1KCMP(2) Linux Programmer's Manual KCMP(2)
2
6 kcmp - compare two processes to determine if they share a kernel
7 resource
8
10 #include <linux/kcmp.h>
11 int kcmp(pid_t pid1, pid_t pid2, int type,
13 unsigned long idx1, unsigned long idx2);
14 Note: There is no glibc wrapper for this system call; see NOTES.
16
18 The kcmp() system call can be used to check whether the two processes
19 identified by pid1 and pid2 share a kernel resource such as virtual
20 memory, file descriptors, and so on.
21 Permission to employ kcmp() is governed by ptrace access mode
23 PTRACE_MODE_READ_REALCREDS checks against both pid1 and pid2; see
24 ptrace(2).
25 The type argument specifies which resource is to be compared in the two
27 processes. It has one of the following values:
28 KCMP_FILE
30 Check whether a file descriptor idx1 in the process pid1 refers
31 to the same open file description (see open(2)) as file descrip‐
32 tor idx2 in the process pid2. The existence of two file
33 descriptors that refer to the same open file description can
34 occur as a result of dup(2) (and similar) fork(2), or passing
35 file descriptors via a domain socket (see unix(7)).
36 KCMP_FILES
38 Check whether the processes share the same set of open file
39 descriptors. The arguments idx1 and idx2 are ignored. See the
40 discussion of the CLONE_FILES flag in clone(2).
41 KCMP_FS
43 Check whether the processes share the same filesystem informa‐
44 tion (i.e., file mode creation mask, working directory, and
45 filesystem root). The arguments idx1 and idx2 are ignored. See
46 the discussion of the CLONE_FS flag in clone(2).
47 KCMP_IO
49 Check whether the processes share I/O context. The arguments
50 idx1 and idx2 are ignored. See the discussion of the CLONE_IO
51 flag in clone(2).
52 KCMP_SIGHAND
54 Check whether the processes share the same table of signal dis‐
55 positions. The arguments idx1 and idx2 are ignored. See the
56 discussion of the CLONE_SIGHAND flag in clone(2).
57 KCMP_SYSVSEM
59 Check whether the processes share the same list of System V sem‐
60 aphore undo operations. The arguments idx1 and idx2 are
61 ignored. See the discussion of the CLONE_SYSVSEM flag in
62 clone(2).
63 KCMP_VM
65 Check whether the processes share the same address space. The
66 arguments idx1 and idx2 are ignored. See the discussion of the
67 CLONE_VM flag in clone(2).
68 KCMP_EPOLL_TFD (since Linux 4.13)
70 Check whether the file descriptor idx1 of the process pid1 is
71 present in the epoll(7) instance described by idx2 of the
72 process pid2. The argument idx2 is a pointer to a structure
73 where the target file is described. This structure has the
74 form:
75 struct kcmp_epoll_slot {
77 __u32 efd;
78 __u32 tfd;
79 __u64 toff;
80 };
81 Within this structure, efd is an epoll file descriptor returned from
83 epoll_create(2), tfd is a target file descriptor number, and toff is a
84 target file offset counted from zero. Several different targets may be
85 registered with the same file descriptor number and setting a specific
86 offset helps to investigate each of them.
87 Note the kcmp() is not protected against false positives which may
89 occur if the processes are currently running. One should stop the pro‐
90 cesses by sending SIGSTOP (see signal(7)) prior to inspection with this
91 system call to obtain meaningful results.
92
94 The return value of a successful call to kcmp() is simply the result of
95 arithmetic comparison of kernel pointers (when the kernel compares
96 resources, it uses their memory addresses).
97 The easiest way to explain is to consider an example. Suppose that v1
99 and v2 are the addresses of appropriate resources, then the return
100 value is one of the following:
101 0 v1 is equal to v2; in other words, the two processes share the
103 resource.
104 1 v1 is less than v2.
106 2 v1 is greater than v2.
108 3 v1 is not equal to v2, but ordering information is unavailable.
110 On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.
112 kcmp() was designed to return values suitable for sorting. This is
114 particularly handy if one needs to compare a large number of file
115 descriptors.
116
118 EBADF type is KCMP_FILE and fd1 or fd2 is not an open file descriptor.
119 EINVAL type is invalid.
121 EPERM Insufficient permission to inspect process resources. The
123 CAP_SYS_PTRACE capability is required to inspect processes that
124 you do not own. Other ptrace limitations may also apply, such
125 as CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA, which, when /proc/sys/ker‐
126 nel/yama/ptrace_scope is 2, limits kcmp() to child processes;
127 see ptrace(2).
128 ESRCH Process pid1 or pid2 does not exist.
130 EFAULT The epoll slot addressed by idx2 is outside of the user's
132 address space.
133 ENOENT The target file is not present in epoll(7) instance.
135
137 The kcmp() system call first appeared in Linux 3.5.
138
140 kcmp() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs intended to
141 be portable.
142
144 Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using
145 syscall(2).
146 This system call is available only if the kernel was configured with
148 CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE. The main use of the system call is for the
149 checkpoint/restore in user space (CRIU) feature. The alternative to
150 this system call would have been to expose suitable process information
151 via the proc(5) filesystem; this was deemed to be unsuitable for secu‐
152 rity reasons.
153 See clone(2) for some background information on the shared resources
155 referred to on this page.
156
158 The program below uses kcmp() to test whether pairs of file descriptors
159 refer to the same open file description. The program tests different
160 cases for the file descriptor pairs, as described in the program out‐
161 put. An example run of the program is as follows:
162 $ ./a.out
164 Parent PID is 1144
165 Parent opened file on FD 3
166 PID of child of fork() is 1145
168 Compare duplicate FDs from different processes:
169 kcmp(1145, 1144, KCMP_FILE, 3, 3) ==> same
170 Child opened file on FD 4
171 Compare FDs from distinct open()s in same process:
172 kcmp(1145, 1145, KCMP_FILE, 3, 4) ==> different
173 Child duplicated FD 3 to create FD 5
174 Compare duplicated FDs in same process:
175 kcmp(1145, 1145, KCMP_FILE, 3, 5) ==> same
176 Program source
178 #define _GNU_SOURCE
180 #include <sys/syscall.h>
181 #include <sys/wait.h>
182 #include <sys/stat.h>
183 #include <stdlib.h>
184 #include <stdio.h>
185 #include <unistd.h>
186 #include <fcntl.h>
187 #include <linux/kcmp.h>
188 #define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
190 } while (0)
191 static int
193 kcmp(pid_t pid1, pid_t pid2, int type,
194 unsigned long idx1, unsigned long idx2)
195 {
196 return syscall(SYS_kcmp, pid1, pid2, type, idx1, idx2);
197 }
198 static void
200 test_kcmp(char *msg, id_t pid1, pid_t pid2, int fd_a, int fd_b)
201 {
202 printf("\t%s\n", msg);
203 printf("\t\tkcmp(%ld, %ld, KCMP_FILE, %d, %d) ==> %s\n",
204 (long) pid1, (long) pid2, fd_a, fd_b,
205 (kcmp(pid1, pid2, KCMP_FILE, fd_a, fd_b) == 0) ?
206 "same" : "different");
207 }
208 int
210 main(int argc, char *argv[])
211 {
212 int fd1, fd2, fd3;
213 char pathname[] = "/tmp/kcmp.test";
214 fd1 = open(pathname, O_CREAT | O_RDWR, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
216 if (fd1 == -1)
217 errExit("open");
218 printf("Parent PID is %ld\n", (long) getpid());
220 printf("Parent opened file on FD %d\n\n", fd1);
221 switch (fork()) {
223 case -1:
224 errExit("fork");
225 case 0:
227 printf("PID of child of fork() is %ld\n", (long) getpid());
228 test_kcmp("Compare duplicate FDs from different processes:",
230 getpid(), getppid(), fd1, fd1);
231 fd2 = open(pathname, O_CREAT | O_RDWR, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
233 if (fd2 == -1)
234 errExit("open");
235 printf("Child opened file on FD %d\n", fd2);
236 test_kcmp("Compare FDs from distinct open()s in same process:",
238 getpid(), getpid(), fd1, fd2);
239 fd3 = dup(fd1);
241 if (fd3 == -1)
242 errExit("dup");
243 printf("Child duplicated FD %d to create FD %d\n", fd1, fd3);
244 test_kcmp("Compare duplicated FDs in same process:",
246 getpid(), getpid(), fd1, fd3);
247 break;
248 default:
250 wait(NULL);
251 }
252 exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
254 }
255
257 clone(2), unshare(2)
258
260 This page is part of release 4.16 of the Linux man-pages project. A
261 description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
262 latest version of this page, can be found at
263 https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
264Linux 2017-09-15 KCMP(2)