1URI(7)                     Linux Programmer's Manual                    URI(7)
2
3
4

NAME

6       uri,  url,  urn - uniform resource identifier (URI), including a URL or
7       URN
8

SYNOPSIS

10       URI = [ absoluteURI | relativeURI ] [ "#" fragment ]
11
12       absoluteURI = scheme ":" ( hierarchical_part | opaque_part )
13
14       relativeURI = ( net_path | absolute_path | relative_path ) [ "?" query ]
15
16       scheme = "http" | "ftp" | "gopher" | "mailto" | "news" | "telnet" |
17                  "file" | "man" | "info" | "whatis" | "ldap" | "wais" | ...
18
19       hierarchical_part = ( net_path | absolute_path ) [ "?" query ]
20
21       net_path = "//" authority [ absolute_path ]
22
23       absolute_path = "/"  path_segments
24
25       relative_path = relative_segment [ absolute_path ]
26

DESCRIPTION

28       A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a  short  string  of  characters
29       identifying an abstract or physical resource (for example, a web page).
30       A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a URI that  identifies  a  resource
31       through  its  primary  access mechanism (e.g., its network "location"),
32       rather than by name or some other attribute of that resource.   A  Uni‐
33       form  Resource Name (URN) is a URI that must remain globally unique and
34       persistent even when the resource ceases to exist or  becomes  unavail‐
35       able.
36
37       URIs are the standard way to name hypertext link destinations for tools
38       such as web browsers.  The string "http://www.kernelnotes.org" is a URL
39       (and thus it is also a URI).  Many people use the term URL loosely as a
40       synonym for URI (though technically URLs are a subset of URIs).
41
42       URIs can be absolute or relative.  An absolute identifier refers  to  a
43       resource  independent of context, while a relative identifier refers to
44       a resource by describing  the  difference  from  the  current  context.
45       Within  a  relative  path reference, the complete path segments "." and
46       ".." have special meanings: "the  current  hierarchy  level"  and  "the
47       level  above  this hierarchy level", respectively, just like they do in
48       Unix-like systems.  A path segment which  contains  a  colon  character
49       can't  be  used  as  the  first  segment  of a relative URI path (e.g.,
50       "this:that"), because it would be mistaken for a scheme  name;  precede
51       such  segments with ./ (e.g., "./this:that").  Note that descendants of
52       MS-DOS (e.g., Microsoft Windows) replace  devicename  colons  with  the
53       vertical bar ("|") in URIs, so "C:" becomes "C|".
54
55       A  fragment  identifier, if included, refers to a particular named por‐
56       tion (fragment) of a resource; text after a '#'  identifies  the  frag‐
57       ment.   A URI beginning with '#' refers to that fragment in the current
58       resource.
59
60   Usage
61       There are many different URI schemes,  each  with  specific  additional
62       rules and meanings, but they are intentionally made to be as similar as
63       possible.  For example, many URL schemes permit the authority to be the
64       following format, called here an ip_server (square brackets show what's
65       optional):
66
67       ip_server = [user [ : password ] @ ] host [ : port]
68
69       This format allows you to optionally insert a  username,  a  user  plus
70       password,  and/or a port number.  The host is the name of the host com‐
71       puter, either its name as determined by DNS or an IP  address  (numbers
72       separated   by   periods).    Thus   the   URI   <http://fred:fredpass‐
73       word@xyz.com:8080/> logs into a web server  on  host  xyz.com  as  fred
74       (using  fredpassword) using port 8080.  Avoid including a password in a
75       URI if possible because of the many security risks of having a password
76       written  down.  If the URL supplies a username but no password, and the
77       remote server requests a password, the  program  interpreting  the  URL
78       should request one from the user.
79
80       Here  are  some  of the most common schemes in use on Unix-like systems
81       that are understood by many tools.  Note that  many  tools  using  URIs
82       also  have  internal  schemes  or specialized schemes; see those tools'
83       documentation for information on those schemes.
84
85       http - Web (HTTP) server
86
87       http://ip_server/path
88       http://ip_server/path?query
89
90       This is a URL accessing a web (HTTP) server.  The default port  is  80.
91       If  the  path refers to a directory, the web server will choose what to
92       return; usually if there is a file named  "index.html"  or  "index.htm"
93       its  content is returned, otherwise, a list of the files in the current
94       directory (with appropriate links) is generated and returned.  An exam‐
95       ple is <http://lwn.net>.
96
97       A  query  can be given in the archaic "isindex" format, consisting of a
98       word or phrase and not including an equal sign (=).  A query  can  also
99       be  in  the longer "GET" format, which has one or more query entries of
100       the form key=value separated by the ampersand character (&).  Note that
101       key  can  be  repeated more than once, though it's up to the web server
102       and its application programs to determine if  there's  any  meaning  to
103       that.   There  is an unfortunate interaction with HTML/XML/SGML and the
104       GET query format; when such URIs with more than one key are embedded in
105       SGML/XML  documents  (including  HTML),  the  ampersand  (&)  has to be
106       rewritten as &amp;.  Note that not all queries use this format;  larger
107       forms may be too long to store as a URI, so they use a different inter‐
108       action mechanism (called POST) which does not include the data  in  the
109       URI.     See    the   Common   Gateway   Interface   specification   at
110       <http://www.w3.org/CGI> for more information.
111
112       ftp - File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
113
114       ftp://ip_server/path
115
116       This is a URL accessing a  file  through  the  file  transfer  protocol
117       (FTP).   The  default  port  (for  control)  is  21.  If no username is
118       included, the username "anonymous" is supplied, and in that  case  many
119       clients provide as the password the requestor's Internet email address.
120       An example is <ftp://ftp.is.co.za/rfc/rfc1808.txt>.
121
122       gopher - Gopher server
123
124       gopher://ip_server/gophertype selector
125       gopher://ip_server/gophertype selector%09search
126       gopher://ip_server/gophertype selector%09search%09gopher+_string
127
128       The default gopher port is 70.  gophertype is a single-character  field
129       to denote the Gopher type of the resource to which the URL refers.  The
130       entire path may also be empty, in which case the delimiting "/" is also
131       optional and the gophertype defaults to "1".
132
133       selector is the Gopher selector string.  In the Gopher protocol, Gopher
134       selector strings are a sequence of octets which may contain any  octets
135       except  09  hexadecimal  (US-ASCII HT or tab), 0A hexadecimal (US-ASCII
136       character LF), and 0D (US-ASCII character CR).
137
138       mailto - Email address
139
140       mailto:email-address
141
142       This is an email address,  usually  of  the  form  name@hostname.   See
143       mailaddr(7)  for  more  information  on  the correct format of an email
144       address.  Note that any % character must be rewritten as %25.  An exam‐
145       ple is <mailto:dwheeler@dwheeler.com>.
146
147       news - Newsgroup or News message
148
149       news:newsgroup-name
150       news:message-id
151
152       A  newsgroup-name  is  a  period-delimited  hierarchical  name, such as
153       "comp.infosystems.www.misc".   If  <newsgroup-name>  is  "*"   (as   in
154       <news:*>),  it  is  used  to  refer to "all available news groups".  An
155       example is <news:comp.lang.ada>.
156
157       A  message-id  corresponds  to  the  Message-ID   of   IETF   RFC 1036,
158http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1036.txt⟩  without  the  enclosing  "<" and
159       ">"; it takes the form unique@full_domain_name.  A  message  identifier
160       may  be distinguished from a news group name by the presence of the "@"
161       character.
162
163       telnet - Telnet login
164
165       telnet://ip_server/
166
167       The Telnet URL scheme is used to designate  interactive  text  services
168       that  may  be accessed by the Telnet protocol.  The final "/" character
169       may be  omitted.   The  default  port  is  23.   An  example  is  <tel‐
170       net://melvyl.ucop.edu/>.
171
172       file - Normal file
173
174       file://ip_server/path_segments
175       file:path_segments
176
177       This  represents  a file or directory accessible locally.  As a special
178       case, host can be the string "localhost" or the empty string;  this  is
179       interpreted  as  "the machine from which the URL is being interpreted".
180       If the path is to a directory, the viewer  should  display  the  direc‐
181       tory's contents with links to each containee; not all viewers currently
182       do this.  KDE supports generated files through the URL <file:/cgi-bin>.
183       If  the  given  file  isn't  found,  browser writers may want to try to
184       expand the filename via filename globbing (see glob(7) and glob(3)).
185
186       The second format (e.g., <file:/etc/passwd>) is a  correct  format  for
187       referring  to  a  local  file.  However, older standards did not permit
188       this format, and some programs don't recognize this as a URI.   A  more
189       portable syntax is to use an empty string as the server name, for exam‐
190       ple, <file:///etc/passwd>; this form does the same thing and is  easily
191       recognized  by pattern matchers and older programs as a URI.  Note that
192       if you really mean to say "start  from  the  current  location,"  don't
193       specify  the  scheme at all; use a relative address like <../test.txt>,
194       which has the side-effect of being scheme-independent.  An  example  of
195       this scheme is <file:///etc/passwd>.
196
197       man - Man page documentation
198
199       man:command-name
200       man:command-name(section)
201
202       This  refers to local online manual (man) reference pages.  The command
203       name can optionally be followed by a parenthesis  and  section  number;
204       see  man(7) for more information on the meaning of the section numbers.
205       This URI scheme is unique to Unix-like systems (such as Linux)  and  is
206       not currently registered by the IETF.  An example is <man:ls(1)>.
207
208       info - Info page documentation
209
210       info:virtual-filename
211       info:virtual-filename#nodename
212       info:(virtual-filename)
213       info:(virtual-filename)nodename
214
215       This  scheme refers to online info reference pages (generated from tex‐
216       info files), a documentation format used by programs such  as  the  GNU
217       tools.   This URI scheme is unique to Unix-like systems (such as Linux)
218       and is not currently registered by the IETF.  As of this writing, GNOME
219       and  KDE  differ in their URI syntax and do not accept the other's syn‐
220       tax.  The first two formats are the GNOME format; in nodenames all spa‐
221       ces  are  written  as  underscores.  The second two formats are the KDE
222       format; spaces in nodenames must be written as spaces, even though this
223       is  forbidden by the URI standards.  It's hoped that in the future most
224       tools will understand all of  these  formats  and  will  always  accept
225       underscores  for  spaces  in  nodenames.  In both GNOME and KDE, if the
226       form without the nodename is used the nodename is assumed to be  "Top".
227       Examples of the GNOME format are <info:gcc> and <info:gcc#G++_and_GCC>.
228       Examples of the KDE format  are  <info:(gcc)>  and  <info:(gcc)G++  and
229       GCC>.
230
231       whatis - Documentation search
232
233       whatis:string
234
235       This  scheme  searches the database of short (one-line) descriptions of
236       commands and returns a list of  descriptions  containing  that  string.
237       Only  complete  word  matches  are  returned.  See whatis(1).  This URI
238       scheme is unique to Unix-like systems (such as Linux) and is  not  cur‐
239       rently registered by the IETF.
240
241       ghelp - GNOME help documentation
242
243       ghelp:name-of-application
244
245       This  loads  GNOME  help for the given application.  Note that not much
246       documentation currently exists in this format.
247
248       ldap - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
249
250       ldap://hostport
251       ldap://hostport/
252       ldap://hostport/dn
253       ldap://hostport/dn?attributes
254       ldap://hostport/dn?attributes?scope
255       ldap://hostport/dn?attributes?scope?filter
256       ldap://hostport/dn?attributes?scope?filter?extensions
257
258       This scheme supports queries to the Lightweight Directory Access Proto‐
259       col (LDAP), a protocol for querying a set of servers for hierarchically
260       organized information (such as people and computing  resources).   More
261       information   on   the  LDAP  URL  scheme  is  available  in  RFC 2255.
262http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2255.txt⟩ The components of this URL are:
263
264       hostport    the LDAP server to query, written as a hostname  optionally
265                   followed  by a colon and the port number.  The default LDAP
266                   port is TCP port 389.   If  empty,  the  client  determines
267                   which the LDAP server to use.
268
269       dn          the  LDAP  Distinguished  Name,  which  identifies the base
270                   object    of    the    LDAP    search     (see     RFC 2253
271http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2253.txt⟩ section 3).
272
273       attributes  a  comma-separated  list  of attributes to be returned; see
274                   RFC 2251 section 4.1.5.  If omitted, all attributes  should
275                   be returned.
276
277       scope       specifies  the  scope  of  the  search, which can be one of
278                   "base" (for a base object search), "one" (for  a  one-level
279                   search),  or  "sub"  (for  a  subtree search).  If scope is
280                   omitted, "base" is assumed.
281
282       filter      specifies the search filter (subset of entries to  return).
283                   If  omitted,  all entries should be returned.  See RFC 2254
284http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2254.txt⟩ section 4.
285
286       extensions  a comma-separated  list  of  type=value  pairs,  where  the
287                   =value portion may be omitted for options not requiring it.
288                   An extension prefixed with a '!' is critical (must be  sup‐
289                   ported   to   be   valid),   otherwise  it  is  noncritical
290                   (optional).
291
292       LDAP queries are easiest to explain by example.  Here's  a  query  that
293       asks  ldap.itd.umich.edu for information about the University of Michi‐
294       gan in the U.S.:
295
296       ldap://ldap.itd.umich.edu/o=University%20of%20Michigan,c=US
297
298       To just get its postal address attribute, request:
299
300       ldap://ldap.itd.umich.edu/o=University%20of%20Michigan,c=US?postalAddress
301
302       To ask a host.com at port 6666 for information about  the  person  with
303       common name (cn) "Babs Jensen" at University of Michigan, request:
304
305       ldap://host.com:6666/o=University%20of%20Michigan,c=US??sub?(cn=Babs%20Jensen)
306
307       wais - Wide Area Information Servers
308
309       wais://hostport/database
310       wais://hostport/database?search
311       wais://hostport/database/wtype/wpath
312
313       This  scheme  designates a WAIS database, search, or document (see IETF
314       RFC 1625 ⟨http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1625.txt⟩ for more information  on
315       WAIS).   Hostport  is  the hostname, optionally followed by a colon and
316       port number (the default port number is 210).
317
318       The first form designates a WAIS database for  searching.   The  second
319       form designates a particular search of the WAIS database database.  The
320       third form designates a particular document within a WAIS  database  to
321       be  retrieved.  wtype is the WAIS designation of the type of the object
322       and wpath is the WAIS document-id.
323
324       other schemes
325
326       There are many other URI schemes.  Most tools that accept URIs  support
327       a  set of internal URIs (e.g., Mozilla has the about: scheme for inter‐
328       nal information, and the GNOME help browser has  the  toc:  scheme  for
329       various  starting  locations).   There  are many schemes that have been
330       defined but are not as widely used at the  current  time  (e.g.,  pros‐
331       pero).   The  nntp:  scheme is deprecated in favor of the news: scheme.
332       URNs are to be supported by the urn: scheme, with a  hierarchical  name
333       space  (e.g., urn:ietf:... would identify IETF documents); at this time
334       URNs are not widely implemented.  Not all tools support all schemes.
335
336   Character Encoding
337       URIs use a limited number of characters so that they can  be  typed  in
338       and used in a variety of situations.
339
340       The  following  characters  are reserved, that is, they may appear in a
341       URI but their use is limited to  their  reserved  purpose  (conflicting
342       data must be escaped before forming the URI):
343
344                 ; / ? : @ & = + $ ,
345
346       Unreserved  characters may be included in a URI.  Unreserved characters
347       include upper and lower case English letters, decimal digits,  and  the
348       following limited set of punctuation marks and symbols:
349
350               - _ . ! ~ * ' ( )
351
352       All other characters must be escaped.  An escaped octet is encoded as a
353       character triplet, consisting of the percent character "%" followed  by
354       the  two  hexadecimal  digits  representing the octet code (you can use
355       upper or lower case letters for the hexadecimal digits).  For  example,
356       a  blank  space must be escaped as "%20", a tab character as "%09", and
357       the "&" as "%26".  Because the percent "%"  character  always  has  the
358       reserved  purpose  of being the escape indicator, it must be escaped as
359       "%25".  It is common practice to escape space characters  as  the  plus
360       symbol  (+) in query text; this practice isn't uniformly defined in the
361       relevant RFCs (which recommend %20 instead) but any tool accepting URIs
362       with  query text should be prepared for them.  A URI is always shown in
363       its "escaped" form.
364
365       Unreserved characters can be escaped without changing the semantics  of
366       the  URI, but this should not be done unless the URI is being used in a
367       context that does not allow the unescaped  character  to  appear.   For
368       example,  "%7e"  is  sometimes used instead of "~" in an HTTP URL path,
369       but the two are equivalent for an HTTP URL.
370
371       For URIs which must handle characters outside the  US  ASCII  character
372       set,  the HTML 4.01 specification (section B.2) and IETF RFC 2718 (sec‐
373       tion 2.2.5) recommend the following approach:
374
375       1.  translate the character sequences into UTF-8 (IETF RFC 2279) —  see
376           utf-8(7) — and then
377
378       2.  use  the  URI escaping mechanism, that is, use the %HH encoding for
379           unsafe octets.
380
381   Writing a URI
382       When written,  URIs  should  be  placed  inside  double  quotes  (e.g.,
383       "http://www.kernelnotes.org"),   enclosed   in  angle  brackets  (e.g.,
384       <http://lwn.net>), or placed on a line by themselves.   A  warning  for
385       those who use double-quotes: never move extraneous punctuation (such as
386       the period ending a sentence or the comma in  a  list)  inside  a  URI,
387       since this will change the value of the URI.  Instead, use angle brack‐
388       ets instead, or switch to a quoting system that never includes extrane‐
389       ous  characters inside quotation marks.  This latter system, called the
390       'new' or 'logical' quoting system by "Hart's  Rules"  and  the  "Oxford
391       Dictionary  for  Writers  and  Editors", is preferred practice in Great
392       Britain and hackers worldwide (see the Jargon File's section on  Hacker
393       Writing      Style,     http://www.fwi.uva.nl/~mes/jargon/h/HackerWrit‐
394       ingStyle.html,  for  more  information).   Older  documents   suggested
395       inserting  the  prefix  "URL:"  just  before the URI, but this form has
396       never caught on.
397
398       The URI syntax was designed to be unambiguous.  However, as  URIs  have
399       become  commonplace,  traditional media (television, radio, newspapers,
400       billboards, etc.) have increasingly  used  abbreviated  URI  references
401       consisting  of  only  the authority and path portions of the identified
402       resource (e.g., <www.w3.org/Addressing>).  Such references are  primar‐
403       ily  intended  for  human  interpretation rather than machine, with the
404       assumption that context-based heuristics are sufficient to complete the
405       URI (e.g., hostnames beginning with "www" are likely to have a URI pre‐
406       fix of "http://" and hostnames beginning with "ftp" likely  to  have  a
407       prefix of "ftp://").  Many client implementations heuristically resolve
408       these references.  Such heuristics may change over  time,  particularly
409       when new schemes are introduced.  Since an abbreviated URI has the same
410       syntax as a relative URL path, abbreviated  URI  references  cannot  be
411       used where relative URIs are permitted, and can only be used when there
412       is no defined base (such as in dialog boxes).   Don't  use  abbreviated
413       URIs  as  hypertext links inside a document; use the standard format as
414       described here.
415

CONFORMING TO

417       http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt          (IETF           RFC 2396),
418       http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40 (HTML 4.0).
419

NOTES

421       Any  tool accepting URIs (e.g., a web browser) on a Linux system should
422       be able to handle (directly or indirectly) all of the schemes described
423       here,  including the man: and info: schemes.  Handling them by invoking
424       some other program is fine and in fact encouraged.
425
426       Technically the fragment isn't part of the URI.
427
428       For information on how to embed URIs (including URLs) in a data format,
429       see  documentation on that format.  HTML uses the format <A HREF="uri">
430       text </A>.  Texinfo files use the format @uref{uri}.  Man and mdoc have
431       the recently added UR macro, or just include the URI in the text (view‐
432       ers should be able to detect :// as part of a URI).
433
434       The GNOME and KDE desktop environments currently vary in the URIs  they
435       accept,  in  particular in their respective help browsers.  To list man
436       pages, GNOME uses <toc:man> while KDE uses <man:(index)>, and  to  list
437       info  pages,  GNOME  uses  <toc:info>  while KDE uses <info:(dir)> (the
438       author of this man page prefers the KDE approach here,  though  a  more
439       regular format would be even better).  In general, KDE uses <file:/cgi-
440       bin/> as a prefix to a set of generated files.  KDE prefers  documenta‐
441       tion  in  HTML,  accessed  via  the  <file:/cgi-bin/helpindex>.   GNOME
442       prefers the ghelp scheme to  store  and  find  documentation.   Neither
443       browser  handles  file:  references  to directories at the time of this
444       writing, making it difficult to refer to an  entire  directory  with  a
445       browsable  URI.   As noted above, these environments differ in how they
446       handle the info: scheme, probably the most important variation.  It  is
447       expected  that GNOME and KDE will converge to common URI formats, and a
448       future version of this man page will  describe  the  converged  result.
449       Efforts to aid this convergence are encouraged.
450
451   Security
452       A  URI  does not in itself pose a security threat.  There is no general
453       guarantee that a URL, which at one time located a given resource,  will
454       continue  to  do  so.   Nor  is there any guarantee that a URL will not
455       locate a different resource at some later point in time; such a guaran‐
456       tee  can only be obtained from the person(s) controlling that namespace
457       and the resource in question.
458
459       It is sometimes possible to construct a URL such  that  an  attempt  to
460       perform  a  seemingly  harmless  operation, such as the retrieval of an
461       entity associated with the resource, will in fact cause a possibly dam‐
462       aging  remote  operation  to  occur.   The unsafe URL is typically con‐
463       structed by specifying a port number other than that reserved  for  the
464       network  protocol  in question.  The client unwittingly contacts a site
465       that is in fact running a different protocol.  The content of  the  URL
466       contains  instructions  that,  when interpreted according to this other
467       protocol, cause an unexpected operation.  An example has been  the  use
468       of  a  gopher URL to cause an unintended or impersonating message to be
469       sent via a SMTP server.
470
471       Caution should be used when using any URL that specifies a port  number
472       other than the default for the protocol, especially when it is a number
473       within the reserved space.
474
475       Care should be taken when a URI contains escaped delimiters for a given
476       protocol  (for example, CR and LF characters for telnet protocols) that
477       these are not unescaped before transmission.  This  might  violate  the
478       protocol,  but  avoids  the potential for such characters to be used to
479       simulate an extra operation or parameter in that protocol, which  might
480       lead  to an unexpected and possibly harmful remote operation to be per‐
481       formed.
482
483       It is clearly unwise to use a URI that contains  a  password  which  is
484       intended to be secret.  In particular, the use of a password within the
485       "userinfo" component of a URI is strongly recommended against except in
486       those  rare cases where the "password" parameter is intended to be pub‐
487       lic.
488

BUGS

490       Documentation may be placed in a variety of locations,  so  there  cur‐
491       rently  isn't  a  good  URI  scheme for general online documentation in
492       arbitrary formats.  References of the form <file:///usr/doc/ZZZ>  don't
493       work  because  different  distributions and local installation require‐
494       ments may place the files  in  different  directories  (it  may  be  in
495       /usr/doc,  or /usr/local/doc, or /usr/share, or somewhere else).  Also,
496       the directory ZZZ usually changes when a version changes (though  file‐
497       name globbing could partially overcome this).  Finally, using the file:
498       scheme doesn't easily support people who dynamically load documentation
499       from  the Internet (instead of loading the files onto a local file sys‐
500       tem).  A future URI scheme may be added (e.g.,  "userdoc:")  to  permit
501       programs  to  include  cross-references  to more detailed documentation
502       without having to  know  the  exact  location  of  that  documentation.
503       Alternatively,  a  future  version of the file-system specification may
504       specify file locations sufficiently so that the file:  scheme  will  be
505       able to locate documentation.
506
507       Many  programs  and  file formats don't include a way to incorporate or
508       implement links using URIs.
509
510       Many programs can't handle all of these different  URI  formats;  there
511       should  be a standard mechanism to load an arbitrary URI that automati‐
512       cally detects the users' environment (e.g., text or  graphics,  desktop
513       environment, local user preferences, and currently executing tools) and
514       invokes the right tool for any URI.
515

SEE ALSO

517       lynx(1),   man2html(1),   mailaddr(7),    utf-8(7),    IETF    RFC 2255
518http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2255.txt
519

COLOPHON

521       This  page  is  part of release 3.25 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
522       description of the project, and information about reporting  bugs,  can
523       be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
524
525
526
527Linux                             2000-03-14                            URI(7)
Impressum