1CDRSKIN(1) General Commands Manual CDRSKIN(1)
2
6 cdrskin - burns preformatted data to CD, DVD, and BD via libburn.
7
9 cdrskin [options|track_source_addresses]
10
12 cdrskin is a program that provides some of cdrecord's options in a com‐
13 patible way for CD media. With DVD and BD it has its own ways. You do
14 not need to be superuser for its daily usage.
15 Overview of features:
17 Blanking of CD-RW and DVD-RW.
18 Formatting of DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD.
19 Burning of data or audio tracks to CD,
20 either in versatile Track at Once mode (TAO)
21 or in Session at Once mode for seamless tracks.
22 Multi session on CD (follow-up sessions in TAO only)
23 or on DVD-R[W] (in Incremental mode) or DVD+R[/DL] or BD-R.
24 Single session on DVD-RW or DVD-R (Disk-at-once).
25 Single session or emulated ISO-9660 multi-session
26 on overwriteable DVD+RW, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, BD-RE
27 or on data file or block device.
28 Bus scan, burnfree, speed options, retrieving media info, padding,
29 fifo.
30 See section EXAMPLES at the end of this text.
31 General information paragraphs:
33 Track recording model
34 Write mode selection
35 Recordable CD Media
36 Sequentially Recordable DVD or BD Media
37 Overwriteable DVD or BD Media
38 Drive preparation and addressing
39 Emulated drives
40 Track recording model:
42 The input-output entities which get processed are called tracks. A
43 track stores a stream of bytes.
44 Each track is initiated by one track source address argument, which may
45 either be "-" for standard input or the address of a readable file. If
46 no write mode is given explicitely then one will be chosen which
47 matches the peculiarities of track sources and the state of the output
48 media.
49 More than one track can be burned by a single run of cdrskin. In the
51 terms of the MMC standard all tracks written by the same run constitute
52 a session.
53 Some media types can be kept appendable so that further tracks can be
54 written to them in subsequent runs of cdrskin (see option -multi).
55 Info about the addresses of burned tracks is kept in a table of content
56 (TOC) on media and can be retrieved via cdrskin option -toc. These
57 informations are also used by the operating systems' CD-ROM read driv‐
58 ers.
59 In general there are two types of tracks: data and audio. They differ
61 in sector size, throughput and readability via the systems' CD-ROM
62 drivers resp. by music CD players. With DVD and BD there is only type
63 data.
64 If not explicitely option -audio is given, then any track is burned as
65 type data, unless the track source is a file with suffix ".wav" or
66 ".au" and has a header part which identifies it as MS-WAVE resp. SUN
67 Audio with suitable parameters. Such files are burned as audio tracks
68 by default.
69 While audio tracks just contain a given time span of acoustic vibra‐
71 tions, data tracks may have an arbitray meaning. Nevertheless, ISO-9660
72 filesystems are established as a format which can represent a tree of
73 directories and files on all major operating systems. Such filesystem
74 images can be produced by programs mkisofs or genisoimage or xorriso.
75 They can also be extended by follow-up tracks if prepared properly.
76 See the man pages of said programs. cdrskin is able to fulfill the
77 needs about their option -C.
78 Another type of data track content are archive formats which originally
79 have been developed for magnetic tapes. Only formats which mark a
80 detectable end-of-archive in their data are suitable, though. Well
81 tested are the archivers afio and star. Not suitable seems GNU tar.
82 Write mode selection:
84 In general there are two approaches for writing media:
85 A permissive mode depicted by option -tao which needs no predicted
86 track size and allows to make use of eventual multi-session capabili‐
87 ties.
88 A more restrictive mode -sao (alias -dao) which usually demands a pre‐
89 dictable track size and is not necessarily capable of multi-session. It
90 may have advantages for some readers resp. players of the recorded
91 tracks.
92 If none of the options -dao, -tao or -sao is given then the program
93 will try to choose a write mode which matches the defined recording
94 job, the capabilities of the drive and the state of the present media.
95 So the mentioning of write modes in the following paragraphs and in the
96 examples is not so much a demand that the user shall choose one
97 explicitely, but rather an illustration of what to expect with particu‐
98 lar media types.
99 Recordable CD Media:
101 CD-R can be initially written only once and eventually extended until
102 they get closed (or are spoiled because they are overly full). After
103 that they are read-only. Closing is done automatically unless option
104 -multi is given which keeps the media appendable.
105 Write mode -tao allows to use track sources of unpredictable length
106 (like stdin) and allows to write further sessions to appendable media.
107 -sao produces audio sessions with seamless tracks but needs predicted
108 track sizes and cannot append sessions to media.
109 CD-RW media can be blanked to make them re-usable for another round of
110 overwriting. Usually blank=fast is the appropriate option. Blanking
111 damages the previous content but does not make it completely unread‐
112 able. It is no effective privacy precaution. Multiple cycles of blank‐
113 ing and overwriting with random numbers might be needed.
114 Sequentially Recordable DVD or BD Media:
116 Currently DVD-RW, DVD-R , DVD+R[/DL], and BD-R can be used for the
117 Sequential recording model. It resembles the model of CD media. Only
118 DVD-RW can be blanked and re-used from scratch.
119 DVD-RW are sequential media if they are in state "Sequential Record‐
120 ing". The media must be either blank or appendable. Newly purchased
121 DVD-RW and DVD-R media are in this state. Used DVD-RW get into blank
122 sequential state by option blank=deformat_sequential .
123 With DVD-R[W] two write modes may be available:
124 Mode DAO has many restrictions. It does not work with appendable media,
125 allows no -multi and only a single track. The size of the track needs
126 to be known in advance. So either its source has to be a disk file of
127 recognizable size or the size has to be announced explicitely by
128 options tsize= or tao_to_sao_tsize= .
129 DAO is the only mode for media which do not offer feature 21h Incremen‐
130 tal Streaming. DAO may also be selected explicitely by option -sao .
131 Program growisofs uses DAO on sequential DVD-R[W] media for maximum
132 DVD-ROM/-Video compatibility.
133 The other mode, Incremental Streaming, is the default write mode if it
134 is available and if the restrictions of DAO would prevent the job.
135 Incremental Streaming may be selected explicitely by option -tao as it
136 resembles much CD TAO by allowing track sources of unpredicted length
137 and to keep media appendable by option -multi . The only restriction
138 towards CD-R[W] is the lack of support for -audio tracks. Multiple
139 tracks per session are permissible.
140 The write modes for DVD+R[/DL] and BD-R resemble those with DVD-R
141 except that each track gets wrapped in an own session. There is no
142 -dummy writing with DVD+R[/DL] or BD-R.
143 Quite deliberately write mode -sao insists in the tradition of a pre‐
144 dicted track size and blank media, whereas -tao writes the tracks open
145 ended and allows appendable media.
146 BD-R may be formatted before first use to enable the Defect Management
147 which might catch and repair some bad spots at the expense of slow
148 speed even with flawless media.
149 Note: Option -multi might make DVD media unreadable in some DVD-ROM
150 drives. Best reader compatibility is achieved without it (i.e. by sin‐
151 gle session media).
152 Overwriteable DVD or BD Media:
154 Currently types DVD+RW, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM and BD-RE can be overwritten
155 via cdrskin.
156 Option -audio is not allowed. Only one track is allowed. Option -multi
157 cannot mark a recognizeable end of overwriteable media. Therefore
158 -multi is banned unless ISO-9660 images shall be expandable by help of
159 option --grow_overwriteable_iso . Without this option or without an
160 ISO-9660 filesystem image present on media, -toc does not return infor‐
161 mation about the media content and media get treated as blank regard‐
162 less wether they hold data or not.
163 Currently there is no difference between -sao and -tao. If ever, then
164 -tao will be the mode which preserves the current behavior.
165 DVD+RW and DVD-RAM media need no special initial formatting. They offer
167 a single continuous data area for blockwise random access. BD-RE need
168 explicit formatting before use. See blank=as_needed or blank=for‐
169 mat_defectmgt .
170 DVD-RW are sold in state "Sequential Recording". To become suitable for
171 the Overwriteable DVD recording model they need to get formatted to
172 state "Restricted Overwrite". Then they behave much like DVD+RW. This
173 formatting can be done by option blank=format_overwrite .
174 Several programs like dvd+rw-format, cdrecord, wodim, or cdrskin can
175 bring a DVD-RW out of overwriteable state so that it has to be format‐
176 ted again. If in doubt, just give it a try.
177 Drive preparation and addressing:
179 The drives, CD, DVD, or BD burners, are accessed via addresses which
180 are specific to libburn and the operating system. Those addresses get
181 listed by a run of cdrskin --devices.
182 On Linux, they are device files which traditionally do not offer w-per‐
183 missions for normal users. Because libburn needs rw-permission, it
184 might be only the superuser who is able to get this list without fur‐
185 ther precautions.
186 It is consensus that chmod a+rw /dev/sr0 or chmod a+rw /dev/hdc is less
187 security sensitive than chmod u+s,a+x /usr/bin/cdrskin. The risk for
188 the drive is somewhat higher but the overall system is much less at
189 stake. Consider to restrict rw-access to a single group which bundles
190 the users who are allowed to use the burner drive (like group
191 "floppy").
192 If you only got one CD capable drive then you may leave out cdrskin
194 option dev=. Else you should use this option to address the drive you
195 want.
196 cdrskin option dev= not only accepts the listed addresses but also tra‐
197 ditional cdrecord SCSI addresses which on Linux consist of three num‐
198 bers: Bus,Target,Lun. There is also a related address family "ATA"
199 which accesses IDE drives not under control of Linux SCSI drivers:
200 ATA:Bus,Target,Lun.
201 See option -scanbus for getting a list of cdrecord style addresses.
202 Further are accepted on Linux: links to libburn-suitable device files,
203 device files which have the same major and minor device number, and
204 device files which have the same SCSI address parameters (e.g.
205 /dev/sg0).
206 Emulated drives:
208 Option --allow_emulated_drives enables addressing of pseudo-drives
209 which get emulated on top of filesystem objects. Regular data files and
210 block devices result in pseudo-drives which behave much like DVD-RAM.
211 If the given address does not exist yet but its directory exists, then
212 it gets created as regular file. Other file types like character
213 devices or pipes result in pseudo-drives which behave much like blank
214 DVD-R. The target file address is given after prefix "stdio:".
215 E.g.: dev=stdio:/tmp/my_pseudo_drive
216 Addresses of the form "stdio:/dev/fd/<number>" are treated special. The
217 number is read literally and used as open file descriptor. With
218 dev="stdio:/dev/fd/1" the normal standard output of the program is
219 redirected to stderr and the stream data of a burn run will appear on
220 stdout.
221 Not good for terminals ! Redirect it.
222 Pseudo-drives allow -dummy. Their reply with --tell_media_space can be
223 utopic. -dummy burn runs touch the file but do not modify its data
224 content.
225 Note: --allow_emulated_drives is restricted to stdio:/dev/null if
226 cdrskin is run by the superuser or if it has changed user identity via
227 the setuid bit of its access permissions. The ban for the superuser can
228 be lifted by a skillfully created file. See section FILES below.
229
231 --help Show non-cdrecord compatible options.
232 -help Show cdrecord compatible options.
234 Note that some of the help texts are quite wrong - for cdrecord
235 as well as for cdrskin (e.g. -format, blank=, -load). They are,
236 nevertheless, traditional indicators for the availability of the
237 listed options. Some frontend programs make decisions after
238 reading them.
239 -version
241 Print cdrskin id line, compatibility lure line, libburn version,
242 cdrskin version, version timestamp, build timestamp (if avail‐
243 able), and then exit.
244 Alphabetical list of options which are intended to be compatible with
246 original cdrecord by Joerg Schilling:
247 -atip Retrieve some info about media state. With CD-RW print "Is
249 erasable". With DVD media print "book type:" and a media type
250 text. With BD media print "Mounted Media:" and media type text.
251 -audio Announces that the subsequent tracks are to be burned as audio.
253 The source is supposed to be uncompressed headerless PCM, 44100
254 Hz, 16 bit, stereo. For little-endian byte order (which is usual
255 on PCs) use option -swab. Unless marked explicitely by option
256 -data, input files with suffix ".wav" are examined wether they
257 have a header in MS-WAVE format confirming those parameters and
258 eventually raw audio data get extracted and burned as audio
259 track. Same is done for suffix ".au" and SUN Audio.
260 Option -audio may be used only with CD media and not with DVD or
261 BD.
262 blank=type
264 Blank a CD-RW, DVD-RW, or format a DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD.
265 This is combinable with burning in the same run of cdrskin. The
266 type given with blank= selects the particular behavior:
267 as_needed
269 Try to make the media ready for writing from scratch. If
270 it needs formatting, then format it. If it is not blank,
271 then try to apply blank=fast. It is a reason to abort if
272 the media cannot assume thoroughly writeable state, e.g.
273 if it is non-blank write-once.
274 This leaves unformatted DVD-RW in unformatted blank
275 state. To format DVD-RW use blank=format_overwriteable.
276 Blank unformatted BD-R stay unformatted.
277 (Note: blank=as_needed is not an original cdrecord
278 option.)
279 The following blank types are specific to particular media
281 familes. Use them if special features are desired.
282 all Blank an entire CD-RW or an unformatted DVD-RW. (See
284 also --prodvd_cli_compatible, --grow_overwriteable_iso)
285 fast Minimally blank an entire CD-RW or blank an unformatted
287 DVD-RW. (See also --prodvd_cli_compatible, --grow_over‐
288 writeable_iso)
289 deformat_sequential
291 Like blank=all but with the additional ability to blank
292 overwriteable DVD-RW. This will destroy their formatting
293 and make them sequentially recordable. Another peculiar‐
294 ity is the ability to blank media which appear already
295 blank. This is similar to option -force but does not try
296 to blank media other than recognizable CD-RW and DVD-RW.
297 (Note: blank=deformat_* are not original cdrecord
298 options.)
299 deformat_sequential_quickest
301 Like blank=deformat_sequential but blanking DVD-RW only
302 minimally. This is faster than full blanking but may
303 yield media incapable of Incremental Streaming (-tao).
304 format_if_needed
306 Format a media if it is not formatted yet, and if cdrskin
307 supports formatting for the media type, and if formatting
308 will not happen automatically during write. This cur‐
309 rently applies to unformatted DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, BD-RE, and
310 blank unformatted BD-R. Eventually the appropriate
311 default formatting is chosen. If other media or states
312 are encountered then nothing happens.
313 The following formatting types are more specialized to
314 particular media families.
315 format_overwrite
317 Format a DVD-RW to "Restricted Overwrite". The user
318 should bring some patience.
319 (Note: blank=format_* are not original cdrecord options.)
320 format_overwrite_quickest
322 Like format_overwrite without creating a 128 MiB trail‐
323 blazer session. Leads to "intermediate" state which only
324 allows sequential write beginning from address 0. The
325 "intermediate" state ends after the first session of
326 writing data.
327 format_overwrite_full
329 For DVD-RW this is like format_overwrite but claims full
330 media size rather than just 128 MiB. Most traditional
331 formatting is attempted. No data get written. Much
332 patience is required.
333 This option treats already formatted media even if not
334 option -force is given.
335 For DVD+RW this is the only supported explicit formatting
336 type. It provides complete "de-icing" so no reader slips
337 on unwritten data areas.
338 format_defectmgt
340 Format DVD-RAM or BD to reserve the default amount of
341 spare blocks for defect management.
342 The following format_defectmgt_* allow to submit user
343 wishes which nevertheless have to match one of the avail‐
344 able formats. These formats are offered by the drive
345 after examining the media.
346 format_defectmgt_cert_off
348 Disable the usual media quality certification in order to
349 save time and format to default size. The certification
350 setting persists even if subsequent blank= options over‐
351 ride the size of the format selection.
352 Whether formatting without certification works properly
353 depends much on the drive. One should check the "Format
354 status:" from --list_formats afterwards.
355 format_defectmgt_cert_on
357 Re-enable the usual media quality certification and for‐
358 mat to default size. The certification setting persists
359 like with format_defectmgt_cert_off.
360 Whether there happens certification at all depends much
361 on the media state and the actually selected format
362 descriptor.
363 format_defectmgt_max
365 Format DVD-RAM or BD to reserve a maximum number of spare
366 blocks.
367 format_defectmgt_min
369 Format DVD-RAM or BD to reserve a minimum number of spare
370 blocks. It might be necessary to format format_defect‐
371 mgt_none first in order to get offered the most minmal
372 spare blocks sizes for format_defectmgt_min.
373 format_defectmgt_none
375 Format DVD-RAM or BD-RE to the largest available payload
376 in the hope to disable defect management at all. This may
377 or may not have a speed increasing effect. Unformatted
378 blank BD-R will be left unformatted.
379 format_defectmgt_payload_<size>
381 Format DVD-RAM or BD. The text after "format_defect‐
382 mgt_payload_" gives a number of bytes, eventually with
383 suffixes "s", "k", "m". The largest number of spare
384 blocks will be chosen which allows at least the given
385 payload size.
386 format_by_index_<number>
388 Format DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM or BD. The number after
389 "format_by_index_" is used as index to the list of avail‐
390 able format descriptors. This list can be obtained by
391 option --list_formats. The numbers after text "Format
392 idx" are the ones to be used with format_by_index_. For‐
393 mat descriptor lists are volatile. Do neither eject nor
394 write the media between the run of --list_formats and the
395 run of blank=format_by_index_ or else you may get a dif‐
396 ferent format than desired.
397 help Print this list of blanking types.
399 -checkdrive
401 Retrieve some info about the addressed drive and then exit.
402 Exits with non-zero value if the drive cannot be found and
403 opened.
404 -dao Alias for option -sao. Write CD in Session at Once mode or DVD-
406 R[W] in Disc-at-once mode.
407 -data Subsequent tracks are data tracks. This option is default and
409 only needed to mark the end of the range of an eventual option
410 -audio.
411 dev=target
413 Set the address of the drive to use. Valid are at least the
414 addresses listed with option --devices, X,Y,Z addresses listed
415 with option -scanbus, ATA:X,Y,Z addresses listed with options
416 dev=ATA -scanbus, and volatile libburn drive numbers (numbering
417 starts at "0"). Other device file addresses which lead to the
418 same drive might work too.
419 If no dev= is given, volatile address "dev=0" is assumed. That
420 is the first drive found being available. Better avoid this
421 ambiguity on systems with more than one drive.
422 The special target "help" lists hints about available addressing
423 formats. Be aware that deprecated option --old_pseudo_scsi_adr
424 may change the meaning of Bus,Target,Lun addresses.
425 driveropts=opt
427 Set "driveropts=noburnfree" to disable the drive's eventual pro‐
428 tection mechanism against temporary lack of source data (i.e.
429 buffer underrun). A drive that announces no such capabilities
430 will not get them enabled anyway, even if attempted explicitely
431 via "driveropts=burnfree".
432 -dummy Try to perform the drive operations without actually affecting
434 the inserted media. There is no warranty that this will work
435 with a particular combination of drive, media, and write mode.
436 Blanking is prevented reliably, though. To avoid inadverted
437 real burning, -dummy refuses burn runs on anything but CD-R[W],
438 DVD-R[W], or emulated stdio-drives.
439 -eject Eject the disc after work is done.
441 -force Assume that the user knows better in situations when cdrskin or
443 libburn are insecure about drive or media state. This includes
444 the attempt to blank media which are classified as unknown or
445 unsuitable, and the attempt to use write modes which libburn
446 believes they are not supported by the drive.
447 Another application is to enforce blanking or re-formatting of
448 media which appear to be in the desired blank or format state
449 already.
450 This option enables a burn run with option -dummy even if lib‐
451 burn believes that drive and media will not simulate the write
452 mode but will write for real.
453 Caution: Use this only when in urgent need.
454 -format
456 Same as blank=format_overwrite_full -force but restricted to
457 DVD+RW.
458 fs=size
460 Set the fifo size to the given value. The value may have
461 appended letters which multiply the preceding number:
462 "k" or "K" = 1024 , "m" or "M" = 1024k , "g" or "G" = 1024m ,
463 "s" or "S" = 2048
464 Set size to 0 in order to disable the fifo (default is "4m").
465 The fifo buffers an eventual temporary surplus of track source
466 data in order to provide the drive with a steady stream during
467 times of temporary lack of track source supply. The larger the
468 fifo, the longer periods of poor source supply can be compen‐
469 sated. But a large fifo needs substantial time to fill up if
470 not curbed via option fifo_start_at=size.
471 gracetime=seconds
473 Set the grace time before starting to write. (Default is 0)
474 -immed Equivalent to:
476 modesty_on_drive=1:min_percent=75:max_percent=95
477 The name of this cdrecord option stems from the "Immed" bit
478 which can make some long running drive commands asynchronous and
479 thus eases the load on some wiring hardware types. Regardless of
480 option -immed, cdrskin uses asynchronous commands where possible
481 and appropriate.
482 -inq Print the identification of the drive and then exit.
484 -isosize
486 The next track following this option will try to obtain its
487 source size from the header information out of the first few
488 blocks of the source data. If these blocks indicate an ISO-9660
489 filesystem then its declared size will be used under the assump‐
490 tion that it is a single session filesystem.
491 If not, then the burn run will be aborted.
492 The range of -isosize is exactly one track. Further tracks may
493 be preceeded by further -isosize options, though. At least 15
494 blocks of padding will be added to each -isosize track. But be
495 advised to rather use padsize=300k.
496 This option can be performed on track sources which are regular
497 files or block devices. For the first track of the session it
498 can be performed on any type of source if there is a fifo of at
499 least 64 kiB. See option fs= .
500 -load Load the media and exit. Exit value is 0 if any kind of media
502 was found, non zero else. Note: Option -eject will unload the
503 media even if -load is given.
504 -lock Like option -load but leave the drive's eject button disabled if
506 there is any media found and not option -eject is given.
507 Use program "eject" or cdrskin -eject to get the tray out of the
508 drive. Runs of programs like cdrecord, growisofs, wodim,
509 cdrskin will not be hampered and normally enable the drive's
510 eject button when they are done.
511 minbuf=percentage
513 Equivalent to:
514 modesty_on_drive=1:min_percent=<percentage>:max_percent=95
515 Percentage is permissible between 25 and 95.
516 msifile=path
518 Run option -msinfo and copy the result line into the file given
519 by path. Unlike -msinfo this option does not redirect all nor‐
520 mal output away from standard output. But it may be combined
521 with -msinfo to achieve this.
522 Note: msifile=path is actually an option of wodim and not of
523 cdrecord.
524 -msinfo
526 Retrieve multi-session info for preparing a follow-up session by
527 option -C of programs mkisofs, genisoimage, or xorriso -as
528 mkisofs. Print result to standard output. This option redi‐
529 rects to stderr all message output except the one of option
530 --tell_media_space and its own result string, which consists of
531 two numbers. The result string shall be used as argument of
532 option -C with said programs. It gives the start address of the
533 most recent session and the predicted start address of the next
534 session to be appended. The string is empty if the most recent
535 session was not written with option -multi.
536 To have a chance for working on overwriteable media, this option
537 has to be accompanied by option --grow_overwriteable_iso.
538 -multi This option keeps CD, unformatted DVD-R[W], DVD+R, or BD-R
540 appendable after the current session has been written. Without
541 it the disc gets closed and may not be written any more -
542 unless it is a -RW and gets blanked which causes loss of its
543 content.
544 The following sessions can only be written in -tao mode. -multi
545 is prohibited with DVD-R[W] DAO write mode. Option
546 --prodvd_cli_compatible eventually makes -multi tolerable but
547 cannot make it work.
548 In order to have all filesystem content accessible, the eventual
549 ISO-9660 filesystem of a follow-up session needs to be prepared
550 in a special way by the filesystem formatter program. mkisofs
551 and genisoimage expect particular info about the situation which
552 can be retrieved by cdrskin option -msinfo.
553 To retrieve an archive file which was written as follow-up ses‐
554 sion, you may use option -toc to learn about the "lba" of the
555 desired track number. This lba is the address of the 2048 byte
556 block where the archive begins.
557 With overwriteable DVD or BD media, -multi cannot mark the end
558 of the session. So when adding a new session this end has to be
559 determined from the payload. Currently only ISO-9660 filesys‐
560 tems can be used that way. See option --grow_overwriteable_iso
561 for lifting the ban on -multi.
562 Note: -multi might make DVD media unreadable in some DVD-ROM
563 drives.
564 -nopad Do not add trailing zeros to the data stream. Nevertheless,
566 since there seems to be no use for audio tracks with incomplete
567 last sector, this option applies only to data tracks. There it
568 is default.
569 -pad Add 30 kiB of trailing zeros to each data track. (This is not
571 sufficient to avoid problems with various CD-ROM read drivers.)
572 padsize=size
574 Add the given amount of trailing zeros to the next data track.
575 This option gets reset to padsize=0 after that next track is
576 written. It may be set again before the next track argument.
577 About size specifiers, see option fs=.
578 -raw96r
580 Write CD in RAW/RAW96R mode. This mode allows to put more pay‐
581 load bytes into a CD sector but obviously at the cost of error
582 correction. It can only be used for tracks of fixely predicted
583 size. Some drives allow this mode but then behave strange or
584 even go bad for the next few attempts to burn a CD. One should
585 use it only if inavoidable.
586 -sao Write CD in Session At Once mode or sequential DVD-R[W] in Disc-
588 at-once (DAO) mode.
589 With CD this mode is able to put several audio tracks on media
590 without producing audible gaps between them.
591 With DVD-R[W] this mode can only write a single track. No
592 -multi is allowed with DVD-R[W] -sao.
593 -sao is permissible with overwriteable DVD, or DVD+R[/DL], or BD
594 but actually only imposes restrictions without providing known
595 advantages.
596 -sao can only be used for tracks of fixely predicted size. This
597 implies that track arguments which depict stdin or named pipes
598 need to be preceeded by option tsize= or by option
599 tao_to_sao_tsize=.
600 -sao cannot be used on appendable media.
601 -scanbus
603 Scan the system for drives. On Linux the drives at /dev/s* and
604 at /dev/hd* are to be scanned by two separate runs. One without
605 dev= for /dev/s* and one with dev=ATA for /dev/hd* devices.
606 (Option --drives lists all available drives in a single run.)
607 Drives which are busy or which offer no rw-permission to the
608 user of cdrskin are not listed. Busy drives get reported in form
609 of warning messages.
610 The useful fields in a result line are:
611 Bus,Target,Lun Number) 'Vendor' 'Mode' 'Revision'
612 speed=number
614 Set speed of drive. With data CD, 1x speed corresponds to a
615 throughput of 150,000 bytes/second. With DVD, 1x = 1,385,000
616 bytes/second. With BD 1x = 4,495,625 bytes/second. It is not
617 an error to set a speed higher than is suitable for drive and
618 media. One should stay within a realistic speed range, though.
619 Special speed settings are:
620 0 = minimal speed , -1 = maximal speed (default), text "any" =
621 like -1.
622 -swab Announce that the raw audio data source of subsequent tracks is
624 byte swapped versus the expectations of cdrecord. This option is
625 suitable for audio where the least significant byte of a 16 bit
626 word is first (little-endian, Intel). Most raw audio data on PC
627 systems are available in this byte order. Less guesswork is
628 needed if track sources are in format MS-WAVE in a file with
629 suffix ".wav".
630 -tao Write CD in Track At Once (TAO) mode, sequential DVD-R[W] in
632 Incremental Streaming mode, or DVD+R[/DL] without traditional
633 -sao restrictions. This mode also applies pro-forma to over‐
634 writeable media
635 Mode -tao can be used with track sources of unpredictable size,
636 like standard input or named pipes. It is also the only mode
637 that can be used for writing to appendable media which already
638 hold data. With unformatted DVD-R[W] it is the only mode which
639 allows -multi.
640 -toc Print the table of content (TOC) which describes the tracks
642 recorded on disc. The output contains all info from option
643 -atip plus lines which begin with "track:", the track number,
644 the word "lba:" and a number which gives the start address of
645 the track. Addresses are counted in CD sectors which with SAO or
646 TAO data tracks hold 2048 bytes each.
647 Example. Retrieve an afio archive from track number 2:
649 tracknumber=2
650 lba=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/cdrom -toc 2>&1 | \
651 grep '^track:[ ]*[ 0-9][0-9]' | \
652 tail +"$tracknumber" | head -1 | \
653 awk '{ print $4}' )
654 dd if=/dev/cdrom bs=2048 skip="$lba" | \
655 afio -t - | less
656 tsize=size
658 Announces the exact size of the next track source. This is nec‐
659 essary with any write mode other than -tao if the track source
660 is not a regular disk file, but e.g. "-" (standard input) or a
661 named pipe. About size specifiers, see option fs=.
662 If the track source does not deliver the predicted amount of
663 bytes, the remainder of the track is padded with zeros. This is
664 not considered an error. If on the other hand the track source
665 delivers more than the announced bytes then the track on media
666 gets truncated to the predicted size and cdrskin exits with non-
667 zero value.
668 -v Increment verbose level by one. Startlevel is 0 with only few
670 messages. Level 1 prints progress report with long running
671 operations and also causes some extra lines to be put out with
672 info retrieval options. Level 2 additionally reports about
673 option settings derived from arguments or startup files. Level 3
674 is for debugging and useful mainly in conjunction with somebody
675 who had a look into the program sourcecode.
676 -waiti Wait until input data is available at stdin or EOF occurs at
678 stdin. Only then begin to access any drives.
679 One should use this if cdrskin is working at the end of a pipe
680 where the feeder process reads from the drive before it starts
681 writing its output into cdrskin. Example:
682 mkisofs ... -C 0,12800 -M /dev/sr0 | \
683 cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 ... -waiti -
684 This option works even if stdin is not among the track sources.
685 If no process is piping in, then the Enter key of your terminal
686 will act as trigger for cdrskin. Note that this input line will
687 not be consumed by cdrskin if stdin is not among the track
688 sources. It will end up as shell command, usually.
689 Alphabetical list of options which are genuine to cdrskin and intended
691 for normal use:
692 --adjust_speed_to_drive
694 Curb explicitely given speed= values to the maximum which is
695 announced by the drive for the loaded media. By default, such an
696 adjustment is only made with pseudo-speeds 0 and -1 whereas
697 speed settings > 0 are sent unchanged to the drive which will
698 then choose an appropriate speed on its own.
699 --allow_emulated_drives
701 Enable drive addresses of the form dev=stdio:<path>. See above,
702 paragraph "Drive preparation and addressing".
703 --allow_setuid
705 Disable the loud warning about insecure discrepance between
706 login user and effective user which indicates application of
707 chmod u+s to the program binary. One should not do this chmod
708 u+s , but it is an old cdrecord tradition.
709 --any_track
711 Allow source_addresses to begin with "-" (plus further charac‐
712 ters) or to contain a "=" character. By default such arguments
713 are seen as misspelled options. It is nevertheless not possible
714 to use one of the options listed with --list_ignored_options.
715 assert_write_lba=block_number|byte_address
717 Abort if the write address given with this option is not the
718 same as predicted immediately before the write session starts.
719 This option can ensure that a start address which was presumed
720 by a formatter like mkisofs -C is really used by the drive for
721 writing. assert_write_lba=0 effectively demands blank media and
722 excludes appendables.
723 Block numbering is peculiar: If the last character of the option
724 string is a letter [a-zA-Z] then the usual unit scaling by "s",
725 "k", "m", etc. applies and the result is divided by 2048. Else
726 the number value of the string is taken as plain block number
727 with block size 2048 byte. (E.g ...=1000 or ...=1000s means
728 block 1000, ...=1m means block 512, ...=4096b means block number
729 2)
730 --demand_a_drive
732 Exit with a nonzero value if no drive can be found during a bus
733 scan.
734 --devices
736 List the device file addresses of all accessible CD drives. In
737 order to get listed, a drive has to offer rw-permission for the
738 cdrskin user and it may not be busy. The superuser should be
739 able to see all idle drives listed and busy drives reported as
740 "SORRY" messages.
741 Each available drive gets listed by a line containing the fol‐
742 lowing fields:
743 Number dev='Devicefile' rw-Permissions : 'Vendor' 'Model'
744 Number and Devicefile can both be used with option dev=, but
745 number is volatile (numbering changes if drives become busy).
746 direct_write_amount=size
748 Do not write a session with tracks but rather make an appropri‐
749 ate number of direct write operations with no preparations.
750 Flushing the drive buffer will be the only finalization. It is
751 advised to eject the media afterwards because the write opera‐
752 tions circumvent the usual system i/o with its caches and buf‐
753 fers. By ejecting, those invalid memory copies get surely dis‐
754 carded.
755 Only few media can be written this way: DVD-RAM, BD-RE, RVD+RW
756 and overwriteable DVD-RW. Writing is restricted to the already
757 formatted area of the media.
758 Writing starts at byte 0 of the media or at the address given by
759 option write_start_address= . Only the first track source is
760 used as input for the write operations. The fifo (fs=) is dis‐
761 abled.
762 Parameter size controls the amount of data to be written. Size 0
763 means that the track source shall be used up until EOF. In this
764 case, the last write transaction gets padded up to the necessary
765 size by zeros. Size -1 revokes direct writing and switches back
766 to normal session oriented writing.
767 Both, write_start_address and direct_write_amount size must be
768 aligned to a media dependend transaction size. With DVD-RAM, BD-
769 RE, DVD+RW this is 2k, with overwriteable DVD-RW it is 32k.
770 fallback_program=command
772 Set a command name to be executed if cdrskin encounters a known
773 cdrecord option which it does not yet support. If a non-empty
774 command is given with fallback_program=, and if no essential
775 options are given which are specific to cdrskin, then cdrskin
776 will delegate the job to said command.
777 The natural commands to be given are cdrecord or wodim but one
778 may well submit the address of an own program.
779 The fallback programm will get all arguments of cdrskin which do
780 not match the shell patterns --?* or *_*=* . This eventually
781 suppresses path names of track sources which happen to match
782 those patterns. The options from the startup files are not
783 handed to the fallback program.
784 Fallback program execution is disabled if cdrskin is run setuid
785 and not option --allow_setuid is given. In general, the drive's
786 device files and the involved programs should be set up so that
787 each program runs under its advised conditions. (E.g. cdrskin as
788 member of group floppy, cdrecord setuid root.)
789 Two alias names for cdrskin are predefined with default fallback
790 programs:
791 unicord implies fallback_program=cdrecord
792 codim implies fallback_program=wodim
793 fifo_start_at=size
795 Do not wait for full fifo but start burning as soon as the given
796 number of bytes is read. This option may be helpful to bring the
797 average throughput near to the maximum throughput of a drive. A
798 large fs= and a small fifo_start_at= combine a quick burn start
799 and a large savings buffer to compensate for temporary lack of
800 source data. At the beginning of burning, the software protec‐
801 tion against buffer underun is as weak as the size of
802 fifo_start_at= . So it is best if the drive offers hardware pro‐
803 tection which is enabled automatically if not driveropts=noburn‐
804 free is given.
805 --grow_overwriteable_iso
807 Enable emulation of multi-session writing on overwriteable media
808 which contain an ISO-9660 filesystem. This emulation is learned
809 from growisofs -M but adapted to the usage model of
810 cdrskin -msinfo
811 mkisofs -C -M | cdrskin -waiti [-multi] -
812 --grow_overwriteable_iso does not hamper the use of true multi-
813 session media. I.e. it is possible to use the same cdrskin
814 options with both kinds of media and to achieve similar results
815 if ISO-9660 filesystem images are to be written. This option
816 implies option -isosize and therefore demands that the track
817 source is a ISO-9660 filesystem image.
818 With overwriteable media and no option blank=fast|all present it
819 expands an eventual ISO-9660 filesystem on media. It is assumed
820 that this image's inner size description points to the end of
821 the valuable data. Overwriteable media with a recognizeable
822 ISO-9660 size will be regarded as appendable rather than as
823 blank. I.e. options -msinfo and -toc will work. -toc will
824 always show a single session with its size increasing with every
825 added mkisofs image.
826 If not overriden by option write_start_address=, the track with
827 the new image will be placed behind the end of the old one. One
828 may use option assert_write_lba= to make sure that media state
829 and mkisofs job do match.
830 --grow_overwriteable_iso causes option blank=fast|all to invali‐
831 date an eventual ISO-9660 image by altering the first few bytes
832 of block 16 on overwriteable media. Option -multi is tolerated
833 in order not to hamper true multi-session media.
834 An equivalent of growisofs -Z for overwriteable media is:
835 mkisofs | cdrskin --grow_overwriteable_iso blank=fast [-multi] -
836 With multi-session DVD, blank=fast will act like dvd+rw-format
837 -blank=full .
838 growisofs -dvd-compat is roughly equivalent to cdrskin without
839 option -multi.
840 --list_formats
842 List the available format descriptors as reported by the drive
843 for the loaded media. Each descriptor line begins with "Format
844 idx" and the descriptor's list index, followed by a ":", the
845 format type, the number of payload blocks and that same number
846 converted to MiB.
847 The meaning of the format types is defined by the MMC standard
848 with command FORMAT UNIT. A user will more be interested in the
849 sizes than in the types.
850 --list_ignored_options
852 List all ignored cdrecord options. The "-" options cannot be
853 used as addresses of track sources. No track source address may
854 begin with a text equal to an option which ends by "=". The list
855 is ended by an empty line.
856 --no_rc
858 Only if used as first command line argument this option prevents
859 reading and interpretation of eventual startup files. See sec‐
860 tion FILES below.
861 --prodvd_cli_compatible
863 Activates behavior modifications with some DVD situations which
864 bring cdrskin nearer to the behavior of cdrecord-ProDVD:
865 Option -multi with unsuitable media is not an error but simply
866 has no effect.
867 Options blank=fast and blank=all deformat overwriteable DVD-RW
868 media.
869 Option blank=fast does indeed minmal blanking with DVD-RW. This
870 may yield media which can only do DAO but not Incremental
871 Streaming.
872 --single_track
874 Accept only the last argument of the command line as track
875 source address.
876 tao_to_sao_tsize=size
878 Set an exact fixed size for the next track to be in effect only
879 if the track source cannot deliver a size prediction and no
880 tsize= was specified and an exact track size prediction is
881 demanded by the write mode.
882 This was the fallback from bad old times when cdrskin was unable
883 to burn in mode -tao . It came back with minimally blanked DVD-
884 RW which allow no Incremental Streaming (-tao) resp. with
885 explicitly selected write mode -sao for best DVD-ROM compatibil‐
886 ity.
887 If the track source delivers less bytes than announced then the
888 missing ones will be filled with zeros.
889 --tell_media_space
891 Prepare a recording session, do not perform it but rather
892 inquire the maximum number of 2048 byte data blocks which may be
893 written in the current state of media with the prepared setup.
894 So this option disables recording of data. It does allow blank‐
895 ing, though, and will measure space afterwards.
896 It is not mandatory to give track sources but their nature may
897 influence the available capacity. So for most realistic results
898 one may set up the full burn session and add --tell_media_space.
899 But if one has to expect a cdrskin version prior to 0.3.3 no
900 track source should be given in order not to start an involun‐
901 tary burn session. In this case set at least -sao or -tao
902 explicitely.
903 The result gets printed to standard output. It is 0 or empty if
904 no writing is possible with the given options. This option
905 redirects to stderr all message output except its own result
906 string and eventual output of -msinfo.
907 write_start_address=byte_offset
909 Set the address on media where to start writing the track. With
910 DVD+RW, DVD-RAM or BD-RE byte_offset must be aligned to 2 kiB
911 blocks, but better is 32 kiB. With DVD-RW 32 kiB alignment is
912 mandatory.
913 Other media are not suitable for this option yet.
914 Alphabetical list of options which are only intended for very special
916 situations and not for normal use:
917 --abort_handler
919 Establish default signal handling not to leave a drive in busy
920 state but rather to shut it down and to wait until it has ended
921 the final operations. This option is only needed for revoking
922 eventual --ignore_signals or --no_abort_handler.
923 --allow_untested_media
925 Enable the use of media profiles which have been implemented but
926 not yet tested. Currently this applies to :
927 Profile 0015h , DVD-R/DL Sequential (will not allow -multi).
928 If you really test such media, then please report the outcome on
929 libburn-hackers@pykix.org
930 dev_translation=<sep><from><sep><to>
932 Set drive address alias. This was necessary before cdrskin-0.2.4
933 to manually translate cdrecord addresses into cdrskin addresses.
934 <sep> is a single character which may not occur in the address
935 string <from>. <from> is an address as expected to be given by
936 the user via option dev=. <to> is the address to be used instead
937 whenever <from> is given. More than one translation instruction
938 can be given in one cdrskin run.
939 E.g.: dev_translation=+ATA:1,0,0+/dev/sr1 dev_transla‐
940 tion=+ATA:1,1,0+/dev/sr2
941 --drive_abort_on_busy
943 Linux specific: Abort process if a busy drive is encountered.
944 --drive_blocking
946 Linux specific: Try to wait for a busy drive to become free.
947 This is not guaranteed to work with all drivers. Some need non‐
948 blocking i/o.
949 --drive_f_setlk
951 Linux specific: Try to get exclusive lock on drive device file
952 via fcntl(2).
953 --drive_not_exclusive
955 Linux specific: Combine --drive_not_f_setlk and
956 --drive_not_o_excl.
957 --drive_not_f_setlk
959 Linux specific: Do not try to get exclusive lock on drive device
960 file via fcntl(2).
961 --drive_not_o_excl
963 Linux specific: Do not ask the operating system to prevent open‐
964 ing busy drives. Wether this leads to senseful behavior depends
965 on operating system and kernel.
966 drive_scsi_dev_family=sr|scd|sg
968 Linux specific: Select a SCSI device file family to be scanned
969 for by options --devices and -scanbus. Normally this is
970 /dev/sgN on kernel versions < 2.6 and /dev/srN on kernels >= 2.6
971 . This option allows to explicitely override that default in
972 order to meet other programs at a common device file for each
973 drive. On kernel 2.4 families sr and scd will find no drives.
974 Device file family /dev/hdX on kernel >= 2.6 is not affected by
975 this setting.
976 --drive_scsi_exclusive
978 Linux specific: Try to exclusively reserve device files
979 /dev/srN, /dev/scdM, /dev/sgK of drives. This would be helpful
980 to protect against collisions with program growisofs. Regret‐
981 tably on Linux kernel 2.4 with ide-scsi emulation this seems not
982 to work. Wether it becomes helpful with new Linux systems has to
983 be evaluated.
984 --fifo_disable
986 Disable fifo despite any fs=.
987 --fifo_per_track
989 Use a separate fifo for each track.
990 --fill_up_media
992 Expand the last track of the session to occupy all remaining
993 free space on the media.
994 This option overrides option -multi. It will not fill up media
995 if option -sao is given with CD media.
996 Caution: With multi-session media this option might increase
997 readatibility on DVD-ROM drives but with some DVD recorders and
998 media types it might also fail to produce readable media at all.
999 "Your mileage may vary".
1000 You can expect the best possible read compatibility if you do
1001 not use -multi at all.
1002 grab_drive_and_wait=seconds
1004 Open the addressed drive, wait the given number of seconds,
1005 release the drive, and do normal work as indicated by the other
1006 options used. This option helps to explore the program behavior
1007 when faced with busy drives. Just start a second cdrskin with
1008 option --devices while grab_drive_and_wait= is still active.
1009 --ignore_signals
1011 Try to ignore any signals rather than to abort the program. This
1012 is not a very good idea. You might end up waiting a very long
1013 time for cdrskin to finish.
1014 modesty_on_drive=<mode>[:min_percent=<num>][:max_percent=<num>]
1016 Mode 1 keeps the program from trying to write to the burner
1017 drive while its buffer is in danger to be filled by more than
1018 max_percent. If this filling is exceeded then the program will
1019 wait until the filling is at most min_percent.
1020 This can ease the load on operating system and drive controller
1021 and thus help with achieving better input bandwidth if disk and
1022 burner are not on independent controllers (like hda and hdb).
1023 Unsufficient input bandwidth is indicated by output "(fifo
1024 xy%)" of option -v if xy is lower than 90 for some time. mod‐
1025 esty_on_drive= might hamper output bandwidth and cause buffer
1026 underruns.
1027 To have max_percent larger than the burner's best actual buffer
1028 fill has the same effect as min_percent==max_percent. Some burn‐
1029 ers do not use their full buffer with all media types. Watch
1030 output "[buf xy%]" of option -v to get an impression of the
1031 actual buffer usage. Some burners are not suitable because they
1032 report buffer fill with granularity too large in size or time.
1033 Mode 0 disables this feature. Mode -1 keeps it unchanged.
1034 Default is:
1035 modesty_on_drive=0:min_percent=65:max_percent=95
1036 Percentages are permissible in the range of 25 to 100.
1037 --no_abort_handler
1039 On signals exit even if the drive is in busy state. This is not
1040 a very good idea. You might end up with a stuck drive that
1041 refuses to hand out the media.
1042 --no_blank_appendable
1044 Refuse to blank appendable CD-RW or DVD-RW. This is a feature
1045 that was once builtin with libburn. No information available for
1046 what use case it was needed.
1047 --no_convert_fs_adr
1049 Do only literal translations of dev=. This prevents cdrskin from
1050 test-opening device files in order to find one that matches the
1051 given dev= specifier.
1052 Partly Linux specific: Such opening is needed for Bus,Target,Lun
1053 addresses unless option --old_pseudo_scsi_adr is given. It is
1054 also needed to resolve device file addresses which are not
1055 listed with cdrskin --devices but nevertheless point to a usable
1056 drive. (Like /dev/sg0 using the same SCSI address as /dev/sr0.)
1057 --old_pseudo_scsi_adr
1059 Linux specific: Use and report literal Bus,Target,Lun addresses
1060 rather than real SCSI and pseudo ATA addresses. This method is
1061 outdated and was never compatible with original cdrecord.
1062 stream_recording="on"|"off"|number
1064 By setting "on" request that compliance to the desired speed
1065 setting is preferred over management of write errors. With DVD-
1066 RAM and BD this can bring effective write speed near to the nom‐
1067 inal write speed of the media. But it will also disable the
1068 automatic use of replacement blocks if write errors occur. It
1069 might as well be disliked or ignored by the drive.
1070 If a number is given, then error management stays enabled for
1071 all byte addresses below that number. Any number below 16s is
1072 the same as "off".
1073
1075 Get an overview of drives and their addresses:
1076 cdrskin -scanbus
1077 cdrskin dev=ATA -scanbus
1078 cdrskin --devices
1079 Get info about a particular drive or loaded media:
1081 cdrskin dev=0,1,0 -checkdrive
1082 cdrskin dev=ATA:1,0,0 -v -atip
1083 cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -toc
1084 Prepare CD-RW or DVD-RW for re-use, DVD-RAM or BD-RE for first use:
1086 cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sg1 blank=as_needed -eject
1087 Format DVD-RW to avoid need for blanking before re-use:
1089 cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=format_overwrite
1090 De-format DVD-RW to make it capable of multi-session again:
1092 cdrskin -v dev=/dev/sr0 blank=deformat_sequential
1093 Write ISO-9660 filesystem image as only one to blank or formatted media:
1095 cdrskin -v dev=/dev/hdc speed=12 fs=8m \
1096 blank=as_needed -eject padsize=300k my_image.iso
1097 Write compressed afio archive on-the-fly (not possible with minimally
1099 blanked DVD-RW):
1100 find . | afio -oZ - | \
1101 cdrskin -v dev=0,1,0 fs=32m speed=8 \
1102 blank=as_needed padsize=300k -
1103 Write multi-session to the same CD, DVD-R[W], DVD+R[/DL], or BD-R:
1105 cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -v padsize=300k -multi 1.iso
1106 cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -v padsize=300k -multi 2.iso
1107 cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -v padsize=300k -multi 3.iso
1108 cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -v padsize=300k 4.iso
1109 Get multi-session info for option -C of program mkisofs:
1111 c_values=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/hdc -msinfo 2>/dev/null)
1112 mkisofs ... -C "$c_values" ...
1113 Inquire free space on media for a -multi run:
1115 x=$(cdrskin dev=/dev/sr0 -multi \
1116 --tell_media_space 2>/dev/null)
1117 echo "Available: $x blocks of 2048 data bytes"
1118 Write audio tracks to CD:
1120 cdrskin -v dev=ATA:1,0,0 speed=48 -sao \
1121 track1.wav track2.au -audio -swab track3.raw
1122
1124 Startup files:
1125 If not --no_rc is given as the first argument then cdrskin attempts on
1126 startup to read the arguments from the following files:
1127 /etc/default/cdrskin
1129 /etc/opt/cdrskin/rc
1130 /etc/cdrskin/cdrskin.conf
1131 $HOME/.cdrskinrc
1132 The files are read in the sequence given above, but none of them is
1134 required for cdrskin to function properly. Each readable line is
1135 treated as one single argument. No extra blanks. A first character '#'
1136 marks a comment, empty lines are ignored.
1137 Example content of a startup file:
1138 # This is the default device
1139 dev=0,1,0
1140 # Some more options
1141 fifo_start_at=0
1142 fs=16m
1143 Disabling superuser safety precautions:
1145 The superuser is normally banned from using any other emulated drive
1146 but /dev/null. This ban can be lifted by the existence of file
1147 /root/cdrskin_permissions/allow_emulated_drives
1149 where the directory must be owned by the superuser and must not offer
1151 w-permissions for group or others.
1152 Warning: Superusers must take care not to spoil their hard disk via its
1153 raw block device (like stdio:/dev/hda or stdio:/dev/sd0).
1154
1157 Formatting data track sources for cdrskin:
1158 mkisofs(8), genisoimage(8), xorriso(1), afio(1), star(1)
1159 Other CD/DVD/BD burn programs:
1161 cdrecord(1), wodim(1), xorriso(1)
1162 For DVD/BD burning (also tutor of libburn's DVD/BD capabilities):
1164 growisofs(1)
1165
1167 cdrskin was written by Thomas Schmitt <scdbackup@gmx.net>.
1168 This manual page was started by George Danchev <danchev@spnet.net> and
1170 is now maintained by Thomas Schmitt.
1171 May 07, 2009 CDRSKIN(1)