1Hash::Util::FieldHash(3pPme)rl Programmers Reference GuiHdaesh::Util::FieldHash(3pm)
2
6 Hash::Util::FieldHash - Support for Inside-Out Classes
7
9 ### Create fieldhashes
10 use Hash::Util qw(fieldhash fieldhashes);
11 # Create a single field hash
13 fieldhash my %foo;
14 # Create three at once...
16 fieldhashes \ my(%foo, %bar, %baz);
17 # ...or any number
18 fieldhashes @hashrefs;
19 ### Create an idhash and register it for garbage collection
21 use Hash::Util::FieldHash qw(idhash register);
22 idhash my %name;
23 my $object = \ do { my $o };
24 # register the idhash for garbage collection with $object
25 register($object, \ %name);
26 # the following entry will be deleted when $object goes out of scope
27 $name{$object} = 'John Doe';
28 ### Register an ordinary hash for garbage collection
30 use Hash::Util::FieldHash qw(id register);
31 my %name;
32 my $object = \ do { my $o };
33 # register the hash %name for garbage collection of $object's id
34 register $object, \ %name;
35 # the following entry will be deleted when $object goes out of scope
36 $name{id $object} = 'John Doe';
37
39 "Hash::Util::FieldHash" offers a number of functions in support of "The
40 Inside-out Technique" of class construction.
41 id
43 id($obj)
44 Returns the reference address of a reference $obj. If $obj is not
46 a reference, returns $obj.
47 This function is a stand-in replacement for Scalar::Util::refaddr,
49 that is, it returns the reference address of its argument as a
50 numeric value. The only difference is that "refaddr()" returns
51 "undef" when given a non-reference while "id()" returns its
52 argument unchanged.
53 "id()" also uses a caching technique that makes it faster when the
55 id of an object is requested often, but slower if it is needed only
56 once or twice.
57 id_2obj
59 $obj = id_2obj($id)
60 If $id is the id of a registered object (see "register"), returns
62 the object, otherwise an undefined value. For registered objects
63 this is the inverse function of "id()".
64 register
66 register($obj)
67 register($obj, @hashrefs)
68 In the first form, registers an object to work with for the
70 function "id_2obj()". In the second form, it additionally marks
71 the given hashrefs down for garbage collection. This means that
72 when the object goes out of scope, any entries in the given hashes
73 under the key of "id($obj)" will be deleted from the hashes.
74 It is a fatal error to register a non-reference $obj. Any non-
76 hashrefs among the following arguments are silently ignored.
77 It is not an error to register the same object multiple times with
79 varying sets of hashrefs. Any hashrefs that are not registered yet
80 will be added, others ignored.
81 Registry also implies thread support. When a new thread is
83 created, all references are replaced with new ones, including all
84 objects. If a hash uses the reference address of an object as a
85 key, that connection would be broken. With a registered object,
86 its id will be updated in all hashes registered with it.
87 idhash
89 idhash my %hash
90 Makes an idhash from the argument, which must be a hash.
92 An idhash works like a normal hash, except that it stringifies a
94 reference used as a key differently. A reference is stringified as
95 if the "id()" function had been invoked on it, that is, its
96 reference address in decimal is used as the key.
97 idhashes
99 idhashes \ my(%hash, %gnash, %trash)
100 idhashes \ @hashrefs
101 Creates many idhashes from its hashref arguments. Returns those
103 arguments that could be converted or their number in scalar
104 context.
105 fieldhash
107 fieldhash %hash;
108 Creates a single fieldhash. The argument must be a hash. Returns
110 a reference to the given hash if successful, otherwise nothing.
111 A fieldhash is, in short, an idhash with auto-registry. When an
113 object (or, indeed, any reference) is used as a fieldhash key, the
114 fieldhash is automatically registered for garbage collection with
115 the object, as if "register $obj, \ %fieldhash" had been called.
116 fieldhashes
118 fieldhashes @hashrefs;
119 Creates any number of field hashes. Arguments must be hash
121 references. Returns the converted hashrefs in list context, their
122 number in scalar context.
123
125 A word on terminology: I shall use the term field for a scalar piece
126 of data that a class associates with an object. Other terms that have
127 been used for this concept are "object variable", "(object) property",
128 "(object) attribute" and more. Especially "attribute" has some
129 currency among Perl programmer, but that clashes with the "attributes"
130 pragma. The term "field" also has some currency in this sense and
131 doesn't seem to conflict with other Perl terminology.
132 In Perl, an object is a blessed reference. The standard way of
134 associating data with an object is to store the data inside the
135 object's body, that is, the piece of data pointed to by the reference.
136 In consequence, if two or more classes want to access an object they
138 must agree on the type of reference and also on the organization of
139 data within the object body. Failure to agree on the type results in
140 immediate death when the wrong method tries to access an object.
141 Failure to agree on data organization may lead to one class trampling
142 over the data of another.
143 This object model leads to a tight coupling between subclasses. If one
145 class wants to inherit from another (and both classes access object
146 data), the classes must agree about implementation details.
147 Inheritance can only be used among classes that are maintained
148 together, in a single source or not.
149 In particular, it is not possible to write general-purpose classes in
151 this technique, classes that can advertise themselves as "Put me on
152 your @ISA list and use my methods". If the other class has different
153 ideas about how the object body is used, there is trouble.
154 For reference "Name_hash" in "Example 1" shows the standard
156 implementation of a simple class "Name" in the well-known hash based
157 way. It also demonstrates the predictable failure to construct a
158 common subclass "NamedFile" of "Name" and the class "IO::File" (whose
159 objects must be globrefs).
160 Thus, techniques are of interest that store object data not in the
162 object body but some other place.
163 The Inside-out Technique
165 With inside-out classes, each class declares a (typically lexical) hash
166 for each field it wants to use. The reference address of an object is
167 used as the hash key. By definition, the reference address is unique
168 to each object so this guarantees a place for each field that is
169 private to the class and unique to each object. See "Name_id" in
170 "Example 1" for a simple example.
171 In comparison to the standard implementation where the object is a hash
173 and the fields correspond to hash keys, here the fields correspond to
174 hashes, and the object determines the hash key. Thus the hashes appear
175 to be turned inside out.
176 The body of an object is never examined by an inside-out class, only
178 its reference address is used. This allows for the body of an actual
179 object to be anything at all while the object methods of the class
180 still work as designed. This is a key feature of inside-out classes.
181 Problems of Inside-out
183 Inside-out classes give us freedom of inheritance, but as usual there
184 is a price.
185 Most obviously, there is the necessity of retrieving the reference
187 address of an object for each data access. It's a minor inconvenience,
188 but it does clutter the code.
189 More important (and less obvious) is the necessity of garbage
191 collection. When a normal object dies, anything stored in the object
192 body is garbage-collected by perl. With inside-out objects, Perl knows
193 nothing about the data stored in field hashes by a class, but these
194 must be deleted when the object goes out of scope. Thus the class must
195 provide a "DESTROY" method to take care of that.
196 In the presence of multiple classes it can be non-trivial to make sure
198 that every relevant destructor is called for every object. Perl calls
199 the first one it finds on the inheritance tree (if any) and that's it.
200 A related issue is thread-safety. When a new thread is created, the
202 Perl interpreter is cloned, which implies that all reference addresses
203 in use will be replaced with new ones. Thus, if a class tries to
204 access a field of a cloned object its (cloned) data will still be
205 stored under the now invalid reference address of the original in the
206 parent thread. A general "CLONE" method must be provided to re-
207 establish the association.
208 Solutions
210 "Hash::Util::FieldHash" addresses these issues on several levels.
211 The "id()" function is provided in addition to the existing
213 "Scalar::Util::refaddr()". Besides its short name it can be a little
214 faster under some circumstances (and a bit slower under others).
215 Benchmark if it matters. The working of "id()" also allows the use of
216 the class name as a generic object as described further down.
217 The "id()" function is incorporated in id hashes in the sense that it
219 is called automatically on every key that is used with the hash. No
220 explicit call is necessary.
221 The problems of garbage collection and thread safety are both addressed
223 by the function "register()". It registers an object together with any
224 number of hashes. Registry means that when the object dies, an entry
225 in any of the hashes under the reference address of this object will be
226 deleted. This guarantees garbage collection in these hashes. It also
227 means that on thread cloning the object's entries in registered hashes
228 will be replaced with updated entries whose key is the cloned object's
229 reference address. Thus the object-data association becomes thread-
230 safe.
231 Object registry is best done when the object is initialized for use
233 with a class. That way, garbage collection and thread safety are
234 established for every object and every field that is initialized.
235 Finally, field hashes incorporate all these functions in one package.
237 Besides automatically calling the "id()" function on every object used
238 as a key, the object is registered with the field hash on first use.
239 Classes based on field hashes are fully garbage-collected and thread
240 safe without further measures.
241 More Problems
243 Another problem that occurs with inside-out classes is serialization.
244 Since the object data is not in its usual place, standard routines like
245 "Storable::freeze()", "Storable::thaw()" and "Data::Dumper::Dumper()"
246 can't deal with it on their own. Both "Data::Dumper" and "Storable"
247 provide the necessary hooks to make things work, but the functions or
248 methods used by the hooks must be provided by each inside-out class.
249 A general solution to the serialization problem would require another
251 level of registry, one that associates classes and fields. So far, the
252 functions of "Hash::Util::FieldHash" are unaware of any classes, which
253 I consider a feature. Therefore "Hash::Util::FieldHash" doesn't
254 address the serialization problems.
255 The Generic Object
257 Classes based on the "id()" function (and hence classes based on
258 "idhash()" and "fieldhash()") show a peculiar behavior in that the
259 class name can be used like an object. Specifically, methods that set
260 or read data associated with an object continue to work as class
261 methods, just as if the class name were an object, distinct from all
262 other objects, with its own data. This object may be called the
263 generic object of the class.
264 This works because field hashes respond to keys that are not references
266 like a normal hash would and use the string offered as the hash key.
267 Thus, if a method is called as a class method, the field hash is
268 presented with the class name instead of an object and blithely uses it
269 as a key. Since the keys of real objects are decimal numbers, there is
270 no conflict and the slot in the field hash can be used like any other.
271 The "id()" function behaves correspondingly with respect to non-
272 reference arguments.
273 Two possible uses (besides ignoring the property) come to mind. A
275 singleton class could be implemented this using the generic object. If
276 necessary, an "init()" method could die or ignore calls with actual
277 objects (references), so only the generic object will ever exist.
278 Another use of the generic object would be as a template. It is a
280 convenient place to store class-specific defaults for various fields to
281 be used in actual object initialization.
282 Usually, the feature can be entirely ignored. Calling object methods
284 as class methods normally leads to an error and isn't used routinely
285 anywhere. It may be a problem that this error isn't indicated by a
286 class with a generic object.
287 How to use Field Hashes
289 Traditionally, the definition of an inside-out class contains a bare
290 block inside which a number of lexical hashes are declared and the
291 basic accessor methods defined, usually through
292 "Scalar::Util::refaddr". Further methods may be defined outside this
293 block. There has to be a DESTROY method and, for thread support, a
294 CLONE method.
295 When field hashes are used, the basic structure remains the same. Each
297 lexical hash will be made a field hash. The call to "refaddr" can be
298 omitted from the accessor methods. DESTROY and CLONE methods are not
299 necessary.
300 If you have an existing inside-out class, simply making all hashes
302 field hashes with no other change should make no difference. Through
303 the calls to "refaddr" or equivalent, the field hashes never get to see
304 a reference and work like normal hashes. Your DESTROY (and CLONE)
305 methods are still needed.
306 To make the field hashes kick in, it is easiest to redefine "refaddr"
308 as
309 sub refaddr { shift }
311 instead of importing it from "Scalar::Util". It should now be possible
313 to disable DESTROY and CLONE. Note that while it isn't disabled,
314 DESTROY will be called before the garbage collection of field hashes,
315 so it will be invoked with a functional object and will continue to
316 function.
317 It is not desirable to import the functions "fieldhash" and/or
319 "fieldhashes" into every class that is going to use them. They are
320 only used once to set up the class. When the class is up and running,
321 these functions serve no more purpose.
322 If there are only a few field hashes to declare, it is simplest to
324 use Hash::Util::FieldHash;
326 early and call the functions qualified:
328 Hash::Util::FieldHash::fieldhash my %foo;
330 Otherwise, import the functions into a convenient package like "HUF"
332 or, more general, "Aux"
333 {
335 package Aux;
336 use Hash::Util::FieldHash ':all';
337 }
338 and call
340 Aux::fieldhash my %foo;
342 as needed.
344 Garbage-Collected Hashes
346 Garbage collection in a field hash means that entries will
347 "spontaneously" disappear when the object that created them disappears.
348 That must be borne in mind, especially when looping over a field hash.
349 If anything you do inside the loop could cause an object to go out of
350 scope, a random key may be deleted from the hash you are looping over.
351 That can throw the loop iterator, so it's best to cache a consistent
352 snapshot of the keys and/or values and loop over that. You will still
353 have to check that a cached entry still exists when you get to it.
354 Garbage collection can be confusing when keys are created in a field
356 hash from normal scalars as well as references. Once a reference is
357 used with a field hash, the entry will be collected, even if it was
358 later overwritten with a plain scalar key (every positive integer is a
359 candidate). This is true even if the original entry was deleted in the
360 meantime. In fact, deletion from a field hash, and also a test for
361 existence constitute use in this sense and create a liability to delete
362 the entry when the reference goes out of scope. If you happen to
363 create an entry with an identical key from a string or integer, that
364 will be collected instead. Thus, mixed use of references and plain
365 scalars as field hash keys is not entirely supported.
366
368 The examples show a very simple class that implements a name,
369 consisting of a first and last name (no middle initial). The name
370 class has four methods:
371 · "init()"
373 An object method that initializes the first and last name to its
375 two arguments. If called as a class method, "init()" creates an
376 object in the given class and initializes that.
377 · "first()"
379 Retrieve the first name
381 · "last()"
383 Retrieve the last name
385 · "name()"
387 Retrieve the full name, the first and last name joined by a blank.
389 The examples show this class implemented with different levels of
391 support by "Hash::Util::FieldHash". All supported combinations are
392 shown. The difference between implementations is often quite small.
393 The implementations are:
394 · "Name_hash"
396 A conventional (not inside-out) implementation where an object is a
398 hash that stores the field values, without support by
399 "Hash::Util::FieldHash". This implementation doesn't allow
400 arbitrary inheritance.
401 · "Name_id"
403 Inside-out implementation based on the "id()" function. It needs a
405 "DESTROY" method. For thread support a "CLONE" method (not shown)
406 would also be needed. Instead of "Hash::Util::FieldHash::id()" the
407 function "Scalar::Util::refaddr" could be used with very little
408 functional difference. This is the basic pattern of an inside-out
409 class.
410 · "Name_idhash"
412 Idhash-based inside-out implementation. Like "Name_id" it needs a
414 "DESTROY" method and would need "CLONE" for thread support.
415 · "Name_id_reg"
417 Inside-out implementation based on the "id()" function with
419 explicit object registry. No destructor is needed and objects are
420 thread safe.
421 · "Name_idhash_reg"
423 Idhash-based inside-out implementation with explicit object
425 registry. No destructor is needed and objects are thread safe.
426 · "Name_fieldhash"
428 FieldHash-based inside-out implementation. Object registry happens
430 automatically. No destructor is needed and objects are thread
431 safe.
432 These examples are realized in the code below, which could be copied to
434 a file Example.pm.
435 Example 1
437 use strict; use warnings;
438 {
440 package Name_hash; # standard implementation: the
441 # object is a hash
442 sub init {
443 my $obj = shift;
444 my ($first, $last) = @_;
445 # create an object if called as class method
446 $obj = bless {}, $obj unless ref $obj;
447 $obj->{ first} = $first;
448 $obj->{ last} = $last;
449 $obj;
450 }
451 sub first { shift()->{ first} }
453 sub last { shift()->{ last} }
454 sub name {
456 my $n = shift;
457 join ' ' => $n->first, $n->last;
458 }
459 }
461 {
463 package Name_id;
464 use Hash::Util::FieldHash qw(id);
465 my (%first, %last);
467 sub init {
469 my $obj = shift;
470 my ($first, $last) = @_;
471 # create an object if called as class method
472 $obj = bless \ my $o, $obj unless ref $obj;
473 $first{ id $obj} = $first;
474 $last{ id $obj} = $last;
475 $obj;
476 }
477 sub first { $first{ id shift()} }
479 sub last { $last{ id shift()} }
480 sub name {
482 my $n = shift;
483 join ' ' => $n->first, $n->last;
484 }
485 sub DESTROY {
487 my $id = id shift;
488 delete $first{ $id};
489 delete $last{ $id};
490 }
491 }
493 {
495 package Name_idhash;
496 use Hash::Util::FieldHash;
497 Hash::Util::FieldHash::idhashes( \ my (%first, %last) );
499 sub init {
501 my $obj = shift;
502 my ($first, $last) = @_;
503 # create an object if called as class method
504 $obj = bless \ my $o, $obj unless ref $obj;
505 $first{ $obj} = $first;
506 $last{ $obj} = $last;
507 $obj;
508 }
509 sub first { $first{ shift()} }
511 sub last { $last{ shift()} }
512 sub name {
514 my $n = shift;
515 join ' ' => $n->first, $n->last;
516 }
517 sub DESTROY {
519 my $n = shift;
520 delete $first{ $n};
521 delete $last{ $n};
522 }
523 }
525 {
527 package Name_id_reg;
528 use Hash::Util::FieldHash qw(id register);
529 my (%first, %last);
531 sub init {
533 my $obj = shift;
534 my ($first, $last) = @_;
535 # create an object if called as class method
536 $obj = bless \ my $o, $obj unless ref $obj;
537 register( $obj, \ (%first, %last) );
538 $first{ id $obj} = $first;
539 $last{ id $obj} = $last;
540 $obj;
541 }
542 sub first { $first{ id shift()} }
544 sub last { $last{ id shift()} }
545 sub name {
547 my $n = shift;
548 join ' ' => $n->first, $n->last;
549 }
550 }
551 {
553 package Name_idhash_reg;
554 use Hash::Util::FieldHash qw(register);
555 Hash::Util::FieldHash::idhashes \ my (%first, %last);
557 sub init {
559 my $obj = shift;
560 my ($first, $last) = @_;
561 # create an object if called as class method
562 $obj = bless \ my $o, $obj unless ref $obj;
563 register( $obj, \ (%first, %last) );
564 $first{ $obj} = $first;
565 $last{ $obj} = $last;
566 $obj;
567 }
568 sub first { $first{ shift()} }
570 sub last { $last{ shift()} }
571 sub name {
573 my $n = shift;
574 join ' ' => $n->first, $n->last;
575 }
576 }
577 {
579 package Name_fieldhash;
580 use Hash::Util::FieldHash;
581 Hash::Util::FieldHash::fieldhashes \ my (%first, %last);
583 sub init {
585 my $obj = shift;
586 my ($first, $last) = @_;
587 # create an object if called as class method
588 $obj = bless \ my $o, $obj unless ref $obj;
589 $first{ $obj} = $first;
590 $last{ $obj} = $last;
591 $obj;
592 }
593 sub first { $first{ shift()} }
595 sub last { $last{ shift()} }
596 sub name {
598 my $n = shift;
599 join ' ' => $n->first, $n->last;
600 }
601 }
602 1;
604 To exercise the various implementations the script below can be used.
606 It sets up a class "Name" that is a mirror of one of the implementation
608 classes "Name_hash", "Name_id", ..., "Name_fieldhash". That determines
609 which implementation is run.
610 The script first verifies the function of the "Name" class.
612 In the second step, the free inheritability of the implementation (or
614 lack thereof) is demonstrated. For this purpose it constructs a class
615 called "NamedFile" which is a common subclass of "Name" and the
616 standard class "IO::File". This puts inheritability to the test
617 because objects of "IO::File" must be globrefs. Objects of "NamedFile"
618 should behave like a file opened for reading and also support the
619 "name()" method. This class juncture works with exception of the
620 "Name_hash" implementation, where object initialization fails because
621 of the incompatibility of object bodies.
622 Example 2
624 use strict; use warnings; $| = 1;
625 use Example;
627 {
629 package Name;
630 use parent 'Name_id'; # define here which implementation to run
631 }
632 # Verify that the base package works
635 my $n = Name->init(qw(Albert Einstein));
636 print $n->name, "\n";
637 print "\n";
638 # Create a named file handle (See definition below)
640 my $nf = NamedFile->init(qw(/tmp/x Filomena File));
641 # use as a file handle...
642 for ( 1 .. 3 ) {
643 my $l = <$nf>;
644 print "line $_: $l";
645 }
646 # ...and as a Name object
647 print "...brought to you by ", $nf->name, "\n";
648 exit;
649 # Definition of NamedFile
652 package NamedFile;
653 use parent 'Name';
654 use parent 'IO::File';
655 sub init {
657 my $obj = shift;
658 my ($file, $first, $last) = @_;
659 $obj = $obj->IO::File::new() unless ref $obj;
660 $obj->open($file) or die "Can't read '$file': $!";
661 $obj->Name::init($first, $last);
662 }
663 __END__
664
666 To make "Hash::Util::FieldHash" work, there were two changes to perl
667 itself. "PERL_MAGIC_uvar" was made available for hashes, and weak
668 references now call uvar "get" magic after a weakref has been cleared.
669 The first feature is used to make field hashes intercept their keys
670 upon access. The second one triggers garbage collection.
671 The "PERL_MAGIC_uvar" interface for hashes
673 "PERL_MAGIC_uvar" get magic is called from "hv_fetch_common" and
674 "hv_delete_common" through the function "hv_magic_uvar_xkey", which
675 defines the interface. The call happens for hashes with "uvar" magic
676 if the "ufuncs" structure has equal values in the "uf_val" and "uf_set"
677 fields. Hashes are unaffected if (and as long as) these fields hold
678 different values.
679 Upon the call, the "mg_obj" field will hold the hash key to be
681 accessed. Upon return, the "SV*" value in "mg_obj" will be used in
682 place of the original key in the hash access. The integer index value
683 in the first parameter will be the "action" value from
684 "hv_fetch_common", or -1 if the call is from "hv_delete_common".
685 This is a template for a function suitable for the "uf_val" field in a
687 "ufuncs" structure for this call. The "uf_set" and "uf_index" fields
688 are irrelevant.
689 IV watch_key(pTHX_ IV action, SV* field) {
691 MAGIC* mg = mg_find(field, PERL_MAGIC_uvar);
692 SV* keysv = mg->mg_obj;
693 /* Do whatever you need to. If you decide to
694 supply a different key newkey, return it like this
695 */
696 sv_2mortal(newkey);
697 mg->mg_obj = newkey;
698 return 0;
699 }
700 Weakrefs call uvar magic
702 When a weak reference is stored in an "SV" that has "uvar" magic, "set"
703 magic is called after the reference has gone stale. This hook can be
704 used to trigger further garbage-collection activities associated with
705 the referenced object.
706 How field hashes work
708 The three features of key hashes, key replacement, thread support, and
709 garbage collection are supported by a data structure called the object
710 registry. This is a private hash where every object is stored. An
711 "object" in this sense is any reference (blessed or unblessed) that has
712 been used as a field hash key.
713 The object registry keeps track of references that have been used as
715 field hash keys. The keys are generated from the reference address
716 like in a field hash (though the registry isn't a field hash). Each
717 value is a weak copy of the original reference, stored in an "SV" that
718 is itself magical ("PERL_MAGIC_uvar" again). The magical structure
719 holds a list (another hash, really) of field hashes that the reference
720 has been used with. When the weakref becomes stale, the magic is
721 activated and uses the list to delete the reference from all field
722 hashes it has been used with. After that, the entry is removed from
723 the object registry itself. Implicitly, that frees the magic structure
724 and the storage it has been using.
725 Whenever a reference is used as a field hash key, the object registry
727 is checked and a new entry is made if necessary. The field hash is
728 then added to the list of fields this reference has used.
729 The object registry is also used to repair a field hash after thread
731 cloning. Here, the entire object registry is processed. For every
732 reference found there, the field hashes it has used are visited and the
733 entry is updated.
734 Internal function Hash::Util::FieldHash::_fieldhash
736 # test if %hash is a field hash
737 my $result = _fieldhash \ %hash, 0;
738 # make %hash a field hash
740 my $result = _fieldhash \ %hash, 1;
741 "_fieldhash" is the internal function used to create field hashes. It
743 takes two arguments, a hashref and a mode. If the mode is boolean
744 false, the hash is not changed but tested if it is a field hash. If
745 the hash isn't a field hash the return value is boolean false. If it
746 is, the return value indicates the mode of field hash. When called
747 with a boolean true mode, it turns the given hash into a field hash of
748 this mode, returning the mode of the created field hash. "_fieldhash"
749 does not erase the given hash.
750 Currently there is only one type of field hash, and only the boolean
752 value of the mode makes a difference, but that may change.
753
755 Anno Siegel (ANNO) wrote the xs code and the changes in perl proper
756 Jerry Hedden (JDHEDDEN) made it faster
757
759 Copyright (C) 2006-2007 by (Anno Siegel)
760 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
762 under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.8.7 or, at
763 your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available.
764perl v5.30.2 2020-03-27 Hash::Util::FieldHash(3pm)