1GIT-COMMIT(1)                     Git Manual                     GIT-COMMIT(1)
2
3
4

NAME

6       git-commit - Record changes to the repository
7

SYNOPSIS

9       git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]
10                  [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --fixup | --squash) <commit>]
11                  [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]
12                  [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]
13                  [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]
14                  [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]
15                  [-S[<keyid>]] [--] [<pathspec>...]
16

DESCRIPTION

18       Create a new commit containing the current contents of the index and
19       the given log message describing the changes. The new commit is a
20       direct child of HEAD, usually the tip of the current branch, and the
21       branch is updated to point to it (unless no branch is associated with
22       the working tree, in which case HEAD is "detached" as described in git-
23       checkout(1)).
24
25       The content to be committed can be specified in several ways:
26
27        1. by using git-add(1) to incrementally "add" changes to the index
28           before using the commit command (Note: even modified files must be
29           "added");
30
31        2. by using git-rm(1) to remove files from the working tree and the
32           index, again before using the commit command;
33
34        3. by listing files as arguments to the commit command (without
35           --interactive or --patch switch), in which case the commit will
36           ignore changes staged in the index, and instead record the current
37           content of the listed files (which must already be known to Git);
38
39        4. by using the -a switch with the commit command to automatically
40           "add" changes from all known files (i.e. all files that are already
41           listed in the index) and to automatically "rm" files in the index
42           that have been removed from the working tree, and then perform the
43           actual commit;
44
45        5. by using the --interactive or --patch switches with the commit
46           command to decide one by one which files or hunks should be part of
47           the commit in addition to contents in the index, before finalizing
48           the operation. See the “Interactive Mode” section of git-add(1) to
49           learn how to operate these modes.
50
51       The --dry-run option can be used to obtain a summary of what is
52       included by any of the above for the next commit by giving the same set
53       of parameters (options and paths).
54
55       If you make a commit and then find a mistake immediately after that,
56       you can recover from it with git reset.
57

OPTIONS

59       -a, --all
60           Tell the command to automatically stage files that have been
61           modified and deleted, but new files you have not told Git about are
62           not affected.
63
64       -p, --patch
65           Use the interactive patch selection interface to chose which
66           changes to commit. See git-add(1) for details.
67
68       -C <commit>, --reuse-message=<commit>
69           Take an existing commit object, and reuse the log message and the
70           authorship information (including the timestamp) when creating the
71           commit.
72
73       -c <commit>, --reedit-message=<commit>
74           Like -C, but with -c the editor is invoked, so that the user can
75           further edit the commit message.
76
77       --fixup=<commit>
78           Construct a commit message for use with rebase --autosquash. The
79           commit message will be the subject line from the specified commit
80           with a prefix of "fixup! ". See git-rebase(1) for details.
81
82       --squash=<commit>
83           Construct a commit message for use with rebase --autosquash. The
84           commit message subject line is taken from the specified commit with
85           a prefix of "squash! ". Can be used with additional commit message
86           options (-m/-c/-C/-F). See git-rebase(1) for details.
87
88       --reset-author
89           When used with -C/-c/--amend options, or when committing after a
90           conflicting cherry-pick, declare that the authorship of the
91           resulting commit now belongs to the committer. This also renews the
92           author timestamp.
93
94       --short
95           When doing a dry-run, give the output in the short-format. See git-
96           status(1) for details. Implies --dry-run.
97
98       --branch
99           Show the branch and tracking info even in short-format.
100
101       --porcelain
102           When doing a dry-run, give the output in a porcelain-ready format.
103           See git-status(1) for details. Implies --dry-run.
104
105       --long
106           When doing a dry-run, give the output in the long-format. Implies
107           --dry-run.
108
109       -z, --null
110           When showing short or porcelain status output, print the filename
111           verbatim and terminate the entries with NUL, instead of LF. If no
112           format is given, implies the --porcelain output format. Without the
113           -z option, filenames with "unusual" characters are quoted as
114           explained for the configuration variable core.quotePath (see git-
115           config(1)).
116
117       -F <file>, --file=<file>
118           Take the commit message from the given file. Use - to read the
119           message from the standard input.
120
121       --author=<author>
122           Override the commit author. Specify an explicit author using the
123           standard A U Thor <author@example.com> format. Otherwise <author>
124           is assumed to be a pattern and is used to search for an existing
125           commit by that author (i.e. rev-list --all -i --author=<author>);
126           the commit author is then copied from the first such commit found.
127
128       --date=<date>
129           Override the author date used in the commit.
130
131       -m <msg>, --message=<msg>
132           Use the given <msg> as the commit message. If multiple -m options
133           are given, their values are concatenated as separate paragraphs.
134
135           The -m option is mutually exclusive with -c, -C, and -F.
136
137       -t <file>, --template=<file>
138           When editing the commit message, start the editor with the contents
139           in the given file. The commit.template configuration variable is
140           often used to give this option implicitly to the command. This
141           mechanism can be used by projects that want to guide participants
142           with some hints on what to write in the message in what order. If
143           the user exits the editor without editing the message, the commit
144           is aborted. This has no effect when a message is given by other
145           means, e.g. with the -m or -F options.
146
147       -s, --signoff
148           Add Signed-off-by line by the committer at the end of the commit
149           log message. The meaning of a signoff depends on the project, but
150           it typically certifies that committer has the rights to submit this
151           work under the same license and agrees to a Developer Certificate
152           of Origin (see http://developercertificate.org/ for more
153           information).
154
155       -n, --no-verify
156           This option bypasses the pre-commit and commit-msg hooks. See also
157           githooks(5).
158
159       --allow-empty
160           Usually recording a commit that has the exact same tree as its sole
161           parent commit is a mistake, and the command prevents you from
162           making such a commit. This option bypasses the safety, and is
163           primarily for use by foreign SCM interface scripts.
164
165       --allow-empty-message
166           Like --allow-empty this command is primarily for use by foreign SCM
167           interface scripts. It allows you to create a commit with an empty
168           commit message without using plumbing commands like git-commit-
169           tree(1).
170
171       --cleanup=<mode>
172           This option determines how the supplied commit message should be
173           cleaned up before committing. The <mode> can be strip, whitespace,
174           verbatim, scissors or default.
175
176           strip
177               Strip leading and trailing empty lines, trailing whitespace,
178               commentary and collapse consecutive empty lines.
179
180           whitespace
181               Same as strip except #commentary is not removed.
182
183           verbatim
184               Do not change the message at all.
185
186           scissors
187               Same as whitespace except that everything from (and including)
188               the line found below is truncated, if the message is to be
189               edited. "#" can be customized with core.commentChar.
190
191                   # ------------------------ >8 ------------------------
192
193           default
194               Same as strip if the message is to be edited. Otherwise
195               whitespace.
196
197           The default can be changed by the commit.cleanup configuration
198           variable (see git-config(1)).
199
200       -e, --edit
201           The message taken from file with -F, command line with -m, and from
202           commit object with -C are usually used as the commit log message
203           unmodified. This option lets you further edit the message taken
204           from these sources.
205
206       --no-edit
207           Use the selected commit message without launching an editor. For
208           example, git commit --amend --no-edit amends a commit without
209           changing its commit message.
210
211       --amend
212           Replace the tip of the current branch by creating a new commit. The
213           recorded tree is prepared as usual (including the effect of the -i
214           and -o options and explicit pathspec), and the message from the
215           original commit is used as the starting point, instead of an empty
216           message, when no other message is specified from the command line
217           via options such as -m, -F, -c, etc. The new commit has the same
218           parents and author as the current one (the --reset-author option
219           can countermand this).
220
221           It is a rough equivalent for:
222
223                       $ git reset --soft HEAD^
224                       $ ... do something else to come up with the right tree ...
225                       $ git commit -c ORIG_HEAD
226
227           but can be used to amend a merge commit.
228
229           You should understand the implications of rewriting history if you
230           amend a commit that has already been published. (See the
231           "RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in git-rebase(1).)
232
233       --no-post-rewrite
234           Bypass the post-rewrite hook.
235
236       -i, --include
237           Before making a commit out of staged contents so far, stage the
238           contents of paths given on the command line as well. This is
239           usually not what you want unless you are concluding a conflicted
240           merge.
241
242       -o, --only
243           Make a commit by taking the updated working tree contents of the
244           paths specified on the command line, disregarding any contents that
245           have been staged for other paths. This is the default mode of
246           operation of git commit if any paths are given on the command line,
247           in which case this option can be omitted. If this option is
248           specified together with --amend, then no paths need to be
249           specified, which can be used to amend the last commit without
250           committing changes that have already been staged. If used together
251           with --allow-empty paths are also not required, and an empty commit
252           will be created.
253
254       --pathspec-from-file=<file>
255           Pathspec is passed in <file> instead of commandline args. If <file>
256           is exactly - then standard input is used. Pathspec elements are
257           separated by LF or CR/LF. Pathspec elements can be quoted as
258           explained for the configuration variable core.quotePath (see git-
259           config(1)). See also --pathspec-file-nul and global
260           --literal-pathspecs.
261
262       --pathspec-file-nul
263           Only meaningful with --pathspec-from-file. Pathspec elements are
264           separated with NUL character and all other characters are taken
265           literally (including newlines and quotes).
266
267       -u[<mode>], --untracked-files[=<mode>]
268           Show untracked files.
269
270           The mode parameter is optional (defaults to all), and is used to
271           specify the handling of untracked files; when -u is not used, the
272           default is normal, i.e. show untracked files and directories.
273
274           The possible options are:
275
276           ·   no - Show no untracked files
277
278           ·   normal - Shows untracked files and directories
279
280           ·   all - Also shows individual files in untracked directories.
281
282           The default can be changed using the status.showUntrackedFiles
283           configuration variable documented in git-config(1).
284
285       -v, --verbose
286           Show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what would be
287           committed at the bottom of the commit message template to help the
288           user describe the commit by reminding what changes the commit has.
289           Note that this diff output doesn’t have its lines prefixed with #.
290           This diff will not be a part of the commit message. See the
291           commit.verbose configuration variable in git-config(1).
292
293           If specified twice, show in addition the unified diff between what
294           would be committed and the worktree files, i.e. the unstaged
295           changes to tracked files.
296
297       -q, --quiet
298           Suppress commit summary message.
299
300       --dry-run
301           Do not create a commit, but show a list of paths that are to be
302           committed, paths with local changes that will be left uncommitted
303           and paths that are untracked.
304
305       --status
306           Include the output of git-status(1) in the commit message template
307           when using an editor to prepare the commit message. Defaults to on,
308           but can be used to override configuration variable commit.status.
309
310       --no-status
311           Do not include the output of git-status(1) in the commit message
312           template when using an editor to prepare the default commit
313           message.
314
315       -S[<keyid>], --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]
316           GPG-sign commits. The keyid argument is optional and defaults to
317           the committer identity; if specified, it must be stuck to the
318           option without a space.
319
320       --no-gpg-sign
321           Countermand commit.gpgSign configuration variable that is set to
322           force each and every commit to be signed.
323
324       --
325           Do not interpret any more arguments as options.
326
327       <pathspec>...
328           When pathspec is given on the command line, commit the contents of
329           the files that match the pathspec without recording the changes
330           already added to the index. The contents of these files are also
331           staged for the next commit on top of what have been staged before.
332
333           For more details, see the pathspec entry in gitglossary(7).
334

EXAMPLES

336       When recording your own work, the contents of modified files in your
337       working tree are temporarily stored to a staging area called the
338       "index" with git add. A file can be reverted back, only in the index
339       but not in the working tree, to that of the last commit with git
340       restore --staged <file>, which effectively reverts git add and prevents
341       the changes to this file from participating in the next commit. After
342       building the state to be committed incrementally with these commands,
343       git commit (without any pathname parameter) is used to record what has
344       been staged so far. This is the most basic form of the command. An
345       example:
346
347           $ edit hello.c
348           $ git rm goodbye.c
349           $ git add hello.c
350           $ git commit
351
352       Instead of staging files after each individual change, you can tell git
353       commit to notice the changes to the files whose contents are tracked in
354       your working tree and do corresponding git add and git rm for you. That
355       is, this example does the same as the earlier example if there is no
356       other change in your working tree:
357
358           $ edit hello.c
359           $ rm goodbye.c
360           $ git commit -a
361
362       The command git commit -a first looks at your working tree, notices
363       that you have modified hello.c and removed goodbye.c, and performs
364       necessary git add and git rm for you.
365
366       After staging changes to many files, you can alter the order the
367       changes are recorded in, by giving pathnames to git commit. When
368       pathnames are given, the command makes a commit that only records the
369       changes made to the named paths:
370
371           $ edit hello.c hello.h
372           $ git add hello.c hello.h
373           $ edit Makefile
374           $ git commit Makefile
375
376       This makes a commit that records the modification to Makefile. The
377       changes staged for hello.c and hello.h are not included in the
378       resulting commit. However, their changes are not lost — they are still
379       staged and merely held back. After the above sequence, if you do:
380
381           $ git commit
382
383       this second commit would record the changes to hello.c and hello.h as
384       expected.
385
386       After a merge (initiated by git merge or git pull) stops because of
387       conflicts, cleanly merged paths are already staged to be committed for
388       you, and paths that conflicted are left in unmerged state. You would
389       have to first check which paths are conflicting with git status and
390       after fixing them manually in your working tree, you would stage the
391       result as usual with git add:
392
393           $ git status | grep unmerged
394           unmerged: hello.c
395           $ edit hello.c
396           $ git add hello.c
397
398       After resolving conflicts and staging the result, git ls-files -u would
399       stop mentioning the conflicted path. When you are done, run git commit
400       to finally record the merge:
401
402           $ git commit
403
404       As with the case to record your own changes, you can use -a option to
405       save typing. One difference is that during a merge resolution, you
406       cannot use git commit with pathnames to alter the order the changes are
407       committed, because the merge should be recorded as a single commit. In
408       fact, the command refuses to run when given pathnames (but see -i
409       option).
410

COMMIT INFORMATION

412       Author and committer information is taken from the following
413       environment variables, if set:
414
415           GIT_AUTHOR_NAME
416           GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL
417           GIT_AUTHOR_DATE
418           GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
419           GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
420           GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
421
422       (nb "<", ">" and "\n"s are stripped)
423
424       The author and committer names are by convention some form of a
425       personal name (that is, the name by which other humans refer to you),
426       although Git does not enforce or require any particular form. Arbitrary
427       Unicode may be used, subject to the constraints listed above. This name
428       has no effect on authentication; for that, see the credential.username
429       variable in git-config(1).
430
431       In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the
432       information is taken from the configuration items user.name and
433       user.email, or, if not present, the environment variable EMAIL, or, if
434       that is not set, system user name and the hostname used for outgoing
435       mail (taken from /etc/mailname and falling back to the fully qualified
436       hostname when that file does not exist).
437
438       The author.name and committer.name and their corresponding email
439       options override user.name and user.email if set and are overridden
440       themselves by the environment variables.
441
442       The typical usage is to set just the user.name and user.email
443       variables; the other options are provided for more complex use cases.
444

DATE FORMATS

446       The GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_DATE environment variables and the
447       --date option support the following date formats:
448
449       Git internal format
450           It is <unix timestamp> <time zone offset>, where <unix timestamp>
451           is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.  <time zone offset>
452           is a positive or negative offset from UTC. For example CET (which
453           is 1 hour ahead of UTC) is +0100.
454
455       RFC 2822
456           The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example
457           Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200.
458
459       ISO 8601
460           Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
461           2005-04-07T22:13:13. The parser accepts a space instead of the T
462           character as well.
463
464               Note
465               In addition, the date part is accepted in the following
466               formats: YYYY.MM.DD, MM/DD/YYYY and DD.MM.YYYY.
467

DISCUSSION

469       Though not required, it’s a good idea to begin the commit message with
470       a single short (less than 50 character) line summarizing the change,
471       followed by a blank line and then a more thorough description. The text
472       up to the first blank line in a commit message is treated as the commit
473       title, and that title is used throughout Git. For example, git-format-
474       patch(1) turns a commit into email, and it uses the title on the
475       Subject line and the rest of the commit in the body.
476
477       Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic.
478
479       ·   The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences of
480           bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core level.
481
482       ·   Path names are encoded in UTF-8 normalization form C. This applies
483           to tree objects, the index file, ref names, as well as path names
484           in command line arguments, environment variables and config files
485           (.git/config (see git-config(1)), gitignore(5), gitattributes(5)
486           and gitmodules(5)).
487
488           Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as
489           sequences of non-NUL bytes, there are no path name encoding
490           conversions (except on Mac and Windows). Therefore, using non-ASCII
491           path names will mostly work even on platforms and file systems that
492           use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However, repositories created
493           on such systems will not work properly on UTF-8-based systems (e.g.
494           Linux, Mac, Windows) and vice versa. Additionally, many Git-based
495           tools simply assume path names to be UTF-8 and will fail to display
496           other encodings correctly.
497
498       ·   Commit log messages are typically encoded in UTF-8, but other
499           extended ASCII encodings are also supported. This includes
500           ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but not UTF-16/32, EBCDIC and
501           CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5, EUC-x, CP9xx etc.).
502
503       Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded in
504       UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to force UTF-8
505       on projects. If all participants of a particular project find it more
506       convenient to use legacy encodings, Git does not forbid it. However,
507       there are a few things to keep in mind.
508
509        1. git commit and git commit-tree issues a warning if the commit log
510           message given to it does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless
511           you explicitly say your project uses a legacy encoding. The way to
512           say this is to have i18n.commitencoding in .git/config file, like
513           this:
514
515               [i18n]
516                       commitEncoding = ISO-8859-1
517
518           Commit objects created with the above setting record the value of
519           i18n.commitEncoding in its encoding header. This is to help other
520           people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the
521           commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.
522
523        2. git log, git show, git blame and friends look at the encoding
524           header of a commit object, and try to re-code the log message into
525           UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can specify the desired
526           output encoding with i18n.logOutputEncoding in .git/config file,
527           like this:
528
529               [i18n]
530                       logOutputEncoding = ISO-8859-1
531
532           If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
533           i18n.commitEncoding is used instead.
534
535       Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log message
536       when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit object level,
537       because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a reversible operation.
538

ENVIRONMENT AND CONFIGURATION VARIABLES

540       The editor used to edit the commit log message will be chosen from the
541       GIT_EDITOR environment variable, the core.editor configuration
542       variable, the VISUAL environment variable, or the EDITOR environment
543       variable (in that order). See git-var(1) for details.
544

HOOKS

546       This command can run commit-msg, prepare-commit-msg, pre-commit,
547       post-commit and post-rewrite hooks. See githooks(5) for more
548       information.
549

FILES

551       $GIT_DIR/COMMIT_EDITMSG
552           This file contains the commit message of a commit in progress. If
553           git commit exits due to an error before creating a commit, any
554           commit message that has been provided by the user (e.g., in an
555           editor session) will be available in this file, but will be
556           overwritten by the next invocation of git commit.
557

SEE ALSO

559       git-add(1), git-rm(1), git-mv(1), git-merge(1), git-commit-tree(1)
560

GIT

562       Part of the git(1) suite
563
564
565
566Git 2.26.2                        2020-04-20                     GIT-COMMIT(1)
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