1Type::Tiny::Manual::UsiUnsgeWritChoMnotor3i(b3u)ted PerlTyDpoec:u:mTeinntya:t:iMoannual::UsingWithMoo3(3)
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NAME

6       Type::Tiny::Manual::UsingWithMoo3 - alternative use of Type::Tiny with
7       Moo
8

MANUAL

10   Type Registries
11       In all the examples so far, we have imported a collection of type
12       constraints into each class:
13
14         package Horse {
15           use Moo;
16           use Types::Standard qw( Str ArrayRef HashRef Int Any InstanceOf );
17           use Types::Common::Numeric qw( PositiveInt );
18           use Types::Common::String qw( NonEmptyStr );
19
20           has name    => ( is => 'ro', isa => Str );
21           has father  => ( is => 'ro', isa => InstanceOf["Horse"] );
22           ...;
23         }
24
25       This creates a bunch of subs in the Horse namespace, one for each type.
26       We've used namespace::autoclean to clean these up later.
27
28       But it is also possible to avoid pulling all these into the Horse
29       namespace. Instead we'll use a type registry:
30
31         package Horse {
32           use Moo;
33           use Type::Registry qw( t );
34
35           t->add_types('-Standard');
36           t->add_types('-Common::String');
37           t->add_types('-Common::Numeric');
38
39           t->alias_type('InstanceOf["Horse"]' => 'Horsey');
40
41           has name     => ( is => 'ro', isa => t('Str') );
42           has father   => ( is => 'ro', isa => t('Horsey') );
43           has mother   => ( is => 'ro', isa => t('Horsey') );
44           has children => ( is => 'ro', isa => t('ArrayRef[Horsey]') );
45           ...;
46         }
47
48       You don't even need to import the "t()" function. Types::Registry can
49       be used in an entirely object-oriented way.
50
51         package Horse {
52           use Moo;
53           use Type::Registry;
54
55           my $reg = Type::Registry->for_me;
56
57           $reg->add_types('-Standard');
58           $reg->add_types('-Common::String');
59           $reg->add_types('-Common::Numeric');
60
61           $reg->alias_type('InstanceOf["Horse"]' => 'Horsey');
62
63           has name => ( is => 'ro', isa => $reg->lookup('Str') );
64           ...;
65         }
66
67       You could create two registries with entirely different definitions for
68       the same named type.
69
70         my $dracula = Aristocrat->new(name => 'Dracula');
71
72         package AristocracyTracker {
73           use Type::Registry;
74
75           my $reg1 = Type::Registry->new;
76           $reg1->add_types('-Common::Numeric');
77           $reg1->alias_type('PositiveInt' => 'Count');
78
79           my $reg2 = Type::Registry->new;
80           $reg2->add_types('-Standard');
81           $reg2->alias_type('InstanceOf["Aristocrat"]' => 'Count');
82
83           $reg1->lookup("Count")->assert_valid("1");
84           $reg2->lookup("Count")->assert_valid($dracula);
85         }
86
87       Type::Registry uses "AUTOLOAD", so things like this work:
88
89         $reg->ArrayRef->of( $reg->Int );
90
91       Although you can create as many registries as you like, Type::Registry
92       will create a default registry for each package.
93
94         # Create a new empty registry.
95         #
96         my $reg = Type::Registry->new;
97
98         # Get the default registry for my package.
99         # It will be pre-populated with any types we imported using `use`.
100         #
101         my $reg = Type::Registry->for_me;
102
103         # Get the default registry for some other package.
104         #
105         my $reg = Type::Registry->for_class("Horse");
106
107       Type registries are a convenient place to store a bunch of types
108       without polluting your namespace. They are not the same as type
109       libraries though.  Types::Standard, Types::Common::String, and
110       Types::Common::Numeric are type libraries; packages that export types
111       for others to use. We will look at how to make one of those later.
112
113       For now, here's the best way to think of the difference:
114
115       •   Type registry
116
117           Curate a collection of types for me to use here in this class.
118           This collection is an implementaion detail.
119
120       •   Type library
121
122           Export a collection of types to be used across multiple classes.
123           This collection is part of your API.
124
125   Importing Functions
126       We've seen how, for instance, Types::Standard exports a sub called
127       "Int" that returns the Int type object.
128
129         use Types::Standard qw( Int );
130
131         my $type = Int;
132         $type->check($value) or die $type->get_message($value);
133
134       Type libraries are also capable of exporting other convenience
135       functions.
136
137       "is_*"
138
139       This is a shortcut for checking a value meets a type constraint:
140
141         use Types::Standard qw( is_Int );
142
143         if ( is_Int($value) ) {
144           ...;
145         }
146
147       Calling "is_Int($value)" will often be marginally faster than calling
148       "Int->check($value)" because it avoids a method call.  (Method calls in
149       Perl end up slower than normal function calls.)
150
151       Using things like "is_ArrayRef" in your code might be preferable to
152       "ref($value) eq "ARRAY"" because it's neater, leads to more consistent
153       type checking, and might even be faster. (Type::Tiny can be pretty
154       fast; it is sometimes able to export these functions as XS subs.)
155
156       If checking type constraints like "is_ArrayRef" or "is_InstanceOf",
157       there's no way to give a parameter. "is_ArrayRef[Int]($value)" doesn't
158       work, and neither does "is_ArrayRef(Int, $value)" nor
159       "is_ArrayRef($value, Int)". For some types like "is_InstanceOf", this
160       makes them fairly useless; without being able to give a class name, it
161       just acts the same as "is_Object". See "Exporting Parameterized Types"
162       for a solution. Also, check out isa.
163
164       There also exists a generic "is" function.
165
166         use Types::Standard qw( ArrayRef Int );
167         use Type::Utils qw( is );
168
169         if ( is ArrayRef[Int], \@numbers ) {
170           ...;
171         }
172
173       "assert_*"
174
175       While "is_Int($value)" returns a boolean, "assert_Int($value)" will
176       throw an error if the value does not meet the constraint, and return
177       the value otherwise. So you can do:
178
179         my $sum = assert_Int($x) + assert_Int($y);
180
181       And you will get the sum of integers $x and $y, and an explosion if
182       either of them is not an integer!
183
184       Assert is useful for quick parameter checks if you are avoiding
185       Type::Params for some strange reason:
186
187         sub add_numbers {
188           my $x = assert_Num(shift);
189           my $y = assert_Num(shift);
190           return $x + $y;
191         }
192
193       You can also use a generic "assert" function.
194
195         use Type::Utils qw( assert );
196
197         sub add_numbers {
198           my $x = assert Num, shift;
199           my $y = assert Num, shift;
200           return $x + $y;
201         }
202
203       "to_*"
204
205       This is a shortcut for coercion:
206
207         my $truthy = to_Bool($value);
208
209       It trusts that the coercion has worked okay. You can combine it with an
210       assertion if you want to make sure.
211
212         my $truthy = assert_Bool(to_Bool($value));
213
214       Shortcuts for exporting functions
215
216       This is a little verbose:
217
218         use Types::Standard qw( Bool is_Bool assert_Bool to_Bool );
219
220       Isn't this a little bit nicer?
221
222         use Types::Standard qw( +Bool );
223
224       The plus sign tells a type library to export not only the type itself,
225       but all of the convenience functions too.
226
227       You can also use:
228
229         use Types::Standard -types;   # export Int, Bool, etc
230         use Types::Standard -is;      # export is_Int, is_Bool, etc
231         use Types::Standard -assert;  # export assert_Int, assert_Bool, etc
232         use Types::Standard -to;      # export to_Bool, etc
233         use Types::Standard -all;     # just export everything!!!
234
235       So if you imagine the functions exported by Types::Standard are like
236       this:
237
238         qw(
239           Str             is_Str          assert_Str
240           Num             is_Num          assert_Num
241           Int             is_Int          assert_Int
242           Bool            is_Bool         assert_Bool     to_Bool
243           ArrayRef        is_ArrayRef     assert_ArrayRef
244         );
245         # ... and more
246
247       Then "+" exports a horizonal group of those, and "-" exports a vertical
248       group.
249
250   Exporting Parameterized Types
251       It's possible to export parameterizable types like ArrayRef, but it is
252       also possible to export parameterized types.
253
254         use Types::Standard qw( ArrayRef Int );
255         use Types::Standard (
256           '+ArrayRef' => { of => Int, -as => 'IntList' },
257         );
258
259         has numbers => (is => 'ro', isa => IntList);
260
261       Using "is_IntList($value)" should be significantly faster than
262       "ArrayRef->of(Int)->check($value)".
263
264       This trick only works for parameterized types that have a single
265       parameter, like ArrayRef, HashRef, InstanceOf, etc.  (Sorry, "Dict" and
266       "Tuple"!)
267
268   Do What I Mean!
269         use Type::Utils qw( dwim_type );
270
271         dwim_type("ArrayRef[Int]")
272
273       "dwim_type" will look up a type constraint from a string and attempt to
274       guess what you meant.
275
276       If it's a type constraint that you seem to have imported with "use",
277       then it should find it. Otherwise, if you're using Moose or Mouse,
278       it'll try asking those. Or if it's in Types::Standard, it'll look
279       there. And if it still has no idea, then it will assume
280       dwim_type("Foo") means dwim_type("InstanceOf['Foo']").
281
282       It just does a big old bunch of guessing.
283
284       The "is" function will use "dwim_type" if you pass it a string as a
285       type.
286
287         use Type::Utils qw( is );
288
289         if ( is "ArrayRef[Int]", \@numbers ) {
290           ...;
291         }
292

NEXT STEPS

294       You now know pretty much everything there is to know about how to use
295       type libraries.
296
297       Here's your next step:
298
299       •   Type::Tiny::Manual::Libraries
300
301           Defining your own type libraries, including extending existing
302           libraries, defining new types, adding coercions, defining
303           parameterizable types, and the declarative style.
304

AUTHOR

306       Toby Inkster <tobyink@cpan.org>.
307

309       This software is copyright (c) 2013-2014, 2017-2021 by Toby Inkster.
310
311       This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
312       the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
313

DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES

315       THIS PACKAGE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
316       WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
317       MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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321perl v5.32.1                      2021-04-2T7ype::Tiny::Manual::UsingWithMoo3(3)
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