1PIVOT_ROOT(2) Linux Programmer's Manual PIVOT_ROOT(2)
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6 pivot_root - change the root file system
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9 int pivot_root(const char *new_root, const char *put_old);
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12 pivot_root() moves the root file system of the calling process to the
13 directory put_old and makes new_root the new root file system of the
14 calling process.
15 The typical use of pivot_root() is during system startup, when the sys‐
17 tem mounts a temporary root file system (e.g., an initrd), then mounts
18 the real root file system, and eventually turns the latter into the
19 current root of all relevant processes or threads.
20 pivot_root() may or may not change the current root and the current
22 working directory of any processes or threads which use the old root
23 directory. The caller of pivot_root() must ensure that processes with
24 root or current working directory at the old root operate correctly in
25 either case. An easy way to ensure this is to change their root and
26 current working directory to new_root before invoking pivot_root().
27 The paragraph above is intentionally vague because the implementation
29 of pivot_root() may change in the future. At the time of writing,
30 pivot_root() changes root and current working directory of each process
31 or thread to new_root if they point to the old root directory. This is
32 necessary in order to prevent kernel threads from keeping the old root
33 directory busy with their root and current working directory, even if
34 they never access the file system in any way. In the future, there may
35 be a mechanism for kernel threads to explicitly relinquish any access
36 to the file system, such that this fairly intrusive mechanism can be
37 removed from pivot_root().
38 Note that this also applies to the calling process: pivot_root() may or
40 may not affect its current working directory. It is therefore recom‐
41 mended to call chdir("/") immediately after pivot_root().
42 The following restrictions apply to new_root and put_old:
44 - They must be directories.
46 - new_root and put_old must not be on the same file system as the cur‐
48 rent root.
49 - put_old must be underneath new_root, that is, adding a non-zero num‐
51 ber of /.. to the string pointed to by put_old must yield the same
52 directory as new_root.
53 - No other file system may be mounted on put_old.
55 See also pivot_root(8) for additional usage examples.
57 If the current root is not a mount point (e.g., after chroot(2) or
59 pivot_root(), see also below), not the old root directory, but the
60 mount point of that file system is mounted on put_old.
61 new_root does not have to be a mount point. In this case, /proc/mounts
63 will show the mount point of the file system containing new_root as
64 root (/).
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67 On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is
68 set appropriately.
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71 pivot_root() may return (in errno) any of the errors returned by
72 stat(2). Additionally, it may return:
73 EBUSY new_root or put_old are on the current root file system, or a
75 file system is already mounted on put_old.
76 EINVAL put_old is not underneath new_root.
78 ENOTDIR
80 new_root or put_old is not a directory.
81 EPERM The calling process does not have the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability.
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85 pivot_root() was introduced in Linux 2.3.41.
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88 pivot_root() is Linux-specific and hence is not portable.
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91 Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using
92 syscall(2).
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95 pivot_root() should not have to change root and current working direc‐
96 tory of all other processes in the system.
97 Some of the more obscure uses of pivot_root() may quickly lead to
99 insanity.
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102 chdir(2), chroot(2), stat(2), initrd(4), pivot_root(8)
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105 This page is part of release 3.22 of the Linux man-pages project. A
106 description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can
107 be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
108Linux 2007-06-01 PIVOT_ROOT(2)