1HIER(7)                    Linux Programmer's Manual                   HIER(7)
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NAME

6       hier - description of the file system hierarchy
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DESCRIPTION

9       A typical Linux system has, among others, the following directories:
10
11       /      This  is  the  root  directory.   This  is  where the whole tree
12              starts.
13
14       /bin   This directory contains executable programs which are needed  in
15              single user mode and to bring the system up or repair it.
16
17       /boot  Contains static files for the boot loader.  This directory holds
18              only the files which are needed during the  boot  process.   The
19              map  installer  and  configuration  files should go to /sbin and
20              /etc.
21
22       /dev   Special or device files, which refer to physical  devices.   See
23              mknod(1).
24
25       /etc   Contains  configuration  files  which  are local to the machine.
26              Some larger software packages, like X11, can have their own sub‐
27              directories  below  /etc.   Site-wide configuration files may be
28              placed here  or  in  /usr/etc.   Nevertheless,  programs  should
29              always  look  for these files in /etc and you may have links for
30              these files to /usr/etc.
31
32       /etc/opt
33              Host-specific  configuration  files  for   add-on   applications
34              installed in /opt.
35
36       /etc/sgml
37              This directory contains the configuration files for SGML and XML
38              (optional).
39
40       /etc/skel
41              When a new user account is created, files  from  this  directory
42              are usually copied into the user's home directory.
43
44       /etc/X11
45              Configuration files for the X11 window system (optional).
46
47       /home  On  machines  with home directories for users, these are usually
48              beneath this directory, directly or not.  The structure of  this
49              directory depends on local administration decisions.
50
51       /lib   This  directory should hold those shared libraries that are nec‐
52              essary to boot the system and to run the commands  in  the  root
53              file system.
54
55       /media This directory contains mount points for removable media such as
56              CD and DVD disks or USB sticks.
57
58       /mnt   This directory is a mount point for a temporarily  mounted  file
59              system.   In  some  distributions,  /mnt contains subdirectories
60              intended to be used as mount points for several  temporary  file
61              systems.
62
63       /opt   This  directory  should  contain  add-on  packages  that contain
64              static files.
65
66       /proc  This is a mount point for the proc file system,  which  provides
67              information  about  running  processes  and  the  kernel.   This
68              pseudo-file system is described in more detail in proc(5).
69
70       /root  This directory is usually the home directory for the  root  user
71              (optional).
72
73       /sbin  Like /bin, this directory holds commands needed to boot the sys‐
74              tem, but which are usually not executed by normal users.
75
76       /srv   This directory contains site-specific data  that  is  served  by
77              this system.
78
79       /tmp   This  directory  contains  temporary  files which may be deleted
80              with no notice, such as by a regular job or at system boot up.
81
82       /usr   This directory is usually mounted from a separate partition.  It
83              should  hold  only  sharable,  read-only data, so that it can be
84              mounted by various machines running Linux.
85
86       /usr/X11R6
87              The X-Window system, version 11 release 6 (optional).
88
89       /usr/X11R6/bin
90              Binaries which belong to the X-Window system; often, there is  a
91              symbolic link from the more traditional /usr/bin/X11 to here.
92
93       /usr/X11R6/lib
94              Data files associated with the X-Window system.
95
96       /usr/X11R6/lib/X11
97              These contain miscellaneous files needed to run X;  Often, there
98              is a symbolic link from /usr/lib/X11 to this directory.
99
100       /usr/X11R6/include/X11
101              Contains include files needed for compiling programs  using  the
102              X11  window  system.   Often,  there  is  a  symbolic  link from
103              /usr/include/X11 to this directory.
104
105       /usr/bin
106              This is the primary directory  for  executable  programs.   Most
107              programs executed by normal users which are not needed for boot‐
108              ing or for repairing the system  and  which  are  not  installed
109              locally should be placed in this directory.
110
111       /usr/bin/X11
112              is  the traditional place to look for X11 executables; on Linux,
113              it usually is a symbolic link to /usr/X11R6/bin.
114
115       /usr/dict
116              Replaced by /usr/share/dict.
117
118       /usr/doc
119              Replaced by /usr/share/doc.
120
121       /usr/etc
122              Site-wide configuration  files  to  be  shared  between  several
123              machines  may  be  stored  in this directory.  However, commands
124              should always reference those files using  the  /etc  directory.
125              Links  from  files in /etc should point to the appropriate files
126              in /usr/etc.
127
128       /usr/games
129              Binaries for games and educational programs (optional).
130
131       /usr/include
132              Include files for the C compiler.
133
134       /usr/include/X11
135              Include files for the C compiler and the X-Window system.   This
136              is usually a symbolic link to /usr/X11R6/include/X11.
137
138       /usr/include/asm
139              Include files which declare some assembler functions.  This used
140              to be a symbolic link to /usr/src/linux/include/asm.
141
142       /usr/include/linux
143              This contains information which may change from  system  release
144              to   system   release   and  used  to  be  a  symbolic  link  to
145              /usr/src/linux/include/linux to get at operating system specific
146              information.
147
148              (Note  that  one  should have include files there that work cor‐
149              rectly with the current libc and in user space.  However,  Linux
150              kernel  source is not designed to be used with user programs and
151              does not know anything about the libc you are using.  It is very
152              likely  that  things  will break if you let /usr/include/asm and
153              /usr/include/linux point at a random kernel tree.   Debian  sys‐
154              tems don't do this and use headers from a known good kernel ver‐
155              sion, provided in the libc*-dev package.)
156
157       /usr/include/g++
158              Include files to use with the GNU C++ compiler.
159
160       /usr/lib
161              Object libraries, including dynamic libraries,  plus  some  exe‐
162              cutables  which  usually are not invoked directly.  More compli‐
163              cated programs may have whole subdirectories there.
164
165       /usr/lib/X11
166              The usual place for data files associated with X  programs,  and
167              configuration  files for the X system itself.  On Linux, it usu‐
168              ally is a symbolic link to /usr/X11R6/lib/X11.
169
170       /usr/lib/gcc-lib
171              contains executables and include files for the GNU  C  compiler,
172              gcc(1).
173
174       /usr/lib/groff
175              Files for the GNU groff document formatting system.
176
177       /usr/lib/uucp
178              Files for uucp(1).
179
180       /usr/local
181              This is where programs which are local to the site typically go.
182
183       /usr/local/bin
184              Binaries for programs local to the site.
185
186       /usr/local/doc
187              Local documentation.
188
189       /usr/local/etc
190              Configuration files associated with locally installed programs.
191
192       /usr/local/games
193              Binaries for locally installed games.
194
195       /usr/local/lib
196              Files associated with locally installed programs.
197
198       /usr/local/include
199              Header files for the local C compiler.
200
201       /usr/local/info
202              Info pages associated with locally installed programs.
203
204       /usr/local/man
205              Man pages associated with locally installed programs.
206
207       /usr/local/sbin
208              Locally installed programs for system administration.
209
210       /usr/local/share
211              Local application data that can be shared among different archi‐
212              tectures of the same OS.
213
214       /usr/local/src
215              Source code for locally installed software.
216
217       /usr/man
218              Replaced by /usr/share/man.
219
220       /usr/sbin
221              This directory contains program binaries for system  administra‐
222              tion  which are not essential for the boot process, for mounting
223              /usr, or for system repair.
224
225       /usr/share
226              This directory contains subdirectories with specific application
227              data,  that  can  be shared among different architectures of the
228              same OS.  Often one finds  stuff  here  that  used  to  live  in
229              /usr/doc or /usr/lib or /usr/man.
230
231       /usr/share/dict
232              Contains the word lists used by spell checkers.
233
234       /usr/share/doc
235              Documentation about installed programs.
236
237       /usr/share/games
238              Static data files for games in /usr/games.
239
240       /usr/share/info
241              Info pages go here.
242
243       /usr/share/locale
244              Locale information goes here.
245
246       /usr/share/man
247              Manual pages go here in subdirectories according to the man page
248              sections.
249
250       /usr/share/man/<locale>/man[1-9]
251              These directories contain manual pages for the  specific  locale
252              in  source  code  form.  Systems which use a unique language and
253              code set for all manual pages may omit the <locale> substring.
254
255       /usr/share/misc
256              Miscellaneous data that can be shared among different  architec‐
257              tures of the same OS.
258
259       /usr/share/nls
260              The message catalogs for native language support go here.
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262       /usr/share/sgml
263              Files for SGML and XML.
264
265       /usr/share/terminfo
266              The database for terminfo.
267
268       /usr/share/tmac
269              Troff macros that are not distributed with groff.
270
271       /usr/share/zoneinfo
272              Files for timezone information.
273
274       /usr/src
275              Source  files  for  different parts of the system, included with
276              some packages for reference purposes.  Don't work here with your
277              own  projects,  as  files  below /usr should be read-only except
278              when installing software.
279
280       /usr/src/linux
281              This was the traditional place for the kernel source.  Some dis‐
282              tributions put here the source for the default kernel they ship.
283              You should probably use another directory when building your own
284              kernel.
285
286       /usr/tmp
287              Obsolete.   This  should  be  a  link to /var/tmp.  This link is
288              present only for compatibility reasons and shouldn't be used.
289
290       /var   This directory contains files which may change in size, such  as
291              spool and log files.
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293       /var/adm
294              This  directory  is  superseded by /var/log and should be a sym‐
295              bolic link to /var/log.
296
297       /var/backups
298              Reserved for historical reasons.
299
300       /var/cache
301              Data cached for programs.
302
303       /var/catman/cat[1-9] or /var/cache/man/cat[1-9]
304              These directories contain preformatted manual pages according to
305              their  man  page section.  (The use of preformatted manual pages
306              is deprecated.)
307
308       /var/cron
309              Reserved for historical reasons.
310
311       /var/lib
312              Variable state information for programs.
313
314       /var/local
315              Variable data for /usr/local.
316
317       /var/lock
318              Lock files are placed in this directory.  The naming  convention
319              for  device  lock  files  is LCK..<device> where <device> is the
320              device's name in the file system.  The format used  is  that  of
321              HDU  UUCP  lock  files,  that  is, lock files contain a PID as a
322              10-byte ASCII decimal number, followed by a newline character.
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324       /var/log
325              Miscellaneous log files.
326
327       /var/opt
328              Variable data for /opt.
329
330       /var/mail
331              Users' mailboxes.  Replaces /var/spool/mail.
332
333       /var/msgs
334              Reserved for historical reasons.
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336       /var/preserve
337              Reserved for historical reasons.
338
339       /var/run
340              Run-time variable files, like files holding process  identifiers
341              (PIDs) and logged user information (utmp).  Files in this direc‐
342              tory are usually cleared when the system boots.
343
344       /var/spool
345              Spooled (or queued) files for various programs.
346
347       /var/spool/at
348              Spooled jobs for at(1).
349
350       /var/spool/cron
351              Spooled jobs for cron(8).
352
353       /var/spool/lpd
354              Spooled files for printing.
355
356       /var/spool/mail
357              Replaced by /var/mail.
358
359       /var/spool/mqueue
360              Queued outgoing mail.
361
362       /var/spool/news
363              Spool directory for news.
364
365       /var/spool/rwho
366              Spooled files for rwhod(8).
367
368       /var/spool/smail
369              Spooled files for the smail(1) mail delivery program.
370
371       /var/spool/uucp
372              Spooled files for uucp(1).
373
374       /var/tmp
375              Like /tmp, this directory holds temporary files  stored  for  an
376              unspecified duration.
377
378       /var/yp
379              Database files for NIS.
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CONFORMING TO

382       The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, Version 2.2 ⟨http://www.pathname.com
383       /fhs/⟩.
384

BUGS

386       This list is not exhaustive; different systems may be  configured  dif‐
387       ferently.
388

SEE ALSO

390       find(1), ln(1), proc(5), mount(8)
391
392       The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
393

COLOPHON

395       This  page  is  part of release 3.53 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
396       description of the project, and information about reporting  bugs,  can
397       be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
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401Linux                             2012-08-05                           HIER(7)
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