1SET TRANSACTION(7) SQL Commands SET TRANSACTION(7)
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6 SET TRANSACTION - set the characteristics of the current transaction
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10 SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
11 SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
12 where transaction_mode is one of:
14 ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED }
16 READ WRITE | READ ONLY
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20 The SET TRANSACTION command sets the characteristics of the current
21 transaction. It has no effect on any subsequent transactions. SET SES‐
22 SION CHARACTERISTICS sets the default transaction characteristics for
23 subsequent transactions of a session. These defaults can be overridden
24 by SET TRANSACTION for an individual transaction.
25 The available transaction characteristics are the transaction isolation
27 level and the transaction access mode (read/write or read-only).
28 The isolation level of a transaction determines what data the transac‐
30 tion can see when other transactions are running concurrently:
31 READ COMMITTED
33 A statement can only see rows committed before it began. This is
34 the default.
35 SERIALIZABLE
37 All statements of the current transaction can only see rows com‐
38 mitted before the first query or data-modification statement was
39 executed in this transaction.
40 The SQL standard defines two additional levels, READ UNCOMMITTED and
42 REPEATABLE READ. In PostgreSQL READ UNCOMMITTED is treated as READ
43 COMMITTED, while REPEATABLE READ is treated as SERIALIZABLE.
44 The transaction isolation level cannot be changed after the first query
46 or data-modification statement (SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, FETCH,
47 or COPY) of a transaction has been executed. See in the documentation
48 for more information about transaction isolation and concurrency con‐
49 trol.
50 The transaction access mode determines whether the transaction is
52 read/write or read-only. Read/write is the default. When a transaction
53 is read-only, the following SQL commands are disallowed: INSERT,
54 UPDATE, DELETE, and COPY FROM if the table they would write to is not a
55 temporary table; all CREATE, ALTER, and DROP commands; COMMENT, GRANT,
56 REVOKE, TRUNCATE; and EXPLAIN ANALYZE and EXECUTE if the command they
57 would execute is among those listed. This is a high-level notion of
58 read-only that does not prevent all writes to disk.
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61 If SET TRANSACTION is executed without a prior START TRANSACTION or
62 BEGIN, it will appear to have no effect, since the transaction will
63 immediately end.
64 It is possible to dispense with SET TRANSACTION by instead specifying
66 the desired transaction_modes in BEGIN or START TRANSACTION.
67 The session default transaction modes can also be set by setting the
69 configuration parameters default_transaction_isolation and
70 default_transaction_read_only. (In fact SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS is
71 just a verbose equivalent for setting these variables with SET.) This
72 means the defaults can be set in the configuration file, via ALTER
73 DATABASE, etc. Consult in the documentation for more information.
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76 Both commands are defined in the SQL standard. SERIALIZABLE is the
77 default transaction isolation level in the standard. In PostgreSQL the
78 default is ordinarily READ COMMITTED, but you can change it as men‐
79 tioned above. Because of lack of predicate locking, the SERIALIZABLE
80 level is not truly serializable. See in the documentation for details.
81 In the SQL standard, there is one other transaction characteristic that
83 can be set with these commands: the size of the diagnostics area. This
84 concept is specific to embedded SQL, and therefore is not implemented
85 in the PostgreSQL server.
86 The SQL standard requires commas between successive transaction_modes,
88 but for historical reasons PostgreSQL allows the commas to be omitted.
89SQL - Language Statements 2011-09-22 SET TRANSACTION(7)