1NPING(1) Nping Reference Guide NPING(1)
2
6 nping - Network packet generation tool / ping utility
7
9 nping [Options] {targets}
10
12 Nping is an open-source tool for network packet generation, response
13 analysis and response time measurement. Nping allows users to generate
14 network packets of a wide range of protocols, letting them tune
15 virtually any field of the protocol headers. While Nping can be used as
16 a simple ping utility to detect active hosts, it can also be used as a
17 raw packet generator for network stack stress tests, ARP poisoning,
18 Denial of Service attacks, route tracing, and other purposes.
19 Additionally, Nping offers a special mode of operation called the "Echo
21 Mode", that lets users see how the generated probes change in transit,
22 revealing the differences between the transmitted packets and the
23 packets received at the other end. See section "Echo Mode" for details.
24 The output from Nping is a list of the packets that are being sent and
26 received. The level of detail depends on the options used.
27 A typical Nping execution is shown in Example 1. The only Nping
29 arguments used in this example are -c, to specify the number of times
30 to target each host, --tcp to specify TCP Probe Mode, -p 80,433 to
31 specify the target ports; and then the two target hostnames.
32 Example 1. A representative Nping execution
34 # nping -c 1 --tcp -p 80,433 scanme.nmap.org google.com
36 Starting Nping ( http://nmap.org/nping )
38 SENT (0.0120s) TCP 96.16.226.135:50091 > 64.13.134.52:80 S ttl=64 id=52072 iplen=40 seq=1077657388 win=1480
39 RCVD (0.1810s) TCP 64.13.134.52:80 > 96.16.226.135:50091 SA ttl=53 id=0 iplen=44 seq=4158134847 win=5840 <mss 1460>
40 SENT (1.0140s) TCP 96.16.226.135:50091 > 74.125.45.100:80 S ttl=64 id=13932 iplen=40 seq=1077657388 win=1480
41 RCVD (1.1370s) TCP 74.125.45.100:80 > 96.16.226.135:50091 SA ttl=52 id=52913 iplen=44 seq=2650443864 win=5720 <mss 1430>
42 SENT (2.0140s) TCP 96.16.226.135:50091 > 64.13.134.52:433 S ttl=64 id=8373 iplen=40 seq=1077657388 win=1480
43 SENT (3.0140s) TCP 96.16.226.135:50091 > 74.125.45.100:433 S ttl=64 id=23624 iplen=40 seq=1077657388 win=1480
44 Statistics for host scanme.nmap.org (64.13.134.52):
46 | Probes Sent: 2 | Rcvd: 1 | Lost: 1 (50.00%)
47 |_ Max rtt: 169.720ms | Min rtt: 169.720ms | Avg rtt: 169.720ms
48 Statistics for host google.com (74.125.45.100):
49 | Probes Sent: 2 | Rcvd: 1 | Lost: 1 (50.00%)
50 |_ Max rtt: 122.686ms | Min rtt: 122.686ms | Avg rtt: 122.686ms
51 Raw packets sent: 4 (160B) | Rcvd: 2 (92B) | Lost: 2 (50.00%)
52 Tx time: 3.00296s | Tx bytes/s: 53.28 | Tx pkts/s: 1.33
53 Rx time: 3.00296s | Rx bytes/s: 30.64 | Rx pkts/s: 0.67
54 Nping done: 2 IP addresses pinged in 4.01 seconds
55
57 This options summary is printed when Nping is run with no arguments. It
58 helps people remember the most common options, but is no substitute for
59 the in-depth documentation in the rest of this manual. Some obscure
60 options aren't even included here.
61 Nping 0.5.59BETA1 ( http://nmap.org/nping )
63 Usage: nping [Probe mode] [Options] {target specification}
64 TARGET SPECIFICATION:
66 Targets may be specified as hostnames, IP addresses, networks, etc.
67 Ex: scanme.nmap.org, microsoft.com/24, 192.168.0.1; 10.0.0-255.1-254
68 PROBE MODES:
69 --tcp-connect : Unprivileged TCP connect probe mode.
70 --tcp : TCP probe mode.
71 --udp : UDP probe mode.
72 --icmp : ICMP probe mode.
73 --arp : ARP/RARP probe mode.
74 --tr, --traceroute : Traceroute mode (can only be used with
75 TCP/UDP/ICMP modes).
76 TCP CONNECT MODE:
77 -p, --dest-port <port spec> : Set destination port(s).
78 -g, --source-port <portnumber> : Try to use a custom source port.
79 TCP PROBE MODE:
80 -g, --source-port <portnumber> : Set source port.
81 -p, --dest-port <port spec> : Set destination port(s).
82 --seq <seqnumber> : Set sequence number.
83 --flags <flag list> : Set TCP flags (ACK,PSH,RST,SYN,FIN...)
84 --ack <acknumber> : Set ACK number.
85 --win <size> : Set window size.
86 --badsum : Use a random invalid checksum.
87 UDP PROBE MODE:
88 -g, --source-port <portnumber> : Set source port.
89 -p, --dest-port <port spec> : Set destination port(s).
90 --badsum : Use a random invalid checksum.
91 ICMP PROBE MODE:
92 --icmp-type <type> : ICMP type.
93 --icmp-code <code> : ICMP code.
94 --icmp-id <id> : Set identifier.
95 --icmp-seq <n> : Set sequence number.
96 --icmp-redirect-addr <addr> : Set redirect address.
97 --icmp-param-pointer <pnt> : Set parameter problem pointer.
98 --icmp-advert-lifetime <time> : Set router advertisement lifetime.
99 --icmp-advert-entry <IP,pref> : Add router advertisement entry.
100 --icmp-orig-time <timestamp> : Set originate timestamp.
101 --icmp-recv-time <timestamp> : Set receive timestamp.
102 --icmp-trans-time <timestamp> : Set transmit timestamp.
103 ARP/RARP PROBE MODE:
104 --arp-type <type> : Type: ARP, ARP-reply, RARP, RARP-reply.
105 --arp-sender-mac <mac> : Set sender MAC address.
106 --arp-sender-ip <addr> : Set sender IP address.
107 --arp-target-mac <mac> : Set target MAC address.
108 --arp-target-ip <addr> : Set target IP address.
109 IPv4 OPTIONS:
110 -S, --source-ip : Set source IP address.
111 --dest-ip <addr> : Set destination IP address (used as an
112 alternative to {target specification} ).
113 --tos <tos> : Set type of service field (8bits).
114 --id <id> : Set identification field (16 bits).
115 --df : Set Don't Fragment flag.
116 --mf : Set More Fragments flag.
117 --ttl <hops> : Set time to live [0-255].
118 --badsum-ip : Use a random invalid checksum.
119 --ip-options <S|R [route]|L [route]|T|U ...> : Set IP options
120 --ip-options <hex string> : Set IP options
121 --mtu <size> : Set MTU. Packets get fragmented if MTU is
122 small enough.
123 IPv6 OPTIONS:
124 -6, --IPv6 : Use IP version 6.
125 --dest-ip : Set destination IP address (used as an
126 alternative to {target specification}).
127 --hop-limit : Set hop limit (same as IPv4 TTL).
128 --traffic-class <class> : : Set traffic class.
129 --flow <label> : Set flow label.
130 ETHERNET OPTIONS:
131 --dest-mac <mac> : Set destination mac address. (Disables
132 ARP resolution)
133 --source-mac <mac> : Set source MAC address.
134 --ether-type <type> : Set EtherType value.
135 PAYLOAD OPTIONS:
136 --data <hex string> : Include a custom payload.
137 --data-string <text> : Include a custom ASCII text.
138 --data-length <len> : Include len random bytes as payload.
139 ECHO CLIENT/SERVER:
140 --echo-client <passphrase> : Run Nping in client mode.
141 --echo-server <passphrase> : Run Nping in server mode.
142 --echo-port <port> : Use custom <port> to listen or connect.
143 --no-crypto : Disable encryption and authentication.
144 --once : Stop the server after one connection.
145 --safe-payloads : Erase application data in echoed packets.
146 TIMING AND PERFORMANCE:
147 Options which take <time> are in seconds, or append 'ms' (milliseconds),
148 's' (seconds), 'm' (minutes), or 'h' (hours) to the value (e.g. 30m, 0.25h).
149 --delay <time> : Adjust delay between probes.
150 --rate <rate> : Send num packets per second.
151 MISC:
152 -h, --help : Display help information.
153 -V, --version : Display current version number.
154 -c, --count <n> : Stop after <n> rounds.
155 -e, --interface <name> : Use supplied network interface.
156 -H, --hide-sent : Do not display sent packets.
157 -N, --no-capture : Do not try to capture replies.
158 --privileged : Assume user is fully privileged.
159 --unprivileged : Assume user lacks raw socket privileges.
160 --send-eth : Send packets at the raw ethernet layer.
161 --send-ip : Send packets using raw IP sockets.
162 --bpf-filter <filter spec> : Specify custom BPF filter.
163 OUTPUT:
164 -v : Increment verbosity level by one.
165 -v[level] : Set verbosity level. E.g: -v4
166 -d : Increment debugging level by one.
167 -d[level] : Set debugging level. E.g: -d3
168 -q : Decrease verbosity level by one.
169 -q[N] : Decrease verbosity level N times
170 --quiet : Set verbosity and debug level to minimum.
171 --debug : Set verbosity and debug to the max level.
172 EXAMPLES:
173 nping scanme.nmap.org
174 nping --tcp -p 80 --flags rst --ttl 2 192.168.1.1
175 nping --icmp --icmp-type time --delay 500ms 192.168.254.254
176 nping --echo-server "public" -e wlan0 -vvv
177 nping --echo-client "public" echo.nmap.org --tcp -p1-1024 --flags ack
178 SEE THE MAN PAGE FOR MANY MORE OPTIONS, DESCRIPTIONS, AND EXAMPLES
180
183 Everything on the Nping command line that isn't an option or an option
184 argument is treated as a target host specification. Nping uses the same
185 syntax for target specifications that Nmap does. The simplest case is a
186 single target given by IP address or hostname.
187 Nping supports CIDR-style. addressing. You can append /numbits to an
189 IPv4 address or hostname and Nping will send probes to every IP address
190 for which the first numbits are the same as for the reference IP or
191 hostname given. For example, 192.168.10.0/24 would send probes to the
192 256 hosts between 192.168.10.0 (binary: 11000000 10101000 00001010
193 00000000) and 192.168.10.255 (binary: 11000000 10101000 00001010
194 11111111), inclusive. 192.168.10.40/24 would ping exactly the same
195 targets. Given that the host scanme.nmap.org. is at the IP address
196 64.13.134.52, the specification scanme.nmap.org/16 would send probes to
197 the 65,536 IP addresses between 64.13.0.0 and 64.13.255.255. The
198 smallest allowed value is /0, which targets the whole Internet. The
199 largest value is /32, which targets just the named host or IP address
200 because all address bits are fixed.
201 CIDR notation is short but not always flexible enough. For example, you
203 might want to send probes to 192.168.0.0/16 but skip any IPs ending
204 with .0 or .255 because they may be used as subnet network and
205 broadcast addresses. Nping supports this through octet range
206 addressing. Rather than specify a normal IP address, you can specify a
207 comma-separated list of numbers or ranges for each octet. For example,
208 192.168.0-255.1-254 will skip all addresses in the range that end in .0
209 or .255, and 192.168.3-5,7.1 will target the four addresses
210 192.168.3.1, 192.168.4.1, 192.168.5.1, and 192.168.7.1. Either side of
211 a range may be omitted; the default values are 0 on the left and 255 on
212 the right. Using - by itself is the same as 0-255, but remember to use
213 0- in the first octet so the target specification doesn't look like a
214 command-line option. Ranges need not be limited to the final octets:
215 the specifier 0-.-.13.37 will send probes to all IP addresses on the
216 Internet ending in .13.37. This sort of broad sampling can be useful
217 for Internet surveys and research.
218 IPv6 addresses can only be specified by their fully qualified IPv6
220 address or hostname. CIDR and octet ranges aren't supported for IPv6
221 because they are rarely useful.
222 Nping accepts multiple host specifications on the command line, and
224 they don't need to be the same type. The command nping scanme.nmap.org
225 192.168.0.0/8 10.0.0,1,3-7.- does what you would expect.
226
228 Nping is designed to be very flexible and fit a wide variety of needs.
229 As with most command-line tools, its behavior can be adjusted using
230 command-line options. These general principles apply to option
231 arguments, unless stated otherwise.
232 Options that take integer numbers can accept values specified in
234 decimal, octal or hexadecimal base. When a number starts with 0x, it
235 will be treated as hexadecimal; when it simply starts with 0, it will
236 be treated as octal. Otherwise, Nping will assume the number has been
237 specified in base 10. Virtually all numbers that can be supplied from
238 the command line are unsigned so, as a general rule, the minimum value
239 is zero. Users may also specify the word random or rand to make Nping
240 generate a random value within the expected range.
241 IP addresses may be given as IPv4 addresses (e.g. 192.168.1.1), IPv6
243 addresses (e.g. 2001:db8:85a3::8e4c:760:7146), or hostnames, which
244 will be resolved using the default DNS server configured in the host
245 system.
246 Options that take MAC addresses accept the usual colon-separated 6 hex
248 byte format (e.g. 00:50:56:d4:01:98). Hyphens may also be used instead
249 of colons (e.g. 00-50-56-c0-00-08). The special word random or rand
250 sets a random address and the word broadcast or bcast sets
251 ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff.
252
254 Unlike other ping and packet generation tools, Nping supports multiple
255 target host and port specifications. While this provides great
256 flexibility, it is not obvious how Nping handles situations where there
257 is more than one host and/or more than one port to send probes to. This
258 section explains how Nping behaves in these cases.
259 When multiple target hosts are specified, Nping rotates among them in
261 round-robin fashion. This gives slow hosts more time to send their
262 responses before another probe is sent to them. Ports are also
263 scheduled using round robin. So, unless only one port is specified,
264 Nping never sends two probes to the same target host and port
265 consecutively.
266 The loop around targets is the “inner loop” and the loop around ports
268 is the “outer loop”. All targets will be sent a probe for a given port
269 before moving on to the next port. Between probes, Nping waits a
270 configurable amount of time called the “inter-probe delay”, which is
271 controlled by the --delay option. These examples show how it works.
272 # nping --tcp -c 2 1.1.1.1 -p 100-102
274 Starting Nping ( http://nmap.org/nping )
276 SENT (0.0210s) TCP 192.168.1.77 > 1.1.1.1:100
277 SENT (1.0230s) TCP 192.168.1.77 > 1.1.1.1:101
278 SENT (2.0250s) TCP 192.168.1.77 > 1.1.1.1:102
279 SENT (3.0280s) TCP 192.168.1.77 > 1.1.1.1:100
280 SENT (4.0300s) TCP 192.168.1.77 > 1.1.1.1:101
281 SENT (5.0320s) TCP 192.168.1.77 > 1.1.1.1:102
282 # nping --tcp -c 2 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 3.3.3.3 -p 8080
284 Starting Nping ( http://nmap.org/nping )
286 SENT (0.0230s) TCP 192.168.0.21 > 1.1.1.1:8080
287 SENT (1.0240s) TCP 192.168.0.21 > 2.2.2.2:8080
288 SENT (2.0260s) TCP 192.168.0.21 > 3.3.3.3:8080
289 SENT (3.0270s) TCP 192.168.0.21 > 1.1.1.1:8080
290 SENT (4.0290s) TCP 192.168.0.21 > 2.2.2.2:8080
291 SENT (5.0310s) TCP 192.168.0.21 > 3.3.3.3:8080
292 # nping --tcp -c 1 --delay 500ms 1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2 3.3.3.3 -p 137-139
294 Starting Nping ( http://nmap.org/nping )
296 SENT (0.0230s) TCP 192.168.0.21 > 1.1.1.1:137
297 SENT (0.5250s) TCP 192.168.0.21 > 2.2.2.2:137
298 SENT (1.0250s) TCP 192.168.0.21 > 3.3.3.3:137
299 SENT (1.5280s) TCP 192.168.0.21 > 1.1.1.1:138
300 SENT (2.0280s) TCP 192.168.0.21 > 2.2.2.2:138
301 SENT (2.5310s) TCP 192.168.0.21 > 3.3.3.3:138
302 SENT (3.0300s) TCP 192.168.0.21 > 1.1.1.1:139
303 SENT (3.5330s) TCP 192.168.0.21 > 2.2.2.2:139
304 SENT (4.0330s) TCP 192.168.0.21 > 3.3.3.3:139
305
307 Nping supports a wide variety of protocols. Although in some cases
308 Nping can automatically determine the mode from the options used, it is
309 generally a good idea to specify it explicitly.
310 --tcp-connect (TCP Connect mode) .
312 TCP connect mode is the default mode when a user does not have raw
313 packet privileges. Instead of writing raw packets as most other
314 modes do, Nping asks the underlying operating system to establish a
315 connection with the target machine and port by issuing the connect
316 system call. This is the same high-level system call that web
317 browsers, P2P clients, and most other network-enabled applications
318 use to establish a connection. It is part of a programming
319 interface known as the Berkeley Sockets API. Rather than read raw
320 packet responses off the wire, Nping uses this API to obtain status
321 information on each connection attempt. For this reason, you will
322 not be able to see the contents of the packets that are sent or
323 received but only status information about the TCP connection
324 establishment taking place.
325 --tcp (TCP mode) .
327 TCP is the mode that lets users create and send any kind of TCP
328 packet. TCP packets are sent embedded in IP packets that can also
329 be tuned. This mode can be used for many different purposes. For
330 example you could try to discover open ports by sending TCP SYN
331 messages without completing the three-way handshake. This technique
332 is often referred to as half-open scanning, because you don't open
333 a full TCP connection. You send a SYN packet, as if you are going
334 to open a real connection and then wait for a response. A SYN/ACK
335 indicates the port is open, while a RST indicates it's closed. If
336 no response is received one could assume that some intermediate
337 network device is filtering the responses. Another use could be to
338 see how a remote TCP/IP stack behaves when it receives a
339 non-RFC-compliant packet, like one with both SYN and RST flags set.
340 One could also do some evil by creating custom RST packets using an
341 spoofed IP address with the intent of closing an active TCP
342 connection.
343 --udp (UDP mode) .
345 UDP mode can have two different behaviours. Under normal
346 circumstances, it lets users create custom IP/UDP packets. However,
347 if Nping is run by a user without raw packet privileges and no
348 changes to the default protocol headers are requested, then Nping
349 enters the unprivileged UDP mode which basically sends UDP packets
350 to the specified target hosts and ports using the sendto system
351 call. Note that in this unprivileged mode it is not possible to see
352 low-level header information of the packets on the wire but only
353 status information about the amount of bytes that are being
354 transmitted and received. UDP mode can be used to interact with any
355 UDP-based server. Examples are DNS servers, streaming servers,
356 online gaming servers, and port knocking/single-packet.
357 authorization daemons.
358 --icmp (ICMP mode) .
360 ICMP mode is the default mode when the user runs Nping with raw
361 packet privileges. Any kind of ICMP message can be created. The
362 default ICMP type is Echo, i.e., ping. ICMP mode can be used for
363 many different purposes, from a simple request for a timestamp or a
364 netmask to the transmission of fake destination unreachable
365 messages, custom redirects, and router advertisements.
366 --arp (ARP/RARP mode) .
368 ARP lets you create and send a few different ARP-related packets.
369 These include ARP, RARP, DRARP, and InARP requests and replies.
370 This mode can ban be used to perform low-level host discovery, and
371 conduct ARP-cache poisoning attacks.
372 --traceroute (Traceroute mode) .
374 Traceroute is not a mode by itself but a complement to TCP, UDP,
375 and ICMP modes. When this option is specified Nping will set the IP
376 TTL value of the first probe to 1. When the next router receives
377 the packet it will drop it due to the expiration of the TTL and it
378 will generate an ICMP destination unreachable message. The next
379 probe will have a TTL of 2 so now the first router will forward the
380 packet while the second router will be the one that drops the
381 packet and generates the ICMP message. The third probe will have a
382 TTL value of 3 and so on. By examining the source addresses of all
383 those ICMP Destination Unreachable messages it is possible to
384 determine the path that the probes take until they reach their
385 final destination.
386
388 -p port_spec, --dest-port port_spec (Target ports) .
389 This option specifies which ports you want to try to connect to. It
390 can be a single port, a comma-separated list of ports (e.g.
391 80,443,8080), a range (e.g. 1-1023), and any combination of those
392 (e.g. 21-25,80,443,1024-2048). The beginning and/or end values of
393 a range may be omitted, causing Nping to use 1 and 65535,
394 respectively. So you can specify -p- to target ports from 1 through
395 65535. Using port zero is allowed if you specify it explicitly.
396 -g portnumber, --source-port portnumber (Spoof source port) .
398 This option asks Nping to use the specified port as source port for
399 the TCP connections. Note that this might not work on all systems
400 or may require root privileges. Specified value must be an integer
401 in the range [0–65535].
402
404 -p port_spec, --dest-port port_spec (Target ports)
405 This option specifies which destination ports you want to send
406 probes to. It can be a single port, a comma-separated list of ports
407 (e.g. 80,443,8080), a range (e.g. 1-1023), and any combination of
408 those (e.g. 21-25,80,443,1024-2048). The beginning and/or end
409 values of a range may be omitted, causing Nping to use 1 and 65535,
410 respectively. So you can specify -p- to target ports from 1 through
411 65535. Using port zero is allowed if you specify it explicitly.
412 -g portnumber, --source-port portnumber (Spoof source port)
414 This option asks Nping to use the specified port as source port for
415 the TCP connections. Note that this might not work on all systems
416 or may require root privileges. Specified value must be an integer
417 in the range [0–65535].
418 --seq seqnumber (Sequence Number) .
420 Specifies the TCP sequence number. In SYN packets this is the
421 initial sequence number (ISN). In a normal transmission this
422 corresponds to the sequence number of the first byte of data in the
423 segment. seqnumber must be a number in the range [0–4294967295].
424 --flags flags (TCP Flags) .
426 This option specifies which flags should be set in the TCP packet.
427 flags may be specified in three different ways:
428 1. As a comma-separated list of flags, e.g. --flags syn,ack,rst
430 2. As a list of one-character flag initials, e.g. --flags SAR
432 tells Nping to set flags SYN, ACK, and RST.
433 3. As an 8-bit hexadecimal number, where the supplied number is
435 the exact value that will be placed in the flags field of the
436 TCP header. The number should start with the prefix 0x and
437 should be in the range [0x00–0xFF], e.g. --flags 0x20 sets the
438 URG flag as 0x20 corresponds to binary 00100000 and the URG
439 flag is represented by the third bit.
440 There are 8 possible flags to set: CWR, ECN, URG, ACK, PSH, RST,
442 SYN, and FIN. The special value ALL means to set all flags. NONE
443 means to set no flags. It is important that if you don't want any
444 flag to be set, you request it explicitly because in some cases the
445 SYN flag may be set by default. Here is a brief description of the
446 meaning of each flag:
447 CWR (Congestion Window Reduced) .
449 Set by an ECN-Capable sender when it reduces its congestion
450 window (due to a retransmit timeout, a fast retransmit or in
451 response to an ECN notification.
452 ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) .
454 During the three-way handshake it indicates that sender is
455 capable of performing explicit congestion notification.
456 Normally it means that a packet with the IP Congestion
457 Experienced flag set was received during normal transmission.
458 See RFC 3168. for more information.
459 URG (Urgent) .
461 Segment is urgent and the urgent pointer field carries valid
462 information.
463 ACK (Acknowledgement) .
465 The segment carries an acknowledgement and the value of the
466 acknowledgement number field is valid and contains the next
467 sequence number that is expected from the receiver.
468 PSH (Push) .
470 The data in this segment should be immediately pushed to the
471 application layer on arrival.
472 RST (Reset) .
474 There was some problem and the sender wants to abort the
475 connection.
476 SYN (Synchronize) .
478 The segment is a request to synchronize sequence numbers and
479 establish a connection. The sequence number field contains the
480 sender's initial sequence number.
481 FIN (Finish) .
483 The sender wants to close the connection.
484 --win size (Window Size) .
486 Specifies the TCP window size, this is, the number of octets the
487 sender of the segment is willing to accept from the receiver at one
488 time. This is usually the size of the reception buffer that the OS
489 allocates for a given connection. size must be a number in the
490 range [0–65535].
491 --badsum (Invalid Checksum) .
493 Asks Nping to use an invalid TCP checksum for the packets sent to
494 target hosts. Since virtually all host IP stacks properly drop
495 these packets, any responses received are likely coming from a
496 firewall or an IDS that didn't bother to verify the checksum. For
497 more details on this technique, see http://nmap.org/p60-12.html.
498
500 -p port_spec, --dest-port port_spec (Target ports) .
501 This option specifies which ports you want UDP datagrams to be sent
502 to. It can be a single port, a comma-separated list of ports (e.g.
503 80,443,8080), a range (e.g. 1-1023), and any combination of those
504 (e.g. 21-25,80,443,1024-2048). The beginning and/or end values of
505 a range may be omitted, causing Nping to use 1 and 65535,
506 respectively. So you can specify -p- to target ports from 1 through
507 65535. Using port zero is allowed if you specify it explicitly.
508 -g portnumber, --source-port portnumber (Spoof source port) .
510 This option asks Nping to use the specified port as source port for
511 the transmitted datagrams. Note that this might not work on all
512 systems or may require root privileges. Specified value must be an
513 integer in the range [0–65535].
514 --badsum (Invalid Checksum)
516 Asks Nping to use an invalid UDP checksum for the packets sent to
517 target hosts. Since virtually all host IP stacks properly drop
518 these packets, any responses received are likely coming from a
519 firewall or an IDS that didn't bother to verify the checksum. For
520 more details on this technique, see http://nmap.org/p60-12.html.
521
523 --icmp-type type (ICMP type) .
524 This option specifies which type of ICMP messages should be
525 generated. type can be supplied in two different ways. You can use
526 the official type numbers assigned by IANA[1] (e.g. --icmp-type 8
527 for ICMP Echo Request), or you can use any of the mnemonics listed
528 in the section called “ICMP Types”.
529 --icmp-code code (ICMP code) .
531 This option specifies which ICMP code should be included in the
532 generated ICMP messages. code can be supplied in two different
533 ways. You can use the official code numbers assigned by IANA[1]
534 (e.g. --icmp-code 1 for Fragment Reassembly Time Exceeded), or you
535 can use any of the mnemonics listed in the section called “ICMP
536 Codes”.
537 --icmp-id id (ICMP identifier) .
539 This option specifies the value of the identifier used in some of
540 the ICMP messages. In general it is used to match request and reply
541 messages. id must be a number in the range [0–65535].
542 --icmp-seq seq (ICMP sequence) .
544 This option specifies the value of the sequence number field used
545 in some ICMP messages. In general it is used to match request and
546 reply messages. id must be a number in the range [0–65535].
547 --icmp-redirect-addr addr (ICMP Redirect address) .
549 This option sets the address field in ICMP Redirect messages. In
550 other words, it sets the IP address of the router that should be
551 used when sending IP datagrams to the original destination. addr
552 can be either an IPv4 address or a hostname.
553 --icmp-param-pointer pointer (ICMP Parameter Problem pointer) .
555 This option specifies the pointer that indicates the location of
556 the problem in ICMP Parameter Problem messages. pointer should be
557 a number in the range [0–255]. Normally this option is only used
558 when ICMP code is set to 0 ("Pointer indicates the error").
559 --icmp-advert-lifetime ttl (ICMP Router Advertisement Lifetime) .
561 This option specifies the router advertisement lifetime, this is,
562 the number of seconds the information carried in an ICMP Router
563 Advertisement can be considered valid for. ttl must be a positive
564 integer in the range [0–65535].
565 --icmp-advert-entry addr,pref (ICMP Router Advertisement Entry) .
567 This option adds a Router Advertisement entry to an ICMP Router
568 Advertisement message. The parameter must be two values separated
569 by a comma. addr is the router's IP and can be specified either as
570 an IP address in dot-decimal notation or as a hostname. pref is
571 the preference level for the specified IP. It must be a number in
572 the range [0–4294967295]. An example is --icmp-advert-entry
573 192.168.128.1,3.
574 --icmp-orig-time timestamp (ICMP Originate Timestamp) .
576 This option sets the Originate Timestamp in ICMP Timestamp
577 messages. The Originate Timestamp is expressed as the number of
578 milliseconds since midnight UTC and it corresponds to the time the
579 sender last touched the Timestamp message before its transmission.
580 timestamp can be specified as a regular time (e.g. 10s, 3h,
581 1000ms), or the special string now. You can add or subtract values
582 from now, for example --icmp-orig-time now-2s, --icmp-orig-time
583 now+1h, --icmp-orig-time now+200ms.
584 --icmp-recv-time timestamp (ICMP Receive Timestamp) .
586 This option sets the Receive Timestamp in ICMP Timestamp messages.
587 The Receive Timestamp is expressed as the number of milliseconds
588 since midnight UTC and it corresponds to the time the echoer first
589 touched the Timestamp message on receipt. timestamp is as with
590 --icmp-orig-time.
591 --icmp-trans-time timestamp (ICMP Transmit Timestamp) .
593 This option sets the Transmit Timestamp in ICMP Timestamp messages.
594 The Transmit Timestamp is expressed as the number of milliseconds
595 since midnight UTC and it corresponds to the time the echoer last
596 touched the Timestamp message before its transmission. timestamp
597 is as with --icmp-orig-time.
598 ICMP Types
600 These identifiers may be used as mnemonics for the ICMP type numbers
601 given to the --icmp-type. option. In general there are three forms of
602 each identifier: the full name (e.g. destination-unreachable), the
603 short name (e.g. dest-unr), or the initials (e.g. du). In ICMP types
604 that request something, the word "request" is omitted.
605 echo-reply, echo-rep, er
607 Echo Reply (type 0). This message is sent in response to an Echo
608 Request message.
609 destination-unreachable, dest-unr, du
611 Destination Unreachable (type 3). This message indicates that a
612 datagram could not be delivered to its destination.
613 source-quench, sour-que, sq
615 Source Quench (type 4). This message is used by a congested IP
616 device to tell other device that is sending packets too fast and
617 that it should slow down.
618 redirect, redi, r
620 Redirect (type 5). This message is normally used by routers to
621 inform a host that there is a better route to use for sending
622 datagrams. See also the --icmp-redirect-addr option.
623 echo-request, echo, e
625 Echo Request (type 8). This message is used to test the
626 connectivity of another device on a network.
627 router-advertisement, rout-adv, ra
629 Router Advertisement (type 9). This message is used by routers to
630 let hosts know of their existence and capabilities. See also the
631 --icmp-advert-lifetime option.
632 router-solicitation, rout-sol, rs
634 Router Solicitation (type 10). This message is used by hosts to
635 request Router Advertisement messages from any listening routers.
636 time-exceeded, time-exc, te
638 Time Exceeded (type 11). This message is generated by some
639 intermediate device (normally a router) to indicate that a datagram
640 has been discarded before reaching its destination because the IP
641 TTL expired.
642 parameter-problem, member-pro, pp
644 Parameter Problem (type 12). This message is used when a device
645 finds a problem with a parameter in an IP header and it cannot
646 continue processing it. See also the --icmp-param-pointer option.
647 timestamp, time, tm
649 Timestamp Request (type 13). This message is used to request a
650 device to send a timestamp value for propagation time calculation
651 and clock synchronization. See also the --icmp-orig-time,
652 --icmp-recv-time, and --icmp-trans-time.
653 timestamp-reply, time-rep, tr
655 Timestamp Reply (type 14). This message is sent in response to a
656 Timestamp Request message.
657 information, info, i
659 Information Request (type 15). This message is now obsolete but it
660 was originally used to request configuration information from
661 another device.
662 information-reply, info-rep, ir
664 Information Reply (type 16). This message is now obsolete but it
665 was originally sent in response to an Information Request message
666 to provide configuration information.
667 mask-request, mask, m
669 Address Mask Request (type 17). This message is used to ask a
670 device to send its subnet mask.
671 mask-reply, mask-rep, mr
673 Address Mask Reply (type 18). This message contains a subnet mask
674 and is sent in response to a Address Mask Request message.
675 traceroute, trace, tc
677 Traceroute (type 30). This message is normally sent by an
678 intermediate device when it receives an IP datagram with a
679 traceroute option. ICMP Traceroute messages are still experimental,
680 see RFC 1393. for more information.
681 ICMP Codes
683 These identifiers may be used as mnemonics for the ICMP code numbers
684 given to the --icmp-code. option. They are listed by the ICMP type
685 they correspond to.
686 Destination Unreachable
688 network-unreachable, netw-unr, net
689 Code 0. Datagram could not be delivered to its destination
690 network (probably due to some routing problem).
691 host-unreachable, host-unr, host
693 Code 1. Datagram was delivered to the destination network but
694 it was impossible to reach the specified host (probably due to
695 some routing problem).
696 protocol-unreachable, prot-unr, proto
698 Code 2. The protocol specified in the Protocol field of the IP
699 datagram is not supported by the host to which the datagram was
700 delivered.
701 port-unreachable, port-unr, port
703 Code 3. The TCP/UDP destination port was invalid.
704 needs-fragmentation, need-fra, frag
706 Code 4. Datagram had the DF bit set but it was too large for
707 the MTU of the next physical network so it had to be dropped.
708 source-route-failed, sour-rou, routefail
710 Code 5. IP datagram had a Source Route option but a router
711 couldn't pass it to the next hop.
712 network-unknown, netw-unk, net?
714 Code 6. Destination network is unknown. This code is never
715 used. Instead, Network Unreachable is used.
716 host-unknown, host-unk, host?
718 Code 7. Specified host is unknown. Usually generated by a
719 router local to the destination host to inform of a bad
720 address.
721 host-isolated, host-iso, isolated
723 Code 8. Source Host Isolated. Not used.
724 network-prohibited, netw-pro, !net
726 Code 9. Communication with destination network is
727 administratively prohibited (source device is not allowed to
728 send packets to the destination network).
729 host-prohibited, host-pro, !host
731 Code 10. Communication with destination host is
732 administratively prohibited. (The source device is allowed to
733 send packets to the destination network but not to the
734 destination device.)
735 network-tos, unreachable-network-tos, netw-tos, tosnet
737 Code 11. Destination network unreachable because it cannot
738 provide the type of service specified in the IP TOS field.
739 host-tos, unreachable-host-tos, toshost
741 Code 12. Destination host unreachable because it cannot provide
742 the type of service specified in the IP TOS field.
743 communication-prohibited, comm-pro, !comm
745 Code 13. Datagram could not be forwarded due to filtering that
746 blocks the message based on its contents.
747 host-precedence-violation, precedence-violation, prec-vio,
749 violation
750 Code 14. Precedence value in the IP TOS field is not permitted.
751 precedence-cutoff, prec-cut, cutoff
753 Code 15. Precedence value in the IP TOS field is lower than the
754 minimum allowed for the network.
755 Redirect
757 redirect-network, redi-net, net
758 Code 0. Redirect all future datagrams with the same destination
759 network as the original datagram, to the router specified in
760 the Address field. The use of this code is prohibited by RFC
761 1812..
762 redirect-host, redi-host, host
764 Code 1. Redirect all future datagrams with the same destination
765 host as the original datagram, to the router specified in the
766 Address field.
767 redirect-network-tos, redi-ntos, redir-ntos
769 Code 2. Redirect all future datagrams with the same destination
770 network and IP TOS value as the original datagram, to the
771 router specified in the Address field. The use of this code is
772 prohibited by RFC 1812.
773 redirect-host-tos, redi-htos, redir-htos
775 Code 3. Redirect all future datagrams with the same destination
776 host and IP TOS value as the original datagram, to the router
777 specified in the Address field.
778 Router Advertisement
780 normal-advertisement, norm-adv, normal, zero, default, def
781 Code 0. Normal router advertisement. In Mobile IP: Mobility
782 agent can act as a router for IP datagrams not related to
783 mobile nodes.
784 not-route-common-traffic, not-rou, mobile-ip, !route,
786 !commontraffic
787 Code 16. Used for Mobile IP. The mobility agent does not route
788 common traffic. All foreign agents must forward to a default
789 router any datagrams received from a registered mobile node
790 Time Exceeded
792 ttl-exceeded-in-transit, ttl-exc, ttl-transit
793 Code 0. IP Time To Live expired during transit.
794 fragment-reassembly-time-exceeded, frag-exc, frag-time
796 Code 1. Fragment reassembly time has been exceeded.
797 Parameter Problem
799 pointer-indicates-error, poin-ind, pointer
800 Code 0. The pointer field indicates the location of the
801 problem. See the --icmp-param-pointer option.
802 missing-required-option, miss-option, option-missing
804 Code 1. IP datagram was expected to have an option that is not
805 present.
806 bad-length, bad-len, badlen
808 Code 2. The length of the IP datagram is incorrect.
809
811 --arp-type type (ICMP Type) .
812 This option specifies which type of ARP messages should be
813 generated. type can be supplied in two different ways. You can use
814 the official numbers assigned by IANA[2] (e.g. --arp-type 1 for
815 ARP Request), or you can use one of the mnemonics from the section
816 called “ARP Types”.
817 --arp-sender-mac mac (Sender MAC address) .
819 This option sets the Sender Hardware Address field of the ARP
820 header. Although ARP supports many types of link layer addresses,
821 currently Nping only supports MAC addresses. mac must be specified
822 using the traditional MAC notation (e.g. 00:0a:8a:32:f4:ae). You
823 can also use hyphens as separators (e.g. 00-0a-8a-32-f4-ae).
824 --arp-sender-ip addr (Sender IP address) .
826 This option sets the Sender IP field of the ARP header. addr can
827 be given as an IPv4 address or a hostname.
828 --arp-target-mac mac (target MAC address) .
830 This option sets the Target Hardware Address field of the ARP
831 header.
832 --arp-target-ip addr (target ip address) .
834 This option sets the Target IP field of the ARP header.
835 ARP Types
837 These identifiers may be used as mnemonics for the ARP type numbers
838 given to the --arp-type. option.
839 arp-request, arp, a
841 ARP Request (type 1). ARP requests are used to translate network
842 layer addresses (normally IP addresses) to link layer addresses
843 (usually MAC addresses). Basically, and ARP request is a
844 broadcasted message that asks the host in the same network segment
845 that has a given IP address to provide its MAC address.
846 arp-reply, arp-rep, ar
848 ARP Reply (type 2). An ARP reply is a message that a host sends in
849 response to an ARP request to provide its link layer address.
850 rarp-request, rarp, r
852 RARP Requests (type 3). RARP requests are used to translate a link
853 layer address (normally a MAC address) to a network layer address
854 (usually an IP address). Basically a RARP request is a broadcasted
855 message sent by a host that wants to know his own IP address
856 because it doesn't have any. It was the first protocol designed to
857 solve the bootstrapping problem. However, RARP is now obsolete and
858 DHCP is used instead. For more information about RARP see RFC 903..
859 rarp-reply, rarp-rep, rr
861 RARP Reply (type 4). A RARP reply is a message sent in response to
862 a RARP request to provide an IP address to the host that sent the
863 RARP request in the first place.
864 drarp-request, drarp, d
866 Dynamic RARP Request (type 5). Dynamic RARP is an extension to RARP
867 used to obtain or assign a network layer address from a fixed link
868 layer address. DRARP was used mainly in Sun Microsystems platforms
869 in the late 90's but now it's no longer used. See RFC 1931. for
870 more information.
871 drarp-reply, drarp-rep, dr
873 Dynamic RARP Reply (type 6). A DRARP reply is a message sent in
874 response to a RARP request to provide network layer address.
875 drarp-error, drarp-err, de
877 DRARP Error (type 7). DRARP Error messages are usually sent in
878 response to DRARP requests to inform of some error. In DRARP Error
879 messages, the Target Protocol Address field is used to carry an
880 error code (usually in the first byte). The error code is intended
881 to tell why no target protocol address is being returned. For more
882 information see RFC 1931.
883 inarp-request, inarp, i
885 Inverse ARP Request (type 8). InARP requests are used to translate
886 a link layer address to a network layer address. It is similar to
887 RARP request but in this case, the sender of the InARP request
888 wants to know the network layer address of another node, not its
889 own address. InARP is mainly used in Frame Relay and ATM networks.
890 For more information see RFC 2390..
891 inarp-reply, inarp-rep, ir
893 Inverse ARP Reply (type 9). InARP reply messages are sent in
894 response to InARP requests to provide the network layer address
895 associated with the host that has a given link layer address.
896 arp-nak, an
898 ARP NAK (type 10). ARP NAK messages are an extension to the ATMARP
899 protocol and they are used to improve the robustness of the ATMARP
900 server mechanism. With ARP NAK, a client can determine the
901 difference between a catastrophic server failure and an ATMARP
902 table lookup failure. See RFC 1577. for more information.
903
905 -S addr, --source-ip addr (Source IP Address) .
906 Sets the source IP address. This option lets you specify a custom
907 IP address to be used as source IP address in sent packets. This
908 allows spoofing the sender of the packets. addr can be an IPv4
909 address or a hostname.
910 --dest-ip addr (Destination IP Address) .
912 Adds a target to Nping's target list. This option is provided for
913 consistency but its use is deprecated in favor of plain target
914 specifications. See the section called “TARGET SPECIFICATION”.
915 --tos tos (Type of Service) .
917 Sets the IP TOS field. The TOS field is used to carry information
918 to provide quality of service features. It is normally used to
919 support a technique called Differentiated Services. See RFC 2474.
920 for more information. tos must be a number in the range [0–255].
921 --id id (Identification) .
923 Sets the IPv4 Identification field. The Identification field is a
924 16-bit value that is common to all fragments belonging to a
925 particular message. The value is used by the receiver to reassemble
926 the original message from the fragments received. id must be a
927 number in the range [0–65535].
928 --df (Don't Fragment) .
930 Sets the Don't Fragment bit in sent packets. When an IP datagram
931 has its DF flag set, intermediate devices are not allowed to
932 fragment it so if it needs to travel across a network with a MTU
933 smaller that datagram length the datagram will have to be dropped.
934 Normally an ICMP Destination Unreachable message is generated and
935 sent back to the sender.
936 --mf (More Fragments) .
938 Sets the More Fragments bit in sent packets. The MF flag is set to
939 indicate the receiver that the current datagram is a fragment of
940 some larger datagram. When set to zero it indicates that the
941 current datagram is either the last fragment in the set or that it
942 is the only fragment.
943 --ttl hops (Time To Live) .
945 Sets the IPv4 Time-To-Live (TTL) field in sent packets to the given
946 value. The TTL field specifies how long the datagram is allowed to
947 exist on the network. It was originally intended to represent a
948 number of seconds but it actually represents the number of hops a
949 packet can traverse before being dropped. The TTL tries to avoid a
950 situation in which undeliverable datagrams keep being forwarded
951 from one router to another endlessly. hops must be a number in the
952 range [0–255].
953 --badsum-ip (Invalid IP checksum) .
955 Asks Nping to use an invalid IP checksum for packets sent to target
956 hosts. Note that some systems (like most Linux kernels), may fix
957 the checksum before placing the packet on the wire, so even if
958 Nping shows the incorrect checksum in its output, the packets may
959 be transparently corrected by the kernel.
960 --ip-options S|R [route]|L [route]|T|U ..., --ip-options hex string (IP
962 Options) .
963 The IP protocol offers several options which may be placed in
964 packet headers. Unlike the ubiquitous TCP options, IP options are
965 rarely seen due to practicality and security concerns. In fact,
966 many Internet routers block the most dangerous options such as
967 source routing. Yet options can still be useful in some cases for
968 determining and manipulating the network route to target machines.
969 For example, you may be able to use the record route option to
970 determine a path to a target even when more traditional
971 traceroute-style approaches fail. Or if your packets are being
972 dropped by a certain firewall, you may be able to specify a
973 different route with the strict or loose source routing options.
974 The most powerful way to specify IP options is to simply pass in
976 hexadecimal data as the argument to --ip-options. Precede each hex
977 byte value with \x. You may repeat certain characters by following
978 them with an asterisk and then the number of times you wish them to
979 repeat. For example, \x01\x07\x04\x00*4 is the same as
980 \x01\x07\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00.
981 Note that if you specify a number of bytes that is not a multiple
983 of four, an incorrect IP header length will be set in the IP
984 packet. The reason for this is that the IP header length field can
985 only express multiples of four. In those cases, the length is
986 computed by dividing the header length by 4 and rounding down. This
987 will affect the way the header that follows the IP header is
988 interpreted, showing bogus information in Nping or in the output of
989 any sniffer. Although this kind of situation might be useful for
990 some stack stress tests, users would normally want to specify
991 explicit padding, so the correct header length is set.
992 Nping also offers a shortcut mechanism for specifying options.
994 Simply pass the letter R, T, or U to request record-route,
995 record-timestamp, or both options together, respectively. Loose or
996 strict source routing may be specified with an L or S followed by a
997 space and then a space-separated list of IP addresses.
998 For more information and examples of using IP options with Nping,
1000 see the mailing list post at
1001 http://seclists.org/nmap-dev/2006/q3/0052.html.
1002 --mtu size (Maximum Transmission Unit) .
1004 This option sets a fictional MTU in Nping so IP datagrams larger
1005 than size are fragmented before transmission. size must be
1006 specified in bytes and corresponds to the number of octets that can
1007 be carried on a single link-layer frame.
1008
1010 -6, --ipv6 (Use IPv6) .
1011 Tells Nping to use IP version 6 instead of the default IPv4. It is
1012 generally a good idea to specify this option as early as possible
1013 in the command line so Nping can parse it soon and know in advance
1014 that the rest of the parameters refer to IPv6. The command syntax
1015 is the same as usual except that you also add the -6 option. Of
1016 course, you must use IPv6 syntax if you specify an address rather
1017 than a hostname. An address might look like
1018 3ffe:7501:4819:2000:210:f3ff:fe03:14d0, so hostnames are
1019 recommended.
1020 While IPv6 hasn't exactly taken the world by storm, it gets
1022 significant use in some (usually Asian) countries and most modern
1023 operating systems support it. To use Nping with IPv6, both the
1024 source and target of your packets must be configured for IPv6. If
1025 your ISP (like most of them) does not allocate IPv6 addresses to
1026 you, free tunnel brokers are widely available and work fine with
1027 Nping. You can use the free IPv6 tunnel broker service at
1028 http://www.tunnelbroker.net.
1029 Please note that IPv6 support is still highly experimental and many
1031 modes and options may not work with it.
1032 -S addr, --source-ip addr (Source IP Address) .
1034 Sets the source IP address. This option lets you specify a custom
1035 IP address to be used as source IP address in sent packets. This
1036 allows spoofing the sender of the packets. addr can be an IPv6
1037 address or a hostname.
1038 --dest-ip addr (Destination IP Address) .
1040 Adds a target to Nping's target list. This option is provided for
1041 consistency but its use is deprecated in favor of plain target
1042 specifications. See the section called “TARGET SPECIFICATION”.
1043 --flow label (Flow Label) .
1045 Sets the IPv6 Flow Label. The Flow Label field is 20 bits long and
1046 is intended to provide certain quality-of-service properties for
1047 real-time datagram delivery. However, it has not been widely
1048 adopted, and not all routers or endpoints support it. Check RFC
1049 2460. for more information. label must be an integer in the range
1050 [0–1048575].
1051 --traffic-class class (Traffic Class) .
1053 Sets the IPv6 Traffic Class. This field is similar to the TOS field
1054 in IPv4, and is intended to provide the Differentiated Services
1055 method, enabling scalable service discrimination in the Internet
1056 without the need for per-flow state and signaling at every hop.
1057 Check RFC 2474. for more information. class must be an integer in
1058 the range [0–255].
1059 --hop-limit hops (Hop Limit) .
1061 Sets the IPv6 Hop Limit field in sent packets to the given value.
1062 The Hop Limit field specifies how long the datagram is allowed to
1063 exist on the network. It represents the number of hops a packet can
1064 traverse before being dropped. As with the TTL in IPv4, IPv6 Hop
1065 Limit tries to avoid a situation in which undeliverable datagrams
1066 keep being forwarded from one router to another endlessly. hops
1067 must be a number in the range [0–255].
1068
1070 In most cases Nping sends packets at the raw IP level. This means that
1071 Nping creates its own IP packets and transmits them through a raw
1072 socket. However, in some cases it may be necessary to send packets at
1073 the raw Ethernet level. This happens, for example, when Nping is run
1074 under Windows (as Microsoft has disabled raw socket support since
1075 Windows XP SP2), or when Nping is asked to send ARP packets. Since in
1076 some cases it is necessary to construct ethernet frames, Nping offers
1077 some options to manipulate the different fields.
1078 --dest-mac mac (Ethernet Destination MAC Address) .
1080 This option sets the destination MAC address that should be set in
1081 outgoing Ethernet frames. This is useful in case Nping can't
1082 determine the next hop's MAC address or when you want to route
1083 probes through a router other than the configured default gateway.
1084 The MAC address should have the usual format of six colon-separated
1085 bytes, e.g. 00:50:56:d4:01:98. Alternatively, hyphens may be used
1086 instead of colons. Use the word random or rand to generate a random
1087 address, and broadcast or bcast to use ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff. If you
1088 set up a bogus destination MAC address your probes may not reach
1089 the intended targets.
1090 --source-mac mac (Ethernet Source MAC Address) .
1092 This option sets the source MAC address that should be set in
1093 outgoing Ethernet frames. This is useful in case Nping can't
1094 determine your network interface MAC address or when you want to
1095 inject traffic into the network while hiding your network card's
1096 real address. The syntax is the same as for --dest-mac. If you set
1097 up a bogus source MAC address you may not receive probe replies.
1098 --ether-type type (Ethertype) .
1100 This option sets the Ethertype field of the ethernet frame. The
1101 Ethertype is used to indicate which protocol is encapsulated in the
1102 payload. type can be supplied in two different ways. You can use
1103 the official numbers listed by the IEEE[3] (e.g. --ether-type
1104 0x0800 for IP version 4), or one of the mnemonics from the section
1105 called “Ethernet Types”.
1106 Ethernet Types
1108 These identifiers may be used as mnemonics for the Ethertype numbers
1109 given to the --arp-type. option.
1110 ipv4, ip, 4
1112 Internet Protocol version 4 (type 0x0800).
1113 ipv6, 6
1115 Internet Protocol version 6 (type 0x86DD).
1116 arp
1118 Address Resolution Protocol (type 0x0806).
1119 rarp
1121 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (type 0x8035).
1122 frame-relay, frelay, fr
1124 Frame Relay (type 0x0808).
1125 ppp
1127 Point-to-Point Protocol (type 0x880B).
1128 gsmp
1130 General Switch Management Protocol (type 0x880C).
1131 mpls
1133 Multiprotocol Label Switching (type 0x8847).
1134 mps-ual, mps
1136 Multiprotocol Label Switching with Upstream-assigned Label (type
1137 0x8848).
1138 mcap
1140 Multicast Channel Allocation Protocol (type 0x8861).
1141 pppoe-discovery, pppoe-d
1143 PPP over Ethernet Discovery Stage (type 0x8863).
1144 pppoe-session, pppoe-s
1146 PPP over Ethernet Session Stage (type 0x8864).
1147 ctag
1149 Customer VLAN Tag Type (type 0x8100).
1150 epon
1152 Ethernet Passive Optical Network (type 0x8808).
1153 pbnac
1155 Port-based network access control (type 0x888E).
1156 stag
1158 Service VLAN tag identifier (type 0x88A8).
1159 ethexp1
1161 Local Experimental Ethertype 1 (type 0x88B5).
1162 ethexp2
1164 Local Experimental Ethertype 2 (type 0x88B6).
1165 ethoui
1167 OUI Extended Ethertype (type 0x88B7).
1168 preauth
1170 Pre-Authentication (type 0x88C7).
1171 lldp
1173 Link Layer Discovery Protocol (type 0x88CC).
1174 mac-security, mac-sec, macsec
1176 Media Access Control Security (type 0x88E5).
1177 mvrp
1179 Multiple VLAN Registration Protocol (type 0x88F5).
1180 mmrp
1182 Multiple Multicast Registration Protocol (type 0x88F6).
1183 frrr
1185 Fast Roaming Remote Request (type 0x890D).
1186
1188 --data hex string (Append custom binary data to sent packets) .
1189 This option lets you include binary data as payload in sent
1190 packets. hex string may be specified in any of the following
1191 formats: 0xAABBCCDDEEFF..., AABBCCDDEEFF... or
1192 \xAA\xBB\xCC\xDD\xEE\xFF.... Examples of use are --data 0xdeadbeef
1193 and --data \xCA\xFE\x09. Note that if you specify a number like
1194 0x00ff no byte-order conversion is performed. Make sure you specify
1195 the information in the byte order expected by the receiver.
1196 --data-string string (Append custom string to sent packets) .
1198 This option lets you include a regular string as payload in sent
1199 packets. string can contain any string. However, note that some
1200 characters may depend on your system's locale and the receiver may
1201 not see the same information. Also, make sure you enclose the
1202 string in double quotes and escape any special characters from the
1203 shell. Example: --data-string "Jimmy Jazz...".
1204 --data-length len (Append random data to sent packets) .
1206 This option lets you include len random bytes of data as payload in
1207 sent packets. len must be an integer in the range [0–65400].
1208 However, values higher than 1400 are not recommended because it may
1209 not be possible to transmit packets due to network MTU limitations.
1210
1212 The "Echo Mode" is a novel technique implemented by Nping which lets
1213 users see how network packets change in transit, from the host where
1214 they originated to the target machine. Basically, the Echo mode turns
1215 Nping into two different pieces: the Echo server and the Echo client.
1216 The Echo server is a network service that has the ability to capture
1217 packets from the network and send a copy ("echo them") to the
1218 originating client through a side TCP channel. The Echo client is the
1219 part that generates such network packets, transmits them to the server,
1220 and receives their echoed version through a side TCP channel that it
1221 has previously established with the Echo server.
1222 This scheme lets the client see the differences between the packets
1224 that it sends and what is actually received by the server. By having
1225 the server send back copies of the received packets through the side
1226 channel, things like NAT devices become immediately apparent to the
1227 client because it notices the changes in the source IP address (and
1228 maybe even source port). Other devices like those that perform traffic
1229 shaping, changing TCP window sizes or adding TCP options transparently
1230 between hosts, turn up too.
1231 The Echo mode is also useful for troubleshooting routing and firewall
1233 issues. Among other things, it can be used to determine if the traffic
1234 generated by the Nping client is being dropped in transit and never
1235 gets to its destination or if the responses are the ones that don't get
1236 back to it.
1237 Internally, client and server communicate over an encrypted and
1239 authenticated channel, using the Nping Echo Protocol (NEP), whose
1240 technical specification can be found in
1241 http://nmap.org/svn/nping/docs/EchoProtoRFC.txt
1242 The following paragraphs describe the different options available in
1244 Nping's Echo mode.
1245 --ec passphrase, --echo-client passphrase (Run Echo client) .
1247 This option tells Nping to run as an Echo client. passphrase is a
1248 sequence of ASCII characters that is used to generate the
1249 cryptographic keys needed for encryption and authentication in a
1250 given session. The passphrase should be a secret that is also known
1251 by the server, and it may contain any number of printable ASCII
1252 characters. Passphrases that contain whitespace or special
1253 characters must be enclosed in double quotes.
1254 When running Nping as an Echo client, most options from the regular
1256 raw probe modes apply. The client may be configured to send
1257 specific probes using flags like --tcp, --icmp or --udp. Protocol
1258 header fields may be manipulated normally using the appropriate
1259 options (e.g. --ttl, --seq, --icmp-type, etc.). The only
1260 exceptions are ARP-related flags, which are not supported in Echo
1261 mode, as protocols like ARP are closely related to the data link
1262 layer and its probes can't pass through different network segments.
1263 --es passphrase, --echo-server passphrase (Run Echo server) .
1265 This option tells Nping to run as an Echo server. passphrase is a
1266 sequence of ASCII characters that is used to generate the
1267 cryptographic keys needed for encryption and authentication in a
1268 given session. The passphrase should be a secret that is also known
1269 by the clients, and it may contain any number of printable ASCII
1270 characters. Passphrases that contain whitespace or special
1271 characters must be enclosed in double quotes. Note that although it
1272 is not recommended, it is possible to use empty passphrases,
1273 supplying --echo-server "". However, if what you want is to set up
1274 an open Echo server, it is better to use option --no-crypto. See
1275 below for details.
1276 --ep port, --echo-port port (Set Echo TCP port number) .
1278 This option asks Nping to use the specified TCP port number for the
1279 Echo side channel connection. If this option is used with
1280 --echo-server, it specifies the port on which the server listens
1281 for connections. If it is used with --echo-client, it specifies the
1282 port to connect to on the remote host. By default, port number 9929
1283 is used.
1284 --nc, --no-crypto (Disable encryption and authentication) .
1286 This option asks Nping not to use any cryptographic operations
1287 during an Echo session. In practical terms, this means that the
1288 Echo side channel session data will be transmitted in the clear,
1289 and no authentication will be performed by the server or client
1290 during the session establishment phase. When --no-crypto is used,
1291 the passphrase supplied with --echo-server or --echo-client is
1292 ignored.
1293 This option must be specified if Nping was compiled without openSSL
1295 support. Note that, for technical reasons, a passphrase still needs
1296 to be supplied after the --echo-client or --echo-server flags, even
1297 though it will be ignored.
1298 The --no-crypto flag might be useful when setting up a public Echo
1300 server, because it allows users to connect to the Echo server
1301 without the need for any passphrase or shared secret. However, it
1302 is strongly recommended to not use --no-crypto unless absolutely
1303 necessary. Public Echo servers should be configured to use the
1304 passphrase "public" or the empty passphrase (--echo-server "") as
1305 the use of cryptography does not only provide confidentiality and
1306 authentication but also message integrity.
1307 --once (Serve one client and quit) .
1309 This option asks the Echo server to quit after serving one client.
1310 This is useful when only a single Echo session wants to be
1311 established as it eliminates the need to access the remote host to
1312 shutdown the server.
1313 --safe-payloads (Zero application data before echoing a packet) .
1315 This option asks the Echo server to erase any application layer
1316 data found in client packets before echoing them. When the option
1317 is enabled, the Echo server parses the packets received from Echo
1318 clients and tries to determine if they contain data beyond the
1319 transport layer. If such data is found, it is overwritten with
1320 zeroes before transmitting the packets to the appropriate Echo
1321 client.
1322 Echo servers can handle multiple simultaneous clients running
1324 multiple echo sessions in parallel. In order to determine which
1325 packet needs to be echoed to which client and through which
1326 session, the Echo server uses an heuristic algorithm. Although we
1327 have taken every security measure that we could think of to prevent
1328 that a client receives an echoed packet that it did not generate,
1329 there is always a risk that our algorithm makes a mistake and
1330 delivers a packet to the wrong client. The --safe-payloads option
1331 is useful for public echo servers or critical deployments where
1332 that kind of mistake cannot be afforded.
1333 The following examples illustrate how Nping's Echo mode can be used to
1335 discover intermediate devices.
1336 Example 2. Discovering NAT devices
1338 # nping --echo-client "public" echo.nmap.org --udp
1340 Starting Nping ( http://nmap.org/nping )
1342 SENT (1.0970s) UDP 10.1.20.128:53 > 178.79.165.17:40125 ttl=64 id=32523 iplen=28
1343 CAPT (1.1270s) UDP 80.38.10.21:45657 > 178.79.165.17:40125 ttl=54 id=32523 iplen=28
1344 RCVD (1.1570s) ICMP 178.79.165.17 > 10.1.20.128 Port unreachable (type=3/code=3) ttl=49 id=16619 iplen=56
1345 [...]
1346 SENT (5.1020s) UDP 10.1.20.128:53 > 178.79.165.17:40125 ttl=64 id=32523 iplen=28
1347 CAPT (5.1335s) UDP 80.38.10.21:45657 > 178.79.165.17:40125 ttl=54 id=32523 iplen=28
1348 RCVD (5.1600s) ICMP 178.79.165.17 > 10.1.20.128 Port unreachable (type=3/code=3) ttl=49 id=16623 iplen=56
1349 Max rtt: 60.628ms | Min rtt: 58.378ms | Avg rtt: 59.389ms
1351 Raw packets sent: 5 (140B) | Rcvd: 5 (280B) | Lost: 0 (0.00%)| Echoed: 5 (140B)
1352 Tx time: 4.00459s | Tx bytes/s: 34.96 | Tx pkts/s: 1.25
1353 Rx time: 5.00629s | Rx bytes/s: 55.93 | Rx pkts/s: 1.00
1354 Nping done: 1 IP address pinged in 6.18 seconds
1355 The output clearly shows the presence of a NAT device in the client's
1358 local network. Note how the captured packet (CAPT) differs from the
1359 SENT packet: the source address for the original packets is in the
1360 reserved 10.0.0.0/8 range, while the address seen by the server is
1361 80.38.10.21, the Internet side address of the NAT device. The source
1362 port was also modified by the device. The line starting with RCVD
1363 corresponds to the responses generated by the TCP/IP stack of the
1364 machine where the Echo server is run.
1365 Example 3. Discovering a transparent proxy
1367 # nping --echo-client "public" echo.nmap.org --tcp -p80
1369 Starting Nping ( http://nmap.org/nping )
1371 SENT (1.2160s) TCP 10.0.1.77:41659 > 178.79.165.17:80 S ttl=64 id=3317 iplen=40 seq=567704200 win=1480
1372 RCVD (1.2180s) TCP 178.79.165.17:80 > 10.0.1.77:41659 SA ttl=128 id=13177 iplen=44 seq=3647106954 win=16384 <mss 1460>
1373 SENT (2.2150s) TCP 10.0.1.77:41659 > 178.79.165.17:80 S ttl=64 id=3317 iplen=40 seq=567704200 win=1480
1374 SENT (3.2180s) TCP 10.0.1.77:41659 > 178.79.165.17:80 S ttl=64 id=3317 iplen=40 seq=567704200 win=1480
1375 SENT (4.2190s) TCP 10.0.1.77:41659 > 178.79.165.17:80 S ttl=64 id=3317 iplen=40 seq=567704200 win=1480
1376 SENT (5.2200s) TCP 10.0.1.77:41659 > 178.79.165.17:80 S ttl=64 id=3317 iplen=40 seq=567704200 win=1480
1377 Max rtt: 2.062ms | Min rtt: 2.062ms | Avg rtt: 2.062ms
1379 Raw packets sent: 5 (200B) | Rcvd: 1 (46B) | Lost: 4 (80.00%)| Echoed: 0 (0B)
1380 Tx time: 4.00504s | Tx bytes/s: 49.94 | Tx pkts/s: 1.25
1381 Rx time: 5.00618s | Rx bytes/s: 9.19 | Rx pkts/s: 0.20
1382 Nping done: 1 IP address pinged in 6.39 seconds
1383 In this example, the output is a bit more tricky. The absence of error
1386 messages shows that the Echo client has successfully established an
1387 Echo session with the server. However, no CAPT packets can be seen in
1388 the output. This means that none of the transmitted packets reached the
1389 server. Interestingly, a TCP SYN-ACK packet was received in response to
1390 the first TCP-SYN packet (and also, it is known that the target host
1391 does not have port 80 open). This behavior reveals the presence of a
1392 transparent web proxy cache server (which in this case is an old MS ISA
1393 server).
1394
1396 --delay time (Delay between probes) .
1397 This option lets you control for how long will Nping wait before
1398 sending the next probe. Like in many other ping tools, the default
1399 delay is one second. time must be a positive integer or floating
1400 point number. By default it is specified in seconds, however you
1401 can give an explicit unit by appending ms for milliseconds, s for
1402 seconds, m for minutes, or h for hours (e.g. 2.5s, 45m, 2h).
1403 --rate rate (Send probes at a given rate) .
1405 This option specifies the number of probes that Nping should send
1406 per second. This option and --delay are inverses; --rate 20 is the
1407 same as --delay 0.05. If both options are used, only the last one
1408 in the parameter list counts.
1409
1411 -h, --help (Display help) .
1412 Displays help information and exits.
1413 -V, --version (Display version) .
1415 Displays the program's version number and quits.
1416 -c rounds, --count rounds (Stop after a given number of rounds) .
1418 This option lets you specify the number of times that Nping should
1419 loop over target hosts (and in some cases target ports). Nping
1420 calls these “rounds”. In a basic execution with only one target
1421 (and only one target port in TCP/UDP modes), the number of rounds
1422 matches the number of probes sent to the target host. However, in
1423 more complex executions where Nping is run against multiple targets
1424 and multiple ports, the number of rounds is the number of times
1425 that Nping sends a complete set of probes that covers all target
1426 IPs and all target ports. For example, if Nping is asked to send
1427 TCP SYN packets to hosts 192.168.1.0-255 and ports 80 and 433, then
1428 256 × 2 = 512 packets are sent in one round. So if you specify -c
1429 100, Nping will loop over the different target hosts and ports 100
1430 times, sending a total of 256 × 2 × 100 = 51200 packets. By default
1431 Nping runs for 5 rounds. If a value of 0 is specified, Nping will
1432 run continuously.
1433 -e name, --interface name (Set the network interface to be used) .
1435 This option tells Nping what interface should be used to send and
1436 receive packets. Nping should be able to detect this automatically,
1437 but it will tell you if it cannot. name must be the name of an
1438 existing network interface with an assigned IP address.
1439 --privileged (Assume that the user is fully privileged) .
1441 Tells Nping to simply assume that it is privileged enough to
1442 perform raw socket sends, packet sniffing, and similar operations
1443 that usually require special privileges. By default Nping quits if
1444 such operations are requested by a user that has no root or
1445 administrator privileges. This option may be useful on Linux, BSD
1446 or similar systems that can be configured to allow unprivileged
1447 users to perform raw-packet transmissions. The NPING_PRIVILEGED.
1448 environment variable may be set as an alternative to using
1449 --privileged.
1450 --unprivileged (Assume that the user lacks raw socket privileges) .
1452 This option is the opposite of --privileged. It tells Nping to
1453 treat the user as lacking network raw socket and sniffing
1454 privileges. This is useful for testing, debugging, or when the raw
1455 network functionality of your operating system is somehow broken.
1456 The NPING_UNPRIVILEGED. environment variable may be set as an
1457 alternative to using --unprivileged.
1458 --send-eth (Use raw ethernet sending) .
1460 Asks Nping to send packets at the raw ethernet (data link) layer
1461 rather than the higher IP (network) layer. By default, Nping
1462 chooses the one which is generally best for the platform it is
1463 running on. Raw sockets (IP layer) are generally most efficient for
1464 Unix machines, while ethernet frames are required for Windows
1465 operation since Microsoft disabled raw socket support. Nping still
1466 uses raw IP packets despite this option when there is no other
1467 choice (such as non-ethernet connections).
1468 --send-ip (Send at raw IP level) .
1470 Asks Nping to send packets via raw IP sockets rather than sending
1471 lower level ethernet frames. It is the complement to the --send-eth
1472 option.
1473 --bpf-filter filter spec --filter filter spec (Set custom BPF filter) .
1475 This option lets you use a custom BPF filter. By default Nping
1476 chooses a filter that is intended to capture most common responses
1477 to the particular probes that are sent. For example, when sending
1478 TCP packets, the filter is set to capture packets whose destination
1479 port matches the probe's source port or ICMP error messages that
1480 may be generated by the target or any intermediate device as a
1481 result of the probe. If for some reason you expect strange packets
1482 in response to sent probes or you just want to sniff a particular
1483 kind of traffic, you can specify a custom filter using the BPF
1484 syntax used by tools like tcpdump.. See the documentation at
1485 http://www.tcpdump.org/ for more information.
1486 -H, --hide-sent (Do not display sent packets) .
1488 This option tells Nping not to print information about sent
1489 packets. This can be useful when using very short inter-probe
1490 delays (i.e., when flooding), because printing information to the
1491 standard output has a computational cost and disabling it can
1492 probably speed things up a bit. Also, it may be useful when using
1493 Nping to detect active hosts or open ports (e.g. sending probes to
1494 all TCP ports in a /24 subnet). In that case, users may not want to
1495 see thousands of sent probes but just the replies generated by
1496 active hosts.
1497 -N, --no-capture (Do not attempt to capture replies) .
1499 This option tells Nping to skip packet capture. This means that
1500 packets in response to sent probes will not be processed or
1501 displayed. This can be useful when doing flooding and network stack
1502 stress tests. Note that when this option is specified, most of the
1503 statistics shown at the end of the execution will be useless. This
1504 option does not work with TCP Connect mode.
1505
1507 -v[level], --verbose [level] (Increase or set verbosity level) .
1508 Increases the verbosity level, causing Nping to print more
1509 information during its execution. There are 9 levels of verbosity
1510 (-4 to 4). Every instance of -v increments the verbosity level by
1511 one (from its default value, level 0). Every instance of option -q
1512 decrements the verbosity level by one. Alternatively you can
1513 specify the level directly, as in -v3 or -v-1. These are the
1514 available levels:
1515 Level −4
1517 No output at all. In some circumstances you may not want Nping
1518 to produce any output (like when one of your work mates is
1519 watching over your shoulder). In that case level −4 can be
1520 useful because although you won't see any response packets,
1521 probes will still be sent.
1522 Level −3
1524 Like level −4 but displays fatal error messages so you can
1525 actually see if Nping is running or it failed due to some
1526 error.
1527 Level −2
1529 Like level −3 but also displays warnings and recoverable
1530 errors.
1531 Level −1
1533 Displays traditional run-time information (version, start time,
1534 statistics, etc.) but does not display sent or received
1535 packets.
1536 Level 0
1538 This is the default verbosity level. It behaves like level −1
1539 but also displays sent and received packets and some other
1540 important information.
1541 Level 1
1543 Like level 0 but it displays detailed information about timing,
1544 flags, protocol details, etc.
1545 Level 2
1547 Like level 1 but displays very detailed information about sent
1548 and received packets and other interesting information.
1549 Level 3
1551 Like level 2 but also displays the raw hexadecimal dump of sent
1552 and received packets.
1553 Level 4 and higher
1555 Same as level 3.
1556 -q[level], --reduce-verbosity [level] (Decrease verbosity level) .
1558 Decreases the verbosity level, causing Nping to print less
1559 information during its execution.
1560 -d[level] (Increase or set debugging level) .
1562 When even verbose mode doesn't provide sufficient data for you,
1563 debugging is available to flood you with much more! As with the -v,
1564 debugging is enabled with a command-line flag -d and the debug
1565 level can be increased by specifying it multiple times. There are 7
1566 debugging levels (0 to 6). Every instance of -d increments
1567 debugging level by one. Provide an argument to -d to set the level
1568 directly; for example -d4.
1569 Debugging output is useful when you suspect a bug in Nping, or if
1571 you are simply confused as to what Nping is doing and why. As this
1572 feature is mostly intended for developers, debug lines aren't
1573 always self-explanatory. You may get something like
1574 NSOCK (1.0000s) Callback: TIMER SUCCESS for EID 12; tcpconnect_event_handler(): Received callback of type TIMER with status SUCCESS
1576 If you don't understand a line, your only recourses are to ignore
1578 it, look it up in the source code, or request help from the
1579 development list (nmap-dev). Some lines are self-explanatory, but
1580 the messages become more obscure as the debug level is increased.
1581 These are the available levels:
1582 Level 0
1584 Level 0. No debug information at all. This is the default
1585 level.
1586 Level 1
1588 In this level, only very important or high-level debug
1589 information will be printed.
1590 Level 2
1592 Like level 1 but also displays important or medium-level debug
1593 information
1594 Level 3
1596 Like level 2 but also displays regular and low-level debug
1597 information.
1598 Level 4
1600 Like level 3 but also displays messages only a real Nping freak
1601 would want to see.
1602 Level 5
1604 Like level 4 but it enables basic debug information related to
1605 external libraries like Nsock..
1606 Level 6
1608 Like level 5 but it enables full, very detailed, debug
1609 information related to external libraries like Nsock.
1610
1612 Like its author, Nping isn't perfect. But you can help make it better
1613 by sending bug reports or even writing patches. If Nping doesn't behave
1614 the way you expect, first upgrade to the latest Nmap version available
1615 from http://nmap.org/download.html. If the problem persists, do some
1616 research to determine whether it has already been discovered and
1617 addressed. Try searching for the error message on our search page at
1618 http://insecure.org/search.html or at Google. Also try browsing the
1619 nmap-dev archives at http://seclists.org/. Read this full manual page
1620 as well. If nothing comes out of this, mail a bug report to
1621 <dev@nmap.org>. Please include everything you have learned about the
1622 problem, as well as what version of Nping you are running and what
1623 operating system version it is running on. Problem reports and Nping
1624 usage questions sent to <dev@nmap.org> are far more likely to be
1625 answered than those sent to Fyodor directly. If you subscribe to the
1626 nmap-dev list before posting, your message will bypass moderation and
1627 get through more quickly. Subscribe at
1628 http://nmap.org/mailman/listinfo/dev.
1629 Code patches to fix bugs are even better than bug reports. Basic
1631 instructions for creating patch files with your changes are available
1632 at https://svn.nmap.org/nmap/HACKING. Patches may be sent to nmap-dev
1633 (recommended) or to any of the authors listed in the next section
1634 directly.
1635
1637 Luis MartinGarcia <luis.mgarc@gmail.com> (http://aldabaknocking.com)
1638 Fyodor <fyodor@nmap.org> (http://insecure.org)
1640
1642 1. official type numbers assigned by IANA
1643 http://www.iana.org/assignments/icmp-parameters
1644 2. official numbers assigned by IANA
1646 http://www.iana.org/assignments/arp-parameters/
1647 3. official numbers listed by the IEEE
1649 http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/ethertype/eth.txt
1650Nping 07/28/2013 NPING(1)