1373
1375 WWW::Mechanize is hosted at GitHub.
1376 Repository: <https://github.com/libwww-perl/WWW-Mechanize>. Bugs:
1378 <https://github.com/libwww-perl/WWW-Mechanize/issues>.
1379
1381 Spidering Hacks, by Kevin Hemenway and Tara Calishain
1382 Spidering Hacks from O'Reilly
1383 (<http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/spiderhks/>) is a great book for
1384 anyone wanting to know more about screen-scraping and spidering.
1385 There are six hacks that use Mech or a Mech derivative:
1387 #21 WWW::Mechanize 101
1389 #22 Scraping with WWW::Mechanize
1390 #36 Downloading Images from Webshots
1391 #44 Archiving Yahoo! Groups Messages with WWW::Yahoo::Groups
1392 #64 Super Author Searching
1393 #73 Scraping TV Listings
1394 The book was also positively reviewed on Slashdot:
1396 <http://books.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=03/12/11/2126256>
1397
1399 · WWW::Mechanize mailing list
1400 The Mech mailing list is at
1402 <http://groups.google.com/group/www-mechanize-users> and is
1403 specific to Mechanize, unlike the LWP mailing list below. Although
1404 it is a users list, all development discussion takes place here,
1405 too.
1406 · LWP mailing list
1408 The LWP mailing list is at
1410 <http://lists.perl.org/showlist.cgi?name=libwww>, and is more user-
1411 oriented and well-populated than the WWW::Mechanize list.
1412 · Perlmonks
1414 <http://perlmonks.org> is an excellent community of support, and
1416 many questions about Mech have already been answered there.
1417 · WWW::Mechanize::Examples
1419 A random array of examples submitted by users, included with the
1421 Mechanize distribution.
1422
1424 · <http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/wa-perlsecure/>
1425 IBM article "Secure Web site access with Perl"
1427 · <http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/googlehks2/chapter/hack84.pdf>
1429 Leland Johnson's hack #84 in Google Hacks, 2nd Edition is an
1431 example of a production script that uses WWW::Mechanize and
1432 HTML::TableContentParser. It takes in keywords and returns the
1433 estimated price of these keywords on Google's AdWords program.
1434 · <http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2004/06/04/recorder.html>
1436 Linda Julien writes about using HTTP::Recorder to create
1438 WWW::Mechanize scripts.
1439 · <http://www.developer.com/lang/other/article.php/3454041>
1441 Jason Gilmore's article on using WWW::Mechanize for scraping sales
1443 information from Amazon and eBay.
1444 · <http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2003/01/22/mechanize.html>
1446 Chris Ball's article about using WWW::Mechanize for scraping TV
1448 listings.
1449 · <http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/LinuxMag/col47.html>
1451 Randal Schwartz's article on scraping Yahoo News for images. It's
1453 already out of date: He manually walks the list of links hunting
1454 for matches, which wouldn't have been necessary if the
1455 "find_link()" method existed at press time.
1456 · <http://www.perladvent.org/2002/16th/>
1458 WWW::Mechanize on the Perl Advent Calendar, by Mark Fowler.
1460 · <http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2004/03/datenruessel/>
1462 Michael Schilli's article on Mech and WWW::Mechanize::Shell for the
1464 German magazine Linux Magazin.
1465 Other modules that use Mechanize
1467 Here are modules that use or subclass Mechanize. Let me know of any
1468 others:
1469 · Finance::Bank::LloydsTSB
1471 · HTTP::Recorder
1473 Acts as a proxy for web interaction, and then generates
1475 WWW::Mechanize scripts.
1476 · Win32::IE::Mechanize
1478 Just like Mech, but using Microsoft Internet Explorer to do the
1480 work.
1481 · WWW::Bugzilla
1483 · WWW::CheckSite
1485 · WWW::Google::Groups
1487 · WWW::Hotmail
1489 · WWW::Mechanize::Cached
1491 · WWW::Mechanize::Cached::GZip
1493 · WWW::Mechanize::FormFiller
1495 · WWW::Mechanize::Shell
1497 · WWW::Mechanize::Sleepy
1499 · WWW::Mechanize::SpamCop
1501 · WWW::Mechanize::Timed
1503 · WWW::SourceForge
1505 · WWW::Yahoo::Groups
1507 · WWW::Scripter
1509
1511 Thanks to the numerous people who have helped out on WWW::Mechanize in
1512 one way or another, including Kirrily Robert for the original
1513 "WWW::Automate", Lyle Hopkins, Damien Clark, Ansgar Burchardt, Gisle
1514 Aas, Jeremy Ary, Hilary Holz, Rafael Kitover, Norbert Buchmuller, Dave
1515 Page, David Sainty, H.Merijn Brand, Matt Lawrence, Michael Schwern,
1516 Adriano Ferreira, Miyagawa, Peteris Krumins, Rafael Kitover, David
1517 Steinbrunner, Kevin Falcone, Mike O'Regan, Mark Stosberg, Uri Guttman,
1518 Peter Scott, Philippe Bruhat, Ian Langworth, John Beppu, Gavin Estey,
1519 Jim Brandt, Ask Bjoern Hansen, Greg Davies, Ed Silva, Mark-Jason
1520 Dominus, Autrijus Tang, Mark Fowler, Stuart Children, Max Maischein,
1521 Meng Wong, Prakash Kailasa, Abigail, Jan Pazdziora, Dominique
1522 Quatravaux, Scott Lanning, Rob Casey, Leland Johnson, Joshua Gatcomb,
1523 Julien Beasley, Abe Timmerman, Peter Stevens, Pete Krawczyk, Tad
1524 McClellan, and the late great Iain Truskett.
1525
1527 Andy Lester <andy at petdance.com>
1528
1530 This software is copyright (c) 2004-2016 by Andy Lester.
1531 This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
1533 the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
1534perl v5.30.0 2019-07-26 WWW::Mechanize(3)