1SHOREWALL-TCCLASSES(5) Configuration Files SHOREWALL-TCCLASSES(5)
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6 tcclasses - Shorewall file to define HTB and HFSC classes
7
9 /etc/shorewall[6]/tcclasses
10
12 A note on the rate/bandwidth definitions used in this file:
13 · don't use a space between the integer value and the unit: 30kbit is
15 valid while 30 kbit is NOT.
16 · you can use one of the following units:
18 kpbs
20 Kilobytes per second.
21 mbps
23 Megabytes per second.
24 kbit
26 Kilobits per second.
27 mbit
29 Megabits per second.
30 bps or number
32 Bytes per second.
33 · if you want the values to be calculated for you depending on the
35 output bandwidth setting defined for an interface in tcdevices, you
36 can use expressions like the following:
37 full/3
39 causes the bandwidth to be calculated as 1/3 of the full
40 outgoing speed that is defined.
41 full*9/10
43 will set this bandwidth to 9/10 of the full bandwidth
44 Note that in a sub-class (a class that has a specified parent
46 class), full refers to the RATE or CEIL of the parent class rather
47 than to the OUT-BANDWIDTH of the device.
48 DO NOT add a unit to the rate if it is calculated !
50 The columns in the file are as follows.
52 INTERFACE - interface[[:parent]:class]
54 Name of interface.
55 You may specify the interface number rather than the interface
57 name. If the classify option is given for the interface in
58 shorewall-tcdevices[1](5), then you must also specify an interface
59 class (an integer that must be unique within classes associated
60 with this interface). If the classify option is not given, you may
61 still specify a class or you may have Shorewall generate a class
62 number from the MARK value. Interface numbers and class numbers are
63 always assumed to be specified in hex and class number 1 is
64 reserved as the root class of the queuing discipline.
65 You may NOT specify wildcards here, e.g. if you have multiple ppp
67 interfaces, you need to put them all in here!
68 Please note that you can only use interface names in here that have
70 a bandwidth defined in the shorewall-tcdevices[1](5) file.
71 Normally, all classes defined here are sub-classes of a root class
73 that is implicitly defined from the entry in
74 shorewall-tcdevices[1](5). You can establish a class hierarchy by
75 specifying a parent class -- the number of a class that you have
76 previously defined. The sub-class may borrow unused bandwidth from
77 its parent.
78 MARK - {-|value[:priority]}
80 The mark value which is an integer in the range 1-255. You set mark
81 values in the shorewall-mangle[2](5) file, marking the traffic you
82 want to fit in the classes defined in here. You can use the same
83 marks for different interfaces.
84 The priority, if specified, is an integer in the range 1-65535 and
86 determines the relative order in which the tc mark classification
87 filter for this class is to be applied to packets being sent on the
88 interface. Filters are applied in ascending numerical order. If not
89 supplied, the value is derived from the class priority (PRIORITY
90 column value below): (class priority << 8) | 20.
91 RATE - {-|rate[:dmax[:umax]]}
93 The minimum bandwidth this class should get, when the traffic load
94 rises. If the sum of the rates in this column exceeds the
95 INTERFACE's OUT-BANDWIDTH, then the OUT-BANDWIDTH limit may not be
96 honored. Similarly, if the sum of the rates of sub-classes of a
97 class exceed the CEIL of the parent class, things don't work well.
98 When using the HFSC queuing discipline, this column specify the
100 real-time (RT) service curve. leaf classes may specify dmax, the
101 maximum delay in milliseconds that the first queued packet for this
102 class should experience. May be expressed as an integer, optionally
103 followed by 'ms' with no intervening white-space (e.g., 10ms).
104 HFSC leaf classes may also specify umax, the largest packet
106 expected in this class. May be expressed as an integer. The unit of
107 measure is bytes and the integer may be optionally followed by 'b'
108 with no intervening white-space (e.g., 800b). umax may only be
109 given if dmax is also given.
110 Beginning with Shorewall 4.5.6, HFSC classes may omit this column
112 (e.g, '-' in the column), provided that an lsrate is specified (see
113 CEIL below). These rates are used to arbitrate between classes of
114 the same priority.
115 CEIL - [lsrate:]rate
117 The maximum bandwidth this class is allowed to use when the link is
118 idle. Useful if you have traffic which can get full speed when more
119 needed services (e.g. ssh) are not used.
120 You can use the value full in here for setting the maximum
122 bandwidth to the RATE of the parent class, or the OUT-BANDWIDTH of
123 the device if there is no parent class.
124 Beginning with Shorewall 4.5.6, you can also specify an lsrate
126 (link sharing rate).
127 PRIORITY - priority
129 For HTB: The priority in which classes will be serviced by the
130 packet shaping scheduler and also the priority in which bandwidth
131 in excess of the rate will be given to each class.
132 Higher priority classes will experience less delay since they are
134 serviced first. Priority values are serviced in ascending order
135 (e.g. 0 is higher priority than 1).
136 Classes may be set to the same priority, in which case they will be
138 serviced as equals. For both HTB and HFSC, the priority is used to
139 calculate the priority of following Shorewall-generated
140 classification filters that refer to the class:
141 · Packet MARK
143 · tcp-ack and the tos options (see below)
145 The rules for classes with lower numeric priorities will appear
147 before those with higher numeric priorities.
148 Beginning with Shorewall 4.5.8, the PRIORITY may be omitted from an
150 HFSC class if you do not use the MARK column or the tcp-ack or tos
151 options. If you use any of those features and omit the PRIORITY,
152 then you must specify a priority along with the MARK or option.
153 OPTIONS (Optional) - [option[,option]...]
155 A comma-separated list of options including the following:
156 default
158 This is the default class for that interface where all traffic
159 should go, that is not classified otherwise.
160 Note
163 You must define default for exactly one class per
164 interface.
165 tos=0xvalue[/0xmask][:priority] (mask defaults to 0xff)
167 This lets you define a classifier for the given value/mask
168 combination of the IP packet's TOS/Precedence/DiffSrv octet
169 (aka the TOS byte).
170 Beginning with Shorewall 4.5.8, the value/mask may be followed
172 by a colon (":") and a priority. This priority determines the
173 order in which filter rules are processed during packet
174 classification. If not specified, the value (class priority <<
175 8) | 15) is used.
176 tos-tosname[:priority]
178 Aliases for the following TOS octet value and mask encodings.
179 TOS encodings of the "TOS byte" have been deprecated in favor
180 of diffserve classes, but programs like ssh, rlogin, and ftp
181 still use them.
182 Beginning with Shorewall 4.5.8, the tos-name may be followed by
184 a colon (":") and a priority. This priority determines the
185 order in which filter rules are processed during packet
186 classification. If not specified, the value (class priority <<
187 8) | 15) is used.
188 tos-minimize-delay 0x10/0x10
190 tos-maximize-throughput 0x08/0x08
191 tos-maximize-reliability 0x04/0x04
192 tos-minimize-cost 0x02/0x02
193 tos-normal-service 0x00/0x1e
194 Note
196 Each of these options is only valid for ONE class per
197 interface.
198 tcp-ack[:priority]
200 If defined, causes a tc filter to be created that puts all tcp
201 ack packets on that interface that have a size of <=64 Bytes to
202 go in this class. This is useful for speeding up downloads.
203 Please note that the size of the ack packets is limited to 64
204 bytes because we want only packets WITHOUT payload to match.
205 Beginning with Shorewall 4.5.8, the tcp-ack may be followed by
207 a colon (":") and a priority. This priority determines the
208 order in which filter rules are processed during packet
209 classification. If not specified, the value (class priority <<
210 8) | 10) is used.
211 Note
213 This option is only valid for ONE class per interface.
214 occurs=number
216 Typically used with an IPMARK entry in tcrules. Causes the rule
217 to be replicated for a total of number rules. Each rule has a
218 successively class number and mark value.
219 When 'occurs' is used:
221 · The associated device may not have the 'classify' option.
223 · The class may not be the default class.
225 · The class may not have any 'tos=' options (including
227 'tcp-ack').
228 · The class should not specify a MARK value. If one is
230 specified, it will be ignored with a warning message.
231 The 'RATE' and 'CEIL' parameters apply to each instance of the
233 class. So the total RATE represented by an entry with 'occurs'
234 will be the listed RATE multiplied by number. For additional
235 information, see shorewall-tcrules[3] (5).
236 flow=keys
238 Shorewall attaches an SFQ queuing discipline to each leaf HTB
239 class. SFQ ensures that each flow gets equal access to the
240 interface. The default definition of a flow corresponds roughly
241 to a Netfilter connection. So if one internal system is running
242 BitTorrent, for example, it can have lots of 'flows' and can
243 thus take up a larger share of the bandwidth than a system
244 having only a single active connection. The flow classifier
245 (module cls_flow) works around this by letting you define what
246 a 'flow' is. The classifier must be used carefully or it can
247 block off all traffic on an interface! The flow option can be
248 specified for an HTB leaf class (one that has no sub-classes).
249 We recommend that you use the following:
250 Shaping internet-bound traffic:
251 flow=nfct-src
252 Shaping traffic bound for your local net:
253 flow=dst
254 These will cause a 'flow' to consists of the traffic to/from
255 each internal system.
256 When more than one key is give, they must be enclosed in
258 parenthesis and separated by commas.
259 To see a list of the possible flow keys, run this command: tc
261 filter add flow help Those that begin with "nfct-" are
262 Netfilter connection tracking fields. As shown above, we
263 recommend flow=nfct-src; that means that we want to use the
264 source IP address before NAT as the key.
265 pfifo
267 When specified for a leaf class, the pfifo queuing discipline
268 is applied to the class rather than the sfq queuing discipline.
269 limit=number
271 Added in Shorewall 4.4.3. When specified for a leaf class,
272 determines the maximum number of packets that may be queued
273 within the class. The number must be > 2 and <=128. If not
274 specified, the value 127 is assumed.
275 red=(redoption=value, ...)
277 Added in Shorewall 4.5.6. When specified on a leaf class,
278 causes the class to use the RED (Random Early Detection)
279 queuing discipline rather than SFQ. See tc-red (8) for
280 additional information.
281 Allowable redoptions are:
283 min min
285 Average queue size at which marking becomes a possibility.
286 max max
288 At this average queue size, the marking probability is
289 maximal. Must be at least twice min to prevent synchronous
290 retransmits, higher for low min.
291 probability probability
293 Maximum probability for marking, specified as a floating
294 point number from 0.0 to 1.0. Suggested values are 0.01 or
295 0.02 (1 or 2%, respectively).
296 limit limit
298 Hard limit on the real (not average) queue size in bytes.
299 Further packets are dropped. Should be set higher than
300 max+burst. It is advised to set this a few times higher
301 than max. Shorewall requires that limit be at least twice
302 min.
303 burst burst
305 Used for determining how fast the average queue size is
306 influenced by the real queue size. Larger values make the
307 calculation more sluggish, allowing longer bursts of
308 traffic before marking starts. Real life experiments
309 support the following guide‐line: (min+min+max)/(3*avpkt).
310 avpkt avpkt
312 Optional. Specified in bytes. Used with burst to determine
313 the time constant for average queue size calculations. 1000
314 is a good value and is the Shorewall default.
315 bandwidth bandwidth
317 Optional. This rate is used for calculating the average
318 queue size after some idle time. Should be set to the
319 bandwidth of your interface. Does not mean that RED will
320 shape for you!
321 ecn
323 RED can either 'mark' or 'drop'. Explicit Congestion
324 Notification allows RED to notify remote hosts that their
325 rate exceeds the amount of bandwidth available. Non-ECN
326 capable hosts can only be notified by dropping a packet. If
327 this parameter is specified, packets which indicate that
328 their hosts honor ECN will only be marked and not dropped,
329 unless the queue size hits limit bytes. Recommended.
330 fq_codel[=(codeloption=value, ...)]
332 Added in Shorewall 4.5.12. When specified for a leaf class,
333 causes the class to use the FQ_CODEL (Fair-queuing Controlled
334 Delay) queuing discipline rather than SFQ. See tc-fq_codel (8)
335 for additional information.
336 Allowable codeloptions are:
338 limit
340 hard limit on the real queue size. When this limit is
341 reached, incoming packets are dropped. If the value is
342 lowered, packets are dropped so that the new limit is met.
343 Default is 1000 packets.
344 flows
346 is the number of flows into which the incoming packets are
347 classified. Due to the stochastic nature of hashing,
348 multiple flows may end up being hashed into the same slot.
349 Newer flows have priority over older ones. This parameter
350 can be set only at load time since memory has to be
351 allocated for the hash table. Default value is 1024.
352 target
354 is the acceptable minimum standing/persistent queue delay.
355 This minimum delay is identified by tracking the local
356 minimum queue delay that packets experience. Default and
357 recommended value is 5ms.
358 interval
360 is used to ensure that the measured minimum delay does not
361 become too stale. The minimum delay must be experienced in
362 the last epoch of length interval. It should be set on the
363 order of the worst-case RTT through the bottleneck to give
364 endpoints sufficient time to react. Default value is 100ms.
365 quantum
367 is the number of bytes used as 'deficit' in the fair
368 queuing algorithm. Default is set to 1514 bytes which
369 corresponds to the Ethernet MTU plus the hardware header
370 length of 14 bytes.
371 ecn | noecn
373 can be used to mark packets instead of dropping them. If
374 ecn has been enabled, noecn can be used to turn it off and
375 vice-versa. By default, ecn is enabled.
376
378 Example 1:
379 Suppose you are using PPP over Ethernet (DSL) and ppp0 is the
380 interface for this. You have 4 classes here, the first you can use
381 for voice over IP traffic, the second interactive traffic (e.g.
382 ssh/telnet but not scp), the third will be for all unclassified
383 traffic, and the forth is for low priority traffic (e.g.
384 peer-to-peer).
385 The voice traffic in the first class will be guaranteed a minimum
387 of 100kbps and always be serviced first (because of the low
388 priority number, giving less delay) and will be granted excess
389 bandwidth (up to 180kbps, the class ceiling) first, before any
390 other traffic. A single VoIP stream, depending upon codecs, after
391 encapsulation, can take up to 80kbps on a PPPoE/DSL link, so we pad
392 a little bit just in case. (TOS byte values 0xb8 and 0x68 are
393 DiffServ classes EF and AFF3-1 respectively and are often used by
394 VOIP devices).
395 Interactive traffic (tos-minimum-delay) and TCP acks (and ICMP echo
397 traffic if you use the example in tcrules) and any packet with a
398 mark of 2 will be guaranteed 1/4 of the link bandwidth, and may
399 extend up to full speed of the link.
400 Unclassified traffic and packets marked as 3 will be guaranteed
402 1/4th of the link bandwidth, and may extend to the full speed of
403 the link.
404 Packets marked with 4 will be treated as low priority packets. (The
406 tcrules example marks p2p traffic as such.) If the link is
407 congested, they're only guaranteed 1/8th of the speed, and even if
408 the link is empty, can only expand to 80% of link bandwidth just as
409 a precaution in case there are upstream queues we didn't account
410 for. This is the last class to get additional bandwidth and the
411 last to get serviced by the scheduler because of the low priority.
412 #INTERFACE MARK RATE CEIL PRIORITY OPTIONS
414 ppp0 1 100kbit 180kbit 1 tos=0x68/0xfc,tos=0xb8/0xfc
415 ppp0 2 full/4 full 2 tcp-ack,tos-minimize-delay
416 ppp0 3 full/4 full 3 default
417 ppp0 4 full/8 full*8/10 4
418
420 /etc/shorewall/tcclasses
421 /etc/shorewall6/tcclasses
423
425 http://www.shorewall.net/traffic_shaping.htm[4]
426 http://www.shorewall.net/configuration_file_basics.htm#Pairs[5]
428 tc-hfsc(7)
430 tc-red(8)
432 shorewall(8)
434
436 1. shorewall-tcdevices
437 https://shorewall.org/manpages/shorewall-tcdevices.html
438 2. shorewall-mangle
440 https://shorewall.org/manpages/shorewall-mangle.html
441 3. shorewall-tcrules
443 https://shorewall.org/manpages/shorewall-tcrules.html
444 4. http://www.shorewall.net/traffic_shaping.htm
446 https://shorewall.org/traffic_shaping.htm
447 5. http://www.shorewall.net/configuration_file_basics.htm#Pairs
449 https://shorewall.org/configuration_file_basics.htm#Pairs
450Configuration Files 01/15/2020 SHOREWALL-TCCLASSES(5)