1GPL(GNU) Free Software Foundation GPL(GNU)
2 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
6 Version 2, June 1991
7 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
9 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111, USA
10 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
11 license document, but changing it is not allowed.
12 Preamble
14 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom
16 to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is
17 intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free soft‐
18 ware--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This Gen‐
19 eral Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's
20 software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it.
21 (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU
22 Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your pro‐
23 grams, too.
24 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price.
26 Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the
27 freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this ser‐
28 vice if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
29 want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
30 free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
31 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone
33 to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These
34 restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you dis‐
35 tribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
36 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis
38 or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you
39 have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source
40 code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
41 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
43 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
44 distribute and/or modify the software.
45 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
47 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free soft‐
48 ware. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
49 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
50 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
51 authors' reputations.
52 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents.
54 We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will
55 individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program pro‐
56 prietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must
57 be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
58 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modifi‐
60 cation follow.
61 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
62 TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
63 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a
65 notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
66 under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below,
67 refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program"
68 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
69 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
70 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
71 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
72 the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
73 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
75 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of run‐
76 ning the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is
77 covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program
78 (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that
79 is true depends on what the Program does.
80 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source
82 code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously
83 and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice
84 and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to
85 this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other
86 recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Pro‐
87 gram.
88 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
90 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
91 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of
93 it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute
94 such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided
95 that you also meet all of these conditions:
96 a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stat‐
98 ing that you changed the files and the date of any change.
99 b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
101 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
102 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
103 parties under the terms of this License.
104 c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when
106 run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive
107 use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement
108 including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there
109 is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and
110 that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and
111 telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception:
112 if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print
113 such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not
114 required to print an announcement.)
115 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifi‐
117 able sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be
118 reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves,
119 then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when
120 you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the
121 same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program,
122 the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License,
123 whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and
124 thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
125 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
127 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
128 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collec‐
129 tive works based on the Program.
130 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
132 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a
133 storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the
134 scope of this License.
135 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
137 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
138 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
139 a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
141 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
142 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software inter‐
143 change; or,
144 b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years,
146 to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of
147 physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-read‐
148 able copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under
149 the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used
150 for software interchange; or,
151 c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to
153 distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed
154 only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the
155 program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in
156 accord with Subsection b above.)
157 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
159 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
160 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
161 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control
162 compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special
163 exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that
164 is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the
165 major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system
166 on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies
167 the executable.
168 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access
170 to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to
171 copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the
172 source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the
173 source along with the object code.
174 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
176 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise
177 to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will
178 automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, par‐
179 ties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License
180 will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain
181 in full compliance.
182 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
184 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
185 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are pro‐
186 hibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modi‐
187 fying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program),
188 you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its
189 terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program
190 or works based on it.
191 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
193 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the orig‐
194 inal licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
195 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restric‐
196 tions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You
197 are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this
198 License.
199 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
201 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
202 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
203 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
204 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distrib‐
205 ute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License
206 and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not
207 distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would
208 not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who
209 receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way
210 you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely
211 from distribution of the Program.
212 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
214 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
215 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circum‐
216 stances.
217 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
219 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
220 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
221 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is imple‐
222 mented by public license practices. Many people have made generous
223 contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that
224 system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up
225 to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute
226 software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that
227 choice.
228 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
230 be a consequence of the rest of this License.
231 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in cer‐
233 tain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
234 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may
235 add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those
236 countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries
237 not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limita‐
238 tion as if written in the body of this License.
239 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
241 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions
242 will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
243 detail to address new problems or concerns.
244 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
246 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
247 later version", you have the option of following the terms and condi‐
248 tions either of that version or of any later version published by the
249 Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version
250 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by
251 the Free Software Foundation.
252 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
254 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the
255 author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the
256 Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we
257 sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the
258 two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free
259 software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
260 NO WARRANTY
262 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WAR‐
264 RANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.
265 EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR
266 OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
267 EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
268 WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
269 THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS
270 WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
271 ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
272 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRIT‐
274 ING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
275 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAM‐
276 AGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAM‐
277 AGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING
278 BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR
279 LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO
280 OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY
281 HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
282 END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
284 Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
285 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
287 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
288 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
289 terms.
290 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to
292 attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey
293 the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
294 "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
295 < one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it
297 does. >
298 Copyright (C) 19yy < name of author >
299 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or mod‐
301 ify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as pub‐
302 lished by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
303 License, or (at your option) any later version.
304 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
306 WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MER‐
307 CHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Gen‐
308 eral Public License for more details.
309 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
311 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Founda‐
312 tion, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
313 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
315 mail.
316 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
318 when it starts in an interactive mode:
319 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
321 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type
322 `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redis‐
323 tribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
324 The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appro‐
326 priate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands
327 you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they
328 could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.
329 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
331 school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
332 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
333 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the pro‐
335 gram `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by
336 James Hacker.
337 < signature of Ty Coon, > 1 April 1989
339 Ty Coon, President of Vice
340 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
342 into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library,
343 you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applica‐
344 tions with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU
345 Library General Public License instead of this License.
346GNU GPL GPL(GNU)