1LS(1)                            User Commands                           LS(1)
2
3
4

NAME

6       ls - list directory contents
7

SYNOPSIS

9       ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
10

DESCRIPTION

12       List  information  about  the FILEs (the current directory by default).
13       Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort  is  speci‐
14       fied.
15
16       Mandatory  arguments  to  long  options are mandatory for short options
17       too.
18
19       -a, --all
20              do not ignore entries starting with .
21
22       -A, --almost-all
23              do not list implied . and ..
24
25       --author
26              with -l, print the author of each file
27
28       -b, --escape
29              print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
30
31       --block-size=SIZE
32              with  -l,  scale  sizes  by  SIZE  when  printing  them;   e.g.,
33              '--block-size=M'; see SIZE format below
34
35       -B, --ignore-backups
36              do not list implied entries ending with ~
37
38       -c     with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of
39              file status information); with -l: show ctime and sort by  name;
40              otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
41
42       -C     list entries by columns
43
44       --color[=WHEN]
45              colorize  the output; WHEN can be 'always' (default if omitted),
46              'auto', or 'never'; more info below
47
48       -d, --directory
49              list directories themselves, not their contents
50
51       -D, --dired
52              generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
53
54       -f     do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
55
56       -F, --classify
57              append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
58
59       --file-type
60              likewise, except do not append '*'
61
62       --format=WORD
63              across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column  -1,
64              verbose -l, vertical -C
65
66       --full-time
67              like -l --time-style=full-iso
68
69       -g     like -l, but do not list owner
70
71       --group-directories-first
72              group directories before files;
73
74              can   be  augmented  with  a  --sort  option,  but  any  use  of
75              --sort=none (-U) disables grouping
76
77       -G, --no-group
78              in a long listing, don't print group names
79
80       -h, --human-readable
81              with -l and -s, print sizes like 1K 234M 2G etc.
82
83       --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
84
85       -H, --dereference-command-line
86              follow symbolic links listed on the command line
87
88       --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
89              follow each command line symbolic link
90
91              that points to a directory
92
93       --hide=PATTERN
94              do not list implied entries matching shell  PATTERN  (overridden
95              by -a or -A)
96
97       --hyperlink[=WHEN]
98              hyperlink file names; WHEN can be 'always' (default if omitted),
99              'auto', or 'never'
100
101       --indicator-style=WORD
102              append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default),
103              slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
104
105       -i, --inode
106              print the index number of each file
107
108       -I, --ignore=PATTERN
109              do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
110
111       -k, --kibibytes
112              default  to  1024-byte  blocks for disk usage; used only with -s
113              and per directory totals
114
115       -l     use a long listing format
116
117       -L, --dereference
118              when showing file information for a symbolic link, show informa‐
119              tion  for  the file the link references rather than for the link
120              itself
121
122       -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries
123
124       -n, --numeric-uid-gid
125              like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
126
127       -N, --literal
128              print entry names without quoting
129
130       -o     like -l, but do not list group information
131
132       -p, --indicator-style=slash
133              append / indicator to directories
134
135       -q, --hide-control-chars
136              print ? instead of nongraphic characters
137
138       --show-control-chars
139              show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, unless program is
140              'ls' and output is a terminal)
141
142       -Q, --quote-name
143              enclose entry names in double quotes
144
145       --quoting-style=WORD
146              use  quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell,
147              shell-always,  shell-escape,  shell-escape-always,   c,   escape
148              (overrides QUOTING_STYLE environment variable)
149
150       -r, --reverse
151              reverse order while sorting
152
153       -R, --recursive
154              list subdirectories recursively
155
156       -s, --size
157              print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
158
159       -S     sort by file size, largest first
160
161       --sort=WORD
162              sort  by  WORD instead of name: none (-U), size (-S), time (-t),
163              version (-v), extension (-X)
164
165       --time=WORD
166              change the default of  using  modification  times;  access  time
167              (-u): atime, access, use; change time (-c): ctime, status; birth
168              time: birth, creation;
169
170              with -l, WORD determines which time to show;  with  --sort=time,
171              sort by WORD (newest first)
172
173       --time-style=TIME_STYLE
174              time/date format with -l; see TIME_STYLE below
175
176       -t     sort by time, newest first; see --time
177
178       -T, --tabsize=COLS
179              assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
180
181       -u     with  -lt:  sort by, and show, access time; with -l: show access
182              time and sort by name; otherwise: sort by  access  time,  newest
183              first
184
185       -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order
186
187       -v     natural sort of (version) numbers within text
188
189       -w, --width=COLS
190              set output width to COLS.  0 means no limit
191
192       -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns
193
194       -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension
195
196       -Z, --context
197              print any security context of each file
198
199       -1     list one file per line.  Avoid '\n' with -q or -b
200
201       --help display this help and exit
202
203       --version
204              output version information and exit
205
206       The  SIZE  argument  is  an  integer and optional unit (example: 10K is
207       10*1024).  Units are K,M,G,T,P,E,Z,Y  (powers  of  1024)  or  KB,MB,...
208       (powers  of 1000).  Binary prefixes can be used, too: KiB=K, MiB=M, and
209       so on.
210
211       The TIME_STYLE argument can be  full-iso,  long-iso,  iso,  locale,  or
212       +FORMAT.   FORMAT  is  interpreted  like in date(1).  If FORMAT is FOR‐
213       MAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FOR‐
214       MAT2  to  recent files.  TIME_STYLE prefixed with 'posix-' takes effect
215       only outside the POSIX locale.  Also the TIME_STYLE  environment  vari‐
216       able sets the default style to use.
217
218       Using  color  to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
219       with --color=never.  With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only  when
220       standard  output is connected to a terminal.  The LS_COLORS environment
221       variable can change the settings.  Use the dircolors command to set it.
222
223   Exit status:
224       0      if OK,
225
226       1      if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
227
228       2      if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
229

AUTHOR

231       Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
232

REPORTING BUGS

234       GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
235       Report any translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>
236
238       Copyright © 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.   License  GPLv3+:  GNU
239       GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
240       This  is  free  software:  you  are free to change and redistribute it.
241       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
242

SEE ALSO

244       Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ls>
245       or available locally via: info '(coreutils) ls invocation'
246
247
248
249GNU coreutils 8.32               February 2021                           LS(1)
Impressum