1JSON(3)               User Contributed Perl Documentation              JSON(3)
2
3
4

NAME

6       JSON - JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) encoder/decoder
7

SYNOPSIS

9        use JSON; # imports encode_json, decode_json, to_json and from_json.
10
11        # simple and fast interfaces (expect/generate UTF-8)
12
13        $utf8_encoded_json_text = encode_json $perl_hash_or_arrayref;
14        $perl_hash_or_arrayref  = decode_json $utf8_encoded_json_text;
15
16        # OO-interface
17
18        $json = JSON->new->allow_nonref;
19
20        $json_text   = $json->encode( $perl_scalar );
21        $perl_scalar = $json->decode( $json_text );
22
23        $pretty_printed = $json->pretty->encode( $perl_scalar ); # pretty-printing
24

DESCRIPTION

26       This module is a thin wrapper for JSON::XS-compatible modules with a
27       few additional features. All the backend modules convert a Perl data
28       structure to a JSON text and vice versa. This module uses JSON::XS by
29       default, and when JSON::XS is not available, falls back on JSON::PP,
30       which is in the Perl core since 5.14. If JSON::PP is not available
31       either, this module then falls back on JSON::backportPP (which is
32       actually JSON::PP in a different .pm file) bundled in the same
33       distribution as this module.  You can also explicitly specify to use
34       Cpanel::JSON::XS, a fork of JSON::XS by Reini Urban.
35
36       All these backend modules have slight incompatibilities between them,
37       including extra features that other modules don't support, but as long
38       as you use only common features (most important ones are described
39       below), migration from backend to backend should be reasonably easy.
40       For details, see each backend module you use.
41

CHOOSING BACKEND

43       This module respects an environmental variable called
44       "PERL_JSON_BACKEND" when it decides a backend module to use. If this
45       environmental variable is not set, it tries to load JSON::XS, and if
46       JSON::XS is not available, it falls back on JSON::PP, and then
47       JSON::backportPP if JSON::PP is not available either.
48
49       If you always don't want it to fall back on pure perl modules, set the
50       variable like this ("export" may be "setenv", "set" and the likes,
51       depending on your environment):
52
53         > export PERL_JSON_BACKEND=JSON::XS
54
55       If you prefer Cpanel::JSON::XS to JSON::XS, then:
56
57         > export PERL_JSON_BACKEND=Cpanel::JSON::XS,JSON::XS,JSON::PP
58
59       You may also want to set this variable at the top of your test files,
60       in order not to be bothered with incompatibilities between backends
61       (you need to wrap this in "BEGIN", and set before actually "use"-ing
62       JSON module, as it decides its backend as soon as it's loaded):
63
64         BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND}='JSON::backportPP'; }
65         use JSON;
66

USING OPTIONAL FEATURES

68       There are a few options you can set when you "use" this module.  These
69       historical options are only kept for backward compatibility, and should
70       not be used in a new application.
71
72       -support_by_pp
73              BEGIN { $ENV{PERL_JSON_BACKEND} = 'JSON::XS' }
74
75              use JSON -support_by_pp;
76
77              my $json = JSON->new;
78              # escape_slash is for JSON::PP only.
79              $json->allow_nonref->escape_slash->encode("/");
80
81           With this option, this module loads its pure perl backend along
82           with its XS backend (if available), and lets the XS backend to
83           watch if you set a flag only JSON::PP supports. When you do, the
84           internal JSON::XS object is replaced with a newly created JSON::PP
85           object with the setting copied from the XS object, so that you can
86           use JSON::PP flags (and its slower "decode"/"encode" methods) from
87           then on. In other words, this is not something that allows you to
88           hook JSON::XS to change its behavior while keeping its speed.
89           JSON::XS and JSON::PP objects are quite different (JSON::XS object
90           is a blessed scalar reference, while JSON::PP object is a blessed
91           hash reference), and can't share their internals.
92
93           To avoid needless overhead (by copying settings), you are advised
94           not to use this option and just to use JSON::PP explicitly when you
95           need JSON::PP features.
96
97       -convert_blessed_universally
98              use JSON -convert_blessed_universally;
99
100              my $json = JSON->new->allow_nonref->convert_blessed;
101              my $object = bless {foo => 'bar'}, 'Foo';
102              $json->encode($object); # => {"foo":"bar"}
103
104           JSON::XS-compatible backend modules don't encode blessed objects by
105           default (except for their boolean values, which are typically
106           blessed JSON::PP::Boolean objects). If you need to encode a data
107           structure that may contain objects, you usually need to look into
108           the structure and replace objects with alternative non-blessed
109           values, or enable "convert_blessed" and provide a "TO_JSON" method
110           for each object's (base) class that may be found in the structure,
111           in order to let the methods replace the objects with whatever
112           scalar values the methods return.
113
114           If you need to serialise data structures that may contain arbitrary
115           objects, it's probably better to use other serialisers (such as
116           Sereal or Storable for example), but if you do want to use this
117           module for that purpose, "-convert_blessed_universally" option may
118           help, which tweaks "encode" method of the backend to install
119           "UNIVERSAL::TO_JSON" method (locally) before encoding, so that all
120           the objects that don't have their own "TO_JSON" method can fall
121           back on the method in the "UNIVERSAL" namespace. Note that you
122           still need to enable "convert_blessed" flag to actually encode
123           objects in a data structure, and "UNIVERSAL::TO_JSON" method
124           installed by this option only converts blessed hash/array
125           references into their unblessed clone (including private
126           keys/values that are not supposed to be exposed). Other blessed
127           references will be converted into null.
128
129           This feature is experimental and may be removed in the future.
130
131       -no_export
132           When you don't want to import functional interfaces from a module,
133           you usually supply "()" to its "use" statement.
134
135               use JSON (); # no functional interfaces
136
137           If you don't want to import functional interfaces, but you also
138           want to use any of the above options, add "-no_export" to the
139           option list.
140
141              # no functional interfaces, while JSON::PP support is enabled.
142              use JSON -support_by_pp, -no_export;
143

FUNCTIONAL INTERFACE

145       This section is taken from JSON::XS. "encode_json" and "decode_json"
146       are exported by default.
147
148       This module also exports "to_json" and "from_json" for backward
149       compatibility. These are slower, and may expect/generate different
150       stuff from what "encode_json" and "decode_json" do, depending on their
151       options. It's better just to use Object-Oriented interfaces than using
152       these two functions.
153
154   encode_json
155           $json_text = encode_json $perl_scalar
156
157       Converts the given Perl data structure to a UTF-8 encoded, binary
158       string (that is, the string contains octets only). Croaks on error.
159
160       This function call is functionally identical to:
161
162           $json_text = JSON->new->utf8->encode($perl_scalar)
163
164       Except being faster.
165
166   decode_json
167           $perl_scalar = decode_json $json_text
168
169       The opposite of "encode_json": expects an UTF-8 (binary) string and
170       tries to parse that as an UTF-8 encoded JSON text, returning the
171       resulting reference. Croaks on error.
172
173       This function call is functionally identical to:
174
175           $perl_scalar = JSON->new->utf8->decode($json_text)
176
177       Except being faster.
178
179   to_json
180          $json_text = to_json($perl_scalar[, $optional_hashref])
181
182       Converts the given Perl data structure to a Unicode string by default.
183       Croaks on error.
184
185       Basically, this function call is functionally identical to:
186
187          $json_text = JSON->new->encode($perl_scalar)
188
189       Except being slower.
190
191       You can pass an optional hash reference to modify its behavior, but
192       that may change what "to_json" expects/generates (see "ENCODING/CODESET
193       FLAG NOTES" for details).
194
195          $json_text = to_json($perl_scalar, {utf8 => 1, pretty => 1})
196          # => JSON->new->utf8(1)->pretty(1)->encode($perl_scalar)
197
198   from_json
199          $perl_scalar = from_json($json_text[, $optional_hashref])
200
201       The opposite of "to_json": expects a Unicode string and tries to parse
202       it, returning the resulting reference. Croaks on error.
203
204       Basically, this function call is functionally identical to:
205
206           $perl_scalar = JSON->new->decode($json_text)
207
208       You can pass an optional hash reference to modify its behavior, but
209       that may change what "from_json" expects/generates (see
210       "ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES" for details).
211
212           $perl_scalar = from_json($json_text, {utf8 => 1})
213           # => JSON->new->utf8(1)->decode($json_text)
214
215   JSON::is_bool
216           $is_boolean = JSON::is_bool($scalar)
217
218       Returns true if the passed scalar represents either JSON::true or
219       JSON::false, two constants that act like 1 and 0 respectively and are
220       also used to represent JSON "true" and "false" in Perl strings.
221
222       See MAPPING, below, for more information on how JSON values are mapped
223       to Perl.
224

COMMON OBJECT-ORIENTED INTERFACE

226       This section is also taken from JSON::XS.
227
228       The object oriented interface lets you configure your own encoding or
229       decoding style, within the limits of supported formats.
230
231   new
232           $json = JSON->new
233
234       Creates a new JSON::XS-compatible backend object that can be used to
235       de/encode JSON strings. All boolean flags described below are by
236       default disabled (with the exception of "allow_nonref", which defaults
237       to enabled since version 4.0).
238
239       The mutators for flags all return the backend object again and thus
240       calls can be chained:
241
242          my $json = JSON->new->utf8->space_after->encode({a => [1,2]})
243          => {"a": [1, 2]}
244
245   ascii
246           $json = $json->ascii([$enable])
247
248           $enabled = $json->get_ascii
249
250       If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will not
251       generate characters outside the code range 0..127 (which is ASCII). Any
252       Unicode characters outside that range will be escaped using either a
253       single \uXXXX (BMP characters) or a double \uHHHH\uLLLLL escape
254       sequence, as per RFC4627. The resulting encoded JSON text can be
255       treated as a native Unicode string, an ascii-encoded, latin1-encoded or
256       UTF-8 encoded string, or any other superset of ASCII.
257
258       If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will not escape Unicode
259       characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags. This
260       results in a faster and more compact format.
261
262       See also the section ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES later in this
263       document.
264
265       The main use for this flag is to produce JSON texts that can be
266       transmitted over a 7-bit channel, as the encoded JSON texts will not
267       contain any 8 bit characters.
268
269         JSON->new->ascii(1)->encode([chr 0x10401])
270         => ["\ud801\udc01"]
271
272   latin1
273           $json = $json->latin1([$enable])
274
275           $enabled = $json->get_latin1
276
277       If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will encode
278       the resulting JSON text as latin1 (or iso-8859-1), escaping any
279       characters outside the code range 0..255. The resulting string can be
280       treated as a latin1-encoded JSON text or a native Unicode string. The
281       "decode" method will not be affected in any way by this flag, as
282       "decode" by default expects Unicode, which is a strict superset of
283       latin1.
284
285       If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will not escape Unicode
286       characters unless required by the JSON syntax or other flags.
287
288       See also the section ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES later in this
289       document.
290
291       The main use for this flag is efficiently encoding binary data as JSON
292       text, as most octets will not be escaped, resulting in a smaller
293       encoded size. The disadvantage is that the resulting JSON text is
294       encoded in latin1 (and must correctly be treated as such when storing
295       and transferring), a rare encoding for JSON. It is therefore most
296       useful when you want to store data structures known to contain binary
297       data efficiently in files or databases, not when talking to other JSON
298       encoders/decoders.
299
300         JSON->new->latin1->encode (["\x{89}\x{abc}"]
301         => ["\x{89}\\u0abc"]    # (perl syntax, U+abc escaped, U+89 not)
302
303   utf8
304           $json = $json->utf8([$enable])
305
306           $enabled = $json->get_utf8
307
308       If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will encode
309       the JSON result into UTF-8, as required by many protocols, while the
310       "decode" method expects to be handled an UTF-8-encoded string.  Please
311       note that UTF-8-encoded strings do not contain any characters outside
312       the range 0..255, they are thus useful for bytewise/binary I/O. In
313       future versions, enabling this option might enable autodetection of the
314       UTF-16 and UTF-32 encoding families, as described in RFC4627.
315
316       If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will return the JSON
317       string as a (non-encoded) Unicode string, while "decode" expects thus a
318       Unicode string.  Any decoding or encoding (e.g. to UTF-8 or UTF-16)
319       needs to be done yourself, e.g. using the Encode module.
320
321       See also the section ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES later in this
322       document.
323
324       Example, output UTF-16BE-encoded JSON:
325
326         use Encode;
327         $jsontext = encode "UTF-16BE", JSON->new->encode ($object);
328
329       Example, decode UTF-32LE-encoded JSON:
330
331         use Encode;
332         $object = JSON->new->decode (decode "UTF-32LE", $jsontext);
333
334   pretty
335           $json = $json->pretty([$enable])
336
337       This enables (or disables) all of the "indent", "space_before" and
338       "space_after" (and in the future possibly more) flags in one call to
339       generate the most readable (or most compact) form possible.
340
341   indent
342           $json = $json->indent([$enable])
343
344           $enabled = $json->get_indent
345
346       If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will use a
347       multiline format as output, putting every array member or object/hash
348       key-value pair into its own line, indenting them properly.
349
350       If $enable is false, no newlines or indenting will be produced, and the
351       resulting JSON text is guaranteed not to contain any "newlines".
352
353       This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
354
355   space_before
356           $json = $json->space_before([$enable])
357
358           $enabled = $json->get_space_before
359
360       If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will add an
361       extra optional space before the ":" separating keys from values in JSON
362       objects.
363
364       If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will not add any extra
365       space at those places.
366
367       This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts. You will also most
368       likely combine this setting with "space_after".
369
370       Example, space_before enabled, space_after and indent disabled:
371
372          {"key" :"value"}
373
374   space_after
375           $json = $json->space_after([$enable])
376
377           $enabled = $json->get_space_after
378
379       If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will add an
380       extra optional space after the ":" separating keys from values in JSON
381       objects and extra whitespace after the "," separating key-value pairs
382       and array members.
383
384       If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will not add any extra
385       space at those places.
386
387       This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
388
389       Example, space_before and indent disabled, space_after enabled:
390
391          {"key": "value"}
392
393   relaxed
394           $json = $json->relaxed([$enable])
395
396           $enabled = $json->get_relaxed
397
398       If $enable is true (or missing), then "decode" will accept some
399       extensions to normal JSON syntax (see below). "encode" will not be
400       affected in any way. Be aware that this option makes you accept invalid
401       JSON texts as if they were valid!. I suggest only to use this option to
402       parse application-specific files written by humans (configuration
403       files, resource files etc.)
404
405       If $enable is false (the default), then "decode" will only accept valid
406       JSON texts.
407
408       Currently accepted extensions are:
409
410       •   list items can have an end-comma
411
412           JSON separates array elements and key-value pairs with commas. This
413           can be annoying if you write JSON texts manually and want to be
414           able to quickly append elements, so this extension accepts comma at
415           the end of such items not just between them:
416
417              [
418                 1,
419                 2, <- this comma not normally allowed
420              ]
421              {
422                 "k1": "v1",
423                 "k2": "v2", <- this comma not normally allowed
424              }
425
426       •   shell-style '#'-comments
427
428           Whenever JSON allows whitespace, shell-style comments are
429           additionally allowed. They are terminated by the first carriage-
430           return or line-feed character, after which more white-space and
431           comments are allowed.
432
433             [
434                1, # this comment not allowed in JSON
435                   # neither this one...
436             ]
437
438   canonical
439           $json = $json->canonical([$enable])
440
441           $enabled = $json->get_canonical
442
443       If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will output
444       JSON objects by sorting their keys. This is adding a comparatively high
445       overhead.
446
447       If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will output key-value
448       pairs in the order Perl stores them (which will likely change between
449       runs of the same script, and can change even within the same run from
450       5.18 onwards).
451
452       This option is useful if you want the same data structure to be encoded
453       as the same JSON text (given the same overall settings). If it is
454       disabled, the same hash might be encoded differently even if contains
455       the same data, as key-value pairs have no inherent ordering in Perl.
456
457       This setting has no effect when decoding JSON texts.
458
459       This setting has currently no effect on tied hashes.
460
461   allow_nonref
462           $json = $json->allow_nonref([$enable])
463
464           $enabled = $json->get_allow_nonref
465
466       Unlike other boolean options, this option is enabled by default
467       beginning with version 4.0.
468
469       If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method can convert a
470       non-reference into its corresponding string, number or null JSON value,
471       which is an extension to RFC4627. Likewise, "decode" will accept those
472       JSON values instead of croaking.
473
474       If $enable is false, then the "encode" method will croak if it isn't
475       passed an arrayref or hashref, as JSON texts must either be an object
476       or array. Likewise, "decode" will croak if given something that is not
477       a JSON object or array.
478
479       Example, encode a Perl scalar as JSON value with enabled
480       "allow_nonref", resulting in an invalid JSON text:
481
482          JSON->new->allow_nonref->encode ("Hello, World!")
483          => "Hello, World!"
484
485   allow_unknown
486           $json = $json->allow_unknown ([$enable])
487
488           $enabled = $json->get_allow_unknown
489
490       If $enable is true (or missing), then "encode" will not throw an
491       exception when it encounters values it cannot represent in JSON (for
492       example, filehandles) but instead will encode a JSON "null" value. Note
493       that blessed objects are not included here and are handled separately
494       by c<allow_blessed>.
495
496       If $enable is false (the default), then "encode" will throw an
497       exception when it encounters anything it cannot encode as JSON.
498
499       This option does not affect "decode" in any way, and it is recommended
500       to leave it off unless you know your communications partner.
501
502   allow_blessed
503           $json = $json->allow_blessed([$enable])
504
505           $enabled = $json->get_allow_blessed
506
507       See "OBJECT SERIALISATION" for details.
508
509       If $enable is true (or missing), then the "encode" method will not barf
510       when it encounters a blessed reference that it cannot convert
511       otherwise. Instead, a JSON "null" value is encoded instead of the
512       object.
513
514       If $enable is false (the default), then "encode" will throw an
515       exception when it encounters a blessed object that it cannot convert
516       otherwise.
517
518       This setting has no effect on "decode".
519
520   convert_blessed
521           $json = $json->convert_blessed([$enable])
522
523           $enabled = $json->get_convert_blessed
524
525       See "OBJECT SERIALISATION" for details.
526
527       If $enable is true (or missing), then "encode", upon encountering a
528       blessed object, will check for the availability of the "TO_JSON" method
529       on the object's class. If found, it will be called in scalar context
530       and the resulting scalar will be encoded instead of the object.
531
532       The "TO_JSON" method may safely call die if it wants. If "TO_JSON"
533       returns other blessed objects, those will be handled in the same way.
534       "TO_JSON" must take care of not causing an endless recursion cycle (==
535       crash) in this case. The name of "TO_JSON" was chosen because other
536       methods called by the Perl core (== not by the user of the object) are
537       usually in upper case letters and to avoid collisions with any
538       "to_json" function or method.
539
540       If $enable is false (the default), then "encode" will not consider this
541       type of conversion.
542
543       This setting has no effect on "decode".
544
545   allow_tags (since version 3.0)
546           $json = $json->allow_tags([$enable])
547
548           $enabled = $json->get_allow_tags
549
550       See "OBJECT SERIALISATION" for details.
551
552       If $enable is true (or missing), then "encode", upon encountering a
553       blessed object, will check for the availability of the "FREEZE" method
554       on the object's class. If found, it will be used to serialise the
555       object into a nonstandard tagged JSON value (that JSON decoders cannot
556       decode).
557
558       It also causes "decode" to parse such tagged JSON values and
559       deserialise them via a call to the "THAW" method.
560
561       If $enable is false (the default), then "encode" will not consider this
562       type of conversion, and tagged JSON values will cause a parse error in
563       "decode", as if tags were not part of the grammar.
564
565   boolean_values (since version 4.0)
566           $json->boolean_values([$false, $true])
567
568           ($false,  $true) = $json->get_boolean_values
569
570       By default, JSON booleans will be decoded as overloaded $JSON::false
571       and $JSON::true objects.
572
573       With this method you can specify your own boolean values for decoding -
574       on decode, JSON "false" will be decoded as a copy of $false, and JSON
575       "true" will be decoded as $true ("copy" here is the same thing as
576       assigning a value to another variable, i.e. "$copy = $false").
577
578       This is useful when you want to pass a decoded data structure directly
579       to other serialisers like YAML, Data::MessagePack and so on.
580
581       Note that this works only when you "decode". You can set incompatible
582       boolean objects (like boolean), but when you "encode" a data structure
583       with such boolean objects, you still need to enable "convert_blessed"
584       (and add a "TO_JSON" method if necessary).
585
586       Calling this method without any arguments will reset the booleans to
587       their default values.
588
589       "get_boolean_values" will return both $false and $true values, or the
590       empty list when they are set to the default.
591
592   filter_json_object
593           $json = $json->filter_json_object([$coderef])
594
595       When $coderef is specified, it will be called from "decode" each time
596       it decodes a JSON object. The only argument is a reference to the
597       newly-created hash. If the code references returns a single scalar
598       (which need not be a reference), this value (or rather a copy of it) is
599       inserted into the deserialised data structure. If it returns an empty
600       list (NOTE: not "undef", which is a valid scalar), the original
601       deserialised hash will be inserted. This setting can slow down decoding
602       considerably.
603
604       When $coderef is omitted or undefined, any existing callback will be
605       removed and "decode" will not change the deserialised hash in any way.
606
607       Example, convert all JSON objects into the integer 5:
608
609          my $js = JSON->new->filter_json_object(sub { 5 });
610          # returns [5]
611          $js->decode('[{}]');
612          # returns 5
613          $js->decode('{"a":1, "b":2}');
614
615   filter_json_single_key_object
616           $json = $json->filter_json_single_key_object($key [=> $coderef])
617
618       Works remotely similar to "filter_json_object", but is only called for
619       JSON objects having a single key named $key.
620
621       This $coderef is called before the one specified via
622       "filter_json_object", if any. It gets passed the single value in the
623       JSON object. If it returns a single value, it will be inserted into the
624       data structure. If it returns nothing (not even "undef" but the empty
625       list), the callback from "filter_json_object" will be called next, as
626       if no single-key callback were specified.
627
628       If $coderef is omitted or undefined, the corresponding callback will be
629       disabled. There can only ever be one callback for a given key.
630
631       As this callback gets called less often then the "filter_json_object"
632       one, decoding speed will not usually suffer as much. Therefore, single-
633       key objects make excellent targets to serialise Perl objects into,
634       especially as single-key JSON objects are as close to the type-tagged
635       value concept as JSON gets (it's basically an ID/VALUE tuple). Of
636       course, JSON does not support this in any way, so you need to make sure
637       your data never looks like a serialised Perl hash.
638
639       Typical names for the single object key are "__class_whatever__", or
640       "$__dollars_are_rarely_used__$" or "}ugly_brace_placement", or even
641       things like "__class_md5sum(classname)__", to reduce the risk of
642       clashing with real hashes.
643
644       Example, decode JSON objects of the form "{ "__widget__" => <id> }"
645       into the corresponding $WIDGET{<id>} object:
646
647          # return whatever is in $WIDGET{5}:
648          JSON
649             ->new
650             ->filter_json_single_key_object (__widget__ => sub {
651                   $WIDGET{ $_[0] }
652                })
653             ->decode ('{"__widget__": 5')
654
655          # this can be used with a TO_JSON method in some "widget" class
656          # for serialisation to json:
657          sub WidgetBase::TO_JSON {
658             my ($self) = @_;
659
660             unless ($self->{id}) {
661                $self->{id} = ..get..some..id..;
662                $WIDGET{$self->{id}} = $self;
663             }
664
665             { __widget__ => $self->{id} }
666          }
667
668   max_depth
669           $json = $json->max_depth([$maximum_nesting_depth])
670
671           $max_depth = $json->get_max_depth
672
673       Sets the maximum nesting level (default 512) accepted while encoding or
674       decoding. If a higher nesting level is detected in JSON text or a Perl
675       data structure, then the encoder and decoder will stop and croak at
676       that point.
677
678       Nesting level is defined by number of hash- or arrayrefs that the
679       encoder needs to traverse to reach a given point or the number of "{"
680       or "[" characters without their matching closing parenthesis crossed to
681       reach a given character in a string.
682
683       Setting the maximum depth to one disallows any nesting, so that ensures
684       that the object is only a single hash/object or array.
685
686       If no argument is given, the highest possible setting will be used,
687       which is rarely useful.
688
689       See "SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS" in JSON::XS for more info on why this is
690       useful.
691
692   max_size
693           $json = $json->max_size([$maximum_string_size])
694
695           $max_size = $json->get_max_size
696
697       Set the maximum length a JSON text may have (in bytes) where decoding
698       is being attempted. The default is 0, meaning no limit. When "decode"
699       is called on a string that is longer then this many bytes, it will not
700       attempt to decode the string but throw an exception. This setting has
701       no effect on "encode" (yet).
702
703       If no argument is given, the limit check will be deactivated (same as
704       when 0 is specified).
705
706       See "SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS" in JSON::XS for more info on why this is
707       useful.
708
709   encode
710           $json_text = $json->encode($perl_scalar)
711
712       Converts the given Perl value or data structure to its JSON
713       representation. Croaks on error.
714
715   decode
716           $perl_scalar = $json->decode($json_text)
717
718       The opposite of "encode": expects a JSON text and tries to parse it,
719       returning the resulting simple scalar or reference. Croaks on error.
720
721   decode_prefix
722           ($perl_scalar, $characters) = $json->decode_prefix($json_text)
723
724       This works like the "decode" method, but instead of raising an
725       exception when there is trailing garbage after the first JSON object,
726       it will silently stop parsing there and return the number of characters
727       consumed so far.
728
729       This is useful if your JSON texts are not delimited by an outer
730       protocol and you need to know where the JSON text ends.
731
732          JSON->new->decode_prefix ("[1] the tail")
733          => ([1], 3)
734

ADDITIONAL METHODS

736       The following methods are for this module only.
737
738   backend
739           $backend = $json->backend
740
741       Since 2.92, "backend" method returns an abstract backend module used
742       currently, which should be JSON::Backend::XS (which inherits JSON::XS
743       or Cpanel::JSON::XS), or JSON::Backend::PP (which inherits JSON::PP),
744       not to monkey-patch the actual backend module globally.
745
746       If you need to know what is used actually, use "isa", instead of string
747       comparison.
748
749   is_xs
750           $boolean = $json->is_xs
751
752       Returns true if the backend inherits JSON::XS or Cpanel::JSON::XS.
753
754   is_pp
755           $boolean = $json->is_pp
756
757       Returns true if the backend inherits JSON::PP.
758
759   property
760           $settings = $json->property()
761
762       Returns a reference to a hash that holds all the common flag settings.
763
764           $json = $json->property('utf8' => 1)
765           $value = $json->property('utf8') # 1
766
767       You can use this to get/set a value of a particular flag.
768
769   boolean
770           $boolean_object = JSON->boolean($scalar)
771
772       Returns $JSON::true if $scalar contains a true value, $JSON::false
773       otherwise.  You can use this as a full-qualified function
774       (JSON::boolean($scalar)).
775

INCREMENTAL PARSING

777       This section is also taken from JSON::XS.
778
779       In some cases, there is the need for incremental parsing of JSON texts.
780       While this module always has to keep both JSON text and resulting Perl
781       data structure in memory at one time, it does allow you to parse a JSON
782       stream incrementally. It does so by accumulating text until it has a
783       full JSON object, which it then can decode. This process is similar to
784       using "decode_prefix" to see if a full JSON object is available, but is
785       much more efficient (and can be implemented with a minimum of method
786       calls).
787
788       This module will only attempt to parse the JSON text once it is sure it
789       has enough text to get a decisive result, using a very simple but truly
790       incremental parser. This means that it sometimes won't stop as early as
791       the full parser, for example, it doesn't detect mismatched parentheses.
792       The only thing it guarantees is that it starts decoding as soon as a
793       syntactically valid JSON text has been seen. This means you need to set
794       resource limits (e.g. "max_size") to ensure the parser will stop
795       parsing in the presence if syntax errors.
796
797       The following methods implement this incremental parser.
798
799   incr_parse
800           $json->incr_parse( [$string] ) # void context
801
802           $obj_or_undef = $json->incr_parse( [$string] ) # scalar context
803
804           @obj_or_empty = $json->incr_parse( [$string] ) # list context
805
806       This is the central parsing function. It can both append new text and
807       extract objects from the stream accumulated so far (both of these
808       functions are optional).
809
810       If $string is given, then this string is appended to the already
811       existing JSON fragment stored in the $json object.
812
813       After that, if the function is called in void context, it will simply
814       return without doing anything further. This can be used to add more
815       text in as many chunks as you want.
816
817       If the method is called in scalar context, then it will try to extract
818       exactly one JSON object. If that is successful, it will return this
819       object, otherwise it will return "undef". If there is a parse error,
820       this method will croak just as "decode" would do (one can then use
821       "incr_skip" to skip the erroneous part). This is the most common way of
822       using the method.
823
824       And finally, in list context, it will try to extract as many objects
825       from the stream as it can find and return them, or the empty list
826       otherwise. For this to work, there must be no separators (other than
827       whitespace) between the JSON objects or arrays, instead they must be
828       concatenated back-to-back. If an error occurs, an exception will be
829       raised as in the scalar context case. Note that in this case, any
830       previously-parsed JSON texts will be lost.
831
832       Example: Parse some JSON arrays/objects in a given string and return
833       them.
834
835           my @objs = JSON->new->incr_parse ("[5][7][1,2]");
836
837   incr_text
838           $lvalue_string = $json->incr_text
839
840       This method returns the currently stored JSON fragment as an lvalue,
841       that is, you can manipulate it. This only works when a preceding call
842       to "incr_parse" in scalar context successfully returned an object.
843       Under all other circumstances you must not call this function (I mean
844       it.  although in simple tests it might actually work, it will fail
845       under real world conditions). As a special exception, you can also call
846       this method before having parsed anything.
847
848       That means you can only use this function to look at or manipulate text
849       before or after complete JSON objects, not while the parser is in the
850       middle of parsing a JSON object.
851
852       This function is useful in two cases: a) finding the trailing text
853       after a JSON object or b) parsing multiple JSON objects separated by
854       non-JSON text (such as commas).
855
856   incr_skip
857           $json->incr_skip
858
859       This will reset the state of the incremental parser and will remove the
860       parsed text from the input buffer so far. This is useful after
861       "incr_parse" died, in which case the input buffer and incremental
862       parser state is left unchanged, to skip the text parsed so far and to
863       reset the parse state.
864
865       The difference to "incr_reset" is that only text until the parse error
866       occurred is removed.
867
868   incr_reset
869           $json->incr_reset
870
871       This completely resets the incremental parser, that is, after this
872       call, it will be as if the parser had never parsed anything.
873
874       This is useful if you want to repeatedly parse JSON objects and want to
875       ignore any trailing data, which means you have to reset the parser
876       after each successful decode.
877

MAPPING

879       Most of this section is also taken from JSON::XS.
880
881       This section describes how the backend modules map Perl values to JSON
882       values and vice versa. These mappings are designed to "do the right
883       thing" in most circumstances automatically, preserving round-tripping
884       characteristics (what you put in comes out as something equivalent).
885
886       For the more enlightened: note that in the following descriptions,
887       lowercase perl refers to the Perl interpreter, while uppercase Perl
888       refers to the abstract Perl language itself.
889
890   JSON -> PERL
891       object
892           A JSON object becomes a reference to a hash in Perl. No ordering of
893           object keys is preserved (JSON does not preserver object key
894           ordering itself).
895
896       array
897           A JSON array becomes a reference to an array in Perl.
898
899       string
900           A JSON string becomes a string scalar in Perl - Unicode codepoints
901           in JSON are represented by the same codepoints in the Perl string,
902           so no manual decoding is necessary.
903
904       number
905           A JSON number becomes either an integer, numeric (floating point)
906           or string scalar in perl, depending on its range and any fractional
907           parts. On the Perl level, there is no difference between those as
908           Perl handles all the conversion details, but an integer may take
909           slightly less memory and might represent more values exactly than
910           floating point numbers.
911
912           If the number consists of digits only, this module will try to
913           represent it as an integer value. If that fails, it will try to
914           represent it as a numeric (floating point) value if that is
915           possible without loss of precision. Otherwise it will preserve the
916           number as a string value (in which case you lose roundtripping
917           ability, as the JSON number will be re-encoded to a JSON string).
918
919           Numbers containing a fractional or exponential part will always be
920           represented as numeric (floating point) values, possibly at a loss
921           of precision (in which case you might lose perfect roundtripping
922           ability, but the JSON number will still be re-encoded as a JSON
923           number).
924
925           Note that precision is not accuracy - binary floating point values
926           cannot represent most decimal fractions exactly, and when
927           converting from and to floating point, this module only guarantees
928           precision up to but not including the least significant bit.
929
930       true, false
931           These JSON atoms become "JSON::true" and "JSON::false",
932           respectively. They are overloaded to act almost exactly like the
933           numbers 1 and 0. You can check whether a scalar is a JSON boolean
934           by using the "JSON::is_bool" function.
935
936       null
937           A JSON null atom becomes "undef" in Perl.
938
939       shell-style comments ("# text")
940           As a nonstandard extension to the JSON syntax that is enabled by
941           the "relaxed" setting, shell-style comments are allowed. They can
942           start anywhere outside strings and go till the end of the line.
943
944       tagged values ("(tag)value").
945           Another nonstandard extension to the JSON syntax, enabled with the
946           "allow_tags" setting, are tagged values. In this implementation,
947           the tag must be a perl package/class name encoded as a JSON string,
948           and the value must be a JSON array encoding optional constructor
949           arguments.
950
951           See "OBJECT SERIALISATION", below, for details.
952
953   PERL -> JSON
954       The mapping from Perl to JSON is slightly more difficult, as Perl is a
955       truly typeless language, so we can only guess which JSON type is meant
956       by a Perl value.
957
958       hash references
959           Perl hash references become JSON objects. As there is no inherent
960           ordering in hash keys (or JSON objects), they will usually be
961           encoded in a pseudo-random order. This module can optionally sort
962           the hash keys (determined by the canonical flag), so the same data
963           structure will serialise to the same JSON text (given same settings
964           and version of the same backend), but this incurs a runtime
965           overhead and is only rarely useful, e.g. when you want to compare
966           some JSON text against another for equality.
967
968       array references
969           Perl array references become JSON arrays.
970
971       other references
972           Other unblessed references are generally not allowed and will cause
973           an exception to be thrown, except for references to the integers 0
974           and 1, which get turned into "false" and "true" atoms in JSON. You
975           can also use "JSON::false" and "JSON::true" to improve readability.
976
977              encode_json [\0,JSON::true]      # yields [false,true]
978
979       JSON::true, JSON::false, JSON::null
980           These special values become JSON true and JSON false values,
981           respectively. You can also use "\1" and "\0" directly if you want.
982
983       blessed objects
984           Blessed objects are not directly representable in JSON, but
985           "JSON::XS" allows various ways of handling objects. See "OBJECT
986           SERIALISATION", below, for details.
987
988       simple scalars
989           Simple Perl scalars (any scalar that is not a reference) are the
990           most difficult objects to encode: this module will encode undefined
991           scalars as JSON "null" values, scalars that have last been used in
992           a string context before encoding as JSON strings, and anything else
993           as number value:
994
995              # dump as number
996              encode_json [2]                      # yields [2]
997              encode_json [-3.0e17]                # yields [-3e+17]
998              my $value = 5; encode_json [$value]  # yields [5]
999
1000              # used as string, so dump as string
1001              print $value;
1002              encode_json [$value]                 # yields ["5"]
1003
1004              # undef becomes null
1005              encode_json [undef]                  # yields [null]
1006
1007           You can force the type to be a string by stringifying it:
1008
1009              my $x = 3.1; # some variable containing a number
1010              "$x";        # stringified
1011              $x .= "";    # another, more awkward way to stringify
1012              print $x;    # perl does it for you, too, quite often
1013
1014           You can force the type to be a number by numifying it:
1015
1016              my $x = "3"; # some variable containing a string
1017              $x += 0;     # numify it, ensuring it will be dumped as a number
1018              $x *= 1;     # same thing, the choice is yours.
1019
1020           You can not currently force the type in other, less obscure, ways.
1021           Tell me if you need this capability (but don't forget to explain
1022           why it's needed :).
1023
1024           Since version 2.91_01, JSON::PP uses a different number detection
1025           logic that converts a scalar that is possible to turn into a number
1026           safely.  The new logic is slightly faster, and tends to help people
1027           who use older perl or who want to encode complicated data
1028           structure. However, this may results in a different JSON text from
1029           the one JSON::XS encodes (and thus may break tests that compare
1030           entire JSON texts). If you do need the previous behavior for better
1031           compatibility or for finer control, set PERL_JSON_PP_USE_B
1032           environmental variable to true before you "use" JSON.
1033
1034           Note that numerical precision has the same meaning as under Perl
1035           (so binary to decimal conversion follows the same rules as in Perl,
1036           which can differ to other languages). Also, your perl interpreter
1037           might expose extensions to the floating point numbers of your
1038           platform, such as infinities or NaN's - these cannot be represented
1039           in JSON, and it is an error to pass those in.
1040
1041           JSON.pm backend modules trust what you pass to "encode" method (or
1042           "encode_json" function) is a clean, validated data structure with
1043           values that can be represented as valid JSON values only, because
1044           it's not from an external data source (as opposed to JSON texts you
1045           pass to "decode" or "decode_json", which JSON backends consider
1046           tainted and don't trust). As JSON backends don't know exactly what
1047           you and consumers of your JSON texts want the unexpected values to
1048           be (you may want to convert them into null, or to stringify them
1049           with or without normalisation (string representation of
1050           infinities/NaN may vary depending on platforms), or to croak
1051           without conversion), you're advised to do what you and your
1052           consumers need before you encode, and also not to numify values
1053           that may start with values that look like a number (including
1054           infinities/NaN), without validating.
1055
1056   OBJECT SERIALISATION
1057       As JSON cannot directly represent Perl objects, you have to choose
1058       between a pure JSON representation (without the ability to deserialise
1059       the object automatically again), and a nonstandard extension to the
1060       JSON syntax, tagged values.
1061
1062       SERIALISATION
1063
1064       What happens when this module encounters a Perl object depends on the
1065       "allow_blessed", "convert_blessed" and "allow_tags" settings, which are
1066       used in this order:
1067
1068       1. "allow_tags" is enabled and the object has a "FREEZE" method.
1069           In this case, "JSON" creates a tagged JSON value, using a
1070           nonstandard extension to the JSON syntax.
1071
1072           This works by invoking the "FREEZE" method on the object, with the
1073           first argument being the object to serialise, and the second
1074           argument being the constant string "JSON" to distinguish it from
1075           other serialisers.
1076
1077           The "FREEZE" method can return any number of values (i.e. zero or
1078           more). These values and the package/classname of the object will
1079           then be encoded as a tagged JSON value in the following format:
1080
1081              ("classname")[FREEZE return values...]
1082
1083           e.g.:
1084
1085              ("URI")["http://www.google.com/"]
1086              ("MyDate")[2013,10,29]
1087              ("ImageData::JPEG")["Z3...VlCg=="]
1088
1089           For example, the hypothetical "My::Object" "FREEZE" method might
1090           use the objects "type" and "id" members to encode the object:
1091
1092              sub My::Object::FREEZE {
1093                 my ($self, $serialiser) = @_;
1094
1095                 ($self->{type}, $self->{id})
1096              }
1097
1098       2. "convert_blessed" is enabled and the object has a "TO_JSON" method.
1099           In this case, the "TO_JSON" method of the object is invoked in
1100           scalar context. It must return a single scalar that can be directly
1101           encoded into JSON. This scalar replaces the object in the JSON
1102           text.
1103
1104           For example, the following "TO_JSON" method will convert all URI
1105           objects to JSON strings when serialised. The fact that these values
1106           originally were URI objects is lost.
1107
1108              sub URI::TO_JSON {
1109                 my ($uri) = @_;
1110                 $uri->as_string
1111              }
1112
1113       3. "allow_blessed" is enabled.
1114           The object will be serialised as a JSON null value.
1115
1116       4. none of the above
1117           If none of the settings are enabled or the respective methods are
1118           missing, this module throws an exception.
1119
1120       DESERIALISATION
1121
1122       For deserialisation there are only two cases to consider: either
1123       nonstandard tagging was used, in which case "allow_tags" decides, or
1124       objects cannot be automatically be deserialised, in which case you can
1125       use postprocessing or the "filter_json_object" or
1126       "filter_json_single_key_object" callbacks to get some real objects our
1127       of your JSON.
1128
1129       This section only considers the tagged value case: a tagged JSON object
1130       is encountered during decoding and "allow_tags" is disabled, a parse
1131       error will result (as if tagged values were not part of the grammar).
1132
1133       If "allow_tags" is enabled, this module will look up the "THAW" method
1134       of the package/classname used during serialisation (it will not attempt
1135       to load the package as a Perl module). If there is no such method, the
1136       decoding will fail with an error.
1137
1138       Otherwise, the "THAW" method is invoked with the classname as first
1139       argument, the constant string "JSON" as second argument, and all the
1140       values from the JSON array (the values originally returned by the
1141       "FREEZE" method) as remaining arguments.
1142
1143       The method must then return the object. While technically you can
1144       return any Perl scalar, you might have to enable the "allow_nonref"
1145       setting to make that work in all cases, so better return an actual
1146       blessed reference.
1147
1148       As an example, let's implement a "THAW" function that regenerates the
1149       "My::Object" from the "FREEZE" example earlier:
1150
1151          sub My::Object::THAW {
1152             my ($class, $serialiser, $type, $id) = @_;
1153
1154             $class->new (type => $type, id => $id)
1155          }
1156

ENCODING/CODESET FLAG NOTES

1158       This section is taken from JSON::XS.
1159
1160       The interested reader might have seen a number of flags that signify
1161       encodings or codesets - "utf8", "latin1" and "ascii". There seems to be
1162       some confusion on what these do, so here is a short comparison:
1163
1164       "utf8" controls whether the JSON text created by "encode" (and expected
1165       by "decode") is UTF-8 encoded or not, while "latin1" and "ascii" only
1166       control whether "encode" escapes character values outside their
1167       respective codeset range. Neither of these flags conflict with each
1168       other, although some combinations make less sense than others.
1169
1170       Care has been taken to make all flags symmetrical with respect to
1171       "encode" and "decode", that is, texts encoded with any combination of
1172       these flag values will be correctly decoded when the same flags are
1173       used - in general, if you use different flag settings while encoding
1174       vs. when decoding you likely have a bug somewhere.
1175
1176       Below comes a verbose discussion of these flags. Note that a "codeset"
1177       is simply an abstract set of character-codepoint pairs, while an
1178       encoding takes those codepoint numbers and encodes them, in our case
1179       into octets. Unicode is (among other things) a codeset, UTF-8 is an
1180       encoding, and ISO-8859-1 (= latin 1) and ASCII are both codesets and
1181       encodings at the same time, which can be confusing.
1182
1183       "utf8" flag disabled
1184           When "utf8" is disabled (the default), then "encode"/"decode"
1185           generate and expect Unicode strings, that is, characters with high
1186           ordinal Unicode values (> 255) will be encoded as such characters,
1187           and likewise such characters are decoded as-is, no changes to them
1188           will be done, except "(re-)interpreting" them as Unicode codepoints
1189           or Unicode characters, respectively (to Perl, these are the same
1190           thing in strings unless you do funny/weird/dumb stuff).
1191
1192           This is useful when you want to do the encoding yourself (e.g. when
1193           you want to have UTF-16 encoded JSON texts) or when some other
1194           layer does the encoding for you (for example, when printing to a
1195           terminal using a filehandle that transparently encodes to UTF-8 you
1196           certainly do NOT want to UTF-8 encode your data first and have Perl
1197           encode it another time).
1198
1199       "utf8" flag enabled
1200           If the "utf8"-flag is enabled, "encode"/"decode" will encode all
1201           characters using the corresponding UTF-8 multi-byte sequence, and
1202           will expect your input strings to be encoded as UTF-8, that is, no
1203           "character" of the input string must have any value > 255, as UTF-8
1204           does not allow that.
1205
1206           The "utf8" flag therefore switches between two modes: disabled
1207           means you will get a Unicode string in Perl, enabled means you get
1208           an UTF-8 encoded octet/binary string in Perl.
1209
1210       "latin1" or "ascii" flags enabled
1211           With "latin1" (or "ascii") enabled, "encode" will escape characters
1212           with ordinal values > 255 (> 127 with "ascii") and encode the
1213           remaining characters as specified by the "utf8" flag.
1214
1215           If "utf8" is disabled, then the result is also correctly encoded in
1216           those character sets (as both are proper subsets of Unicode,
1217           meaning that a Unicode string with all character values < 256 is
1218           the same thing as a ISO-8859-1 string, and a Unicode string with
1219           all character values < 128 is the same thing as an ASCII string in
1220           Perl).
1221
1222           If "utf8" is enabled, you still get a correct UTF-8-encoded string,
1223           regardless of these flags, just some more characters will be
1224           escaped using "\uXXXX" then before.
1225
1226           Note that ISO-8859-1-encoded strings are not compatible with UTF-8
1227           encoding, while ASCII-encoded strings are. That is because the
1228           ISO-8859-1 encoding is NOT a subset of UTF-8 (despite the
1229           ISO-8859-1 codeset being a subset of Unicode), while ASCII is.
1230
1231           Surprisingly, "decode" will ignore these flags and so treat all
1232           input values as governed by the "utf8" flag. If it is disabled,
1233           this allows you to decode ISO-8859-1- and ASCII-encoded strings, as
1234           both strict subsets of Unicode. If it is enabled, you can correctly
1235           decode UTF-8 encoded strings.
1236
1237           So neither "latin1" nor "ascii" are incompatible with the "utf8"
1238           flag - they only govern when the JSON output engine escapes a
1239           character or not.
1240
1241           The main use for "latin1" is to relatively efficiently store binary
1242           data as JSON, at the expense of breaking compatibility with most
1243           JSON decoders.
1244
1245           The main use for "ascii" is to force the output to not contain
1246           characters with values > 127, which means you can interpret the
1247           resulting string as UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, ASCII, KOI8-R or most about
1248           any character set and 8-bit-encoding, and still get the same data
1249           structure back. This is useful when your channel for JSON transfer
1250           is not 8-bit clean or the encoding might be mangled in between
1251           (e.g. in mail), and works because ASCII is a proper subset of most
1252           8-bit and multibyte encodings in use in the world.
1253

BACKWARD INCOMPATIBILITY

1255       Since version 2.90, stringification (and string comparison) for
1256       "JSON::true" and "JSON::false" has not been overloaded. It shouldn't
1257       matter as long as you treat them as boolean values, but a code that
1258       expects they are stringified as "true" or "false" doesn't work as you
1259       have expected any more.
1260
1261           if (JSON::true eq 'true') {  # now fails
1262
1263           print "The result is $JSON::true now."; # => The result is 1 now.
1264
1265       And now these boolean values don't inherit JSON::Boolean, either.  When
1266       you need to test a value is a JSON boolean value or not, use
1267       "JSON::is_bool" function, instead of testing the value inherits a
1268       particular boolean class or not.
1269

BUGS

1271       Please report bugs on backend selection and additional features this
1272       module provides to RT or GitHub issues for this module:
1273
1274       <https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Queue=JSON>
1275
1276       <https://github.com/makamaka/JSON/issues>
1277
1278       As for bugs on a specific behavior, please report to the author of the
1279       backend module you are using.
1280
1281       As for new features and requests to change common behaviors, please ask
1282       the author of JSON::XS (Marc Lehmann, <schmorp[at]schmorp.de>) first,
1283       by email (important!), to keep compatibility among JSON.pm backends.
1284

SEE ALSO

1286       JSON::XS, Cpanel::JSON::XS, JSON::PP for backends.
1287
1288       JSON::MaybeXS, an alternative that prefers Cpanel::JSON::XS.
1289
1290       "RFC4627"(<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt>)
1291
1292       RFC7159 (<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc7159.txt>)
1293
1294       RFC8259 (<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc8259.txt>)
1295

AUTHOR

1297       Makamaka Hannyaharamitu, <makamaka[at]cpan.org>
1298
1299       JSON::XS was written by  Marc Lehmann <schmorp[at]schmorp.de>
1300
1301       The release of this new version owes to the courtesy of Marc Lehmann.
1302

CURRENT MAINTAINER

1304       Kenichi Ishigaki, <ishigaki[at]cpan.org>
1305
1307       Copyright 2005-2013 by Makamaka Hannyaharamitu
1308
1309       Most of the documentation is taken from JSON::XS by Marc Lehmann
1310
1311       This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
1312       under the same terms as Perl itself.
1313
1314
1315
1316perl v5.36.0                      2023-01-20                           JSON(3)
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