1Locale::Codes::Types(3)User Contributed Perl DocumentatioLnocale::Codes::Types(3)
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6 Locale::Codes::Types - types of data sets supported
7
9 This document contains a description of different types of code sets
10 supported by the Locale-Codes distribution.
11 The following types are supported:
13 "country"
15 "language"
16 "currency"
17 "script"
18 "langfam"
19 "langvar"
20 "langext"
21 Any time you have to specify the type of data, use one of the values
23 from this list. When using the OO interface, you have to specify the
24 type of data you are working with. For example:
25 use Locale::Codes;
27 ...
28 $obj->type('country');
29 $obj->type('langext');
30 When using the traditional interfaces, the functions all have the data
32 type included in the function name. For example:
33 use Locale::Codes::Country;
35 code2country(...);
36 use Locale::Codes::LangExt;
38 code2langext(...);
39 Each type of data may have any number of code sets. Code sets may be
41 specified by name. Traditionally, a perl constant was exported and
42 could also be used to specify the code set.
43 Both methods are available for both the OO and traditional interfaces,
45 so whenever a function or method takes an argument specifying a code
46 set, either the name or a constant can be used.
47 In the lists below, a code set is specified in the list by including
49 the name and the constant. So, for example, the first country code set
50 is named 'alpha-2' and has a perl constant "LOCALE_COUNTRY_ALPHA_2"
51 associated with it. When using the OO interface, the constants are
52 only available if you import them by loading the module with:
53 use Locale::Codes ':constants';
55 The constants are always available when using the traditional
57 interfaces.
58 Some of the older perl constants names were not consistent, and in
60 those cases, two constants are available (a newer consistent name and
61 the older inconsistent one). Either may be used.
62 The default code set for each type is marked with an asterisk (*).
64
66 Code sets for identifying countries are maintained by several different
67 agencies and standards.
68 The following code sets are maintained in the ISO 3166 standard. The
70 official home page for the ISO 3166 maintenance agency is:
71 <http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/country_codes.htm> .
72 Only the officially assigned codes are included.
74 * alpha-2, LOCALE_COUNTRY_ALPHA_2, LOCALE_CODE_ALPHA_2
76 This is the set of two-letter (lowercase) codes from ISO 3166-1,
77 such as 'tv' for Tuvalu.
78 alpha-3, LOCALE_COUNTRY_ALPHA_3, LOCALE_CODE_ALPHA_3
80 This is the set of three-letter (lowercase) codes from ISO 3166-1,
81 such as 'brb' for Barbados. These codes are actually defined and
82 maintained by the U.N. Statistics division.
83 numeric, LOCALE_COUNTRY_NUMERIC, LOCALE_CODE_NUMERIC
85 This is the set of three-digit numeric codes from ISO 3166-1, such
86 as 064 for Bhutan.
87 If a 2-digit code is entered, it is converted to 3 digits by
89 prepending a 0.
90 A list of domain names are maintained by the IANA (Internet Assigned
92 Numbers Authority). These are available at:
93 <http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/> . Only the actual country codes
94 are used, and the country names come from ISO 3166.
95 dom, LOCALE_COUNTRY_DOM, LOCALE_CODE_DOM
97 The country domains assigned by IANA are usually the two-letter
98 (lowercase) codes from ISO 3166, but there are a few other
99 additions.
100 The United Nations also maintains country lists. Their list is also
102 similar, but not identical, to the ISO 3166 list.
103 The data is available here:
105 <https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/>
106 Previously, this table was treated as a source of the ISO 3166 data,
108 but I found that the table was incomplete, so I stopped using it.
109 Later, it was added back in as it's own list of codes.
110 un-alpha-3, LOCALE_COUNTRY_UN_ALPHA_3, LOCALE_CODE_UN_ALPHA_3
112 This is similar to the 'alpha-3' set from ISO 3166, except that the
113 codes are uppercase.
114 un-numeric, LOCALE_COUNTRY_UN_NUMERIC, LOCALE_CODE_UN_NUMERIC
116 This is similar to the 'numeric' set from ISO 3166.
117 The US Government also keeps a list of codes. Originally, it
119 maintained the FIPS-11 code set, but this was deprecated and replaced
120 by the GENC code set. The FIPS-11 code sets are no longer supported by
121 Locale-Codes.
122 The GENC code sets are available here:
124 <https://nsgreg.nga.mil/genc/discovery> . They are also similar, but
125 not identical, to the ISO 3166 code sets.
126 genc-alpha-2, LOCALE_COUNTRY_GENC_ALPHA_2, LOCALE_CODE_GENC_ALPHA_2
128 Similar to the 'alpha-2' set, but uppercase.
129 genc-alpha-3, LOCALE_COUNTRY_GENC_ALPHA_3, LOCALE_CODE_GENC_ALPHA_3
131 Similar to the 'alpha-3' set, but uppercase.
132 genc-numeric, LOCALE_COUNTRY_GENC_NUMERIC, LOCALE_CODE_GENC_NUMERIC
134 Similar to the 'numeric' set.
135 There are other sources of codes that are not currently used in this
137 distribution.
138 ISO codes for country sub-divisions (states, counties, provinces, etc),
140 as defined in ISO 3166-2. This module is not part of the Locale-Codes
141 distribution, but is available from CPAN in
142 CPAN/modules/by-module/Locale/
143 The World Factbook maintained by the CIA is a potential source of the
145 data. Unfortunately, it adds/preserves non-standard codes, so it is
146 not used as a source of data.
147 <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/appendix/appendix-d.html>
148 Another unofficial source of data is the Statoids web site:
150 <http://www.statoids.com/wab.html> . Currently, it is not used to get
151 data, but the notes and explanatory material were very useful for
152 understanding discrepancies between the sources.
153
155 Code sets for identifying languages come from a couple different
156 locations.
157 The primary source is ISO 639 . The ISO 639-2 codes are available
159 here: <http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/> and the ISO 639-5 codes
160 are available here: <http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/> .
161 In addition, the IANA maintains a language registry which are added to
163 the ISO lists. Because it is intended to supplement the ISO standard,
164 the IANA list is not separate.
165 The IANA data is available here:
167 <http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry>
168 The code sets are:
170 * alpha-2, LOCALE_LANGUAGE_ALPHA_2, LOCALE_LANG_ALPHA_2
172 This is the set of two-letter (lowercase) codes from ISO 639-1,
173 such as 'he' for Hebrew. It also includes additions to this set
174 included in the IANA language registry.
175 alpha-3, LOCALE_LANGUAGE_ALPHA_3, LOCALE_LANG_ALPHA_3
177 This is the set of three-letter (lowercase) bibliographic codes
178 from ISO 639-2 and 639-5, such as 'heb' for Hebrew. It also
179 includes additions to this set included in the IANA language
180 registry.
181 term, LOCALE_LANGUAGE_TERM, LOCALE_LANG_TERM
183 This is the set of three-letter (lowercase) terminologic codes from
184 ISO 639.
185
187 The source of currency codes is the ISO 4217 data available here:
188 <http://www.iso.org/iso/support/currency_codes_list-1.htm>
189 The code sets are:
191 * alpha, LOCALE_CURRENCY_ALPHA, LOCALE_CURR_ALPHA
193 This is a set of three-letter (uppercase) codes from ISO 4217 such
194 as EUR for Euro.
195 Two of the codes specified by the standard (XTS which is reserved
197 for testing purposes and XXX which is for transactions where no
198 currency is involved) are omitted.
199 num, LOCALE_CURRENCY_NUMERIC, LOCALE_CURR_NUMERIC
201 This is the set of three-digit numeric codes from ISO 4217.
202
204 The source of script code sets is ISO 15924 available here:
205 <http://www.unicode.org/iso15924/>
206 Additional data comes from the IANA language subtag registry:
208 <http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry> .
209 Code sets are:
211 * alpha, LOCALE_SCRIPT_ALPHA
213 This is a set of four-letter (capitalized) codes from ISO 15924
214 such as 'Phnx' for Phoenician. It also includes additions to this
215 set included in the IANA language registry.
216 The Zxxx, Zyyy, and Zzzz codes are not used.
218 num, LOCALE_SCRIPT_NUMERIC
220 This is a set of three-digit numeric codes from ISO 15924 such as
221 115 for Phoenician.
222
224 Language families are specified using codes from ISO 639-5 available
225 here: <http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-5/id.php>
226 Code sets are:
228 * alpha, LOCALE_LANGFAM_ALPHA
230 This is the set of three-letter (lowercase) codes from ISO 639-5
231 such as 'apa' for Apache languages.
232
234 Language variations are specified using codes from he IANA language
235 subtag registry available here:
236 <http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry>
237 Code sets are:
239 * alpha, LOCALE_LANGVAR_ALPHA
241 This is the set of alphanumeric codes from the IANA language
242 registry, such as 'arevela' for Eastern Armenian.
243
245 Language extensions are specified using codes from he IANA language
246 subtag registry available here:
247 <http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry>
248 Code sets are:
250 * alpha, LOCALE_LANGEXT_ALPHA
252 This is the set of three-letter (lowercase) codes from the IANA
253 language registry, such as 'acm' for Mesopotamian Arabic.
254
256 I'm always open to suggestions for new code sets.
257 In order for me to add a code set, I want the following criteria to be
259 met:
260 General-use code set
262 If a code set is not general use, I'm not likely to spend the time
263 to add and support it.
264 An official source of data
266 I require an official (or at least, a NEARLY official) source where
267 I can get the data on a regular basis.
268 Ideally, I'd only get data from an official source, but sometimes
270 that is not possible. For example the ISO standards are not
271 typically available for free, so I may have to get some of that
272 data from alternate sources that I'm confident are getting their
273 data from the official source. However, I will always be hesitant
274 to accept a non-official source.
275 As an example, I used to get some country data from the CIA World
277 Factbook. Given the nature of the source, I'm sure they're updating
278 data from the official sources and I consider it "nearly" official.
279 However, even in this case, I found that they were adding codes
280 that were not part of the standard, so I have stopped using them as
281 a source.
282 There are many 3rd party sites which maintain lists (many of which
284 are actually in a more convenient form than the official sites).
285 Unfortunately, I will reject most of them since I have no feel for
286 how "official" they are.
287 A free source of the data
289 Obviously, the data must be free-of-charge. I'm not interested in
290 paying for the data (and I'm not interested in the overhead of
291 having someone else pay for the data for me).
292 A reliable source of data
294 The source of data must come from a source that I can reasonably
295 expect to exist for the foreseeable future since I will be
296 extremely reluctant to drop support for a data set once it's
297 included.
298 I am also reluctant to accept data sent to me by an individual.
300 Although I appreciate the offer, it is simply not practical to
301 consider an individual contribution as a reliable source of data.
302 The source should be an official agency of some sort.
303 These requirements are open to discussion. If you have a code set you'd
305 like to see added, but which may not meet all of the above
306 requirements, feel free to email me and we'll discuss it. Depending on
307 circumstances, I may be willing to waive some of these criteria.
308
310 Locale::Codes
311 The Locale-Codes distribution.
312
314 See Locale::Codes for full author history.
315 Currently maintained by Sullivan Beck (sbeck@cpan.org).
317
319 Copyright (c) 1997-2001 Canon Research Centre Europe (CRE).
320 Copyright (c) 2001-2010 Neil Bowers
321 Copyright (c) 2010-2019 Sullivan Beck
322 This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
324 under the same terms as Perl itself.
325perl v5.30.0 2019-08-30 Locale::Codes::Types(3)