1GCC(1) GNU GCC(1)
2
6 gcc - GNU project C and C++ compiler
7
9 gcc [-c|-S|-E] [-std=standard]
10 [-g] [-pg] [-Olevel]
11 [-Wwarn...] [-Wpedantic]
12 [-Idir...] [-Ldir...]
13 [-Dmacro[=defn]...] [-Umacro]
14 [-foption...] [-mmachine-option...]
15 [-o outfile] [@file] infile...
16 Only the most useful options are listed here; see below for the
18 remainder. g++ accepts mostly the same options as gcc.
19
21 When you invoke GCC, it normally does preprocessing, compilation,
22 assembly and linking. The "overall options" allow you to stop this
23 process at an intermediate stage. For example, the -c option says not
24 to run the linker. Then the output consists of object files output by
25 the assembler.
26 Other options are passed on to one or more stages of processing. Some
28 options control the preprocessor and others the compiler itself. Yet
29 other options control the assembler and linker; most of these are not
30 documented here, since you rarely need to use any of them.
31 Most of the command-line options that you can use with GCC are useful
33 for C programs; when an option is only useful with another language
34 (usually C++), the explanation says so explicitly. If the description
35 for a particular option does not mention a source language, you can use
36 that option with all supported languages.
37 The usual way to run GCC is to run the executable called gcc, or
39 machine-gcc when cross-compiling, or machine-gcc-version to run a
40 specific version of GCC. When you compile C++ programs, you should
41 invoke GCC as g++ instead.
42 The gcc program accepts options and file names as operands. Many
44 options have multi-letter names; therefore multiple single-letter
45 options may not be grouped: -dv is very different from -d -v.
46 You can mix options and other arguments. For the most part, the order
48 you use doesn't matter. Order does matter when you use several options
49 of the same kind; for example, if you specify -L more than once, the
50 directories are searched in the order specified. Also, the placement
51 of the -l option is significant.
52 Many options have long names starting with -f or with -W---for example,
54 -fmove-loop-invariants, -Wformat and so on. Most of these have both
55 positive and negative forms; the negative form of -ffoo is -fno-foo.
56 This manual documents only one of these two forms, whichever one is not
57 the default.
58 Some options take one or more arguments typically separated either by a
60 space or by the equals sign (=) from the option name. Unless
61 documented otherwise, an argument can be either numeric or a string.
62 Numeric arguments must typically be small unsigned decimal or
63 hexadecimal integers. Hexadecimal arguments must begin with the 0x
64 prefix. Arguments to options that specify a size threshold of some
65 sort may be arbitrarily large decimal or hexadecimal integers followed
66 by a byte size suffix designating a multiple of bytes such as "kB" and
67 "KiB" for kilobyte and kibibyte, respectively, "MB" and "MiB" for
68 megabyte and mebibyte, "GB" and "GiB" for gigabyte and gigibyte, and so
69 on. Such arguments are designated by byte-size in the following text.
70 Refer to the NIST, IEC, and other relevant national and international
71 standards for the full listing and explanation of the binary and
72 decimal byte size prefixes.
73
75 Option Summary
76 Here is a summary of all the options, grouped by type. Explanations
77 are in the following sections.
78 Overall Options
80 -c -S -E -o file -x language -v -### --help[=class[,...]]
81 --target-help --version -pass-exit-codes -pipe -specs=file
82 -wrapper @file -ffile-prefix-map=old=new -fplugin=file
83 -fplugin-arg-name=arg -fdump-ada-spec[-slim]
84 -fada-spec-parent=unit -fdump-go-spec=file
85 C Language Options
87 -ansi -std=standard -fgnu89-inline
88 -fpermitted-flt-eval-methods=standard -aux-info filename
89 -fallow-parameterless-variadic-functions -fno-asm -fno-builtin
90 -fno-builtin-function -fgimple -fhosted -ffreestanding -fopenacc
91 -fopenacc-dim=geom -fopenmp -fopenmp-simd -fms-extensions
92 -fplan9-extensions -fsso-struct=endianness
93 -fallow-single-precision -fcond-mismatch -flax-vector-conversions
94 -fsigned-bitfields -fsigned-char -funsigned-bitfields
95 -funsigned-char
96 C++ Language Options
98 -fabi-version=n -fno-access-control -faligned-new=n
99 -fargs-in-order=n -fchar8_t -fcheck-new -fconstexpr-depth=n
100 -fconstexpr-cache-depth=n -fconstexpr-loop-limit=n
101 -fconstexpr-ops-limit=n -fno-elide-constructors
102 -fno-enforce-eh-specs -fno-gnu-keywords -fno-implicit-templates
103 -fno-implicit-inline-templates -fno-implement-inlines
104 -fms-extensions -fnew-inheriting-ctors -fnew-ttp-matching
105 -fno-nonansi-builtins -fnothrow-opt -fno-operator-names
106 -fno-optional-diags -fpermissive -fno-pretty-templates -fno-rtti
107 -fsized-deallocation -ftemplate-backtrace-limit=n
108 -ftemplate-depth=n -fno-threadsafe-statics -fuse-cxa-atexit
109 -fno-weak -nostdinc++ -fvisibility-inlines-hidden
110 -fvisibility-ms-compat -fext-numeric-literals -Wabi-tag
111 -Wcatch-value -Wcatch-value=n -Wno-class-conversion
112 -Wclass-memaccess -Wcomma-subscript -Wconditionally-supported
113 -Wno-conversion-null -Wctor-dtor-privacy -Wno-delete-incomplete
114 -Wdelete-non-virtual-dtor -Wdeprecated-copy
115 -Wdeprecated-copy-dtor -Weffc++ -Wextra-semi
116 -Wno-inaccessible-base -Wno-inherited-variadic-ctor
117 -Wno-init-list-lifetime -Wno-invalid-offsetof -Wno-literal-suffix
118 -Wmismatched-tags -Wmultiple-inheritance -Wnamespaces -Wnarrowing
119 -Wnoexcept -Wnoexcept-type -Wnon-virtual-dtor -Wpessimizing-move
120 -Wno-placement-new -Wplacement-new=n -Wredundant-move
121 -Wredundant-tags -Wreorder -Wregister -Wstrict-null-sentinel
122 -Wno-subobject-linkage -Wtemplates -Wno-non-template-friend
123 -Wold-style-cast -Woverloaded-virtual -Wno-pmf-conversions
124 -Wsign-promo -Wsized-deallocation -Wsuggest-final-methods
125 -Wsuggest-final-types -Wsuggest-override -Wno-terminate
126 -Wuseless-cast -Wvirtual-inheritance -Wno-virtual-move-assign
127 -Wvolatile -Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant
128 Objective-C and Objective-C++ Language Options
130 -fconstant-string-class=class-name -fgnu-runtime -fnext-runtime
131 -fno-nil-receivers -fobjc-abi-version=n -fobjc-call-cxx-cdtors
132 -fobjc-direct-dispatch -fobjc-exceptions -fobjc-gc -fobjc-nilcheck
133 -fobjc-std=objc1 -fno-local-ivars
134 -fivar-visibility=[public|protected|private|package]
135 -freplace-objc-classes -fzero-link -gen-decls -Wassign-intercept
136 -Wno-property-assign-default -Wno-protocol -Wselector
137 -Wstrict-selector-match -Wundeclared-selector
138 Diagnostic Message Formatting Options
140 -fmessage-length=n -fdiagnostics-show-location=[once|every-line]
141 -fdiagnostics-color=[auto|never|always]
142 -fdiagnostics-urls=[auto|never|always]
143 -fdiagnostics-format=[text|json] -fno-diagnostics-show-option
144 -fno-diagnostics-show-caret -fno-diagnostics-show-labels
145 -fno-diagnostics-show-line-numbers -fno-diagnostics-show-cwe
146 -fdiagnostics-minimum-margin-width=width
147 -fdiagnostics-parseable-fixits -fdiagnostics-generate-patch
148 -fdiagnostics-show-template-tree -fno-elide-type
149 -fdiagnostics-path-format=[none|separate-events|inline-events]
150 -fdiagnostics-show-path-depths -fno-show-column
151 Warning Options
153 -fsyntax-only -fmax-errors=n -Wpedantic -pedantic-errors -w
154 -Wextra -Wall -Wabi=n -Waddress -Wno-address-of-packed-member
155 -Waggregate-return -Walloc-size-larger-than=byte-size -Walloc-zero
156 -Walloca -Walloca-larger-than=byte-size
157 -Wno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Warith-conversion
158 -Warray-bounds -Warray-bounds=n -Wno-attributes
159 -Wattribute-alias=n -Wno-attribute-alias -Wno-attribute-warning
160 -Wbool-compare -Wbool-operation -Wno-builtin-declaration-mismatch
161 -Wno-builtin-macro-redefined -Wc90-c99-compat -Wc99-c11-compat
162 -Wc11-c2x-compat -Wc++-compat -Wc++11-compat -Wc++14-compat
163 -Wc++17-compat -Wc++20-compat -Wcast-align -Wcast-align=strict
164 -Wcast-function-type -Wcast-qual -Wchar-subscripts -Wclobbered
165 -Wcomment -Wconversion -Wno-coverage-mismatch -Wno-cpp
166 -Wdangling-else -Wdate-time -Wno-deprecated
167 -Wno-deprecated-declarations -Wno-designated-init
168 -Wdisabled-optimization -Wno-discarded-array-qualifiers
169 -Wno-discarded-qualifiers -Wno-div-by-zero -Wdouble-promotion
170 -Wduplicated-branches -Wduplicated-cond -Wempty-body
171 -Wno-endif-labels -Wenum-compare -Wenum-conversion -Werror
172 -Werror=* -Wexpansion-to-defined -Wfatal-errors
173 -Wfloat-conversion -Wfloat-equal -Wformat -Wformat=2
174 -Wno-format-contains-nul -Wno-format-extra-args
175 -Wformat-nonliteral -Wformat-overflow=n -Wformat-security
176 -Wformat-signedness -Wformat-truncation=n -Wformat-y2k
177 -Wframe-address -Wframe-larger-than=byte-size
178 -Wno-free-nonheap-object -Wno-hsa -Wno-if-not-aligned
179 -Wno-ignored-attributes -Wignored-qualifiers
180 -Wno-incompatible-pointer-types -Wimplicit -Wimplicit-fallthrough
181 -Wimplicit-fallthrough=n -Wno-implicit-function-declaration
182 -Wno-implicit-int -Winit-self -Winline -Wno-int-conversion
183 -Wint-in-bool-context -Wno-int-to-pointer-cast
184 -Wno-invalid-memory-model -Winvalid-pch -Wjump-misses-init
185 -Wlarger-than=byte-size -Wlogical-not-parentheses -Wlogical-op
186 -Wlong-long -Wno-lto-type-mismatch -Wmain -Wmaybe-uninitialized
187 -Wmemset-elt-size -Wmemset-transposed-args
188 -Wmisleading-indentation -Wmissing-attributes -Wmissing-braces
189 -Wmissing-field-initializers -Wmissing-format-attribute
190 -Wmissing-include-dirs -Wmissing-noreturn -Wno-missing-profile
191 -Wno-multichar -Wmultistatement-macros -Wnonnull
192 -Wnonnull-compare -Wnormalized=[none|id|nfc|nfkc]
193 -Wnull-dereference -Wno-odr -Wopenmp-simd -Wno-overflow
194 -Woverlength-strings -Wno-override-init-side-effects -Wpacked
195 -Wno-packed-bitfield-compat -Wpacked-not-aligned -Wpadded
196 -Wparentheses -Wno-pedantic-ms-format -Wpointer-arith
197 -Wno-pointer-compare -Wno-pointer-to-int-cast -Wno-pragmas
198 -Wno-prio-ctor-dtor -Wredundant-decls -Wrestrict
199 -Wno-return-local-addr -Wreturn-type -Wno-scalar-storage-order
200 -Wsequence-point -Wshadow -Wshadow=global -Wshadow=local
201 -Wshadow=compatible-local -Wno-shadow-ivar
202 -Wno-shift-count-negative -Wno-shift-count-overflow
203 -Wshift-negative-value -Wno-shift-overflow -Wshift-overflow=n
204 -Wsign-compare -Wsign-conversion -Wno-sizeof-array-argument
205 -Wsizeof-pointer-div -Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess -Wstack-protector
206 -Wstack-usage=byte-size -Wstrict-aliasing -Wstrict-aliasing=n
207 -Wstrict-overflow -Wstrict-overflow=n -Wstring-compare
208 -Wstringop-overflow=n -Wno-stringop-truncation
209 -Wsuggest-attribute=[pure|const|noreturn|format|malloc] -Wswitch
210 -Wno-switch-bool -Wswitch-default -Wswitch-enum
211 -Wno-switch-outside-range -Wno-switch-unreachable -Wsync-nand
212 -Wsystem-headers -Wtautological-compare -Wtrampolines
213 -Wtrigraphs -Wtype-limits -Wundef -Wuninitialized
214 -Wunknown-pragmas -Wunsuffixed-float-constants -Wunused
215 -Wunused-but-set-parameter -Wunused-but-set-variable
216 -Wunused-const-variable -Wunused-const-variable=n
217 -Wunused-function -Wunused-label -Wunused-local-typedefs
218 -Wunused-macros -Wunused-parameter -Wno-unused-result
219 -Wunused-value -Wunused-variable -Wno-varargs -Wvariadic-macros
220 -Wvector-operation-performance -Wvla -Wvla-larger-than=byte-size
221 -Wno-vla-larger-than -Wvolatile-register-var -Wwrite-strings
222 -Wzero-length-bounds
223 Static Analyzer Options
225 -fanalyzer -fanalyzer-call-summaries -fanalyzer-checker=name
226 -fanalyzer-fine-grained -fanalyzer-state-merge
227 -fanalyzer-state-purge -fanalyzer-transitivity
228 -fanalyzer-verbose-edges -fanalyzer-verbose-state-changes
229 -fanalyzer-verbosity=level -fdump-analyzer -fdump-analyzer-stderr
230 -fdump-analyzer-callgraph -fdump-analyzer-exploded-graph
231 -fdump-analyzer-exploded-nodes -fdump-analyzer-exploded-nodes-2
232 -fdump-analyzer-exploded-nodes-3 -fdump-analyzer-state-purge
233 -fdump-analyzer-supergraph -Wno-analyzer-double-fclose
234 -Wno-analyzer-double-free
235 -Wno-analyzer-exposure-through-output-file -Wno-analyzer-file-leak
236 -Wno-analyzer-free-of-non-heap -Wno-analyzer-malloc-leak
237 -Wno-analyzer-null-argument -Wno-analyzer-null-dereference
238 -Wno-analyzer-possible-null-argument
239 -Wno-analyzer-possible-null-dereference
240 -Wno-analyzer-stale-setjmp-buffer -Wno-analyzer-tainted-array-index
241 -Wanalyzer-too-complex
242 -Wno-analyzer-unsafe-call-within-signal-handler
243 -Wno-analyzer-use-after-free
244 -Wno-analyzer-use-of-pointer-in-stale-stack-frame
245 -Wno-analyzer-use-of-uninitialized-value
246 C and Objective-C-only Warning Options
248 -Wbad-function-cast -Wmissing-declarations
249 -Wmissing-parameter-type -Wmissing-prototypes -Wnested-externs
250 -Wold-style-declaration -Wold-style-definition -Wstrict-prototypes
251 -Wtraditional -Wtraditional-conversion
252 -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wpointer-sign
253 Debugging Options
255 -g -glevel -gdwarf -gdwarf-version -ggdb -grecord-gcc-switches
256 -gno-record-gcc-switches -gstabs -gstabs+ -gstrict-dwarf
257 -gno-strict-dwarf -gas-loc-support -gno-as-loc-support
258 -gas-locview-support -gno-as-locview-support -gcolumn-info
259 -gno-column-info -gstatement-frontiers -gno-statement-frontiers
260 -gvariable-location-views -gno-variable-location-views
261 -ginternal-reset-location-views -gno-internal-reset-location-views
262 -ginline-points -gno-inline-points -gvms -gxcoff -gxcoff+
263 -gz[=type] -gsplit-dwarf -gdescribe-dies -gno-describe-dies
264 -fdebug-prefix-map=old=new -fdebug-types-section
265 -fno-eliminate-unused-debug-types -femit-struct-debug-baseonly
266 -femit-struct-debug-reduced -femit-struct-debug-detailed[=spec-
267 list] -fno-eliminate-unused-debug-symbols
268 -femit-class-debug-always -fno-merge-debug-strings
269 -fno-dwarf2-cfi-asm -fvar-tracking -fvar-tracking-assignments
270 Optimization Options
272 -faggressive-loop-optimizations -falign-functions[=n[:m:[n2[:m2]]]]
273 -falign-jumps[=n[:m:[n2[:m2]]]] -falign-labels[=n[:m:[n2[:m2]]]]
274 -falign-loops[=n[:m:[n2[:m2]]]] -fno-allocation-dce
275 -fallow-store-data-races -fassociative-math -fauto-profile
276 -fauto-profile[=path] -fauto-inc-dec -fbranch-probabilities
277 -fcaller-saves -fcombine-stack-adjustments -fconserve-stack
278 -fcompare-elim -fcprop-registers -fcrossjumping
279 -fcse-follow-jumps -fcse-skip-blocks -fcx-fortran-rules
280 -fcx-limited-range -fdata-sections -fdce -fdelayed-branch
281 -fdelete-null-pointer-checks -fdevirtualize
282 -fdevirtualize-speculatively -fdevirtualize-at-ltrans -fdse
283 -fearly-inlining -fipa-sra -fexpensive-optimizations
284 -ffat-lto-objects -ffast-math -ffinite-math-only -ffloat-store
285 -fexcess-precision=style -ffinite-loops -fforward-propagate
286 -ffp-contract=style -ffunction-sections -fgcse
287 -fgcse-after-reload -fgcse-las -fgcse-lm -fgraphite-identity
288 -fgcse-sm -fhoist-adjacent-loads -fif-conversion -fif-conversion2
289 -findirect-inlining -finline-functions
290 -finline-functions-called-once -finline-limit=n
291 -finline-small-functions -fipa-cp -fipa-cp-clone -fipa-bit-cp
292 -fipa-vrp -fipa-pta -fipa-profile -fipa-pure-const
293 -fipa-reference -fipa-reference-addressable -fipa-stack-alignment
294 -fipa-icf -fira-algorithm=algorithm -flive-patching=level
295 -fira-region=region -fira-hoist-pressure -fira-loop-pressure
296 -fno-ira-share-save-slots -fno-ira-share-spill-slots
297 -fisolate-erroneous-paths-dereference
298 -fisolate-erroneous-paths-attribute -fivopts
299 -fkeep-inline-functions -fkeep-static-functions
300 -fkeep-static-consts -flimit-function-alignment
301 -flive-range-shrinkage -floop-block -floop-interchange
302 -floop-strip-mine -floop-unroll-and-jam -floop-nest-optimize
303 -floop-parallelize-all -flra-remat -flto -flto-compression-level
304 -flto-partition=alg -fmerge-all-constants -fmerge-constants
305 -fmodulo-sched -fmodulo-sched-allow-regmoves
306 -fmove-loop-invariants -fno-branch-count-reg -fno-defer-pop
307 -fno-fp-int-builtin-inexact -fno-function-cse
308 -fno-guess-branch-probability -fno-inline -fno-math-errno
309 -fno-peephole -fno-peephole2 -fno-printf-return-value
310 -fno-sched-interblock -fno-sched-spec -fno-signed-zeros
311 -fno-toplevel-reorder -fno-trapping-math
312 -fno-zero-initialized-in-bss -fomit-frame-pointer
313 -foptimize-sibling-calls -fpartial-inlining -fpeel-loops
314 -fpredictive-commoning -fprefetch-loop-arrays -fprofile-correction
315 -fprofile-use -fprofile-use=path -fprofile-partial-training
316 -fprofile-values -fprofile-reorder-functions -freciprocal-math
317 -free -frename-registers -freorder-blocks
318 -freorder-blocks-algorithm=algorithm -freorder-blocks-and-partition
319 -freorder-functions -frerun-cse-after-loop
320 -freschedule-modulo-scheduled-loops -frounding-math
321 -fsave-optimization-record -fsched2-use-superblocks
322 -fsched-pressure -fsched-spec-load -fsched-spec-load-dangerous
323 -fsched-stalled-insns-dep[=n] -fsched-stalled-insns[=n]
324 -fsched-group-heuristic -fsched-critical-path-heuristic
325 -fsched-spec-insn-heuristic -fsched-rank-heuristic
326 -fsched-last-insn-heuristic -fsched-dep-count-heuristic
327 -fschedule-fusion -fschedule-insns -fschedule-insns2
328 -fsection-anchors -fselective-scheduling -fselective-scheduling2
329 -fsel-sched-pipelining -fsel-sched-pipelining-outer-loops
330 -fsemantic-interposition -fshrink-wrap -fshrink-wrap-separate
331 -fsignaling-nans -fsingle-precision-constant
332 -fsplit-ivs-in-unroller -fsplit-loops -fsplit-paths
333 -fsplit-wide-types -fsplit-wide-types-early -fssa-backprop
334 -fssa-phiopt -fstdarg-opt -fstore-merging -fstrict-aliasing
335 -fthread-jumps -ftracer -ftree-bit-ccp -ftree-builtin-call-dce
336 -ftree-ccp -ftree-ch -ftree-coalesce-vars -ftree-copy-prop
337 -ftree-dce -ftree-dominator-opts -ftree-dse -ftree-forwprop
338 -ftree-fre -fcode-hoisting -ftree-loop-if-convert -ftree-loop-im
339 -ftree-phiprop -ftree-loop-distribution
340 -ftree-loop-distribute-patterns -ftree-loop-ivcanon
341 -ftree-loop-linear -ftree-loop-optimize -ftree-loop-vectorize
342 -ftree-parallelize-loops=n -ftree-pre -ftree-partial-pre
343 -ftree-pta -ftree-reassoc -ftree-scev-cprop -ftree-sink
344 -ftree-slsr -ftree-sra -ftree-switch-conversion -ftree-tail-merge
345 -ftree-ter -ftree-vectorize -ftree-vrp -funconstrained-commons
346 -funit-at-a-time -funroll-all-loops -funroll-loops
347 -funsafe-math-optimizations -funswitch-loops -fipa-ra
348 -fvariable-expansion-in-unroller -fvect-cost-model -fvpt -fweb
349 -fwhole-program -fwpa -fuse-linker-plugin --param name=value -O
350 -O0 -O1 -O2 -O3 -Os -Ofast -Og
351 Program Instrumentation Options
353 -p -pg -fprofile-arcs --coverage -ftest-coverage
354 -fprofile-abs-path -fprofile-dir=path -fprofile-generate
355 -fprofile-generate=path -fprofile-note=path
356 -fprofile-prefix-path=path -fprofile-update=method
357 -fprofile-filter-files=regex -fprofile-exclude-files=regex
358 -fprofile-reproducibility -fsanitize=style -fsanitize-recover
359 -fsanitize-recover=style -fasan-shadow-offset=number
360 -fsanitize-sections=s1,s2,... -fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error
361 -fbounds-check -fcf-protection=[full|branch|return|none]
362 -fstack-protector -fstack-protector-all -fstack-protector-strong
363 -fstack-protector-explicit -fstack-check
364 -fstack-limit-register=reg -fstack-limit-symbol=sym
365 -fno-stack-limit -fsplit-stack -fvtable-verify=[std|preinit|none]
366 -fvtv-counts -fvtv-debug -finstrument-functions
367 -finstrument-functions-exclude-function-list=sym,sym,...
368 -finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list=file,file,...
369 Preprocessor Options
371 -Aquestion=answer -A-question[=answer] -C -CC -Dmacro[=defn] -dD
372 -dI -dM -dN -dU -fdebug-cpp -fdirectives-only
373 -fdollars-in-identifiers -fexec-charset=charset
374 -fextended-identifiers -finput-charset=charset
375 -fmacro-prefix-map=old=new -fmax-include-depth=depth
376 -fno-canonical-system-headers -fpch-deps -fpch-preprocess
377 -fpreprocessed -ftabstop=width -ftrack-macro-expansion
378 -fwide-exec-charset=charset -fworking-directory -H -imacros file
379 -include file -M -MD -MF -MG -MM -MMD -MP -MQ -MT
380 -no-integrated-cpp -P -pthread -remap -traditional
381 -traditional-cpp -trigraphs -Umacro -undef -Wp,option
382 -Xpreprocessor option
383 Assembler Options
385 -Wa,option -Xassembler option
386 Linker Options
388 object-file-name -fuse-ld=linker -llibrary -nostartfiles
389 -nodefaultlibs -nolibc -nostdlib -e entry --entry=entry -pie
390 -pthread -r -rdynamic -s -static -static-pie -static-libgcc
391 -static-libstdc++ -static-libasan -static-libtsan -static-liblsan
392 -static-libubsan -shared -shared-libgcc -symbolic -T script
393 -Wl,option -Xlinker option -u symbol -z keyword
394 Directory Options
396 -Bprefix -Idir -I- -idirafter dir -imacros file -imultilib dir
397 -iplugindir=dir -iprefix file -iquote dir -isysroot dir -isystem
398 dir -iwithprefix dir -iwithprefixbefore dir -Ldir
399 -no-canonical-prefixes --no-sysroot-suffix -nostdinc -nostdinc++
400 --sysroot=dir
401 Code Generation Options
403 -fcall-saved-reg -fcall-used-reg -ffixed-reg -fexceptions
404 -fnon-call-exceptions -fdelete-dead-exceptions -funwind-tables
405 -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fno-gnu-unique
406 -finhibit-size-directive -fcommon -fno-ident -fpcc-struct-return
407 -fpic -fPIC -fpie -fPIE -fno-plt -fno-jump-tables
408 -frecord-gcc-switches -freg-struct-return -fshort-enums
409 -fshort-wchar -fverbose-asm -fpack-struct[=n] -fleading-underscore
410 -ftls-model=model -fstack-reuse=reuse_level -ftrampolines -ftrapv
411 -fwrapv -fvisibility=[default|internal|hidden|protected]
412 -fstrict-volatile-bitfields -fsync-libcalls
413 Developer Options
415 -dletters -dumpspecs -dumpmachine -dumpversion -dumpfullversion
416 -fcallgraph-info[=su,da] -fchecking -fchecking=n -fdbg-cnt-list
417 -fdbg-cnt=counter-value-list -fdisable-ipa-pass_name
418 -fdisable-rtl-pass_name -fdisable-rtl-pass-name=range-list
419 -fdisable-tree-pass_name -fdisable-tree-pass-name=range-list
420 -fdump-debug -fdump-earlydebug -fdump-noaddr -fdump-unnumbered
421 -fdump-unnumbered-links -fdump-final-insns[=file] -fdump-ipa-all
422 -fdump-ipa-cgraph -fdump-ipa-inline -fdump-lang-all
423 -fdump-lang-switch -fdump-lang-switch-options
424 -fdump-lang-switch-options=filename -fdump-passes -fdump-rtl-pass
425 -fdump-rtl-pass=filename -fdump-statistics -fdump-tree-all
426 -fdump-tree-switch -fdump-tree-switch-options
427 -fdump-tree-switch-options=filename -fcompare-debug[=opts]
428 -fcompare-debug-second -fenable-kind-pass -fenable-kind-pass=range-
429 list -fira-verbose=n -flto-report -flto-report-wpa
430 -fmem-report-wpa -fmem-report -fpre-ipa-mem-report
431 -fpost-ipa-mem-report -fopt-info -fopt-info-options[=file]
432 -fprofile-report -frandom-seed=string -fsched-verbose=n
433 -fsel-sched-verbose -fsel-sched-dump-cfg
434 -fsel-sched-pipelining-verbose -fstats -fstack-usage
435 -ftime-report -ftime-report-details
436 -fvar-tracking-assignments-toggle -gtoggle
437 -print-file-name=library -print-libgcc-file-name
438 -print-multi-directory -print-multi-lib -print-multi-os-directory
439 -print-prog-name=program -print-search-dirs -Q -print-sysroot
440 -print-sysroot-headers-suffix -save-temps -save-temps=cwd
441 -save-temps=obj -time[=file]
442 Machine-Dependent Options
444 AArch64 Options -mabi=name -mbig-endian -mlittle-endian
445 -mgeneral-regs-only -mcmodel=tiny -mcmodel=small -mcmodel=large
446 -mstrict-align -mno-strict-align -momit-leaf-frame-pointer
447 -mtls-dialect=desc -mtls-dialect=traditional -mtls-size=size
448 -mfix-cortex-a53-835769 -mfix-cortex-a53-843419
449 -mlow-precision-recip-sqrt -mlow-precision-sqrt
450 -mlow-precision-div -mpc-relative-literal-loads
451 -msign-return-address=scope -mbranch-protection=none|standard|pac-
452 ret[+leaf +b-key]|bti -march=name -mcpu=name -mtune=name
453 -moverride=string -mverbose-cost-dump
454 -mstack-protector-guard=guard -mstack-protector-guard-reg=sysreg
455 -mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset -mtrack-speculation
456 -moutline-atomics
457 Adapteva Epiphany Options -mhalf-reg-file -mprefer-short-insn-regs
459 -mbranch-cost=num -mcmove -mnops=num -msoft-cmpsf -msplit-lohi
460 -mpost-inc -mpost-modify -mstack-offset=num -mround-nearest
461 -mlong-calls -mshort-calls -msmall16 -mfp-mode=mode
462 -mvect-double -max-vect-align=num -msplit-vecmove-early
463 -m1reg-reg
464 AMD GCN Options -march=gpu -mtune=gpu -mstack-size=bytes
466 ARC Options -mbarrel-shifter -mjli-always -mcpu=cpu -mA6
468 -mARC600 -mA7 -mARC700 -mdpfp -mdpfp-compact -mdpfp-fast
469 -mno-dpfp-lrsr -mea -mno-mpy -mmul32x16 -mmul64 -matomic -mnorm
470 -mspfp -mspfp-compact -mspfp-fast -msimd -msoft-float -mswap
471 -mcrc -mdsp-packa -mdvbf -mlock -mmac-d16 -mmac-24 -mrtsc
472 -mswape -mtelephony -mxy -misize -mannotate-align -marclinux
473 -marclinux_prof -mlong-calls -mmedium-calls -msdata
474 -mirq-ctrl-saved -mrgf-banked-regs -mlpc-width=width -G num
475 -mvolatile-cache -mtp-regno=regno -malign-call -mauto-modify-reg
476 -mbbit-peephole -mno-brcc -mcase-vector-pcrel -mcompact-casesi
477 -mno-cond-exec -mearly-cbranchsi -mexpand-adddi -mindexed-loads
478 -mlra -mlra-priority-none -mlra-priority-compact mlra-priority-
479 noncompact -mmillicode -mmixed-code -mq-class -mRcq -mRcw
480 -msize-level=level -mtune=cpu -mmultcost=num -mcode-density-frame
481 -munalign-prob-threshold=probability -mmpy-option=multo -mdiv-rem
482 -mcode-density -mll64 -mfpu=fpu -mrf16 -mbranch-index
483 ARM Options -mapcs-frame -mno-apcs-frame -mabi=name
485 -mapcs-stack-check -mno-apcs-stack-check -mapcs-reentrant
486 -mno-apcs-reentrant -mgeneral-regs-only -msched-prolog
487 -mno-sched-prolog -mlittle-endian -mbig-endian -mbe8 -mbe32
488 -mfloat-abi=name -mfp16-format=name -mthumb-interwork
489 -mno-thumb-interwork -mcpu=name -march=name -mfpu=name
490 -mtune=name -mprint-tune-info -mstructure-size-boundary=n
491 -mabort-on-noreturn -mlong-calls -mno-long-calls -msingle-pic-base
492 -mno-single-pic-base -mpic-register=reg -mnop-fun-dllimport
493 -mpoke-function-name -mthumb -marm -mflip-thumb -mtpcs-frame
494 -mtpcs-leaf-frame -mcaller-super-interworking
495 -mcallee-super-interworking -mtp=name -mtls-dialect=dialect
496 -mword-relocations -mfix-cortex-m3-ldrd -munaligned-access
497 -mneon-for-64bits -mslow-flash-data -masm-syntax-unified
498 -mrestrict-it -mverbose-cost-dump -mpure-code -mcmse -mfdpic
499 AVR Options -mmcu=mcu -mabsdata -maccumulate-args
501 -mbranch-cost=cost -mcall-prologues -mgas-isr-prologues -mint8
502 -mdouble=bits -mlong-double=bits -mn_flash=size -mno-interrupts
503 -mmain-is-OS_task -mrelax -mrmw -mstrict-X -mtiny-stack
504 -mfract-convert-truncate -mshort-calls -nodevicelib
505 -nodevicespecs -Waddr-space-convert -Wmisspelled-isr
506 Blackfin Options -mcpu=cpu[-sirevision] -msim
508 -momit-leaf-frame-pointer -mno-omit-leaf-frame-pointer
509 -mspecld-anomaly -mno-specld-anomaly -mcsync-anomaly
510 -mno-csync-anomaly -mlow-64k -mno-low64k -mstack-check-l1
511 -mid-shared-library -mno-id-shared-library -mshared-library-id=n
512 -mleaf-id-shared-library -mno-leaf-id-shared-library -msep-data
513 -mno-sep-data -mlong-calls -mno-long-calls -mfast-fp
514 -minline-plt -mmulticore -mcorea -mcoreb -msdram -micplb
515 C6X Options -mbig-endian -mlittle-endian -march=cpu -msim
517 -msdata=sdata-type
518 CRIS Options -mcpu=cpu -march=cpu -mtune=cpu -mmax-stack-frame=n
520 -melinux-stacksize=n -metrax4 -metrax100 -mpdebug -mcc-init
521 -mno-side-effects -mstack-align -mdata-align -mconst-align
522 -m32-bit -m16-bit -m8-bit -mno-prologue-epilogue -mno-gotplt
523 -melf -maout -melinux -mlinux -sim -sim2 -mmul-bug-workaround
524 -mno-mul-bug-workaround
525 CR16 Options -mmac -mcr16cplus -mcr16c -msim -mint32 -mbit-ops
527 -mdata-model=model
528 C-SKY Options -march=arch -mcpu=cpu -mbig-endian -EB
530 -mlittle-endian -EL -mhard-float -msoft-float -mfpu=fpu
531 -mdouble-float -mfdivdu -melrw -mistack -mmp -mcp -mcache
532 -msecurity -mtrust -mdsp -medsp -mvdsp -mdiv -msmart
533 -mhigh-registers -manchor -mpushpop -mmultiple-stld -mconstpool
534 -mstack-size -mccrt -mbranch-cost=n -mcse-cc -msched-prolog
535 Darwin Options -all_load -allowable_client -arch
537 -arch_errors_fatal -arch_only -bind_at_load -bundle
538 -bundle_loader -client_name -compatibility_version
539 -current_version -dead_strip -dependency-file -dylib_file
540 -dylinker_install_name -dynamic -dynamiclib
541 -exported_symbols_list -filelist -flat_namespace
542 -force_cpusubtype_ALL -force_flat_namespace
543 -headerpad_max_install_names -iframework -image_base -init
544 -install_name -keep_private_externs -multi_module
545 -multiply_defined -multiply_defined_unused -noall_load
546 -no_dead_strip_inits_and_terms -nofixprebinding -nomultidefs
547 -noprebind -noseglinkedit -pagezero_size -prebind
548 -prebind_all_twolevel_modules -private_bundle -read_only_relocs
549 -sectalign -sectobjectsymbols -whyload -seg1addr -sectcreate
550 -sectobjectsymbols -sectorder -segaddr -segs_read_only_addr
551 -segs_read_write_addr -seg_addr_table -seg_addr_table_filename
552 -seglinkedit -segprot -segs_read_only_addr -segs_read_write_addr
553 -single_module -static -sub_library -sub_umbrella
554 -twolevel_namespace -umbrella -undefined -unexported_symbols_list
555 -weak_reference_mismatches -whatsloaded -F -gused -gfull
556 -mmacosx-version-min=version -mkernel -mone-byte-bool
557 DEC Alpha Options -mno-fp-regs -msoft-float -mieee
559 -mieee-with-inexact -mieee-conformant -mfp-trap-mode=mode
560 -mfp-rounding-mode=mode -mtrap-precision=mode -mbuild-constants
561 -mcpu=cpu-type -mtune=cpu-type -mbwx -mmax -mfix -mcix
562 -mfloat-vax -mfloat-ieee -mexplicit-relocs -msmall-data
563 -mlarge-data -msmall-text -mlarge-text -mmemory-latency=time
564 eBPF Options -mbig-endian -mlittle-endian -mkernel=version
566 -mframe-limit=bytes
567 FR30 Options -msmall-model -mno-lsim
569 FT32 Options -msim -mlra -mnodiv -mft32b -mcompress -mnopm
571 FRV Options -mgpr-32 -mgpr-64 -mfpr-32 -mfpr-64 -mhard-float
573 -msoft-float -malloc-cc -mfixed-cc -mdword -mno-dword -mdouble
574 -mno-double -mmedia -mno-media -mmuladd -mno-muladd -mfdpic
575 -minline-plt -mgprel-ro -multilib-library-pic -mlinked-fp
576 -mlong-calls -malign-labels -mlibrary-pic -macc-4 -macc-8 -mpack
577 -mno-pack -mno-eflags -mcond-move -mno-cond-move
578 -moptimize-membar -mno-optimize-membar -mscc -mno-scc
579 -mcond-exec -mno-cond-exec -mvliw-branch -mno-vliw-branch
580 -mmulti-cond-exec -mno-multi-cond-exec -mnested-cond-exec
581 -mno-nested-cond-exec -mtomcat-stats -mTLS -mtls -mcpu=cpu
582 GNU/Linux Options -mglibc -muclibc -mmusl -mbionic -mandroid
584 -tno-android-cc -tno-android-ld
585 H8/300 Options -mrelax -mh -ms -mn -mexr -mno-exr -mint32
587 -malign-300
588 HPPA Options -march=architecture-type -mcaller-copies
590 -mdisable-fpregs -mdisable-indexing -mfast-indirect-calls -mgas
591 -mgnu-ld -mhp-ld -mfixed-range=register-range -mjump-in-delay
592 -mlinker-opt -mlong-calls -mlong-load-store -mno-disable-fpregs
593 -mno-disable-indexing -mno-fast-indirect-calls -mno-gas
594 -mno-jump-in-delay -mno-long-load-store -mno-portable-runtime
595 -mno-soft-float -mno-space-regs -msoft-float -mpa-risc-1-0
596 -mpa-risc-1-1 -mpa-risc-2-0 -mportable-runtime -mschedule=cpu-
597 type -mspace-regs -msio -mwsio -munix=unix-std -nolibdld
598 -static -threads
599 IA-64 Options -mbig-endian -mlittle-endian -mgnu-as -mgnu-ld
601 -mno-pic -mvolatile-asm-stop -mregister-names -msdata -mno-sdata
602 -mconstant-gp -mauto-pic -mfused-madd
603 -minline-float-divide-min-latency
604 -minline-float-divide-max-throughput -mno-inline-float-divide
605 -minline-int-divide-min-latency -minline-int-divide-max-throughput
606 -mno-inline-int-divide -minline-sqrt-min-latency
607 -minline-sqrt-max-throughput -mno-inline-sqrt -mdwarf2-asm
608 -mearly-stop-bits -mfixed-range=register-range -mtls-size=tls-size
609 -mtune=cpu-type -milp32 -mlp64 -msched-br-data-spec
610 -msched-ar-data-spec -msched-control-spec -msched-br-in-data-spec
611 -msched-ar-in-data-spec -msched-in-control-spec -msched-spec-ldc
612 -msched-spec-control-ldc -msched-prefer-non-data-spec-insns
613 -msched-prefer-non-control-spec-insns
614 -msched-stop-bits-after-every-cycle
615 -msched-count-spec-in-critical-path
616 -msel-sched-dont-check-control-spec -msched-fp-mem-deps-zero-cost
617 -msched-max-memory-insns-hard-limit -msched-max-memory-insns=max-
618 insns
619 LM32 Options -mbarrel-shift-enabled -mdivide-enabled
621 -mmultiply-enabled -msign-extend-enabled -muser-enabled
622 M32R/D Options -m32r2 -m32rx -m32r -mdebug -malign-loops
624 -mno-align-loops -missue-rate=number -mbranch-cost=number
625 -mmodel=code-size-model-type -msdata=sdata-type -mno-flush-func
626 -mflush-func=name -mno-flush-trap -mflush-trap=number -G num
627 M32C Options -mcpu=cpu -msim -memregs=number
629 M680x0 Options -march=arch -mcpu=cpu -mtune=tune -m68000 -m68020
631 -m68020-40 -m68020-60 -m68030 -m68040 -m68060 -mcpu32 -m5200
632 -m5206e -m528x -m5307 -m5407 -mcfv4e -mbitfield -mno-bitfield
633 -mc68000 -mc68020 -mnobitfield -mrtd -mno-rtd -mdiv -mno-div
634 -mshort -mno-short -mhard-float -m68881 -msoft-float -mpcrel
635 -malign-int -mstrict-align -msep-data -mno-sep-data
636 -mshared-library-id=n -mid-shared-library -mno-id-shared-library
637 -mxgot -mno-xgot -mlong-jump-table-offsets
638 MCore Options -mhardlit -mno-hardlit -mdiv -mno-div
640 -mrelax-immediates -mno-relax-immediates -mwide-bitfields
641 -mno-wide-bitfields -m4byte-functions -mno-4byte-functions
642 -mcallgraph-data -mno-callgraph-data -mslow-bytes -mno-slow-bytes
643 -mno-lsim -mlittle-endian -mbig-endian -m210 -m340
644 -mstack-increment
645 MeP Options -mabsdiff -mall-opts -maverage -mbased=n -mbitops
647 -mc=n -mclip -mconfig=name -mcop -mcop32 -mcop64 -mivc2 -mdc
648 -mdiv -meb -mel -mio-volatile -ml -mleadz -mm -mminmax
649 -mmult -mno-opts -mrepeat -ms -msatur -msdram -msim
650 -msimnovec -mtf -mtiny=n
651 MicroBlaze Options -msoft-float -mhard-float -msmall-divides
653 -mcpu=cpu -mmemcpy -mxl-soft-mul -mxl-soft-div -mxl-barrel-shift
654 -mxl-pattern-compare -mxl-stack-check -mxl-gp-opt -mno-clearbss
655 -mxl-multiply-high -mxl-float-convert -mxl-float-sqrt
656 -mbig-endian -mlittle-endian -mxl-reorder -mxl-mode-app-model
657 -mpic-data-is-text-relative
658 MIPS Options -EL -EB -march=arch -mtune=arch -mips1 -mips2
660 -mips3 -mips4 -mips32 -mips32r2 -mips32r3 -mips32r5 -mips32r6
661 -mips64 -mips64r2 -mips64r3 -mips64r5 -mips64r6 -mips16
662 -mno-mips16 -mflip-mips16 -minterlink-compressed
663 -mno-interlink-compressed -minterlink-mips16 -mno-interlink-mips16
664 -mabi=abi -mabicalls -mno-abicalls -mshared -mno-shared -mplt
665 -mno-plt -mxgot -mno-xgot -mgp32 -mgp64 -mfp32 -mfpxx -mfp64
666 -mhard-float -msoft-float -mno-float -msingle-float
667 -mdouble-float -modd-spreg -mno-odd-spreg -mabs=mode
668 -mnan=encoding -mdsp -mno-dsp -mdspr2 -mno-dspr2 -mmcu
669 -mmno-mcu -meva -mno-eva -mvirt -mno-virt -mxpa -mno-xpa -mcrc
670 -mno-crc -mginv -mno-ginv -mmicromips -mno-micromips -mmsa
671 -mno-msa -mloongson-mmi -mno-loongson-mmi -mloongson-ext
672 -mno-loongson-ext -mloongson-ext2 -mno-loongson-ext2 -mfpu=fpu-
673 type -msmartmips -mno-smartmips -mpaired-single
674 -mno-paired-single -mdmx -mno-mdmx -mips3d -mno-mips3d -mmt
675 -mno-mt -mllsc -mno-llsc -mlong64 -mlong32 -msym32 -mno-sym32
676 -Gnum -mlocal-sdata -mno-local-sdata -mextern-sdata
677 -mno-extern-sdata -mgpopt -mno-gopt -membedded-data
678 -mno-embedded-data -muninit-const-in-rodata
679 -mno-uninit-const-in-rodata -mcode-readable=setting
680 -msplit-addresses -mno-split-addresses -mexplicit-relocs
681 -mno-explicit-relocs -mcheck-zero-division
682 -mno-check-zero-division -mdivide-traps -mdivide-breaks
683 -mload-store-pairs -mno-load-store-pairs -mmemcpy -mno-memcpy
684 -mlong-calls -mno-long-calls -mmad -mno-mad -mimadd -mno-imadd
685 -mfused-madd -mno-fused-madd -nocpp -mfix-24k -mno-fix-24k
686 -mfix-r4000 -mno-fix-r4000 -mfix-r4400 -mno-fix-r4400
687 -mfix-r5900 -mno-fix-r5900 -mfix-r10000 -mno-fix-r10000
688 -mfix-rm7000 -mno-fix-rm7000 -mfix-vr4120 -mno-fix-vr4120
689 -mfix-vr4130 -mno-fix-vr4130 -mfix-sb1 -mno-fix-sb1
690 -mflush-func=func -mno-flush-func -mbranch-cost=num
691 -mbranch-likely -mno-branch-likely -mcompact-branches=policy
692 -mfp-exceptions -mno-fp-exceptions -mvr4130-align
693 -mno-vr4130-align -msynci -mno-synci -mlxc1-sxc1 -mno-lxc1-sxc1
694 -mmadd4 -mno-madd4 -mrelax-pic-calls -mno-relax-pic-calls
695 -mmcount-ra-address -mframe-header-opt -mno-frame-header-opt
696 MMIX Options -mlibfuncs -mno-libfuncs -mepsilon -mno-epsilon
698 -mabi=gnu -mabi=mmixware -mzero-extend -mknuthdiv
699 -mtoplevel-symbols -melf -mbranch-predict -mno-branch-predict
700 -mbase-addresses -mno-base-addresses -msingle-exit
701 -mno-single-exit
702 MN10300 Options -mmult-bug -mno-mult-bug -mno-am33 -mam33
704 -mam33-2 -mam34 -mtune=cpu-type -mreturn-pointer-on-d0 -mno-crt0
705 -mrelax -mliw -msetlb
706 Moxie Options -meb -mel -mmul.x -mno-crt0
708 MSP430 Options -msim -masm-hex -mmcu= -mcpu= -mlarge -msmall
710 -mrelax -mwarn-mcu -mcode-region= -mdata-region= -msilicon-errata=
711 -msilicon-errata-warn= -mhwmult= -minrt -mtiny-printf
712 NDS32 Options -mbig-endian -mlittle-endian -mreduced-regs
714 -mfull-regs -mcmov -mno-cmov -mext-perf -mno-ext-perf -mext-perf2
715 -mno-ext-perf2 -mext-string -mno-ext-string -mv3push -mno-v3push
716 -m16bit -mno-16bit -misr-vector-size=num -mcache-block-size=num
717 -march=arch -mcmodel=code-model -mctor-dtor -mrelax
718 Nios II Options -G num -mgpopt=option -mgpopt -mno-gpopt
720 -mgprel-sec=regexp -mr0rel-sec=regexp -mel -meb -mno-bypass-cache
721 -mbypass-cache -mno-cache-volatile -mcache-volatile
722 -mno-fast-sw-div -mfast-sw-div -mhw-mul -mno-hw-mul -mhw-mulx
723 -mno-hw-mulx -mno-hw-div -mhw-div -mcustom-insn=N
724 -mno-custom-insn -mcustom-fpu-cfg=name -mhal -msmallc
725 -msys-crt0=name -msys-lib=name -march=arch -mbmx -mno-bmx -mcdx
726 -mno-cdx
727 Nvidia PTX Options -m32 -m64 -mmainkernel -moptimize
729 OpenRISC Options -mboard=name -mnewlib -mhard-mul -mhard-div
731 -msoft-mul -msoft-div -msoft-float -mhard-float -mdouble-float
732 -munordered-float -mcmov -mror -mrori -msext -msfimm -mshftimm
733 PDP-11 Options -mfpu -msoft-float -mac0 -mno-ac0 -m40 -m45
735 -m10 -mint32 -mno-int16 -mint16 -mno-int32 -msplit -munix-asm
736 -mdec-asm -mgnu-asm -mlra
737 picoChip Options -mae=ae_type -mvliw-lookahead=N
739 -msymbol-as-address -mno-inefficient-warnings
740 PowerPC Options See RS/6000 and PowerPC Options.
742 PRU Options -mmcu=mcu -minrt -mno-relax -mloop -mabi=variant
744 RISC-V Options -mbranch-cost=N-instruction -mplt -mno-plt
746 -mabi=ABI-string -mfdiv -mno-fdiv -mdiv -mno-div -march=ISA-
747 string -mtune=processor-string -mpreferred-stack-boundary=num
748 -msmall-data-limit=N-bytes -msave-restore -mno-save-restore
749 -mstrict-align -mno-strict-align -mcmodel=medlow -mcmodel=medany
750 -mexplicit-relocs -mno-explicit-relocs -mrelax -mno-relax
751 -mriscv-attribute -mmo-riscv-attribute -malign-data=type
752 RL78 Options -msim -mmul=none -mmul=g13 -mmul=g14 -mallregs
754 -mcpu=g10 -mcpu=g13 -mcpu=g14 -mg10 -mg13 -mg14
755 -m64bit-doubles -m32bit-doubles -msave-mduc-in-interrupts
756 RS/6000 and PowerPC Options -mcpu=cpu-type -mtune=cpu-type
758 -mcmodel=code-model -mpowerpc64 -maltivec -mno-altivec
759 -mpowerpc-gpopt -mno-powerpc-gpopt -mpowerpc-gfxopt
760 -mno-powerpc-gfxopt -mmfcrf -mno-mfcrf -mpopcntb -mno-popcntb
761 -mpopcntd -mno-popcntd -mfprnd -mno-fprnd -mcmpb -mno-cmpb
762 -mhard-dfp -mno-hard-dfp -mfull-toc -mminimal-toc
763 -mno-fp-in-toc -mno-sum-in-toc -m64 -m32 -mxl-compat
764 -mno-xl-compat -mpe -malign-power -malign-natural -msoft-float
765 -mhard-float -mmultiple -mno-multiple -mupdate -mno-update
766 -mavoid-indexed-addresses -mno-avoid-indexed-addresses
767 -mfused-madd -mno-fused-madd -mbit-align -mno-bit-align
768 -mstrict-align -mno-strict-align -mrelocatable -mno-relocatable
769 -mrelocatable-lib -mno-relocatable-lib -mtoc -mno-toc -mlittle
770 -mlittle-endian -mbig -mbig-endian -mdynamic-no-pic -mswdiv
771 -msingle-pic-base -mprioritize-restricted-insns=priority
772 -msched-costly-dep=dependence_type -minsert-sched-nops=scheme
773 -mcall-aixdesc -mcall-eabi -mcall-freebsd -mcall-linux
774 -mcall-netbsd -mcall-openbsd -mcall-sysv -mcall-sysv-eabi
775 -mcall-sysv-noeabi -mtraceback=traceback_type -maix-struct-return
776 -msvr4-struct-return -mabi=abi-type -msecure-plt -mbss-plt
777 -mlongcall -mno-longcall -mpltseq -mno-pltseq
778 -mblock-move-inline-limit=num -mblock-compare-inline-limit=num
779 -mblock-compare-inline-loop-limit=num
780 -mstring-compare-inline-limit=num -misel -mno-isel -mvrsave
781 -mno-vrsave -mmulhw -mno-mulhw -mdlmzb -mno-dlmzb -mprototype
782 -mno-prototype -msim -mmvme -mads -myellowknife -memb -msdata
783 -msdata=opt -mreadonly-in-sdata -mvxworks -G num -mrecip
784 -mrecip=opt -mno-recip -mrecip-precision -mno-recip-precision
785 -mveclibabi=type -mfriz -mno-friz -mpointers-to-nested-functions
786 -mno-pointers-to-nested-functions -msave-toc-indirect
787 -mno-save-toc-indirect -mpower8-fusion -mno-mpower8-fusion
788 -mpower8-vector -mno-power8-vector -mcrypto -mno-crypto -mhtm
789 -mno-htm -mquad-memory -mno-quad-memory -mquad-memory-atomic
790 -mno-quad-memory-atomic -mcompat-align-parm -mno-compat-align-parm
791 -mfloat128 -mno-float128 -mfloat128-hardware
792 -mno-float128-hardware -mgnu-attribute -mno-gnu-attribute
793 -mstack-protector-guard=guard -mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
794 -mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset -mprefixed -mno-prefixed
795 -mpcrel -mno-pcrel -mmma -mno-mmma
796 RX Options -m64bit-doubles -m32bit-doubles -fpu -nofpu -mcpu=
798 -mbig-endian-data -mlittle-endian-data -msmall-data -msim
799 -mno-sim -mas100-syntax -mno-as100-syntax -mrelax
800 -mmax-constant-size= -mint-register= -mpid -mallow-string-insns
801 -mno-allow-string-insns -mjsr -mno-warn-multiple-fast-interrupts
802 -msave-acc-in-interrupts
803 S/390 and zSeries Options -mtune=cpu-type -march=cpu-type
805 -mhard-float -msoft-float -mhard-dfp -mno-hard-dfp
806 -mlong-double-64 -mlong-double-128 -mbackchain -mno-backchain
807 -mpacked-stack -mno-packed-stack -msmall-exec -mno-small-exec
808 -mmvcle -mno-mvcle -m64 -m31 -mdebug -mno-debug -mesa -mzarch
809 -mhtm -mvx -mzvector -mtpf-trace -mno-tpf-trace
810 -mtpf-trace-skip -mno-tpf-trace-skip -mfused-madd -mno-fused-madd
811 -mwarn-framesize -mwarn-dynamicstack -mstack-size -mstack-guard
812 -mhotpatch=halfwords,halfwords
813 Score Options -meb -mel -mnhwloop -muls -mmac -mscore5 -mscore5u
815 -mscore7 -mscore7d
816 SH Options -m1 -m2 -m2e -m2a-nofpu -m2a-single-only -m2a-single
818 -m2a -m3 -m3e -m4-nofpu -m4-single-only -m4-single -m4
819 -m4a-nofpu -m4a-single-only -m4a-single -m4a -m4al -mb -ml
820 -mdalign -mrelax -mbigtable -mfmovd -mrenesas -mno-renesas
821 -mnomacsave -mieee -mno-ieee -mbitops -misize
822 -minline-ic_invalidate -mpadstruct -mprefergot -musermode
823 -multcost=number -mdiv=strategy -mdivsi3_libfunc=name
824 -mfixed-range=register-range -maccumulate-outgoing-args
825 -matomic-model=atomic-model -mbranch-cost=num -mzdcbranch
826 -mno-zdcbranch -mcbranch-force-delay-slot -mfused-madd
827 -mno-fused-madd -mfsca -mno-fsca -mfsrra -mno-fsrra
828 -mpretend-cmove -mtas
829 Solaris 2 Options -mclear-hwcap -mno-clear-hwcap -mimpure-text
831 -mno-impure-text -pthreads
832 SPARC Options -mcpu=cpu-type -mtune=cpu-type -mcmodel=code-model
834 -mmemory-model=mem-model -m32 -m64 -mapp-regs -mno-app-regs
835 -mfaster-structs -mno-faster-structs -mflat -mno-flat -mfpu
836 -mno-fpu -mhard-float -msoft-float -mhard-quad-float
837 -msoft-quad-float -mstack-bias -mno-stack-bias -mstd-struct-return
838 -mno-std-struct-return -munaligned-doubles -mno-unaligned-doubles
839 -muser-mode -mno-user-mode -mv8plus -mno-v8plus -mvis -mno-vis
840 -mvis2 -mno-vis2 -mvis3 -mno-vis3 -mvis4 -mno-vis4 -mvis4b
841 -mno-vis4b -mcbcond -mno-cbcond -mfmaf -mno-fmaf -mfsmuld
842 -mno-fsmuld -mpopc -mno-popc -msubxc -mno-subxc -mfix-at697f
843 -mfix-ut699 -mfix-ut700 -mfix-gr712rc -mlra -mno-lra
844 System V Options -Qy -Qn -YP,paths -Ym,dir
846 TILE-Gx Options -mcpu=CPU -m32 -m64 -mbig-endian
848 -mlittle-endian -mcmodel=code-model
849 TILEPro Options -mcpu=cpu -m32
851 V850 Options -mlong-calls -mno-long-calls -mep -mno-ep
853 -mprolog-function -mno-prolog-function -mspace -mtda=n -msda=n
854 -mzda=n -mapp-regs -mno-app-regs -mdisable-callt
855 -mno-disable-callt -mv850e2v3 -mv850e2 -mv850e1 -mv850es -mv850e
856 -mv850 -mv850e3v5 -mloop -mrelax -mlong-jumps -msoft-float
857 -mhard-float -mgcc-abi -mrh850-abi -mbig-switch
858 VAX Options -mg -mgnu -munix
860 Visium Options -mdebug -msim -mfpu -mno-fpu -mhard-float
862 -msoft-float -mcpu=cpu-type -mtune=cpu-type -msv-mode
863 -muser-mode
864 VMS Options -mvms-return-codes -mdebug-main=prefix -mmalloc64
866 -mpointer-size=size
867 VxWorks Options -mrtp -non-static -Bstatic -Bdynamic -Xbind-lazy
869 -Xbind-now
870 x86 Options -mtune=cpu-type -march=cpu-type -mtune-ctrl=feature-
872 list -mdump-tune-features -mno-default -mfpmath=unit
873 -masm=dialect -mno-fancy-math-387 -mno-fp-ret-in-387 -m80387
874 -mhard-float -msoft-float -mno-wide-multiply -mrtd
875 -malign-double -mpreferred-stack-boundary=num
876 -mincoming-stack-boundary=num -mcld -mcx16 -msahf -mmovbe
877 -mcrc32 -mrecip -mrecip=opt -mvzeroupper -mprefer-avx128
878 -mprefer-vector-width=opt -mmmx -msse -msse2 -msse3 -mssse3
879 -msse4.1 -msse4.2 -msse4 -mavx -mavx2 -mavx512f -mavx512pf
880 -mavx512er -mavx512cd -mavx512vl -mavx512bw -mavx512dq
881 -mavx512ifma -mavx512vbmi -msha -maes -mpclmul -mfsgsbase
882 -mrdrnd -mf16c -mfma -mpconfig -mwbnoinvd -mptwrite
883 -mprefetchwt1 -mclflushopt -mclwb -mxsavec -mxsaves -msse4a
884 -m3dnow -m3dnowa -mpopcnt -mabm -mbmi -mtbm -mfma4 -mxop
885 -madx -mlzcnt -mbmi2 -mfxsr -mxsave -mxsaveopt -mrtm -mhle
886 -mlwp -mmwaitx -mclzero -mpku -mthreads -mgfni -mvaes
887 -mwaitpkg -mshstk -mmanual-endbr -mforce-indirect-call
888 -mavx512vbmi2 -mavx512bf16 -menqcmd -mvpclmulqdq -mavx512bitalg
889 -mmovdiri -mmovdir64b -mavx512vpopcntdq -mavx5124fmaps
890 -mavx512vnni -mavx5124vnniw -mprfchw -mrdpid -mrdseed -msgx
891 -mavx512vp2intersect -mcldemote -mms-bitfields
892 -mno-align-stringops -minline-all-stringops
893 -minline-stringops-dynamically -mstringop-strategy=alg
894 -mmemcpy-strategy=strategy -mmemset-strategy=strategy -mpush-args
895 -maccumulate-outgoing-args -m128bit-long-double
896 -m96bit-long-double -mlong-double-64 -mlong-double-80
897 -mlong-double-128 -mregparm=num -msseregparm -mveclibabi=type
898 -mvect8-ret-in-mem -mpc32 -mpc64 -mpc80 -mstackrealign
899 -momit-leaf-frame-pointer -mno-red-zone -mno-tls-direct-seg-refs
900 -mcmodel=code-model -mabi=name -maddress-mode=mode -m32 -m64
901 -mx32 -m16 -miamcu -mlarge-data-threshold=num -msse2avx
902 -mfentry -mrecord-mcount -mnop-mcount -m8bit-idiv
903 -minstrument-return=type -mfentry-name=name -mfentry-section=name
904 -mavx256-split-unaligned-load -mavx256-split-unaligned-store
905 -malign-data=type -mstack-protector-guard=guard
906 -mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
907 -mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset
908 -mstack-protector-guard-symbol=symbol -mgeneral-regs-only
909 -mcall-ms2sysv-xlogues -mindirect-branch=choice
910 -mfunction-return=choice -mindirect-branch-register
911 x86 Windows Options -mconsole -mcygwin -mno-cygwin -mdll
913 -mnop-fun-dllimport -mthread -municode -mwin32 -mwindows
914 -fno-set-stack-executable
915 Xstormy16 Options -msim
917 Xtensa Options -mconst16 -mno-const16 -mfused-madd
919 -mno-fused-madd -mforce-no-pic -mserialize-volatile
920 -mno-serialize-volatile -mtext-section-literals
921 -mno-text-section-literals -mauto-litpools -mno-auto-litpools
922 -mtarget-align -mno-target-align -mlongcalls -mno-longcalls
923 zSeries Options See S/390 and zSeries Options.
925 Options Controlling the Kind of Output
927 Compilation can involve up to four stages: preprocessing, compilation
928 proper, assembly and linking, always in that order. GCC is capable of
929 preprocessing and compiling several files either into several assembler
930 input files, or into one assembler input file; then each assembler
931 input file produces an object file, and linking combines all the object
932 files (those newly compiled, and those specified as input) into an
933 executable file.
934 For any given input file, the file name suffix determines what kind of
936 compilation is done:
937 file.c
939 C source code that must be preprocessed.
940 file.i
942 C source code that should not be preprocessed.
943 file.ii
945 C++ source code that should not be preprocessed.
946 file.m
948 Objective-C source code. Note that you must link with the libobjc
949 library to make an Objective-C program work.
950 file.mi
952 Objective-C source code that should not be preprocessed.
953 file.mm
955 file.M
956 Objective-C++ source code. Note that you must link with the
957 libobjc library to make an Objective-C++ program work. Note that
958 .M refers to a literal capital M.
959 file.mii
961 Objective-C++ source code that should not be preprocessed.
962 file.h
964 C, C++, Objective-C or Objective-C++ header file to be turned into
965 a precompiled header (default), or C, C++ header file to be turned
966 into an Ada spec (via the -fdump-ada-spec switch).
967 file.cc
969 file.cp
970 file.cxx
971 file.cpp
972 file.CPP
973 file.c++
974 file.C
975 C++ source code that must be preprocessed. Note that in .cxx, the
976 last two letters must both be literally x. Likewise, .C refers to
977 a literal capital C.
978 file.mm
980 file.M
981 Objective-C++ source code that must be preprocessed.
982 file.mii
984 Objective-C++ source code that should not be preprocessed.
985 file.hh
987 file.H
988 file.hp
989 file.hxx
990 file.hpp
991 file.HPP
992 file.h++
993 file.tcc
994 C++ header file to be turned into a precompiled header or Ada spec.
995 file.f
997 file.for
998 file.ftn
999 Fixed form Fortran source code that should not be preprocessed.
1000 file.F
1002 file.FOR
1003 file.fpp
1004 file.FPP
1005 file.FTN
1006 Fixed form Fortran source code that must be preprocessed (with the
1007 traditional preprocessor).
1008 file.f90
1010 file.f95
1011 file.f03
1012 file.f08
1013 Free form Fortran source code that should not be preprocessed.
1014 file.F90
1016 file.F95
1017 file.F03
1018 file.F08
1019 Free form Fortran source code that must be preprocessed (with the
1020 traditional preprocessor).
1021 file.go
1023 Go source code.
1024 file.brig
1026 BRIG files (binary representation of HSAIL).
1027 file.d
1029 D source code.
1030 file.di
1032 D interface file.
1033 file.dd
1035 D documentation code (Ddoc).
1036 file.ads
1038 Ada source code file that contains a library unit declaration (a
1039 declaration of a package, subprogram, or generic, or a generic
1040 instantiation), or a library unit renaming declaration (a package,
1041 generic, or subprogram renaming declaration). Such files are also
1042 called specs.
1043 file.adb
1045 Ada source code file containing a library unit body (a subprogram
1046 or package body). Such files are also called bodies.
1047 file.s
1049 Assembler code.
1050 file.S
1052 file.sx
1053 Assembler code that must be preprocessed.
1054 other
1056 An object file to be fed straight into linking. Any file name with
1057 no recognized suffix is treated this way.
1058 You can specify the input language explicitly with the -x option:
1060 -x language
1062 Specify explicitly the language for the following input files
1063 (rather than letting the compiler choose a default based on the
1064 file name suffix). This option applies to all following input
1065 files until the next -x option. Possible values for language are:
1066 c c-header cpp-output
1068 c++ c++-header c++-cpp-output
1069 objective-c objective-c-header objective-c-cpp-output
1070 objective-c++ objective-c++-header objective-c++-cpp-output
1071 assembler assembler-with-cpp
1072 ada
1073 d
1074 f77 f77-cpp-input f95 f95-cpp-input
1075 go
1076 brig
1077 -x none
1079 Turn off any specification of a language, so that subsequent files
1080 are handled according to their file name suffixes (as they are if
1081 -x has not been used at all).
1082 If you only want some of the stages of compilation, you can use -x (or
1084 filename suffixes) to tell gcc where to start, and one of the options
1085 -c, -S, or -E to say where gcc is to stop. Note that some combinations
1086 (for example, -x cpp-output -E) instruct gcc to do nothing at all.
1087 -c Compile or assemble the source files, but do not link. The linking
1089 stage simply is not done. The ultimate output is in the form of an
1090 object file for each source file.
1091 By default, the object file name for a source file is made by
1093 replacing the suffix .c, .i, .s, etc., with .o.
1094 Unrecognized input files, not requiring compilation or assembly,
1096 are ignored.
1097 -S Stop after the stage of compilation proper; do not assemble. The
1099 output is in the form of an assembler code file for each non-
1100 assembler input file specified.
1101 By default, the assembler file name for a source file is made by
1103 replacing the suffix .c, .i, etc., with .s.
1104 Input files that don't require compilation are ignored.
1106 -E Stop after the preprocessing stage; do not run the compiler proper.
1108 The output is in the form of preprocessed source code, which is
1109 sent to the standard output.
1110 Input files that don't require preprocessing are ignored.
1112 -o file
1114 Place output in file file. This applies to whatever sort of output
1115 is being produced, whether it be an executable file, an object
1116 file, an assembler file or preprocessed C code.
1117 If -o is not specified, the default is to put an executable file in
1119 a.out, the object file for source.suffix in source.o, its assembler
1120 file in source.s, a precompiled header file in source.suffix.gch,
1121 and all preprocessed C source on standard output.
1122 -v Print (on standard error output) the commands executed to run the
1124 stages of compilation. Also print the version number of the
1125 compiler driver program and of the preprocessor and the compiler
1126 proper.
1127 -###
1129 Like -v except the commands are not executed and arguments are
1130 quoted unless they contain only alphanumeric characters or "./-_".
1131 This is useful for shell scripts to capture the driver-generated
1132 command lines.
1133 --help
1135 Print (on the standard output) a description of the command-line
1136 options understood by gcc. If the -v option is also specified then
1137 --help is also passed on to the various processes invoked by gcc,
1138 so that they can display the command-line options they accept. If
1139 the -Wextra option has also been specified (prior to the --help
1140 option), then command-line options that have no documentation
1141 associated with them are also displayed.
1142 --target-help
1144 Print (on the standard output) a description of target-specific
1145 command-line options for each tool. For some targets extra target-
1146 specific information may also be printed.
1147 --help={class|[^]qualifier}[,...]
1149 Print (on the standard output) a description of the command-line
1150 options understood by the compiler that fit into all specified
1151 classes and qualifiers. These are the supported classes:
1152 optimizers
1154 Display all of the optimization options supported by the
1155 compiler.
1156 warnings
1158 Display all of the options controlling warning messages
1159 produced by the compiler.
1160 target
1162 Display target-specific options. Unlike the --target-help
1163 option however, target-specific options of the linker and
1164 assembler are not displayed. This is because those tools do
1165 not currently support the extended --help= syntax.
1166 params
1168 Display the values recognized by the --param option.
1169 language
1171 Display the options supported for language, where language is
1172 the name of one of the languages supported in this version of
1173 GCC. If an option is supported by all languages, one needs to
1174 select common class.
1175 common
1177 Display the options that are common to all languages.
1178 These are the supported qualifiers:
1180 undocumented
1182 Display only those options that are undocumented.
1183 joined
1185 Display options taking an argument that appears after an equal
1186 sign in the same continuous piece of text, such as:
1187 --help=target.
1188 separate
1190 Display options taking an argument that appears as a separate
1191 word following the original option, such as: -o output-file.
1192 Thus for example to display all the undocumented target-specific
1194 switches supported by the compiler, use:
1195 --help=target,undocumented
1197 The sense of a qualifier can be inverted by prefixing it with the ^
1199 character, so for example to display all binary warning options
1200 (i.e., ones that are either on or off and that do not take an
1201 argument) that have a description, use:
1202 --help=warnings,^joined,^undocumented
1204 The argument to --help= should not consist solely of inverted
1206 qualifiers.
1207 Combining several classes is possible, although this usually
1209 restricts the output so much that there is nothing to display. One
1210 case where it does work, however, is when one of the classes is
1211 target. For example, to display all the target-specific
1212 optimization options, use:
1213 --help=target,optimizers
1215 The --help= option can be repeated on the command line. Each
1217 successive use displays its requested class of options, skipping
1218 those that have already been displayed. If --help is also
1219 specified anywhere on the command line then this takes precedence
1220 over any --help= option.
1221 If the -Q option appears on the command line before the --help=
1223 option, then the descriptive text displayed by --help= is changed.
1224 Instead of describing the displayed options, an indication is given
1225 as to whether the option is enabled, disabled or set to a specific
1226 value (assuming that the compiler knows this at the point where the
1227 --help= option is used).
1228 Here is a truncated example from the ARM port of gcc:
1230 % gcc -Q -mabi=2 --help=target -c
1232 The following options are target specific:
1233 -mabi= 2
1234 -mabort-on-noreturn [disabled]
1235 -mapcs [disabled]
1236 The output is sensitive to the effects of previous command-line
1238 options, so for example it is possible to find out which
1239 optimizations are enabled at -O2 by using:
1240 -Q -O2 --help=optimizers
1242 Alternatively you can discover which binary optimizations are
1244 enabled by -O3 by using:
1245 gcc -c -Q -O3 --help=optimizers > /tmp/O3-opts
1247 gcc -c -Q -O2 --help=optimizers > /tmp/O2-opts
1248 diff /tmp/O2-opts /tmp/O3-opts | grep enabled
1249 --version
1251 Display the version number and copyrights of the invoked GCC.
1252 -pass-exit-codes
1254 Normally the gcc program exits with the code of 1 if any phase of
1255 the compiler returns a non-success return code. If you specify
1256 -pass-exit-codes, the gcc program instead returns with the
1257 numerically highest error produced by any phase returning an error
1258 indication. The C, C++, and Fortran front ends return 4 if an
1259 internal compiler error is encountered.
1260 -pipe
1262 Use pipes rather than temporary files for communication between the
1263 various stages of compilation. This fails to work on some systems
1264 where the assembler is unable to read from a pipe; but the GNU
1265 assembler has no trouble.
1266 -specs=file
1268 Process file after the compiler reads in the standard specs file,
1269 in order to override the defaults which the gcc driver program uses
1270 when determining what switches to pass to cc1, cc1plus, as, ld,
1271 etc. More than one -specs=file can be specified on the command
1272 line, and they are processed in order, from left to right.
1273 -wrapper
1275 Invoke all subcommands under a wrapper program. The name of the
1276 wrapper program and its parameters are passed as a comma separated
1277 list.
1278 gcc -c t.c -wrapper gdb,--args
1280 This invokes all subprograms of gcc under gdb --args, thus the
1282 invocation of cc1 is gdb --args cc1 ....
1283 -ffile-prefix-map=old=new
1285 When compiling files residing in directory old, record any
1286 references to them in the result of the compilation as if the files
1287 resided in directory new instead. Specifying this option is
1288 equivalent to specifying all the individual -f*-prefix-map options.
1289 This can be used to make reproducible builds that are location
1290 independent. See also -fmacro-prefix-map and -fdebug-prefix-map.
1291 -fplugin=name.so
1293 Load the plugin code in file name.so, assumed to be a shared object
1294 to be dlopen'd by the compiler. The base name of the shared object
1295 file is used to identify the plugin for the purposes of argument
1296 parsing (See -fplugin-arg-name-key=value below). Each plugin
1297 should define the callback functions specified in the Plugins API.
1298 -fplugin-arg-name-key=value
1300 Define an argument called key with a value of value for the plugin
1301 called name.
1302 -fdump-ada-spec[-slim]
1304 For C and C++ source and include files, generate corresponding Ada
1305 specs.
1306 -fada-spec-parent=unit
1308 In conjunction with -fdump-ada-spec[-slim] above, generate Ada
1309 specs as child units of parent unit.
1310 -fdump-go-spec=file
1312 For input files in any language, generate corresponding Go
1313 declarations in file. This generates Go "const", "type", "var",
1314 and "func" declarations which may be a useful way to start writing
1315 a Go interface to code written in some other language.
1316 @file
1318 Read command-line options from file. The options read are inserted
1319 in place of the original @file option. If file does not exist, or
1320 cannot be read, then the option will be treated literally, and not
1321 removed.
1322 Options in file are separated by whitespace. A whitespace
1324 character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire
1325 option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including
1326 a backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be
1327 included with a backslash. The file may itself contain additional
1328 @file options; any such options will be processed recursively.
1329 Compiling C++ Programs
1331 C++ source files conventionally use one of the suffixes .C, .cc, .cpp,
1332 .CPP, .c++, .cp, or .cxx; C++ header files often use .hh, .hpp, .H, or
1333 (for shared template code) .tcc; and preprocessed C++ files use the
1334 suffix .ii. GCC recognizes files with these names and compiles them as
1335 C++ programs even if you call the compiler the same way as for
1336 compiling C programs (usually with the name gcc).
1337 However, the use of gcc does not add the C++ library. g++ is a program
1339 that calls GCC and automatically specifies linking against the C++
1340 library. It treats .c, .h and .i files as C++ source files instead of
1341 C source files unless -x is used. This program is also useful when
1342 precompiling a C header file with a .h extension for use in C++
1343 compilations. On many systems, g++ is also installed with the name
1344 c++.
1345 When you compile C++ programs, you may specify many of the same
1347 command-line options that you use for compiling programs in any
1348 language; or command-line options meaningful for C and related
1349 languages; or options that are meaningful only for C++ programs.
1350 Options Controlling C Dialect
1352 The following options control the dialect of C (or languages derived
1353 from C, such as C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++) that the compiler
1354 accepts:
1355 -ansi
1357 In C mode, this is equivalent to -std=c90. In C++ mode, it is
1358 equivalent to -std=c++98.
1359 This turns off certain features of GCC that are incompatible with
1361 ISO C90 (when compiling C code), or of standard C++ (when compiling
1362 C++ code), such as the "asm" and "typeof" keywords, and predefined
1363 macros such as "unix" and "vax" that identify the type of system
1364 you are using. It also enables the undesirable and rarely used ISO
1365 trigraph feature. For the C compiler, it disables recognition of
1366 C++ style // comments as well as the "inline" keyword.
1367 The alternate keywords "__asm__", "__extension__", "__inline__" and
1369 "__typeof__" continue to work despite -ansi. You would not want to
1370 use them in an ISO C program, of course, but it is useful to put
1371 them in header files that might be included in compilations done
1372 with -ansi. Alternate predefined macros such as "__unix__" and
1373 "__vax__" are also available, with or without -ansi.
1374 The -ansi option does not cause non-ISO programs to be rejected
1376 gratuitously. For that, -Wpedantic is required in addition to
1377 -ansi.
1378 The macro "__STRICT_ANSI__" is predefined when the -ansi option is
1380 used. Some header files may notice this macro and refrain from
1381 declaring certain functions or defining certain macros that the ISO
1382 standard doesn't call for; this is to avoid interfering with any
1383 programs that might use these names for other things.
1384 Functions that are normally built in but do not have semantics
1386 defined by ISO C (such as "alloca" and "ffs") are not built-in
1387 functions when -ansi is used.
1388 -std=
1390 Determine the language standard. This option is currently only
1391 supported when compiling C or C++.
1392 The compiler can accept several base standards, such as c90 or
1394 c++98, and GNU dialects of those standards, such as gnu90 or
1395 gnu++98. When a base standard is specified, the compiler accepts
1396 all programs following that standard plus those using GNU
1397 extensions that do not contradict it. For example, -std=c90 turns
1398 off certain features of GCC that are incompatible with ISO C90,
1399 such as the "asm" and "typeof" keywords, but not other GNU
1400 extensions that do not have a meaning in ISO C90, such as omitting
1401 the middle term of a "?:" expression. On the other hand, when a GNU
1402 dialect of a standard is specified, all features supported by the
1403 compiler are enabled, even when those features change the meaning
1404 of the base standard. As a result, some strict-conforming programs
1405 may be rejected. The particular standard is used by -Wpedantic to
1406 identify which features are GNU extensions given that version of
1407 the standard. For example -std=gnu90 -Wpedantic warns about C++
1408 style // comments, while -std=gnu99 -Wpedantic does not.
1409 A value for this option must be provided; possible values are
1411 c90
1413 c89
1414 iso9899:1990
1415 Support all ISO C90 programs (certain GNU extensions that
1416 conflict with ISO C90 are disabled). Same as -ansi for C code.
1417 iso9899:199409
1419 ISO C90 as modified in amendment 1.
1420 c99
1422 c9x
1423 iso9899:1999
1424 iso9899:199x
1425 ISO C99. This standard is substantially completely supported,
1426 modulo bugs and floating-point issues (mainly but not entirely
1427 relating to optional C99 features from Annexes F and G). See
1428 <http://gcc.gnu.org/c99status.html> for more information. The
1429 names c9x and iso9899:199x are deprecated.
1430 c11
1432 c1x
1433 iso9899:2011
1434 ISO C11, the 2011 revision of the ISO C standard. This
1435 standard is substantially completely supported, modulo bugs,
1436 floating-point issues (mainly but not entirely relating to
1437 optional C11 features from Annexes F and G) and the optional
1438 Annexes K (Bounds-checking interfaces) and L (Analyzability).
1439 The name c1x is deprecated.
1440 c17
1442 c18
1443 iso9899:2017
1444 iso9899:2018
1445 ISO C17, the 2017 revision of the ISO C standard (published in
1446 2018). This standard is same as C11 except for corrections of
1447 defects (all of which are also applied with -std=c11) and a new
1448 value of "__STDC_VERSION__", and so is supported to the same
1449 extent as C11.
1450 c2x The next version of the ISO C standard, still under
1452 development. The support for this version is experimental and
1453 incomplete.
1454 gnu90
1456 gnu89
1457 GNU dialect of ISO C90 (including some C99 features).
1458 gnu99
1460 gnu9x
1461 GNU dialect of ISO C99. The name gnu9x is deprecated.
1462 gnu11
1464 gnu1x
1465 GNU dialect of ISO C11. The name gnu1x is deprecated.
1466 gnu17
1468 gnu18
1469 GNU dialect of ISO C17. This is the default for C code.
1470 gnu2x
1472 The next version of the ISO C standard, still under
1473 development, plus GNU extensions. The support for this version
1474 is experimental and incomplete.
1475 c++98
1477 c++03
1478 The 1998 ISO C++ standard plus the 2003 technical corrigendum
1479 and some additional defect reports. Same as -ansi for C++ code.
1480 gnu++98
1482 gnu++03
1483 GNU dialect of -std=c++98.
1484 c++11
1486 c++0x
1487 The 2011 ISO C++ standard plus amendments. The name c++0x is
1488 deprecated.
1489 gnu++11
1491 gnu++0x
1492 GNU dialect of -std=c++11. The name gnu++0x is deprecated.
1493 c++14
1495 c++1y
1496 The 2014 ISO C++ standard plus amendments. The name c++1y is
1497 deprecated.
1498 gnu++14
1500 gnu++1y
1501 GNU dialect of -std=c++14. This is the default for C++ code.
1502 The name gnu++1y is deprecated.
1503 c++17
1505 c++1z
1506 The 2017 ISO C++ standard plus amendments. The name c++1z is
1507 deprecated.
1508 gnu++17
1510 gnu++1z
1511 GNU dialect of -std=c++17. The name gnu++1z is deprecated.
1512 c++20
1514 c++2a
1515 The next revision of the ISO C++ standard, planned for 2020.
1516 Support is highly experimental, and will almost certainly
1517 change in incompatible ways in future releases.
1518 gnu++20
1520 gnu++2a
1521 GNU dialect of -std=c++20. Support is highly experimental, and
1522 will almost certainly change in incompatible ways in future
1523 releases.
1524 -fgnu89-inline
1526 The option -fgnu89-inline tells GCC to use the traditional GNU
1527 semantics for "inline" functions when in C99 mode.
1528 Using this option is roughly equivalent to adding the "gnu_inline"
1530 function attribute to all inline functions.
1531 The option -fno-gnu89-inline explicitly tells GCC to use the C99
1533 semantics for "inline" when in C99 or gnu99 mode (i.e., it
1534 specifies the default behavior). This option is not supported in
1535 -std=c90 or -std=gnu90 mode.
1536 The preprocessor macros "__GNUC_GNU_INLINE__" and
1538 "__GNUC_STDC_INLINE__" may be used to check which semantics are in
1539 effect for "inline" functions.
1540 -fpermitted-flt-eval-methods=style
1542 ISO/IEC TS 18661-3 defines new permissible values for
1543 "FLT_EVAL_METHOD" that indicate that operations and constants with
1544 a semantic type that is an interchange or extended format should be
1545 evaluated to the precision and range of that type. These new
1546 values are a superset of those permitted under C99/C11, which does
1547 not specify the meaning of other positive values of
1548 "FLT_EVAL_METHOD". As such, code conforming to C11 may not have
1549 been written expecting the possibility of the new values.
1550 -fpermitted-flt-eval-methods specifies whether the compiler should
1552 allow only the values of "FLT_EVAL_METHOD" specified in C99/C11, or
1553 the extended set of values specified in ISO/IEC TS 18661-3.
1554 style is either "c11" or "ts-18661-3" as appropriate.
1556 The default when in a standards compliant mode (-std=c11 or
1558 similar) is -fpermitted-flt-eval-methods=c11. The default when in
1559 a GNU dialect (-std=gnu11 or similar) is
1560 -fpermitted-flt-eval-methods=ts-18661-3.
1561 -aux-info filename
1563 Output to the given filename prototyped declarations for all
1564 functions declared and/or defined in a translation unit, including
1565 those in header files. This option is silently ignored in any
1566 language other than C.
1567 Besides declarations, the file indicates, in comments, the origin
1569 of each declaration (source file and line), whether the declaration
1570 was implicit, prototyped or unprototyped (I, N for new or O for
1571 old, respectively, in the first character after the line number and
1572 the colon), and whether it came from a declaration or a definition
1573 (C or F, respectively, in the following character). In the case of
1574 function definitions, a K&R-style list of arguments followed by
1575 their declarations is also provided, inside comments, after the
1576 declaration.
1577 -fallow-parameterless-variadic-functions
1579 Accept variadic functions without named parameters.
1580 Although it is possible to define such a function, this is not very
1582 useful as it is not possible to read the arguments. This is only
1583 supported for C as this construct is allowed by C++.
1584 -fno-asm
1586 Do not recognize "asm", "inline" or "typeof" as a keyword, so that
1587 code can use these words as identifiers. You can use the keywords
1588 "__asm__", "__inline__" and "__typeof__" instead. -ansi implies
1589 -fno-asm.
1590 In C++, this switch only affects the "typeof" keyword, since "asm"
1592 and "inline" are standard keywords. You may want to use the
1593 -fno-gnu-keywords flag instead, which has the same effect. In C99
1594 mode (-std=c99 or -std=gnu99), this switch only affects the "asm"
1595 and "typeof" keywords, since "inline" is a standard keyword in ISO
1596 C99.
1597 -fno-builtin
1599 -fno-builtin-function
1600 Don't recognize built-in functions that do not begin with
1601 __builtin_ as prefix.
1602 GCC normally generates special code to handle certain built-in
1604 functions more efficiently; for instance, calls to "alloca" may
1605 become single instructions which adjust the stack directly, and
1606 calls to "memcpy" may become inline copy loops. The resulting code
1607 is often both smaller and faster, but since the function calls no
1608 longer appear as such, you cannot set a breakpoint on those calls,
1609 nor can you change the behavior of the functions by linking with a
1610 different library. In addition, when a function is recognized as a
1611 built-in function, GCC may use information about that function to
1612 warn about problems with calls to that function, or to generate
1613 more efficient code, even if the resulting code still contains
1614 calls to that function. For example, warnings are given with
1615 -Wformat for bad calls to "printf" when "printf" is built in and
1616 "strlen" is known not to modify global memory.
1617 With the -fno-builtin-function option only the built-in function
1619 function is disabled. function must not begin with __builtin_. If
1620 a function is named that is not built-in in this version of GCC,
1621 this option is ignored. There is no corresponding
1622 -fbuiltin-function option; if you wish to enable built-in functions
1623 selectively when using -fno-builtin or -ffreestanding, you may
1624 define macros such as:
1625 #define abs(n) __builtin_abs ((n))
1627 #define strcpy(d, s) __builtin_strcpy ((d), (s))
1628 -fgimple
1630 Enable parsing of function definitions marked with "__GIMPLE".
1631 This is an experimental feature that allows unit testing of GIMPLE
1632 passes.
1633 -fhosted
1635 Assert that compilation targets a hosted environment. This implies
1636 -fbuiltin. A hosted environment is one in which the entire
1637 standard library is available, and in which "main" has a return
1638 type of "int". Examples are nearly everything except a kernel.
1639 This is equivalent to -fno-freestanding.
1640 -ffreestanding
1642 Assert that compilation targets a freestanding environment. This
1643 implies -fno-builtin. A freestanding environment is one in which
1644 the standard library may not exist, and program startup may not
1645 necessarily be at "main". The most obvious example is an OS
1646 kernel. This is equivalent to -fno-hosted.
1647 -fopenacc
1649 Enable handling of OpenACC directives "#pragma acc" in C/C++ and
1650 "!$acc" in Fortran. When -fopenacc is specified, the compiler
1651 generates accelerated code according to the OpenACC Application
1652 Programming Interface v2.6 <https://www.openacc.org>. This option
1653 implies -pthread, and thus is only supported on targets that have
1654 support for -pthread.
1655 -fopenacc-dim=geom
1657 Specify default compute dimensions for parallel offload regions
1658 that do not explicitly specify. The geom value is a triple of
1659 ':'-separated sizes, in order 'gang', 'worker' and, 'vector'. A
1660 size can be omitted, to use a target-specific default value.
1661 -fopenmp
1663 Enable handling of OpenMP directives "#pragma omp" in C/C++ and
1664 "!$omp" in Fortran. When -fopenmp is specified, the compiler
1665 generates parallel code according to the OpenMP Application Program
1666 Interface v4.5 <https://www.openmp.org>. This option implies
1667 -pthread, and thus is only supported on targets that have support
1668 for -pthread. -fopenmp implies -fopenmp-simd.
1669 -fopenmp-simd
1671 Enable handling of OpenMP's SIMD directives with "#pragma omp" in
1672 C/C++ and "!$omp" in Fortran. Other OpenMP directives are ignored.
1673 -fgnu-tm
1675 When the option -fgnu-tm is specified, the compiler generates code
1676 for the Linux variant of Intel's current Transactional Memory ABI
1677 specification document (Revision 1.1, May 6 2009). This is an
1678 experimental feature whose interface may change in future versions
1679 of GCC, as the official specification changes. Please note that
1680 not all architectures are supported for this feature.
1681 For more information on GCC's support for transactional memory,
1683 Note that the transactional memory feature is not supported with
1685 non-call exceptions (-fnon-call-exceptions).
1686 -fms-extensions
1688 Accept some non-standard constructs used in Microsoft header files.
1689 In C++ code, this allows member names in structures to be similar
1691 to previous types declarations.
1692 typedef int UOW;
1694 struct ABC {
1695 UOW UOW;
1696 };
1697 Some cases of unnamed fields in structures and unions are only
1699 accepted with this option.
1700 Note that this option is off for all targets except for x86 targets
1702 using ms-abi.
1703 -fplan9-extensions
1705 Accept some non-standard constructs used in Plan 9 code.
1706 This enables -fms-extensions, permits passing pointers to
1708 structures with anonymous fields to functions that expect pointers
1709 to elements of the type of the field, and permits referring to
1710 anonymous fields declared using a typedef. This is only
1711 supported for C, not C++.
1712 -fcond-mismatch
1714 Allow conditional expressions with mismatched types in the second
1715 and third arguments. The value of such an expression is void.
1716 This option is not supported for C++.
1717 -flax-vector-conversions
1719 Allow implicit conversions between vectors with differing numbers
1720 of elements and/or incompatible element types. This option should
1721 not be used for new code.
1722 -funsigned-char
1724 Let the type "char" be unsigned, like "unsigned char".
1725 Each kind of machine has a default for what "char" should be. It
1727 is either like "unsigned char" by default or like "signed char" by
1728 default.
1729 Ideally, a portable program should always use "signed char" or
1731 "unsigned char" when it depends on the signedness of an object.
1732 But many programs have been written to use plain "char" and expect
1733 it to be signed, or expect it to be unsigned, depending on the
1734 machines they were written for. This option, and its inverse, let
1735 you make such a program work with the opposite default.
1736 The type "char" is always a distinct type from each of "signed
1738 char" or "unsigned char", even though its behavior is always just
1739 like one of those two.
1740 -fsigned-char
1742 Let the type "char" be signed, like "signed char".
1743 Note that this is equivalent to -fno-unsigned-char, which is the
1745 negative form of -funsigned-char. Likewise, the option
1746 -fno-signed-char is equivalent to -funsigned-char.
1747 -fsigned-bitfields
1749 -funsigned-bitfields
1750 -fno-signed-bitfields
1751 -fno-unsigned-bitfields
1752 These options control whether a bit-field is signed or unsigned,
1753 when the declaration does not use either "signed" or "unsigned".
1754 By default, such a bit-field is signed, because this is consistent:
1755 the basic integer types such as "int" are signed types.
1756 -fsso-struct=endianness
1758 Set the default scalar storage order of structures and unions to
1759 the specified endianness. The accepted values are big-endian,
1760 little-endian and native for the native endianness of the target
1761 (the default). This option is not supported for C++.
1762 Warning: the -fsso-struct switch causes GCC to generate code that
1764 is not binary compatible with code generated without it if the
1765 specified endianness is not the native endianness of the target.
1766 Options Controlling C++ Dialect
1768 This section describes the command-line options that are only
1769 meaningful for C++ programs. You can also use most of the GNU compiler
1770 options regardless of what language your program is in. For example,
1771 you might compile a file firstClass.C like this:
1772 g++ -g -fstrict-enums -O -c firstClass.C
1774 In this example, only -fstrict-enums is an option meant only for C++
1776 programs; you can use the other options with any language supported by
1777 GCC.
1778 Some options for compiling C programs, such as -std, are also relevant
1780 for C++ programs.
1781 Here is a list of options that are only for compiling C++ programs:
1783 -fabi-version=n
1785 Use version n of the C++ ABI. The default is version 0.
1786 Version 0 refers to the version conforming most closely to the C++
1788 ABI specification. Therefore, the ABI obtained using version 0
1789 will change in different versions of G++ as ABI bugs are fixed.
1790 Version 1 is the version of the C++ ABI that first appeared in G++
1792 3.2.
1793 Version 2 is the version of the C++ ABI that first appeared in G++
1795 3.4, and was the default through G++ 4.9.
1796 Version 3 corrects an error in mangling a constant address as a
1798 template argument.
1799 Version 4, which first appeared in G++ 4.5, implements a standard
1801 mangling for vector types.
1802 Version 5, which first appeared in G++ 4.6, corrects the mangling
1804 of attribute const/volatile on function pointer types, decltype of
1805 a plain decl, and use of a function parameter in the declaration of
1806 another parameter.
1807 Version 6, which first appeared in G++ 4.7, corrects the promotion
1809 behavior of C++11 scoped enums and the mangling of template
1810 argument packs, const/static_cast, prefix ++ and --, and a class
1811 scope function used as a template argument.
1812 Version 7, which first appeared in G++ 4.8, that treats nullptr_t
1814 as a builtin type and corrects the mangling of lambdas in default
1815 argument scope.
1816 Version 8, which first appeared in G++ 4.9, corrects the
1818 substitution behavior of function types with function-cv-
1819 qualifiers.
1820 Version 9, which first appeared in G++ 5.2, corrects the alignment
1822 of "nullptr_t".
1823 Version 10, which first appeared in G++ 6.1, adds mangling of
1825 attributes that affect type identity, such as ia32 calling
1826 convention attributes (e.g. stdcall).
1827 Version 11, which first appeared in G++ 7, corrects the mangling of
1829 sizeof... expressions and operator names. For multiple entities
1830 with the same name within a function, that are declared in
1831 different scopes, the mangling now changes starting with the
1832 twelfth occurrence. It also implies -fnew-inheriting-ctors.
1833 Version 12, which first appeared in G++ 8, corrects the calling
1835 conventions for empty classes on the x86_64 target and for classes
1836 with only deleted copy/move constructors. It accidentally changes
1837 the calling convention for classes with a deleted copy constructor
1838 and a trivial move constructor.
1839 Version 13, which first appeared in G++ 8.2, fixes the accidental
1841 change in version 12.
1842 Version 14, which first appeared in G++ 10, corrects the mangling
1844 of the nullptr expression.
1845 See also -Wabi.
1847 -fabi-compat-version=n
1849 On targets that support strong aliases, G++ works around mangling
1850 changes by creating an alias with the correct mangled name when
1851 defining a symbol with an incorrect mangled name. This switch
1852 specifies which ABI version to use for the alias.
1853 With -fabi-version=0 (the default), this defaults to 11 (GCC 7
1855 compatibility). If another ABI version is explicitly selected,
1856 this defaults to 0. For compatibility with GCC versions 3.2
1857 through 4.9, use -fabi-compat-version=2.
1858 If this option is not provided but -Wabi=n is, that version is used
1860 for compatibility aliases. If this option is provided along with
1861 -Wabi (without the version), the version from this option is used
1862 for the warning.
1863 -fno-access-control
1865 Turn off all access checking. This switch is mainly useful for
1866 working around bugs in the access control code.
1867 -faligned-new
1869 Enable support for C++17 "new" of types that require more alignment
1870 than "void* ::operator new(std::size_t)" provides. A numeric
1871 argument such as "-faligned-new=32" can be used to specify how much
1872 alignment (in bytes) is provided by that function, but few users
1873 will need to override the default of "alignof(std::max_align_t)".
1874 This flag is enabled by default for -std=c++17.
1876 -fchar8_t
1878 -fno-char8_t
1879 Enable support for "char8_t" as adopted for C++2a. This includes
1880 the addition of a new "char8_t" fundamental type, changes to the
1881 types of UTF-8 string and character literals, new signatures for
1882 user-defined literals, associated standard library updates, and new
1883 "__cpp_char8_t" and "__cpp_lib_char8_t" feature test macros.
1884 This option enables functions to be overloaded for ordinary and
1886 UTF-8 strings:
1887 int f(const char *); // #1
1889 int f(const char8_t *); // #2
1890 int v1 = f("text"); // Calls #1
1891 int v2 = f(u8"text"); // Calls #2
1892 and introduces new signatures for user-defined literals:
1894 int operator""_udl1(char8_t);
1896 int v3 = u8'x'_udl1;
1897 int operator""_udl2(const char8_t*, std::size_t);
1898 int v4 = u8"text"_udl2;
1899 template<typename T, T...> int operator""_udl3();
1900 int v5 = u8"text"_udl3;
1901 The change to the types of UTF-8 string and character literals
1903 introduces incompatibilities with ISO C++11 and later standards.
1904 For example, the following code is well-formed under ISO C++11, but
1905 is ill-formed when -fchar8_t is specified.
1906 char ca[] = u8"xx"; // error: char-array initialized from wide
1908 // string
1909 const char *cp = u8"xx";// error: invalid conversion from
1910 // `const char8_t*' to `const char*'
1911 int f(const char*);
1912 auto v = f(u8"xx"); // error: invalid conversion from
1913 // `const char8_t*' to `const char*'
1914 std::string s{u8"xx"}; // error: no matching function for call to
1915 // `std::basic_string<char>::basic_string()'
1916 using namespace std::literals;
1917 s = u8"xx"s; // error: conversion from
1918 // `basic_string<char8_t>' to non-scalar
1919 // type `basic_string<char>' requested
1920 -fcheck-new
1922 Check that the pointer returned by "operator new" is non-null
1923 before attempting to modify the storage allocated. This check is
1924 normally unnecessary because the C++ standard specifies that
1925 "operator new" only returns 0 if it is declared "throw()", in which
1926 case the compiler always checks the return value even without this
1927 option. In all other cases, when "operator new" has a non-empty
1928 exception specification, memory exhaustion is signalled by throwing
1929 "std::bad_alloc". See also new (nothrow).
1930 -fconcepts
1932 -fconcepts-ts
1933 Below -std=c++2a, -fconcepts enables support for the C++ Extensions
1934 for Concepts Technical Specification, ISO 19217 (2015).
1935 With -std=c++2a and above, Concepts are part of the language
1937 standard, so -fconcepts defaults to on. But the standard
1938 specification of Concepts differs significantly from the TS, so
1939 some constructs that were allowed in the TS but didn't make it into
1940 the standard can still be enabled by -fconcepts-ts.
1941 -fconstexpr-depth=n
1943 Set the maximum nested evaluation depth for C++11 constexpr
1944 functions to n. A limit is needed to detect endless recursion
1945 during constant expression evaluation. The minimum specified by
1946 the standard is 512.
1947 -fconstexpr-cache-depth=n
1949 Set the maximum level of nested evaluation depth for C++11
1950 constexpr functions that will be cached to n. This is a heuristic
1951 that trades off compilation speed (when the cache avoids repeated
1952 calculations) against memory consumption (when the cache grows very
1953 large from highly recursive evaluations). The default is 8. Very
1954 few users are likely to want to adjust it, but if your code does
1955 heavy constexpr calculations you might want to experiment to find
1956 which value works best for you.
1957 -fconstexpr-loop-limit=n
1959 Set the maximum number of iterations for a loop in C++14 constexpr
1960 functions to n. A limit is needed to detect infinite loops during
1961 constant expression evaluation. The default is 262144 (1<<18).
1962 -fconstexpr-ops-limit=n
1964 Set the maximum number of operations during a single constexpr
1965 evaluation. Even when number of iterations of a single loop is
1966 limited with the above limit, if there are several nested loops and
1967 each of them has many iterations but still smaller than the above
1968 limit, or if in a body of some loop or even outside of a loop too
1969 many expressions need to be evaluated, the resulting constexpr
1970 evaluation might take too long. The default is 33554432 (1<<25).
1971 -fcoroutines
1973 Enable support for the C++ coroutines extension (experimental).
1974 -fno-elide-constructors
1976 The C++ standard allows an implementation to omit creating a
1977 temporary that is only used to initialize another object of the
1978 same type. Specifying this option disables that optimization, and
1979 forces G++ to call the copy constructor in all cases. This option
1980 also causes G++ to call trivial member functions which otherwise
1981 would be expanded inline.
1982 In C++17, the compiler is required to omit these temporaries, but
1984 this option still affects trivial member functions.
1985 -fno-enforce-eh-specs
1987 Don't generate code to check for violation of exception
1988 specifications at run time. This option violates the C++ standard,
1989 but may be useful for reducing code size in production builds, much
1990 like defining "NDEBUG". This does not give user code permission to
1991 throw exceptions in violation of the exception specifications; the
1992 compiler still optimizes based on the specifications, so throwing
1993 an unexpected exception results in undefined behavior at run time.
1994 -fextern-tls-init
1996 -fno-extern-tls-init
1997 The C++11 and OpenMP standards allow "thread_local" and
1998 "threadprivate" variables to have dynamic (runtime) initialization.
1999 To support this, any use of such a variable goes through a wrapper
2000 function that performs any necessary initialization. When the use
2001 and definition of the variable are in the same translation unit,
2002 this overhead can be optimized away, but when the use is in a
2003 different translation unit there is significant overhead even if
2004 the variable doesn't actually need dynamic initialization. If the
2005 programmer can be sure that no use of the variable in a non-
2006 defining TU needs to trigger dynamic initialization (either because
2007 the variable is statically initialized, or a use of the variable in
2008 the defining TU will be executed before any uses in another TU),
2009 they can avoid this overhead with the -fno-extern-tls-init option.
2010 On targets that support symbol aliases, the default is
2012 -fextern-tls-init. On targets that do not support symbol aliases,
2013 the default is -fno-extern-tls-init.
2014 -fno-gnu-keywords
2016 Do not recognize "typeof" as a keyword, so that code can use this
2017 word as an identifier. You can use the keyword "__typeof__"
2018 instead. This option is implied by the strict ISO C++ dialects:
2019 -ansi, -std=c++98, -std=c++11, etc.
2020 -fno-implicit-templates
2022 Never emit code for non-inline templates that are instantiated
2023 implicitly (i.e. by use); only emit code for explicit
2024 instantiations. If you use this option, you must take care to
2025 structure your code to include all the necessary explicit
2026 instantiations to avoid getting undefined symbols at link time.
2027 -fno-implicit-inline-templates
2029 Don't emit code for implicit instantiations of inline templates,
2030 either. The default is to handle inlines differently so that
2031 compiles with and without optimization need the same set of
2032 explicit instantiations.
2033 -fno-implement-inlines
2035 To save space, do not emit out-of-line copies of inline functions
2036 controlled by "#pragma implementation". This causes linker errors
2037 if these functions are not inlined everywhere they are called.
2038 -fms-extensions
2040 Disable Wpedantic warnings about constructs used in MFC, such as
2041 implicit int and getting a pointer to member function via non-
2042 standard syntax.
2043 -fnew-inheriting-ctors
2045 Enable the P0136 adjustment to the semantics of C++11 constructor
2046 inheritance. This is part of C++17 but also considered to be a
2047 Defect Report against C++11 and C++14. This flag is enabled by
2048 default unless -fabi-version=10 or lower is specified.
2049 -fnew-ttp-matching
2051 Enable the P0522 resolution to Core issue 150, template template
2052 parameters and default arguments: this allows a template with
2053 default template arguments as an argument for a template template
2054 parameter with fewer template parameters. This flag is enabled by
2055 default for -std=c++17.
2056 -fno-nonansi-builtins
2058 Disable built-in declarations of functions that are not mandated by
2059 ANSI/ISO C. These include "ffs", "alloca", "_exit", "index",
2060 "bzero", "conjf", and other related functions.
2061 -fnothrow-opt
2063 Treat a "throw()" exception specification as if it were a
2064 "noexcept" specification to reduce or eliminate the text size
2065 overhead relative to a function with no exception specification.
2066 If the function has local variables of types with non-trivial
2067 destructors, the exception specification actually makes the
2068 function smaller because the EH cleanups for those variables can be
2069 optimized away. The semantic effect is that an exception thrown
2070 out of a function with such an exception specification results in a
2071 call to "terminate" rather than "unexpected".
2072 -fno-operator-names
2074 Do not treat the operator name keywords "and", "bitand", "bitor",
2075 "compl", "not", "or" and "xor" as synonyms as keywords.
2076 -fno-optional-diags
2078 Disable diagnostics that the standard says a compiler does not need
2079 to issue. Currently, the only such diagnostic issued by G++ is the
2080 one for a name having multiple meanings within a class.
2081 -fpermissive
2083 Downgrade some diagnostics about nonconformant code from errors to
2084 warnings. Thus, using -fpermissive allows some nonconforming code
2085 to compile.
2086 -fno-pretty-templates
2088 When an error message refers to a specialization of a function
2089 template, the compiler normally prints the signature of the
2090 template followed by the template arguments and any typedefs or
2091 typenames in the signature (e.g. "void f(T) [with T = int]" rather
2092 than "void f(int)") so that it's clear which template is involved.
2093 When an error message refers to a specialization of a class
2094 template, the compiler omits any template arguments that match the
2095 default template arguments for that template. If either of these
2096 behaviors make it harder to understand the error message rather
2097 than easier, you can use -fno-pretty-templates to disable them.
2098 -fno-rtti
2100 Disable generation of information about every class with virtual
2101 functions for use by the C++ run-time type identification features
2102 ("dynamic_cast" and "typeid"). If you don't use those parts of the
2103 language, you can save some space by using this flag. Note that
2104 exception handling uses the same information, but G++ generates it
2105 as needed. The "dynamic_cast" operator can still be used for casts
2106 that do not require run-time type information, i.e. casts to "void
2107 *" or to unambiguous base classes.
2108 Mixing code compiled with -frtti with that compiled with -fno-rtti
2110 may not work. For example, programs may fail to link if a class
2111 compiled with -fno-rtti is used as a base for a class compiled with
2112 -frtti.
2113 -fsized-deallocation
2115 Enable the built-in global declarations
2116 void operator delete (void *, std::size_t) noexcept;
2118 void operator delete[] (void *, std::size_t) noexcept;
2119 as introduced in C++14. This is useful for user-defined
2121 replacement deallocation functions that, for example, use the size
2122 of the object to make deallocation faster. Enabled by default
2123 under -std=c++14 and above. The flag -Wsized-deallocation warns
2124 about places that might want to add a definition.
2125 -fstrict-enums
2127 Allow the compiler to optimize using the assumption that a value of
2128 enumerated type can only be one of the values of the enumeration
2129 (as defined in the C++ standard; basically, a value that can be
2130 represented in the minimum number of bits needed to represent all
2131 the enumerators). This assumption may not be valid if the program
2132 uses a cast to convert an arbitrary integer value to the enumerated
2133 type.
2134 -fstrong-eval-order
2136 Evaluate member access, array subscripting, and shift expressions
2137 in left-to-right order, and evaluate assignment in right-to-left
2138 order, as adopted for C++17. Enabled by default with -std=c++17.
2139 -fstrong-eval-order=some enables just the ordering of member access
2140 and shift expressions, and is the default without -std=c++17.
2141 -ftemplate-backtrace-limit=n
2143 Set the maximum number of template instantiation notes for a single
2144 warning or error to n. The default value is 10.
2145 -ftemplate-depth=n
2147 Set the maximum instantiation depth for template classes to n. A
2148 limit on the template instantiation depth is needed to detect
2149 endless recursions during template class instantiation. ANSI/ISO
2150 C++ conforming programs must not rely on a maximum depth greater
2151 than 17 (changed to 1024 in C++11). The default value is 900, as
2152 the compiler can run out of stack space before hitting 1024 in some
2153 situations.
2154 -fno-threadsafe-statics
2156 Do not emit the extra code to use the routines specified in the C++
2157 ABI for thread-safe initialization of local statics. You can use
2158 this option to reduce code size slightly in code that doesn't need
2159 to be thread-safe.
2160 -fuse-cxa-atexit
2162 Register destructors for objects with static storage duration with
2163 the "__cxa_atexit" function rather than the "atexit" function.
2164 This option is required for fully standards-compliant handling of
2165 static destructors, but only works if your C library supports
2166 "__cxa_atexit".
2167 -fno-use-cxa-get-exception-ptr
2169 Don't use the "__cxa_get_exception_ptr" runtime routine. This
2170 causes "std::uncaught_exception" to be incorrect, but is necessary
2171 if the runtime routine is not available.
2172 -fvisibility-inlines-hidden
2174 This switch declares that the user does not attempt to compare
2175 pointers to inline functions or methods where the addresses of the
2176 two functions are taken in different shared objects.
2177 The effect of this is that GCC may, effectively, mark inline
2179 methods with "__attribute__ ((visibility ("hidden")))" so that they
2180 do not appear in the export table of a DSO and do not require a PLT
2181 indirection when used within the DSO. Enabling this option can
2182 have a dramatic effect on load and link times of a DSO as it
2183 massively reduces the size of the dynamic export table when the
2184 library makes heavy use of templates.
2185 The behavior of this switch is not quite the same as marking the
2187 methods as hidden directly, because it does not affect static
2188 variables local to the function or cause the compiler to deduce
2189 that the function is defined in only one shared object.
2190 You may mark a method as having a visibility explicitly to negate
2192 the effect of the switch for that method. For example, if you do
2193 want to compare pointers to a particular inline method, you might
2194 mark it as having default visibility. Marking the enclosing class
2195 with explicit visibility has no effect.
2196 Explicitly instantiated inline methods are unaffected by this
2198 option as their linkage might otherwise cross a shared library
2199 boundary.
2200 -fvisibility-ms-compat
2202 This flag attempts to use visibility settings to make GCC's C++
2203 linkage model compatible with that of Microsoft Visual Studio.
2204 The flag makes these changes to GCC's linkage model:
2206 1. It sets the default visibility to "hidden", like
2208 -fvisibility=hidden.
2209 2. Types, but not their members, are not hidden by default.
2211 3. The One Definition Rule is relaxed for types without explicit
2213 visibility specifications that are defined in more than one
2214 shared object: those declarations are permitted if they are
2215 permitted when this option is not used.
2216 In new code it is better to use -fvisibility=hidden and export
2218 those classes that are intended to be externally visible.
2219 Unfortunately it is possible for code to rely, perhaps
2220 accidentally, on the Visual Studio behavior.
2221 Among the consequences of these changes are that static data
2223 members of the same type with the same name but defined in
2224 different shared objects are different, so changing one does not
2225 change the other; and that pointers to function members defined in
2226 different shared objects may not compare equal. When this flag is
2227 given, it is a violation of the ODR to define types with the same
2228 name differently.
2229 -fno-weak
2231 Do not use weak symbol support, even if it is provided by the
2232 linker. By default, G++ uses weak symbols if they are available.
2233 This option exists only for testing, and should not be used by end-
2234 users; it results in inferior code and has no benefits. This
2235 option may be removed in a future release of G++.
2236 -fext-numeric-literals (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2238 Accept imaginary, fixed-point, or machine-defined literal number
2239 suffixes as GNU extensions. When this option is turned off these
2240 suffixes are treated as C++11 user-defined literal numeric
2241 suffixes. This is on by default for all pre-C++11 dialects and all
2242 GNU dialects: -std=c++98, -std=gnu++98, -std=gnu++11, -std=gnu++14.
2243 This option is off by default for ISO C++11 onwards (-std=c++11,
2244 ...).
2245 -nostdinc++
2247 Do not search for header files in the standard directories specific
2248 to C++, but do still search the other standard directories. (This
2249 option is used when building the C++ library.)
2250 In addition, these warning options have meanings only for C++ programs:
2252 -Wabi-tag (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2254 Warn when a type with an ABI tag is used in a context that does not
2255 have that ABI tag. See C++ Attributes for more information about
2256 ABI tags.
2257 -Wcomma-subscript (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2259 Warn about uses of a comma expression within a subscripting
2260 expression. This usage was deprecated in C++2a. However, a comma
2261 expression wrapped in "( )" is not deprecated. Example:
2262 void f(int *a, int b, int c) {
2264 a[b,c]; // deprecated
2265 a[(b,c)]; // OK
2266 }
2267 Enabled by default with -std=c++2a.
2269 -Wctor-dtor-privacy (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2271 Warn when a class seems unusable because all the constructors or
2272 destructors in that class are private, and it has neither friends
2273 nor public static member functions. Also warn if there are no non-
2274 private methods, and there's at least one private member function
2275 that isn't a constructor or destructor.
2276 -Wdelete-non-virtual-dtor (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2278 Warn when "delete" is used to destroy an instance of a class that
2279 has virtual functions and non-virtual destructor. It is unsafe to
2280 delete an instance of a derived class through a pointer to a base
2281 class if the base class does not have a virtual destructor. This
2282 warning is enabled by -Wall.
2283 -Wdeprecated-copy (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2285 Warn that the implicit declaration of a copy constructor or copy
2286 assignment operator is deprecated if the class has a user-provided
2287 copy constructor or copy assignment operator, in C++11 and up.
2288 This warning is enabled by -Wextra. With -Wdeprecated-copy-dtor,
2289 also deprecate if the class has a user-provided destructor.
2290 -Wno-init-list-lifetime (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2292 Do not warn about uses of "std::initializer_list" that are likely
2293 to result in dangling pointers. Since the underlying array for an
2294 "initializer_list" is handled like a normal C++ temporary object,
2295 it is easy to inadvertently keep a pointer to the array past the
2296 end of the array's lifetime. For example:
2297 * If a function returns a temporary "initializer_list", or a
2299 local "initializer_list" variable, the array's lifetime ends at
2300 the end of the return statement, so the value returned has a
2301 dangling pointer.
2302 * If a new-expression creates an "initializer_list", the array
2304 only lives until the end of the enclosing full-expression, so
2305 the "initializer_list" in the heap has a dangling pointer.
2306 * When an "initializer_list" variable is assigned from a brace-
2308 enclosed initializer list, the temporary array created for the
2309 right side of the assignment only lives until the end of the
2310 full-expression, so at the next statement the
2311 "initializer_list" variable has a dangling pointer.
2312 // li's initial underlying array lives as long as li
2314 std::initializer_list<int> li = { 1,2,3 };
2315 // assignment changes li to point to a temporary array
2316 li = { 4, 5 };
2317 // now the temporary is gone and li has a dangling pointer
2318 int i = li.begin()[0] // undefined behavior
2319 * When a list constructor stores the "begin" pointer from the
2321 "initializer_list" argument, this doesn't extend the lifetime
2322 of the array, so if a class variable is constructed from a
2323 temporary "initializer_list", the pointer is left dangling by
2324 the end of the variable declaration statement.
2325 -Wno-literal-suffix (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2327 Do not warn when a string or character literal is followed by a ud-
2328 suffix which does not begin with an underscore. As a conforming
2329 extension, GCC treats such suffixes as separate preprocessing
2330 tokens in order to maintain backwards compatibility with code that
2331 uses formatting macros from "<inttypes.h>". For example:
2332 #define __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS
2334 #include <inttypes.h>
2335 #include <stdio.h>
2336 int main() {
2338 int64_t i64 = 123;
2339 printf("My int64: %" PRId64"\n", i64);
2340 }
2341 In this case, "PRId64" is treated as a separate preprocessing
2343 token.
2344 This option also controls warnings when a user-defined literal
2346 operator is declared with a literal suffix identifier that doesn't
2347 begin with an underscore. Literal suffix identifiers that don't
2348 begin with an underscore are reserved for future standardization.
2349 These warnings are enabled by default.
2351 -Wno-narrowing (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2353 For C++11 and later standards, narrowing conversions are diagnosed
2354 by default, as required by the standard. A narrowing conversion
2355 from a constant produces an error, and a narrowing conversion from
2356 a non-constant produces a warning, but -Wno-narrowing suppresses
2357 the diagnostic. Note that this does not affect the meaning of
2358 well-formed code; narrowing conversions are still considered ill-
2359 formed in SFINAE contexts.
2360 With -Wnarrowing in C++98, warn when a narrowing conversion
2362 prohibited by C++11 occurs within { }, e.g.
2363 int i = { 2.2 }; // error: narrowing from double to int
2365 This flag is included in -Wall and -Wc++11-compat.
2367 -Wnoexcept (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2369 Warn when a noexcept-expression evaluates to false because of a
2370 call to a function that does not have a non-throwing exception
2371 specification (i.e. "throw()" or "noexcept") but is known by the
2372 compiler to never throw an exception.
2373 -Wnoexcept-type (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2375 Warn if the C++17 feature making "noexcept" part of a function type
2376 changes the mangled name of a symbol relative to C++14. Enabled by
2377 -Wabi and -Wc++17-compat.
2378 As an example:
2380 template <class T> void f(T t) { t(); };
2382 void g() noexcept;
2383 void h() { f(g); }
2384 In C++14, "f" calls "f<void(*)()>", but in C++17 it calls
2386 "f<void(*)()noexcept>".
2387 -Wclass-memaccess (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2389 Warn when the destination of a call to a raw memory function such
2390 as "memset" or "memcpy" is an object of class type, and when
2391 writing into such an object might bypass the class non-trivial or
2392 deleted constructor or copy assignment, violate const-correctness
2393 or encapsulation, or corrupt virtual table pointers. Modifying the
2394 representation of such objects may violate invariants maintained by
2395 member functions of the class. For example, the call to "memset"
2396 below is undefined because it modifies a non-trivial class object
2397 and is, therefore, diagnosed. The safe way to either initialize or
2398 clear the storage of objects of such types is by using the
2399 appropriate constructor or assignment operator, if one is
2400 available.
2401 std::string str = "abc";
2403 memset (&str, 0, sizeof str);
2404 The -Wclass-memaccess option is enabled by -Wall. Explicitly
2406 casting the pointer to the class object to "void *" or to a type
2407 that can be safely accessed by the raw memory function suppresses
2408 the warning.
2409 -Wnon-virtual-dtor (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2411 Warn when a class has virtual functions and an accessible non-
2412 virtual destructor itself or in an accessible polymorphic base
2413 class, in which case it is possible but unsafe to delete an
2414 instance of a derived class through a pointer to the class itself
2415 or base class. This warning is automatically enabled if -Weffc++
2416 is specified.
2417 -Wregister (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2419 Warn on uses of the "register" storage class specifier, except when
2420 it is part of the GNU Explicit Register Variables extension. The
2421 use of the "register" keyword as storage class specifier has been
2422 deprecated in C++11 and removed in C++17. Enabled by default with
2423 -std=c++17.
2424 -Wreorder (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2426 Warn when the order of member initializers given in the code does
2427 not match the order in which they must be executed. For instance:
2428 struct A {
2430 int i;
2431 int j;
2432 A(): j (0), i (1) { }
2433 };
2434 The compiler rearranges the member initializers for "i" and "j" to
2436 match the declaration order of the members, emitting a warning to
2437 that effect. This warning is enabled by -Wall.
2438 -Wno-pessimizing-move (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2440 This warning warns when a call to "std::move" prevents copy
2441 elision. A typical scenario when copy elision can occur is when
2442 returning in a function with a class return type, when the
2443 expression being returned is the name of a non-volatile automatic
2444 object, and is not a function parameter, and has the same type as
2445 the function return type.
2446 struct T {
2448 ...
2449 };
2450 T fn()
2451 {
2452 T t;
2453 ...
2454 return std::move (t);
2455 }
2456 But in this example, the "std::move" call prevents copy elision.
2458 This warning is enabled by -Wall.
2460 -Wno-redundant-move (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2462 This warning warns about redundant calls to "std::move"; that is,
2463 when a move operation would have been performed even without the
2464 "std::move" call. This happens because the compiler is forced to
2465 treat the object as if it were an rvalue in certain situations such
2466 as returning a local variable, where copy elision isn't applicable.
2467 Consider:
2468 struct T {
2470 ...
2471 };
2472 T fn(T t)
2473 {
2474 ...
2475 return std::move (t);
2476 }
2477 Here, the "std::move" call is redundant. Because G++ implements
2479 Core Issue 1579, another example is:
2480 struct T { // convertible to U
2482 ...
2483 };
2484 struct U {
2485 ...
2486 };
2487 U fn()
2488 {
2489 T t;
2490 ...
2491 return std::move (t);
2492 }
2493 In this example, copy elision isn't applicable because the type of
2495 the expression being returned and the function return type differ,
2496 yet G++ treats the return value as if it were designated by an
2497 rvalue.
2498 This warning is enabled by -Wextra.
2500 -Wredundant-tags (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2502 Warn about redundant class-key and enum-key in references to class
2503 types and enumerated types in contexts where the key can be
2504 eliminated without causing an ambiguity. For example:
2505 struct foo;
2507 struct foo *p; // warn that keyword struct can be eliminated
2508 On the other hand, in this example there is no warning:
2510 struct foo;
2512 void foo (); // "hides" struct foo
2513 void bar (struct foo&); // no warning, keyword struct is necessary
2514 -Wno-subobject-linkage (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2516 Do not warn if a class type has a base or a field whose type uses
2517 the anonymous namespace or depends on a type with no linkage. If a
2518 type A depends on a type B with no or internal linkage, defining it
2519 in multiple translation units would be an ODR violation because the
2520 meaning of B is different in each translation unit. If A only
2521 appears in a single translation unit, the best way to silence the
2522 warning is to give it internal linkage by putting it in an
2523 anonymous namespace as well. The compiler doesn't give this
2524 warning for types defined in the main .C file, as those are
2525 unlikely to have multiple definitions. -Wsubobject-linkage is
2526 enabled by default.
2527 -Weffc++ (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2529 Warn about violations of the following style guidelines from Scott
2530 Meyers' Effective C++ series of books:
2531 * Define a copy constructor and an assignment operator for
2533 classes with dynamically-allocated memory.
2534 * Prefer initialization to assignment in constructors.
2536 * Have "operator=" return a reference to *this.
2538 * Don't try to return a reference when you must return an object.
2540 * Distinguish between prefix and postfix forms of increment and
2542 decrement operators.
2543 * Never overload "&&", "||", or ",".
2545 This option also enables -Wnon-virtual-dtor, which is also one of
2547 the effective C++ recommendations. However, the check is extended
2548 to warn about the lack of virtual destructor in accessible non-
2549 polymorphic bases classes too.
2550 When selecting this option, be aware that the standard library
2552 headers do not obey all of these guidelines; use grep -v to filter
2553 out those warnings.
2554 -Wstrict-null-sentinel (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2556 Warn about the use of an uncasted "NULL" as sentinel. When
2557 compiling only with GCC this is a valid sentinel, as "NULL" is
2558 defined to "__null". Although it is a null pointer constant rather
2559 than a null pointer, it is guaranteed to be of the same size as a
2560 pointer. But this use is not portable across different compilers.
2561 -Wno-non-template-friend (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2563 Disable warnings when non-template friend functions are declared
2564 within a template. In very old versions of GCC that predate
2565 implementation of the ISO standard, declarations such as friend int
2566 foo(int), where the name of the friend is an unqualified-id, could
2567 be interpreted as a particular specialization of a template
2568 function; the warning exists to diagnose compatibility problems,
2569 and is enabled by default.
2570 -Wold-style-cast (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2572 Warn if an old-style (C-style) cast to a non-void type is used
2573 within a C++ program. The new-style casts ("dynamic_cast",
2574 "static_cast", "reinterpret_cast", and "const_cast") are less
2575 vulnerable to unintended effects and much easier to search for.
2576 -Woverloaded-virtual (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2578 Warn when a function declaration hides virtual functions from a
2579 base class. For example, in:
2580 struct A {
2582 virtual void f();
2583 };
2584 struct B: public A {
2586 void f(int);
2587 };
2588 the "A" class version of "f" is hidden in "B", and code like:
2590 B* b;
2592 b->f();
2593 fails to compile.
2595 -Wno-pmf-conversions (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2597 Disable the diagnostic for converting a bound pointer to member
2598 function to a plain pointer.
2599 -Wsign-promo (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2601 Warn when overload resolution chooses a promotion from unsigned or
2602 enumerated type to a signed type, over a conversion to an unsigned
2603 type of the same size. Previous versions of G++ tried to preserve
2604 unsignedness, but the standard mandates the current behavior.
2605 -Wtemplates (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2607 Warn when a primary template declaration is encountered. Some
2608 coding rules disallow templates, and this may be used to enforce
2609 that rule. The warning is inactive inside a system header file,
2610 such as the STL, so one can still use the STL. One may also
2611 instantiate or specialize templates.
2612 -Wmismatched-tags (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2614 Warn for declarations of structs, classes, and class templates and
2615 their specializations with a class-key that does not match either
2616 the definition or the first declaration if no definition is
2617 provided.
2618 For example, the declaration of "struct Object" in the argument
2620 list of "draw" triggers the warning. To avoid it, either remove
2621 the redundant class-key "struct" or replace it with "class" to
2622 match its definition.
2623 class Object {
2625 public:
2626 virtual ~Object () = 0;
2627 };
2628 void draw (struct Object*);
2629 It is not wrong to declare a class with the class-key "struct" as
2631 the example above shows. The -Wmismatched-tags option is intended
2632 to help achieve a consistent style of class declarations. In code
2633 that is intended to be portable to Windows-based compilers the
2634 warning helps prevent unresolved references due to the difference
2635 in the mangling of symbols declared with different class-keys. The
2636 option can be used either on its own or in conjunction with
2637 -Wredundant-tags.
2638 -Wmultiple-inheritance (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2640 Warn when a class is defined with multiple direct base classes.
2641 Some coding rules disallow multiple inheritance, and this may be
2642 used to enforce that rule. The warning is inactive inside a system
2643 header file, such as the STL, so one can still use the STL. One
2644 may also define classes that indirectly use multiple inheritance.
2645 -Wvirtual-inheritance
2647 Warn when a class is defined with a virtual direct base class.
2648 Some coding rules disallow multiple inheritance, and this may be
2649 used to enforce that rule. The warning is inactive inside a system
2650 header file, such as the STL, so one can still use the STL. One
2651 may also define classes that indirectly use virtual inheritance.
2652 -Wno-virtual-move-assign
2654 Suppress warnings about inheriting from a virtual base with a non-
2655 trivial C++11 move assignment operator. This is dangerous because
2656 if the virtual base is reachable along more than one path, it is
2657 moved multiple times, which can mean both objects end up in the
2658 moved-from state. If the move assignment operator is written to
2659 avoid moving from a moved-from object, this warning can be
2660 disabled.
2661 -Wnamespaces
2663 Warn when a namespace definition is opened. Some coding rules
2664 disallow namespaces, and this may be used to enforce that rule.
2665 The warning is inactive inside a system header file, such as the
2666 STL, so one can still use the STL. One may also use using
2667 directives and qualified names.
2668 -Wno-terminate (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2670 Disable the warning about a throw-expression that will immediately
2671 result in a call to "terminate".
2672 -Wno-class-conversion (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2674 Do not warn when a conversion function converts an object to the
2675 same type, to a base class of that type, or to void; such a
2676 conversion function will never be called.
2677 -Wvolatile (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2679 Warn about deprecated uses of the "volatile" qualifier. This
2680 includes postfix and prefix "++" and "--" expressions of
2681 "volatile"-qualified types, using simple assignments where the left
2682 operand is a "volatile"-qualified non-class type for their value,
2683 compound assignments where the left operand is a
2684 "volatile"-qualified non-class type, "volatile"-qualified function
2685 return type, "volatile"-qualified parameter type, and structured
2686 bindings of a "volatile"-qualified type. This usage was deprecated
2687 in C++20.
2688 Enabled by default with -std=c++2a.
2690 -Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2692 Warn when a literal 0 is used as null pointer constant. This can
2693 be useful to facilitate the conversion to "nullptr" in C++11.
2694 -Waligned-new
2696 Warn about a new-expression of a type that requires greater
2697 alignment than the "alignof(std::max_align_t)" but uses an
2698 allocation function without an explicit alignment parameter. This
2699 option is enabled by -Wall.
2700 Normally this only warns about global allocation functions, but
2702 -Waligned-new=all also warns about class member allocation
2703 functions.
2704 -Wno-placement-new
2706 -Wplacement-new=n
2707 Warn about placement new expressions with undefined behavior, such
2708 as constructing an object in a buffer that is smaller than the type
2709 of the object. For example, the placement new expression below is
2710 diagnosed because it attempts to construct an array of 64 integers
2711 in a buffer only 64 bytes large.
2712 char buf [64];
2714 new (buf) int[64];
2715 This warning is enabled by default.
2717 -Wplacement-new=1
2719 This is the default warning level of -Wplacement-new. At this
2720 level the warning is not issued for some strictly undefined
2721 constructs that GCC allows as extensions for compatibility with
2722 legacy code. For example, the following "new" expression is
2723 not diagnosed at this level even though it has undefined
2724 behavior according to the C++ standard because it writes past
2725 the end of the one-element array.
2726 struct S { int n, a[1]; };
2728 S *s = (S *)malloc (sizeof *s + 31 * sizeof s->a[0]);
2729 new (s->a)int [32]();
2730 -Wplacement-new=2
2732 At this level, in addition to diagnosing all the same
2733 constructs as at level 1, a diagnostic is also issued for
2734 placement new expressions that construct an object in the last
2735 member of structure whose type is an array of a single element
2736 and whose size is less than the size of the object being
2737 constructed. While the previous example would be diagnosed,
2738 the following construct makes use of the flexible member array
2739 extension to avoid the warning at level 2.
2740 struct S { int n, a[]; };
2742 S *s = (S *)malloc (sizeof *s + 32 * sizeof s->a[0]);
2743 new (s->a)int [32]();
2744 -Wcatch-value
2746 -Wcatch-value=n (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2747 Warn about catch handlers that do not catch via reference. With
2748 -Wcatch-value=1 (or -Wcatch-value for short) warn about polymorphic
2749 class types that are caught by value. With -Wcatch-value=2 warn
2750 about all class types that are caught by value. With
2751 -Wcatch-value=3 warn about all types that are not caught by
2752 reference. -Wcatch-value is enabled by -Wall.
2753 -Wconditionally-supported (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2755 Warn for conditionally-supported (C++11 [intro.defs]) constructs.
2756 -Wno-delete-incomplete (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2758 Do not warn when deleting a pointer to incomplete type, which may
2759 cause undefined behavior at runtime. This warning is enabled by
2760 default.
2761 -Wextra-semi (C++, Objective-C++ only)
2763 Warn about redundant semicolons after in-class function
2764 definitions.
2765 -Wno-inaccessible-base (C++, Objective-C++ only)
2767 This option controls warnings when a base class is inaccessible in
2768 a class derived from it due to ambiguity. The warning is enabled
2769 by default. Note that the warning for ambiguous virtual bases is
2770 enabled by the -Wextra option.
2771 struct A { int a; };
2773 struct B : A { };
2775 struct C : B, A { };
2777 -Wno-inherited-variadic-ctor
2779 Suppress warnings about use of C++11 inheriting constructors when
2780 the base class inherited from has a C variadic constructor; the
2781 warning is on by default because the ellipsis is not inherited.
2782 -Wno-invalid-offsetof (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2784 Suppress warnings from applying the "offsetof" macro to a non-POD
2785 type. According to the 2014 ISO C++ standard, applying "offsetof"
2786 to a non-standard-layout type is undefined. In existing C++
2787 implementations, however, "offsetof" typically gives meaningful
2788 results. This flag is for users who are aware that they are
2789 writing nonportable code and who have deliberately chosen to ignore
2790 the warning about it.
2791 The restrictions on "offsetof" may be relaxed in a future version
2793 of the C++ standard.
2794 -Wsized-deallocation (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2796 Warn about a definition of an unsized deallocation function
2797 void operator delete (void *) noexcept;
2799 void operator delete[] (void *) noexcept;
2800 without a definition of the corresponding sized deallocation
2802 function
2803 void operator delete (void *, std::size_t) noexcept;
2805 void operator delete[] (void *, std::size_t) noexcept;
2806 or vice versa. Enabled by -Wextra along with -fsized-deallocation.
2808 -Wsuggest-final-types
2810 Warn about types with virtual methods where code quality would be
2811 improved if the type were declared with the C++11 "final"
2812 specifier, or, if possible, declared in an anonymous namespace.
2813 This allows GCC to more aggressively devirtualize the polymorphic
2814 calls. This warning is more effective with link-time optimization,
2815 where the information about the class hierarchy graph is more
2816 complete.
2817 -Wsuggest-final-methods
2819 Warn about virtual methods where code quality would be improved if
2820 the method were declared with the C++11 "final" specifier, or, if
2821 possible, its type were declared in an anonymous namespace or with
2822 the "final" specifier. This warning is more effective with link-
2823 time optimization, where the information about the class hierarchy
2824 graph is more complete. It is recommended to first consider
2825 suggestions of -Wsuggest-final-types and then rebuild with new
2826 annotations.
2827 -Wsuggest-override
2829 Warn about overriding virtual functions that are not marked with
2830 the "override" keyword.
2831 -Wuseless-cast (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2833 Warn when an expression is casted to its own type.
2834 -Wno-conversion-null (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
2836 Do not warn for conversions between "NULL" and non-pointer types.
2837 -Wconversion-null is enabled by default.
2838 Options Controlling Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialects
2840 (NOTE: This manual does not describe the Objective-C and Objective-C++
2841 languages themselves.
2842 This section describes the command-line options that are only
2844 meaningful for Objective-C and Objective-C++ programs. You can also
2845 use most of the language-independent GNU compiler options. For
2846 example, you might compile a file some_class.m like this:
2847 gcc -g -fgnu-runtime -O -c some_class.m
2849 In this example, -fgnu-runtime is an option meant only for Objective-C
2851 and Objective-C++ programs; you can use the other options with any
2852 language supported by GCC.
2853 Note that since Objective-C is an extension of the C language,
2855 Objective-C compilations may also use options specific to the C front-
2856 end (e.g., -Wtraditional). Similarly, Objective-C++ compilations may
2857 use C++-specific options (e.g., -Wabi).
2858 Here is a list of options that are only for compiling Objective-C and
2860 Objective-C++ programs:
2861 -fconstant-string-class=class-name
2863 Use class-name as the name of the class to instantiate for each
2864 literal string specified with the syntax "@"..."". The default
2865 class name is "NXConstantString" if the GNU runtime is being used,
2866 and "NSConstantString" if the NeXT runtime is being used (see
2867 below). The -fconstant-cfstrings option, if also present,
2868 overrides the -fconstant-string-class setting and cause "@"...""
2869 literals to be laid out as constant CoreFoundation strings.
2870 -fgnu-runtime
2872 Generate object code compatible with the standard GNU Objective-C
2873 runtime. This is the default for most types of systems.
2874 -fnext-runtime
2876 Generate output compatible with the NeXT runtime. This is the
2877 default for NeXT-based systems, including Darwin and Mac OS X. The
2878 macro "__NEXT_RUNTIME__" is predefined if (and only if) this option
2879 is used.
2880 -fno-nil-receivers
2882 Assume that all Objective-C message dispatches ("[receiver
2883 message:arg]") in this translation unit ensure that the receiver is
2884 not "nil". This allows for more efficient entry points in the
2885 runtime to be used. This option is only available in conjunction
2886 with the NeXT runtime and ABI version 0 or 1.
2887 -fobjc-abi-version=n
2889 Use version n of the Objective-C ABI for the selected runtime.
2890 This option is currently supported only for the NeXT runtime. In
2891 that case, Version 0 is the traditional (32-bit) ABI without
2892 support for properties and other Objective-C 2.0 additions.
2893 Version 1 is the traditional (32-bit) ABI with support for
2894 properties and other Objective-C 2.0 additions. Version 2 is the
2895 modern (64-bit) ABI. If nothing is specified, the default is
2896 Version 0 on 32-bit target machines, and Version 2 on 64-bit target
2897 machines.
2898 -fobjc-call-cxx-cdtors
2900 For each Objective-C class, check if any of its instance variables
2901 is a C++ object with a non-trivial default constructor. If so,
2902 synthesize a special "- (id) .cxx_construct" instance method which
2903 runs non-trivial default constructors on any such instance
2904 variables, in order, and then return "self". Similarly, check if
2905 any instance variable is a C++ object with a non-trivial
2906 destructor, and if so, synthesize a special "- (void)
2907 .cxx_destruct" method which runs all such default destructors, in
2908 reverse order.
2909 The "- (id) .cxx_construct" and "- (void) .cxx_destruct" methods
2911 thusly generated only operate on instance variables declared in the
2912 current Objective-C class, and not those inherited from
2913 superclasses. It is the responsibility of the Objective-C runtime
2914 to invoke all such methods in an object's inheritance hierarchy.
2915 The "- (id) .cxx_construct" methods are invoked by the runtime
2916 immediately after a new object instance is allocated; the "- (void)
2917 .cxx_destruct" methods are invoked immediately before the runtime
2918 deallocates an object instance.
2919 As of this writing, only the NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.4 and
2921 later has support for invoking the "- (id) .cxx_construct" and "-
2922 (void) .cxx_destruct" methods.
2923 -fobjc-direct-dispatch
2925 Allow fast jumps to the message dispatcher. On Darwin this is
2926 accomplished via the comm page.
2927 -fobjc-exceptions
2929 Enable syntactic support for structured exception handling in
2930 Objective-C, similar to what is offered by C++. This option is
2931 required to use the Objective-C keywords @try, @throw, @catch,
2932 @finally and @synchronized. This option is available with both the
2933 GNU runtime and the NeXT runtime (but not available in conjunction
2934 with the NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.2 and earlier).
2935 -fobjc-gc
2937 Enable garbage collection (GC) in Objective-C and Objective-C++
2938 programs. This option is only available with the NeXT runtime; the
2939 GNU runtime has a different garbage collection implementation that
2940 does not require special compiler flags.
2941 -fobjc-nilcheck
2943 For the NeXT runtime with version 2 of the ABI, check for a nil
2944 receiver in method invocations before doing the actual method call.
2945 This is the default and can be disabled using -fno-objc-nilcheck.
2946 Class methods and super calls are never checked for nil in this way
2947 no matter what this flag is set to. Currently this flag does
2948 nothing when the GNU runtime, or an older version of the NeXT
2949 runtime ABI, is used.
2950 -fobjc-std=objc1
2952 Conform to the language syntax of Objective-C 1.0, the language
2953 recognized by GCC 4.0. This only affects the Objective-C additions
2954 to the C/C++ language; it does not affect conformance to C/C++
2955 standards, which is controlled by the separate C/C++ dialect option
2956 flags. When this option is used with the Objective-C or
2957 Objective-C++ compiler, any Objective-C syntax that is not
2958 recognized by GCC 4.0 is rejected. This is useful if you need to
2959 make sure that your Objective-C code can be compiled with older
2960 versions of GCC.
2961 -freplace-objc-classes
2963 Emit a special marker instructing ld(1) not to statically link in
2964 the resulting object file, and allow dyld(1) to load it in at run
2965 time instead. This is used in conjunction with the Fix-and-
2966 Continue debugging mode, where the object file in question may be
2967 recompiled and dynamically reloaded in the course of program
2968 execution, without the need to restart the program itself.
2969 Currently, Fix-and-Continue functionality is only available in
2970 conjunction with the NeXT runtime on Mac OS X 10.3 and later.
2971 -fzero-link
2973 When compiling for the NeXT runtime, the compiler ordinarily
2974 replaces calls to "objc_getClass("...")" (when the name of the
2975 class is known at compile time) with static class references that
2976 get initialized at load time, which improves run-time performance.
2977 Specifying the -fzero-link flag suppresses this behavior and causes
2978 calls to "objc_getClass("...")" to be retained. This is useful in
2979 Zero-Link debugging mode, since it allows for individual class
2980 implementations to be modified during program execution. The GNU
2981 runtime currently always retains calls to "objc_get_class("...")"
2982 regardless of command-line options.
2983 -fno-local-ivars
2985 By default instance variables in Objective-C can be accessed as if
2986 they were local variables from within the methods of the class
2987 they're declared in. This can lead to shadowing between instance
2988 variables and other variables declared either locally inside a
2989 class method or globally with the same name. Specifying the
2990 -fno-local-ivars flag disables this behavior thus avoiding variable
2991 shadowing issues.
2992 -fivar-visibility=[public|protected|private|package]
2994 Set the default instance variable visibility to the specified
2995 option so that instance variables declared outside the scope of any
2996 access modifier directives default to the specified visibility.
2997 -gen-decls
2999 Dump interface declarations for all classes seen in the source file
3000 to a file named sourcename.decl.
3001 -Wassign-intercept (Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)
3003 Warn whenever an Objective-C assignment is being intercepted by the
3004 garbage collector.
3005 -Wno-property-assign-default (Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)
3007 Do not warn if a property for an Objective-C object has no assign
3008 semantics specified.
3009 -Wno-protocol (Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)
3011 If a class is declared to implement a protocol, a warning is issued
3012 for every method in the protocol that is not implemented by the
3013 class. The default behavior is to issue a warning for every method
3014 not explicitly implemented in the class, even if a method
3015 implementation is inherited from the superclass. If you use the
3016 -Wno-protocol option, then methods inherited from the superclass
3017 are considered to be implemented, and no warning is issued for
3018 them.
3019 -Wselector (Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)
3021 Warn if multiple methods of different types for the same selector
3022 are found during compilation. The check is performed on the list
3023 of methods in the final stage of compilation. Additionally, a
3024 check is performed for each selector appearing in a
3025 "@selector(...)" expression, and a corresponding method for that
3026 selector has been found during compilation. Because these checks
3027 scan the method table only at the end of compilation, these
3028 warnings are not produced if the final stage of compilation is not
3029 reached, for example because an error is found during compilation,
3030 or because the -fsyntax-only option is being used.
3031 -Wstrict-selector-match (Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)
3033 Warn if multiple methods with differing argument and/or return
3034 types are found for a given selector when attempting to send a
3035 message using this selector to a receiver of type "id" or "Class".
3036 When this flag is off (which is the default behavior), the compiler
3037 omits such warnings if any differences found are confined to types
3038 that share the same size and alignment.
3039 -Wundeclared-selector (Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)
3041 Warn if a "@selector(...)" expression referring to an undeclared
3042 selector is found. A selector is considered undeclared if no
3043 method with that name has been declared before the "@selector(...)"
3044 expression, either explicitly in an @interface or @protocol
3045 declaration, or implicitly in an @implementation section. This
3046 option always performs its checks as soon as a "@selector(...)"
3047 expression is found, while -Wselector only performs its checks in
3048 the final stage of compilation. This also enforces the coding
3049 style convention that methods and selectors must be declared before
3050 being used.
3051 -print-objc-runtime-info
3053 Generate C header describing the largest structure that is passed
3054 by value, if any.
3055 Options to Control Diagnostic Messages Formatting
3057 Traditionally, diagnostic messages have been formatted irrespective of
3058 the output device's aspect (e.g. its width, ...). You can use the
3059 options described below to control the formatting algorithm for
3060 diagnostic messages, e.g. how many characters per line, how often
3061 source location information should be reported. Note that some
3062 language front ends may not honor these options.
3063 -fmessage-length=n
3065 Try to format error messages so that they fit on lines of about n
3066 characters. If n is zero, then no line-wrapping is done; each
3067 error message appears on a single line. This is the default for
3068 all front ends.
3069 Note - this option also affects the display of the #error and
3071 #warning pre-processor directives, and the deprecated
3072 function/type/variable attribute. It does not however affect the
3073 pragma GCC warning and pragma GCC error pragmas.
3074 -fdiagnostics-show-location=once
3076 Only meaningful in line-wrapping mode. Instructs the diagnostic
3077 messages reporter to emit source location information once; that
3078 is, in case the message is too long to fit on a single physical
3079 line and has to be wrapped, the source location won't be emitted
3080 (as prefix) again, over and over, in subsequent continuation lines.
3081 This is the default behavior.
3082 -fdiagnostics-show-location=every-line
3084 Only meaningful in line-wrapping mode. Instructs the diagnostic
3085 messages reporter to emit the same source location information (as
3086 prefix) for physical lines that result from the process of breaking
3087 a message which is too long to fit on a single line.
3088 -fdiagnostics-color[=WHEN]
3090 -fno-diagnostics-color
3091 Use color in diagnostics. WHEN is never, always, or auto. The
3092 default depends on how the compiler has been configured, it can be
3093 any of the above WHEN options or also never if GCC_COLORS
3094 environment variable isn't present in the environment, and auto
3095 otherwise. auto makes GCC use color only when the standard error
3096 is a terminal, and when not executing in an emacs shell. The forms
3097 -fdiagnostics-color and -fno-diagnostics-color are aliases for
3098 -fdiagnostics-color=always and -fdiagnostics-color=never,
3099 respectively.
3100 The colors are defined by the environment variable GCC_COLORS. Its
3102 value is a colon-separated list of capabilities and Select Graphic
3103 Rendition (SGR) substrings. SGR commands are interpreted by the
3104 terminal or terminal emulator. (See the section in the
3105 documentation of your text terminal for permitted values and their
3106 meanings as character attributes.) These substring values are
3107 integers in decimal representation and can be concatenated with
3108 semicolons. Common values to concatenate include 1 for bold, 4 for
3109 underline, 5 for blink, 7 for inverse, 39 for default foreground
3110 color, 30 to 37 for foreground colors, 90 to 97 for 16-color mode
3111 foreground colors, 38;5;0 to 38;5;255 for 88-color and 256-color
3112 modes foreground colors, 49 for default background color, 40 to 47
3113 for background colors, 100 to 107 for 16-color mode background
3114 colors, and 48;5;0 to 48;5;255 for 88-color and 256-color modes
3115 background colors.
3116 The default GCC_COLORS is
3118 error=01;31:warning=01;35:note=01;36:range1=32:range2=34:locus=01:\
3120 quote=01:path=01;36:fixit-insert=32:fixit-delete=31:\
3121 diff-filename=01:diff-hunk=32:diff-delete=31:diff-insert=32:\
3122 type-diff=01;32
3123 where 01;31 is bold red, 01;35 is bold magenta, 01;36 is bold cyan,
3125 32 is green, 34 is blue, 01 is bold, and 31 is red. Setting
3126 GCC_COLORS to the empty string disables colors. Supported
3127 capabilities are as follows.
3128 "error="
3130 SGR substring for error: markers.
3131 "warning="
3133 SGR substring for warning: markers.
3134 "note="
3136 SGR substring for note: markers.
3137 "path="
3139 SGR substring for colorizing paths of control-flow events as
3140 printed via -fdiagnostics-path-format=, such as the identifiers
3141 of individual events and lines indicating interprocedural calls
3142 and returns.
3143 "range1="
3145 SGR substring for first additional range.
3146 "range2="
3148 SGR substring for second additional range.
3149 "locus="
3151 SGR substring for location information, file:line or
3152 file:line:column etc.
3153 "quote="
3155 SGR substring for information printed within quotes.
3156 "fixit-insert="
3158 SGR substring for fix-it hints suggesting text to be inserted
3159 or replaced.
3160 "fixit-delete="
3162 SGR substring for fix-it hints suggesting text to be deleted.
3163 "diff-filename="
3165 SGR substring for filename headers within generated patches.
3166 "diff-hunk="
3168 SGR substring for the starts of hunks within generated patches.
3169 "diff-delete="
3171 SGR substring for deleted lines within generated patches.
3172 "diff-insert="
3174 SGR substring for inserted lines within generated patches.
3175 "type-diff="
3177 SGR substring for highlighting mismatching types within
3178 template arguments in the C++ frontend.
3179 -fdiagnostics-urls[=WHEN]
3181 Use escape sequences to embed URLs in diagnostics. For example,
3182 when -fdiagnostics-show-option emits text showing the command-line
3183 option controlling a diagnostic, embed a URL for documentation of
3184 that option.
3185 WHEN is never, always, or auto. auto makes GCC use URL escape
3187 sequences only when the standard error is a terminal, and when not
3188 executing in an emacs shell or any graphical terminal which is
3189 known to be incompatible with this feature, see below.
3190 The default depends on how the compiler has been configured. It
3192 can be any of the above WHEN options.
3193 GCC can also be configured (via the
3195 --with-diagnostics-urls=auto-if-env configure-time option) so that
3196 the default is affected by environment variables. Under such a
3197 configuration, GCC defaults to using auto if either GCC_URLS or
3198 TERM_URLS environment variables are present and non-empty in the
3199 environment of the compiler, or never if neither are.
3200 However, even with -fdiagnostics-urls=always the behavior is
3202 dependent on those environment variables: If GCC_URLS is set to
3203 empty or no, do not embed URLs in diagnostics. If set to st, URLs
3204 use ST escape sequences. If set to bel, the default, URLs use BEL
3205 escape sequences. Any other non-empty value enables the feature.
3206 If GCC_URLS is not set, use TERM_URLS as a fallback. Note: ST is
3207 an ANSI escape sequence, string terminator ESC \, BEL is an ASCII
3208 character, CTRL-G that usually sounds like a beep.
3209 At this time GCC tries to detect also a few terminals that are
3211 known to not implement the URL feature, and have bugs or at least
3212 had bugs in some versions that are still in use, where the URL
3213 escapes are likely to misbehave, i.e. print garbage on the screen.
3214 That list is currently xfce4-terminal, certain known to be buggy
3215 gnome-terminal versions, the linux console, and mingw. This check
3216 can be skipped with the -fdiagnostics-urls=always.
3217 -fno-diagnostics-show-option
3219 By default, each diagnostic emitted includes text indicating the
3220 command-line option that directly controls the diagnostic (if such
3221 an option is known to the diagnostic machinery). Specifying the
3222 -fno-diagnostics-show-option flag suppresses that behavior.
3223 -fno-diagnostics-show-caret
3225 By default, each diagnostic emitted includes the original source
3226 line and a caret ^ indicating the column. This option suppresses
3227 this information. The source line is truncated to n characters, if
3228 the -fmessage-length=n option is given. When the output is done to
3229 the terminal, the width is limited to the width given by the
3230 COLUMNS environment variable or, if not set, to the terminal width.
3231 -fno-diagnostics-show-labels
3233 By default, when printing source code (via
3234 -fdiagnostics-show-caret), diagnostics can label ranges of source
3235 code with pertinent information, such as the types of expressions:
3236 printf ("foo %s bar", long_i + long_j);
3238 ~^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3239 | |
3240 char * long int
3241 This option suppresses the printing of these labels (in the example
3243 above, the vertical bars and the "char *" and "long int" text).
3244 -fno-diagnostics-show-cwe
3246 Diagnostic messages can optionally have an associated
3247 @url{https://cwe.mitre.org/index.html, CWE} identifier. GCC itself
3248 only provides such metadata for some of the -fanalyzer diagnostics.
3249 GCC plugins may also provide diagnostics with such metadata. By
3250 default, if this information is present, it will be printed with
3251 the diagnostic. This option suppresses the printing of this
3252 metadata.
3253 -fno-diagnostics-show-line-numbers
3255 By default, when printing source code (via
3256 -fdiagnostics-show-caret), a left margin is printed, showing line
3257 numbers. This option suppresses this left margin.
3258 -fdiagnostics-minimum-margin-width=width
3260 This option controls the minimum width of the left margin printed
3261 by -fdiagnostics-show-line-numbers. It defaults to 6.
3262 -fdiagnostics-parseable-fixits
3264 Emit fix-it hints in a machine-parseable format, suitable for
3265 consumption by IDEs. For each fix-it, a line will be printed after
3266 the relevant diagnostic, starting with the string "fix-it:". For
3267 example:
3268 fix-it:"test.c":{45:3-45:21}:"gtk_widget_show_all"
3270 The location is expressed as a half-open range, expressed as a
3272 count of bytes, starting at byte 1 for the initial column. In the
3273 above example, bytes 3 through 20 of line 45 of "test.c" are to be
3274 replaced with the given string:
3275 00000000011111111112222222222
3277 12345678901234567890123456789
3278 gtk_widget_showall (dlg);
3279 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
3280 gtk_widget_show_all
3281 The filename and replacement string escape backslash as "\\", tab
3283 as "\t", newline as "\n", double quotes as "\"", non-printable
3284 characters as octal (e.g. vertical tab as "\013").
3285 An empty replacement string indicates that the given range is to be
3287 removed. An empty range (e.g. "45:3-45:3") indicates that the
3288 string is to be inserted at the given position.
3289 -fdiagnostics-generate-patch
3291 Print fix-it hints to stderr in unified diff format, after any
3292 diagnostics are printed. For example:
3293 --- test.c
3295 +++ test.c
3296 @ -42,5 +42,5 @
3297 void show_cb(GtkDialog *dlg)
3299 {
3300 - gtk_widget_showall(dlg);
3301 + gtk_widget_show_all(dlg);
3302 }
3303 The diff may or may not be colorized, following the same rules as
3305 for diagnostics (see -fdiagnostics-color).
3306 -fdiagnostics-show-template-tree
3308 In the C++ frontend, when printing diagnostics showing mismatching
3309 template types, such as:
3310 could not convert 'std::map<int, std::vector<double> >()'
3312 from 'map<[...],vector<double>>' to 'map<[...],vector<float>>
3313 the -fdiagnostics-show-template-tree flag enables printing a tree-
3315 like structure showing the common and differing parts of the types,
3316 such as:
3317 map<
3319 [...],
3320 vector<
3321 [double != float]>>
3322 The parts that differ are highlighted with color ("double" and
3324 "float" in this case).
3325 -fno-elide-type
3327 By default when the C++ frontend prints diagnostics showing
3328 mismatching template types, common parts of the types are printed
3329 as "[...]" to simplify the error message. For example:
3330 could not convert 'std::map<int, std::vector<double> >()'
3332 from 'map<[...],vector<double>>' to 'map<[...],vector<float>>
3333 Specifying the -fno-elide-type flag suppresses that behavior. This
3335 flag also affects the output of the
3336 -fdiagnostics-show-template-tree flag.
3337 -fdiagnostics-path-format=KIND
3339 Specify how to print paths of control-flow events for diagnostics
3340 that have such a path associated with them.
3341 KIND is none, separate-events, or inline-events, the default.
3343 none means to not print diagnostic paths.
3345 separate-events means to print a separate "note" diagnostic for
3347 each event within the diagnostic. For example:
3348 test.c:29:5: error: passing NULL as argument 1 to 'PyList_Append' which requires a non-NULL parameter
3350 test.c:25:10: note: (1) when 'PyList_New' fails, returning NULL
3351 test.c:27:3: note: (2) when 'i < count'
3352 test.c:29:5: note: (3) when calling 'PyList_Append', passing NULL from (1) as argument 1
3353 inline-events means to print the events "inline" within the source
3355 code. This view attempts to consolidate the events into runs of
3356 sufficiently-close events, printing them as labelled ranges within
3357 the source.
3358 For example, the same events as above might be printed as:
3360 'test': events 1-3
3362 |
3363 | 25 | list = PyList_New(0);
3364 | | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~
3365 | | |
3366 | | (1) when 'PyList_New' fails, returning NULL
3367 | 26 |
3368 | 27 | for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
3369 | | ~~~
3370 | | |
3371 | | (2) when 'i < count'
3372 | 28 | item = PyLong_FromLong(random());
3373 | 29 | PyList_Append(list, item);
3374 | | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3375 | | |
3376 | | (3) when calling 'PyList_Append', passing NULL from (1) as argument 1
3377 |
3378 Interprocedural control flow is shown by grouping the events by
3380 stack frame, and using indentation to show how stack frames are
3381 nested, pushed, and popped.
3382 For example:
3384 'test': events 1-2
3386 |
3387 | 133 | {
3388 | | ^
3389 | | |
3390 | | (1) entering 'test'
3391 | 134 | boxed_int *obj = make_boxed_int (i);
3392 | | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3393 | | |
3394 | | (2) calling 'make_boxed_int'
3395 |
3396 +--> 'make_boxed_int': events 3-4
3397 |
3398 | 120 | {
3399 | | ^
3400 | | |
3401 | | (3) entering 'make_boxed_int'
3402 | 121 | boxed_int *result = (boxed_int *)wrapped_malloc (sizeof (boxed_int));
3403 | | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3404 | | |
3405 | | (4) calling 'wrapped_malloc'
3406 |
3407 +--> 'wrapped_malloc': events 5-6
3408 |
3409 | 7 | {
3410 | | ^
3411 | | |
3412 | | (5) entering 'wrapped_malloc'
3413 | 8 | return malloc (size);
3414 | | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3415 | | |
3416 | | (6) calling 'malloc'
3417 |
3418 <-------------+
3419 |
3420 'test': event 7
3421 |
3422 | 138 | free_boxed_int (obj);
3423 | | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3424 | | |
3425 | | (7) calling 'free_boxed_int'
3426 |
3427 (etc)
3428 -fdiagnostics-show-path-depths
3430 This option provides additional information when printing control-
3431 flow paths associated with a diagnostic.
3432 If this is option is provided then the stack depth will be printed
3434 for each run of events within
3435 -fdiagnostics-path-format=separate-events.
3436 This is intended for use by GCC developers and plugin developers
3438 when debugging diagnostics that report interprocedural control
3439 flow.
3440 -fno-show-column
3442 Do not print column numbers in diagnostics. This may be necessary
3443 if diagnostics are being scanned by a program that does not
3444 understand the column numbers, such as dejagnu.
3445 -fdiagnostics-format=FORMAT
3447 Select a different format for printing diagnostics. FORMAT is text
3448 or json. The default is text.
3449 The json format consists of a top-level JSON array containing JSON
3451 objects representing the diagnostics.
3452 The JSON is emitted as one line, without formatting; the examples
3454 below have been formatted for clarity.
3455 Diagnostics can have child diagnostics. For example, this error
3457 and note:
3458 misleading-indentation.c:15:3: warning: this 'if' clause does not
3460 guard... [-Wmisleading-indentation]
3461 15 | if (flag)
3462 | ^~
3463 misleading-indentation.c:17:5: note: ...this statement, but the latter
3464 is misleadingly indented as if it were guarded by the 'if'
3465 17 | y = 2;
3466 | ^
3467 might be printed in JSON form (after formatting) like this:
3469 [
3471 {
3472 "kind": "warning",
3473 "locations": [
3474 {
3475 "caret": {
3476 "column": 3,
3477 "file": "misleading-indentation.c",
3478 "line": 15
3479 },
3480 "finish": {
3481 "column": 4,
3482 "file": "misleading-indentation.c",
3483 "line": 15
3484 }
3485 }
3486 ],
3487 "message": "this \u2018if\u2019 clause does not guard...",
3488 "option": "-Wmisleading-indentation",
3489 "option_url": "https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Warning-Options.html#index-Wmisleading-indentation",
3490 "children": [
3491 {
3492 "kind": "note",
3493 "locations": [
3494 {
3495 "caret": {
3496 "column": 5,
3497 "file": "misleading-indentation.c",
3498 "line": 17
3499 }
3500 }
3501 ],
3502 "message": "...this statement, but the latter is ..."
3503 }
3504 ]
3505 },
3506 ...
3507 ]
3508 where the "note" is a child of the "warning".
3510 A diagnostic has a "kind". If this is "warning", then there is an
3512 "option" key describing the command-line option controlling the
3513 warning.
3514 A diagnostic can contain zero or more locations. Each location has
3516 up to three positions within it: a "caret" position and optional
3517 "start" and "finish" positions. A location can also have an
3518 optional "label" string. For example, this error:
3519 bad-binary-ops.c:64:23: error: invalid operands to binary + (have 'S' {aka
3521 'struct s'} and 'T' {aka 'struct t'})
3522 64 | return callee_4a () + callee_4b ();
3523 | ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~
3524 | | |
3525 | | T {aka struct t}
3526 | S {aka struct s}
3527 has three locations. Its primary location is at the "+" token at
3529 column 23. It has two secondary locations, describing the left and
3530 right-hand sides of the expression, which have labels. It might be
3531 printed in JSON form as:
3532 {
3534 "children": [],
3535 "kind": "error",
3536 "locations": [
3537 {
3538 "caret": {
3539 "column": 23, "file": "bad-binary-ops.c", "line": 64
3540 }
3541 },
3542 {
3543 "caret": {
3544 "column": 10, "file": "bad-binary-ops.c", "line": 64
3545 },
3546 "finish": {
3547 "column": 21, "file": "bad-binary-ops.c", "line": 64
3548 },
3549 "label": "S {aka struct s}"
3550 },
3551 {
3552 "caret": {
3553 "column": 25, "file": "bad-binary-ops.c", "line": 64
3554 },
3555 "finish": {
3556 "column": 36, "file": "bad-binary-ops.c", "line": 64
3557 },
3558 "label": "T {aka struct t}"
3559 }
3560 ],
3561 "message": "invalid operands to binary + ..."
3562 }
3563 If a diagnostic contains fix-it hints, it has a "fixits" array,
3565 consisting of half-open intervals, similar to the output of
3566 -fdiagnostics-parseable-fixits. For example, this diagnostic with
3567 a replacement fix-it hint:
3568 demo.c:8:15: error: 'struct s' has no member named 'colour'; did you
3570 mean 'color'?
3571 8 | return ptr->colour;
3572 | ^~~~~~
3573 | color
3574 might be printed in JSON form as:
3576 {
3578 "children": [],
3579 "fixits": [
3580 {
3581 "next": {
3582 "column": 21,
3583 "file": "demo.c",
3584 "line": 8
3585 },
3586 "start": {
3587 "column": 15,
3588 "file": "demo.c",
3589 "line": 8
3590 },
3591 "string": "color"
3592 }
3593 ],
3594 "kind": "error",
3595 "locations": [
3596 {
3597 "caret": {
3598 "column": 15,
3599 "file": "demo.c",
3600 "line": 8
3601 },
3602 "finish": {
3603 "column": 20,
3604 "file": "demo.c",
3605 "line": 8
3606 }
3607 }
3608 ],
3609 "message": "\u2018struct s\u2019 has no member named ..."
3610 }
3611 where the fix-it hint suggests replacing the text from "start" up
3613 to but not including "next" with "string"'s value. Deletions are
3614 expressed via an empty value for "string", insertions by having
3615 "start" equal "next".
3616 If the diagnostic has a path of control-flow events associated with
3618 it, it has a "path" array of objects representing the events. Each
3619 event object has a "description" string, a "location" object, along
3620 with a "function" string and a "depth" number for representing
3621 interprocedural paths. The "function" represents the current
3622 function at that event, and the "depth" represents the stack depth
3623 relative to some baseline: the higher, the more frames are within
3624 the stack.
3625 For example, the intraprocedural example shown for
3627 -fdiagnostics-path-format= might have this JSON for its path:
3628 "path": [
3630 {
3631 "depth": 0,
3632 "description": "when 'PyList_New' fails, returning NULL",
3633 "function": "test",
3634 "location": {
3635 "column": 10,
3636 "file": "test.c",
3637 "line": 25
3638 }
3639 },
3640 {
3641 "depth": 0,
3642 "description": "when 'i < count'",
3643 "function": "test",
3644 "location": {
3645 "column": 3,
3646 "file": "test.c",
3647 "line": 27
3648 }
3649 },
3650 {
3651 "depth": 0,
3652 "description": "when calling 'PyList_Append', passing NULL from (1) as argument 1",
3653 "function": "test",
3654 "location": {
3655 "column": 5,
3656 "file": "test.c",
3657 "line": 29
3658 }
3659 }
3660 ]
3661 Options to Request or Suppress Warnings
3663 Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions that are not
3664 inherently erroneous but that are risky or suggest there may have been
3665 an error.
3666 The following language-independent options do not enable specific
3668 warnings but control the kinds of diagnostics produced by GCC.
3669 -fsyntax-only
3671 Check the code for syntax errors, but don't do anything beyond
3672 that.
3673 -fmax-errors=n
3675 Limits the maximum number of error messages to n, at which point
3676 GCC bails out rather than attempting to continue processing the
3677 source code. If n is 0 (the default), there is no limit on the
3678 number of error messages produced. If -Wfatal-errors is also
3679 specified, then -Wfatal-errors takes precedence over this option.
3680 -w Inhibit all warning messages.
3682 -Werror
3684 Make all warnings into errors.
3685 -Werror=
3687 Make the specified warning into an error. The specifier for a
3688 warning is appended; for example -Werror=switch turns the warnings
3689 controlled by -Wswitch into errors. This switch takes a negative
3690 form, to be used to negate -Werror for specific warnings; for
3691 example -Wno-error=switch makes -Wswitch warnings not be errors,
3692 even when -Werror is in effect.
3693 The warning message for each controllable warning includes the
3695 option that controls the warning. That option can then be used
3696 with -Werror= and -Wno-error= as described above. (Printing of the
3697 option in the warning message can be disabled using the
3698 -fno-diagnostics-show-option flag.)
3699 Note that specifying -Werror=foo automatically implies -Wfoo.
3701 However, -Wno-error=foo does not imply anything.
3702 -Wfatal-errors
3704 This option causes the compiler to abort compilation on the first
3705 error occurred rather than trying to keep going and printing
3706 further error messages.
3707 You can request many specific warnings with options beginning with -W,
3709 for example -Wimplicit to request warnings on implicit declarations.
3710 Each of these specific warning options also has a negative form
3711 beginning -Wno- to turn off warnings; for example, -Wno-implicit. This
3712 manual lists only one of the two forms, whichever is not the default.
3713 For further language-specific options also refer to C++ Dialect Options
3714 and Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options. Additional warnings
3715 can be produced by enabling the static analyzer;
3716 Some options, such as -Wall and -Wextra, turn on other options, such as
3718 -Wunused, which may turn on further options, such as -Wunused-value.
3719 The combined effect of positive and negative forms is that more
3720 specific options have priority over less specific ones, independently
3721 of their position in the command-line. For options of the same
3722 specificity, the last one takes effect. Options enabled or disabled via
3723 pragmas take effect as if they appeared at the end of the command-line.
3724 When an unrecognized warning option is requested (e.g.,
3726 -Wunknown-warning), GCC emits a diagnostic stating that the option is
3727 not recognized. However, if the -Wno- form is used, the behavior is
3728 slightly different: no diagnostic is produced for -Wno-unknown-warning
3729 unless other diagnostics are being produced. This allows the use of
3730 new -Wno- options with old compilers, but if something goes wrong, the
3731 compiler warns that an unrecognized option is present.
3732 The effectiveness of some warnings depends on optimizations also being
3734 enabled. For example -Wsuggest-final-types is more effective with link-
3735 time optimization and -Wmaybe-uninitialized does not warn at all unless
3736 optimization is enabled.
3737 -Wpedantic
3739 -pedantic
3740 Issue all the warnings demanded by strict ISO C and ISO C++; reject
3741 all programs that use forbidden extensions, and some other programs
3742 that do not follow ISO C and ISO C++. For ISO C, follows the
3743 version of the ISO C standard specified by any -std option used.
3744 Valid ISO C and ISO C++ programs should compile properly with or
3746 without this option (though a rare few require -ansi or a -std
3747 option specifying the required version of ISO C). However, without
3748 this option, certain GNU extensions and traditional C and C++
3749 features are supported as well. With this option, they are
3750 rejected.
3751 -Wpedantic does not cause warning messages for use of the alternate
3753 keywords whose names begin and end with __. This alternate format
3754 can also be used to disable warnings for non-ISO __intN types, i.e.
3755 __intN__. Pedantic warnings are also disabled in the expression
3756 that follows "__extension__". However, only system header files
3757 should use these escape routes; application programs should avoid
3758 them.
3759 Some users try to use -Wpedantic to check programs for strict ISO C
3761 conformance. They soon find that it does not do quite what they
3762 want: it finds some non-ISO practices, but not all---only those for
3763 which ISO C requires a diagnostic, and some others for which
3764 diagnostics have been added.
3765 A feature to report any failure to conform to ISO C might be useful
3767 in some instances, but would require considerable additional work
3768 and would be quite different from -Wpedantic. We don't have plans
3769 to support such a feature in the near future.
3770 Where the standard specified with -std represents a GNU extended
3772 dialect of C, such as gnu90 or gnu99, there is a corresponding base
3773 standard, the version of ISO C on which the GNU extended dialect is
3774 based. Warnings from -Wpedantic are given where they are required
3775 by the base standard. (It does not make sense for such warnings to
3776 be given only for features not in the specified GNU C dialect,
3777 since by definition the GNU dialects of C include all features the
3778 compiler supports with the given option, and there would be nothing
3779 to warn about.)
3780 -pedantic-errors
3782 Give an error whenever the base standard (see -Wpedantic) requires
3783 a diagnostic, in some cases where there is undefined behavior at
3784 compile-time and in some other cases that do not prevent
3785 compilation of programs that are valid according to the standard.
3786 This is not equivalent to -Werror=pedantic, since there are errors
3787 enabled by this option and not enabled by the latter and vice
3788 versa.
3789 -Wall
3791 This enables all the warnings about constructions that some users
3792 consider questionable, and that are easy to avoid (or modify to
3793 prevent the warning), even in conjunction with macros. This also
3794 enables some language-specific warnings described in C++ Dialect
3795 Options and Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialect Options.
3796 -Wall turns on the following warning flags:
3798 -Waddress -Warray-bounds=1 (only with -O2) -Wbool-compare
3800 -Wbool-operation -Wc++11-compat -Wc++14-compat -Wcatch-value (C++
3801 and Objective-C++ only) -Wchar-subscripts -Wcomment
3802 -Wduplicate-decl-specifier (C and Objective-C only) -Wenum-compare
3803 (in C/ObjC; this is on by default in C++) -Wenum-conversion in
3804 C/ObjC; -Wformat -Wformat-overflow -Wformat-truncation
3805 -Wint-in-bool-context -Wimplicit (C and Objective-C only)
3806 -Wimplicit-int (C and Objective-C only)
3807 -Wimplicit-function-declaration (C and Objective-C only)
3808 -Winit-self (only for C++) -Wlogical-not-parentheses -Wmain (only
3809 for C/ObjC and unless -ffreestanding) -Wmaybe-uninitialized
3810 -Wmemset-elt-size -Wmemset-transposed-args -Wmisleading-indentation
3811 (only for C/C++) -Wmissing-attributes -Wmissing-braces (only for
3812 C/ObjC) -Wmultistatement-macros -Wnarrowing (only for C++)
3813 -Wnonnull -Wnonnull-compare -Wopenmp-simd -Wparentheses
3814 -Wpessimizing-move (only for C++) -Wpointer-sign -Wreorder
3815 -Wrestrict -Wreturn-type -Wsequence-point -Wsign-compare (only in
3816 C++) -Wsizeof-pointer-div -Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess
3817 -Wstrict-aliasing -Wstrict-overflow=1 -Wswitch
3818 -Wtautological-compare -Wtrigraphs -Wuninitialized
3819 -Wunknown-pragmas -Wunused-function -Wunused-label -Wunused-value
3820 -Wunused-variable -Wvolatile-register-var -Wzero-length-bounds
3821 Note that some warning flags are not implied by -Wall. Some of
3823 them warn about constructions that users generally do not consider
3824 questionable, but which occasionally you might wish to check for;
3825 others warn about constructions that are necessary or hard to avoid
3826 in some cases, and there is no simple way to modify the code to
3827 suppress the warning. Some of them are enabled by -Wextra but many
3828 of them must be enabled individually.
3829 -Wextra
3831 This enables some extra warning flags that are not enabled by
3832 -Wall. (This option used to be called -W. The older name is still
3833 supported, but the newer name is more descriptive.)
3834 -Wclobbered -Wcast-function-type -Wdeprecated-copy (C++ only)
3836 -Wempty-body -Wignored-qualifiers -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3
3837 -Wmissing-field-initializers -Wmissing-parameter-type (C only)
3838 -Wold-style-declaration (C only) -Woverride-init -Wsign-compare (C
3839 only) -Wstring-compare -Wredundant-move (only for C++)
3840 -Wtype-limits -Wuninitialized -Wshift-negative-value (in C++03 and
3841 in C99 and newer) -Wunused-parameter (only with -Wunused or -Wall)
3842 -Wunused-but-set-parameter (only with -Wunused or -Wall)
3843 The option -Wextra also prints warning messages for the following
3845 cases:
3846 * A pointer is compared against integer zero with "<", "<=", ">",
3848 or ">=".
3849 * (C++ only) An enumerator and a non-enumerator both appear in a
3851 conditional expression.
3852 * (C++ only) Ambiguous virtual bases.
3854 * (C++ only) Subscripting an array that has been declared
3856 "register".
3857 * (C++ only) Taking the address of a variable that has been
3859 declared "register".
3860 * (C++ only) A base class is not initialized in the copy
3862 constructor of a derived class.
3863 -Wabi (C, Objective-C, C++ and Objective-C++ only)
3865 Warn about code affected by ABI changes. This includes code that
3866 may not be compatible with the vendor-neutral C++ ABI as well as
3867 the psABI for the particular target.
3868 Since G++ now defaults to updating the ABI with each major release,
3870 normally -Wabi warns only about C++ ABI compatibility problems if
3871 there is a check added later in a release series for an ABI issue
3872 discovered since the initial release. -Wabi warns about more
3873 things if an older ABI version is selected (with -fabi-version=n).
3874 -Wabi can also be used with an explicit version number to warn
3876 about C++ ABI compatibility with a particular -fabi-version level,
3877 e.g. -Wabi=2 to warn about changes relative to -fabi-version=2.
3878 If an explicit version number is provided and -fabi-compat-version
3880 is not specified, the version number from this option is used for
3881 compatibility aliases. If no explicit version number is provided
3882 with this option, but -fabi-compat-version is specified, that
3883 version number is used for C++ ABI warnings.
3884 Although an effort has been made to warn about all such cases,
3886 there are probably some cases that are not warned about, even
3887 though G++ is generating incompatible code. There may also be
3888 cases where warnings are emitted even though the code that is
3889 generated is compatible.
3890 You should rewrite your code to avoid these warnings if you are
3892 concerned about the fact that code generated by G++ may not be
3893 binary compatible with code generated by other compilers.
3894 Known incompatibilities in -fabi-version=2 (which was the default
3896 from GCC 3.4 to 4.9) include:
3897 * A template with a non-type template parameter of reference type
3899 was mangled incorrectly:
3900 extern int N;
3902 template <int &> struct S {};
3903 void n (S<N>) {2}
3904 This was fixed in -fabi-version=3.
3906 * SIMD vector types declared using "__attribute ((vector_size))"
3908 were mangled in a non-standard way that does not allow for
3909 overloading of functions taking vectors of different sizes.
3910 The mangling was changed in -fabi-version=4.
3912 * "__attribute ((const))" and "noreturn" were mangled as type
3914 qualifiers, and "decltype" of a plain declaration was folded
3915 away.
3916 These mangling issues were fixed in -fabi-version=5.
3918 * Scoped enumerators passed as arguments to a variadic function
3920 are promoted like unscoped enumerators, causing "va_arg" to
3921 complain. On most targets this does not actually affect the
3922 parameter passing ABI, as there is no way to pass an argument
3923 smaller than "int".
3924 Also, the ABI changed the mangling of template argument packs,
3926 "const_cast", "static_cast", prefix increment/decrement, and a
3927 class scope function used as a template argument.
3928 These issues were corrected in -fabi-version=6.
3930 * Lambdas in default argument scope were mangled incorrectly, and
3932 the ABI changed the mangling of "nullptr_t".
3933 These issues were corrected in -fabi-version=7.
3935 * When mangling a function type with function-cv-qualifiers, the
3937 un-qualified function type was incorrectly treated as a
3938 substitution candidate.
3939 This was fixed in -fabi-version=8, the default for GCC 5.1.
3941 * "decltype(nullptr)" incorrectly had an alignment of 1, leading
3943 to unaligned accesses. Note that this did not affect the ABI
3944 of a function with a "nullptr_t" parameter, as parameters have
3945 a minimum alignment.
3946 This was fixed in -fabi-version=9, the default for GCC 5.2.
3948 * Target-specific attributes that affect the identity of a type,
3950 such as ia32 calling conventions on a function type (stdcall,
3951 regparm, etc.), did not affect the mangled name, leading to
3952 name collisions when function pointers were used as template
3953 arguments.
3954 This was fixed in -fabi-version=10, the default for GCC 6.1.
3956 This option also enables warnings about psABI-related changes. The
3958 known psABI changes at this point include:
3959 * For SysV/x86-64, unions with "long double" members are passed
3961 in memory as specified in psABI. Prior to GCC 4.4, this was
3962 not the case. For example:
3963 union U {
3965 long double ld;
3966 int i;
3967 };
3968 "union U" is now always passed in memory.
3970 -Wchar-subscripts
3972 Warn if an array subscript has type "char". This is a common cause
3973 of error, as programmers often forget that this type is signed on
3974 some machines. This warning is enabled by -Wall.
3975 -Wno-coverage-mismatch
3977 Warn if feedback profiles do not match when using the -fprofile-use
3978 option. If a source file is changed between compiling with
3979 -fprofile-generate and with -fprofile-use, the files with the
3980 profile feedback can fail to match the source file and GCC cannot
3981 use the profile feedback information. By default, this warning is
3982 enabled and is treated as an error. -Wno-coverage-mismatch can be
3983 used to disable the warning or -Wno-error=coverage-mismatch can be
3984 used to disable the error. Disabling the error for this warning
3985 can result in poorly optimized code and is useful only in the case
3986 of very minor changes such as bug fixes to an existing code-base.
3987 Completely disabling the warning is not recommended.
3988 -Wno-cpp
3990 (C, Objective-C, C++, Objective-C++ and Fortran only) Suppress
3991 warning messages emitted by "#warning" directives.
3992 -Wdouble-promotion (C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)
3994 Give a warning when a value of type "float" is implicitly promoted
3995 to "double". CPUs with a 32-bit "single-precision" floating-point
3996 unit implement "float" in hardware, but emulate "double" in
3997 software. On such a machine, doing computations using "double"
3998 values is much more expensive because of the overhead required for
3999 software emulation.
4000 It is easy to accidentally do computations with "double" because
4002 floating-point literals are implicitly of type "double". For
4003 example, in:
4004 float area(float radius)
4006 {
4007 return 3.14159 * radius * radius;
4008 }
4009 the compiler performs the entire computation with "double" because
4011 the floating-point literal is a "double".
4012 -Wduplicate-decl-specifier (C and Objective-C only)
4014 Warn if a declaration has duplicate "const", "volatile", "restrict"
4015 or "_Atomic" specifier. This warning is enabled by -Wall.
4016 -Wformat
4018 -Wformat=n
4019 Check calls to "printf" and "scanf", etc., to make sure that the
4020 arguments supplied have types appropriate to the format string
4021 specified, and that the conversions specified in the format string
4022 make sense. This includes standard functions, and others specified
4023 by format attributes, in the "printf", "scanf", "strftime" and
4024 "strfmon" (an X/Open extension, not in the C standard) families (or
4025 other target-specific families). Which functions are checked
4026 without format attributes having been specified depends on the
4027 standard version selected, and such checks of functions without the
4028 attribute specified are disabled by -ffreestanding or -fno-builtin.
4029 The formats are checked against the format features supported by
4031 GNU libc version 2.2. These include all ISO C90 and C99 features,
4032 as well as features from the Single Unix Specification and some BSD
4033 and GNU extensions. Other library implementations may not support
4034 all these features; GCC does not support warning about features
4035 that go beyond a particular library's limitations. However, if
4036 -Wpedantic is used with -Wformat, warnings are given about format
4037 features not in the selected standard version (but not for
4038 "strfmon" formats, since those are not in any version of the C
4039 standard).
4040 -Wformat=1
4042 -Wformat
4043 Option -Wformat is equivalent to -Wformat=1, and -Wno-format is
4044 equivalent to -Wformat=0. Since -Wformat also checks for null
4045 format arguments for several functions, -Wformat also implies
4046 -Wnonnull. Some aspects of this level of format checking can
4047 be disabled by the options: -Wno-format-contains-nul,
4048 -Wno-format-extra-args, and -Wno-format-zero-length. -Wformat
4049 is enabled by -Wall.
4050 -Wformat=2
4052 Enable -Wformat plus additional format checks. Currently
4053 equivalent to -Wformat -Wformat-nonliteral -Wformat-security
4054 -Wformat-y2k.
4055 -Wno-format-contains-nul
4057 If -Wformat is specified, do not warn about format strings that
4058 contain NUL bytes.
4059 -Wno-format-extra-args
4061 If -Wformat is specified, do not warn about excess arguments to a
4062 "printf" or "scanf" format function. The C standard specifies that
4063 such arguments are ignored.
4064 Where the unused arguments lie between used arguments that are
4066 specified with $ operand number specifications, normally warnings
4067 are still given, since the implementation could not know what type
4068 to pass to "va_arg" to skip the unused arguments. However, in the
4069 case of "scanf" formats, this option suppresses the warning if the
4070 unused arguments are all pointers, since the Single Unix
4071 Specification says that such unused arguments are allowed.
4072 -Wformat-overflow
4074 -Wformat-overflow=level
4075 Warn about calls to formatted input/output functions such as
4076 "sprintf" and "vsprintf" that might overflow the destination
4077 buffer. When the exact number of bytes written by a format
4078 directive cannot be determined at compile-time it is estimated
4079 based on heuristics that depend on the level argument and on
4080 optimization. While enabling optimization will in most cases
4081 improve the accuracy of the warning, it may also result in false
4082 positives.
4083 -Wformat-overflow
4085 -Wformat-overflow=1
4086 Level 1 of -Wformat-overflow enabled by -Wformat employs a
4087 conservative approach that warns only about calls that most
4088 likely overflow the buffer. At this level, numeric arguments
4089 to format directives with unknown values are assumed to have
4090 the value of one, and strings of unknown length to be empty.
4091 Numeric arguments that are known to be bounded to a subrange of
4092 their type, or string arguments whose output is bounded either
4093 by their directive's precision or by a finite set of string
4094 literals, are assumed to take on the value within the range
4095 that results in the most bytes on output. For example, the
4096 call to "sprintf" below is diagnosed because even with both a
4097 and b equal to zero, the terminating NUL character ('\0')
4098 appended by the function to the destination buffer will be
4099 written past its end. Increasing the size of the buffer by a
4100 single byte is sufficient to avoid the warning, though it may
4101 not be sufficient to avoid the overflow.
4102 void f (int a, int b)
4104 {
4105 char buf [13];
4106 sprintf (buf, "a = %i, b = %i\n", a, b);
4107 }
4108 -Wformat-overflow=2
4110 Level 2 warns also about calls that might overflow the
4111 destination buffer given an argument of sufficient length or
4112 magnitude. At level 2, unknown numeric arguments are assumed
4113 to have the minimum representable value for signed types with a
4114 precision greater than 1, and the maximum representable value
4115 otherwise. Unknown string arguments whose length cannot be
4116 assumed to be bounded either by the directive's precision, or
4117 by a finite set of string literals they may evaluate to, or the
4118 character array they may point to, are assumed to be 1
4119 character long.
4120 At level 2, the call in the example above is again diagnosed,
4122 but this time because with a equal to a 32-bit "INT_MIN" the
4123 first %i directive will write some of its digits beyond the end
4124 of the destination buffer. To make the call safe regardless of
4125 the values of the two variables, the size of the destination
4126 buffer must be increased to at least 34 bytes. GCC includes
4127 the minimum size of the buffer in an informational note
4128 following the warning.
4129 An alternative to increasing the size of the destination buffer
4131 is to constrain the range of formatted values. The maximum
4132 length of string arguments can be bounded by specifying the
4133 precision in the format directive. When numeric arguments of
4134 format directives can be assumed to be bounded by less than the
4135 precision of their type, choosing an appropriate length
4136 modifier to the format specifier will reduce the required
4137 buffer size. For example, if a and b in the example above can
4138 be assumed to be within the precision of the "short int" type
4139 then using either the %hi format directive or casting the
4140 argument to "short" reduces the maximum required size of the
4141 buffer to 24 bytes.
4142 void f (int a, int b)
4144 {
4145 char buf [23];
4146 sprintf (buf, "a = %hi, b = %i\n", a, (short)b);
4147 }
4148 -Wno-format-zero-length
4150 If -Wformat is specified, do not warn about zero-length formats.
4151 The C standard specifies that zero-length formats are allowed.
4152 -Wformat-nonliteral
4154 If -Wformat is specified, also warn if the format string is not a
4155 string literal and so cannot be checked, unless the format function
4156 takes its format arguments as a "va_list".
4157 -Wformat-security
4159 If -Wformat is specified, also warn about uses of format functions
4160 that represent possible security problems. At present, this warns
4161 about calls to "printf" and "scanf" functions where the format
4162 string is not a string literal and there are no format arguments,
4163 as in "printf (foo);". This may be a security hole if the format
4164 string came from untrusted input and contains %n. (This is
4165 currently a subset of what -Wformat-nonliteral warns about, but in
4166 future warnings may be added to -Wformat-security that are not
4167 included in -Wformat-nonliteral.)
4168 -Wformat-signedness
4170 If -Wformat is specified, also warn if the format string requires
4171 an unsigned argument and the argument is signed and vice versa.
4172 -Wformat-truncation
4174 -Wformat-truncation=level
4175 Warn about calls to formatted input/output functions such as
4176 "snprintf" and "vsnprintf" that might result in output truncation.
4177 When the exact number of bytes written by a format directive cannot
4178 be determined at compile-time it is estimated based on heuristics
4179 that depend on the level argument and on optimization. While
4180 enabling optimization will in most cases improve the accuracy of
4181 the warning, it may also result in false positives. Except as
4182 noted otherwise, the option uses the same logic -Wformat-overflow.
4183 -Wformat-truncation
4185 -Wformat-truncation=1
4186 Level 1 of -Wformat-truncation enabled by -Wformat employs a
4187 conservative approach that warns only about calls to bounded
4188 functions whose return value is unused and that will most
4189 likely result in output truncation.
4190 -Wformat-truncation=2
4192 Level 2 warns also about calls to bounded functions whose
4193 return value is used and that might result in truncation given
4194 an argument of sufficient length or magnitude.
4195 -Wformat-y2k
4197 If -Wformat is specified, also warn about "strftime" formats that
4198 may yield only a two-digit year.
4199 -Wnonnull
4201 Warn about passing a null pointer for arguments marked as requiring
4202 a non-null value by the "nonnull" function attribute.
4203 -Wnonnull is included in -Wall and -Wformat. It can be disabled
4205 with the -Wno-nonnull option.
4206 -Wnonnull-compare
4208 Warn when comparing an argument marked with the "nonnull" function
4209 attribute against null inside the function.
4210 -Wnonnull-compare is included in -Wall. It can be disabled with
4212 the -Wno-nonnull-compare option.
4213 -Wnull-dereference
4215 Warn if the compiler detects paths that trigger erroneous or
4216 undefined behavior due to dereferencing a null pointer. This
4217 option is only active when -fdelete-null-pointer-checks is active,
4218 which is enabled by optimizations in most targets. The precision
4219 of the warnings depends on the optimization options used.
4220 -Winit-self (C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)
4222 Warn about uninitialized variables that are initialized with
4223 themselves. Note this option can only be used with the
4224 -Wuninitialized option.
4225 For example, GCC warns about "i" being uninitialized in the
4227 following snippet only when -Winit-self has been specified:
4228 int f()
4230 {
4231 int i = i;
4232 return i;
4233 }
4234 This warning is enabled by -Wall in C++.
4236 -Wno-implicit-int (C and Objective-C only)
4238 This option controls warnings when a declaration does not specify a
4239 type. This warning is enabled by default in C99 and later dialects
4240 of C, and also by -Wall.
4241 -Wno-implicit-function-declaration (C and Objective-C only)
4243 This option controls warnings when a function is used before being
4244 declared. This warning is enabled by default in C99 and later
4245 dialects of C, and also by -Wall. The warning is made into an
4246 error by -pedantic-errors.
4247 -Wimplicit (C and Objective-C only)
4249 Same as -Wimplicit-int and -Wimplicit-function-declaration. This
4250 warning is enabled by -Wall.
4251 -Wimplicit-fallthrough
4253 -Wimplicit-fallthrough is the same as -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3 and
4254 -Wno-implicit-fallthrough is the same as -Wimplicit-fallthrough=0.
4255 -Wimplicit-fallthrough=n
4257 Warn when a switch case falls through. For example:
4258 switch (cond)
4260 {
4261 case 1:
4262 a = 1;
4263 break;
4264 case 2:
4265 a = 2;
4266 case 3:
4267 a = 3;
4268 break;
4269 }
4270 This warning does not warn when the last statement of a case cannot
4272 fall through, e.g. when there is a return statement or a call to
4273 function declared with the noreturn attribute.
4274 -Wimplicit-fallthrough= also takes into account control flow
4275 statements, such as ifs, and only warns when appropriate. E.g.
4276 switch (cond)
4278 {
4279 case 1:
4280 if (i > 3) {
4281 bar (5);
4282 break;
4283 } else if (i < 1) {
4284 bar (0);
4285 } else
4286 return;
4287 default:
4288 ...
4289 }
4290 Since there are occasions where a switch case fall through is
4292 desirable, GCC provides an attribute, "__attribute__
4293 ((fallthrough))", that is to be used along with a null statement to
4294 suppress this warning that would normally occur:
4295 switch (cond)
4297 {
4298 case 1:
4299 bar (0);
4300 __attribute__ ((fallthrough));
4301 default:
4302 ...
4303 }
4304 C++17 provides a standard way to suppress the
4306 -Wimplicit-fallthrough warning using "[[fallthrough]];" instead of
4307 the GNU attribute. In C++11 or C++14 users can use
4308 "[[gnu::fallthrough]];", which is a GNU extension. Instead of
4309 these attributes, it is also possible to add a fallthrough comment
4310 to silence the warning. The whole body of the C or C++ style
4311 comment should match the given regular expressions listed below.
4312 The option argument n specifies what kind of comments are accepted:
4313 *<-Wimplicit-fallthrough=0 disables the warning altogether.>
4315 *<-Wimplicit-fallthrough=1 matches ".*" regular>
4316 expression, any comment is used as fallthrough comment.
4317 *<-Wimplicit-fallthrough=2 case insensitively matches>
4319 ".*falls?[ \t-]*thr(ough|u).*" regular expression.
4320 *<-Wimplicit-fallthrough=3 case sensitively matches one of the>
4322 following regular expressions:
4323 *<"-fallthrough">
4325 *<"@fallthrough@">
4326 *<"lint -fallthrough[ \t]*">
4327 *<"[ \t.!]*(ELSE,? |INTENTIONAL(LY)? )?FALL(S |
4328 |-)?THR(OUGH|U)[ \t.!]*(-[^\n\r]*)?">
4329 *<"[ \t.!]*(Else,? |Intentional(ly)? )?Fall((s |
4330 |-)[Tt]|t)hr(ough|u)[ \t.!]*(-[^\n\r]*)?">
4331 *<"[ \t.!]*([Ee]lse,? |[Ii]ntentional(ly)? )?fall(s |
4332 |-)?thr(ough|u)[ \t.!]*(-[^\n\r]*)?">
4333 *<-Wimplicit-fallthrough=4 case sensitively matches one of the>
4334 following regular expressions:
4335 *<"-fallthrough">
4337 *<"@fallthrough@">
4338 *<"lint -fallthrough[ \t]*">
4339 *<"[ \t]*FALLTHR(OUGH|U)[ \t]*">
4340 *<-Wimplicit-fallthrough=5 doesn't recognize any comments as>
4341 fallthrough comments, only attributes disable the warning.
4342 The comment needs to be followed after optional whitespace and
4344 other comments by "case" or "default" keywords or by a user label
4345 that precedes some "case" or "default" label.
4346 switch (cond)
4348 {
4349 case 1:
4350 bar (0);
4351 /* FALLTHRU */
4352 default:
4353 ...
4354 }
4355 The -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3 warning is enabled by -Wextra.
4357 -Wno-if-not-aligned (C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)
4359 Control if warnings triggered by the "warn_if_not_aligned"
4360 attribute should be issued. These warnings are enabled by default.
4361 -Wignored-qualifiers (C and C++ only)
4363 Warn if the return type of a function has a type qualifier such as
4364 "const". For ISO C such a type qualifier has no effect, since the
4365 value returned by a function is not an lvalue. For C++, the
4366 warning is only emitted for scalar types or "void". ISO C
4367 prohibits qualified "void" return types on function definitions, so
4368 such return types always receive a warning even without this
4369 option.
4370 This warning is also enabled by -Wextra.
4372 -Wno-ignored-attributes (C and C++ only)
4374 This option controls warnings when an attribute is ignored. This
4375 is different from the -Wattributes option in that it warns whenever
4376 the compiler decides to drop an attribute, not that the attribute
4377 is either unknown, used in a wrong place, etc. This warning is
4378 enabled by default.
4379 -Wmain
4381 Warn if the type of "main" is suspicious. "main" should be a
4382 function with external linkage, returning int, taking either zero
4383 arguments, two, or three arguments of appropriate types. This
4384 warning is enabled by default in C++ and is enabled by either -Wall
4385 or -Wpedantic.
4386 -Wmisleading-indentation (C and C++ only)
4388 Warn when the indentation of the code does not reflect the block
4389 structure. Specifically, a warning is issued for "if", "else",
4390 "while", and "for" clauses with a guarded statement that does not
4391 use braces, followed by an unguarded statement with the same
4392 indentation.
4393 In the following example, the call to "bar" is misleadingly
4395 indented as if it were guarded by the "if" conditional.
4396 if (some_condition ())
4398 foo ();
4399 bar (); /* Gotcha: this is not guarded by the "if". */
4400 In the case of mixed tabs and spaces, the warning uses the
4402 -ftabstop= option to determine if the statements line up
4403 (defaulting to 8).
4404 The warning is not issued for code involving multiline preprocessor
4406 logic such as the following example.
4407 if (flagA)
4409 foo (0);
4410 #if SOME_CONDITION_THAT_DOES_NOT_HOLD
4411 if (flagB)
4412 #endif
4413 foo (1);
4414 The warning is not issued after a "#line" directive, since this
4416 typically indicates autogenerated code, and no assumptions can be
4417 made about the layout of the file that the directive references.
4418 This warning is enabled by -Wall in C and C++.
4420 -Wmissing-attributes
4422 Warn when a declaration of a function is missing one or more
4423 attributes that a related function is declared with and whose
4424 absence may adversely affect the correctness or efficiency of
4425 generated code. For example, the warning is issued for
4426 declarations of aliases that use attributes to specify less
4427 restrictive requirements than those of their targets. This
4428 typically represents a potential optimization opportunity. By
4429 contrast, the -Wattribute-alias=2 option controls warnings issued
4430 when the alias is more restrictive than the target, which could
4431 lead to incorrect code generation. Attributes considered include
4432 "alloc_align", "alloc_size", "cold", "const", "hot", "leaf",
4433 "malloc", "nonnull", "noreturn", "nothrow", "pure",
4434 "returns_nonnull", and "returns_twice".
4435 In C++, the warning is issued when an explicit specialization of a
4437 primary template declared with attribute "alloc_align",
4438 "alloc_size", "assume_aligned", "format", "format_arg", "malloc",
4439 or "nonnull" is declared without it. Attributes "deprecated",
4440 "error", and "warning" suppress the warning..
4441 You can use the "copy" attribute to apply the same set of
4443 attributes to a declaration as that on another declaration without
4444 explicitly enumerating the attributes. This attribute can be
4445 applied to declarations of functions, variables, or types.
4446 -Wmissing-attributes is enabled by -Wall.
4448 For example, since the declaration of the primary function template
4450 below makes use of both attribute "malloc" and "alloc_size" the
4451 declaration of the explicit specialization of the template is
4452 diagnosed because it is missing one of the attributes.
4453 template <class T>
4455 T* __attribute__ ((malloc, alloc_size (1)))
4456 allocate (size_t);
4457 template <>
4459 void* __attribute__ ((malloc)) // missing alloc_size
4460 allocate<void> (size_t);
4461 -Wmissing-braces
4463 Warn if an aggregate or union initializer is not fully bracketed.
4464 In the following example, the initializer for "a" is not fully
4465 bracketed, but that for "b" is fully bracketed.
4466 int a[2][2] = { 0, 1, 2, 3 };
4468 int b[2][2] = { { 0, 1 }, { 2, 3 } };
4469 This warning is enabled by -Wall.
4471 -Wmissing-include-dirs (C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)
4473 Warn if a user-supplied include directory does not exist.
4474 -Wno-missing-profile
4476 This option controls warnings if feedback profiles are missing when
4477 using the -fprofile-use option. This option diagnoses those cases
4478 where a new function or a new file is added between compiling with
4479 -fprofile-generate and with -fprofile-use, without regenerating the
4480 profiles. In these cases, the profile feedback data files do not
4481 contain any profile feedback information for the newly added
4482 function or file respectively. Also, in the case when profile
4483 count data (.gcda) files are removed, GCC cannot use any profile
4484 feedback information. In all these cases, warnings are issued to
4485 inform you that a profile generation step is due. Ignoring the
4486 warning can result in poorly optimized code. -Wno-missing-profile
4487 can be used to disable the warning, but this is not recommended and
4488 should be done only when non-existent profile data is justified.
4489 -Wmultistatement-macros
4491 Warn about unsafe multiple statement macros that appear to be
4492 guarded by a clause such as "if", "else", "for", "switch", or
4493 "while", in which only the first statement is actually guarded
4494 after the macro is expanded.
4495 For example:
4497 #define DOIT x++; y++
4499 if (c)
4500 DOIT;
4501 will increment "y" unconditionally, not just when "c" holds. The
4503 can usually be fixed by wrapping the macro in a do-while loop:
4504 #define DOIT do { x++; y++; } while (0)
4506 if (c)
4507 DOIT;
4508 This warning is enabled by -Wall in C and C++.
4510 -Wparentheses
4512 Warn if parentheses are omitted in certain contexts, such as when
4513 there is an assignment in a context where a truth value is
4514 expected, or when operators are nested whose precedence people
4515 often get confused about.
4516 Also warn if a comparison like "x<=y<=z" appears; this is
4518 equivalent to "(x<=y ? 1 : 0) <= z", which is a different
4519 interpretation from that of ordinary mathematical notation.
4520 Also warn for dangerous uses of the GNU extension to "?:" with
4522 omitted middle operand. When the condition in the "?": operator is
4523 a boolean expression, the omitted value is always 1. Often
4524 programmers expect it to be a value computed inside the conditional
4525 expression instead.
4526 For C++ this also warns for some cases of unnecessary parentheses
4528 in declarations, which can indicate an attempt at a function call
4529 instead of a declaration:
4530 {
4532 // Declares a local variable called mymutex.
4533 std::unique_lock<std::mutex> (mymutex);
4534 // User meant std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock (mymutex);
4535 }
4536 This warning is enabled by -Wall.
4538 -Wsequence-point
4540 Warn about code that may have undefined semantics because of
4541 violations of sequence point rules in the C and C++ standards.
4542 The C and C++ standards define the order in which expressions in a
4544 C/C++ program are evaluated in terms of sequence points, which
4545 represent a partial ordering between the execution of parts of the
4546 program: those executed before the sequence point, and those
4547 executed after it. These occur after the evaluation of a full
4548 expression (one which is not part of a larger expression), after
4549 the evaluation of the first operand of a "&&", "||", "? :" or ","
4550 (comma) operator, before a function is called (but after the
4551 evaluation of its arguments and the expression denoting the called
4552 function), and in certain other places. Other than as expressed by
4553 the sequence point rules, the order of evaluation of subexpressions
4554 of an expression is not specified. All these rules describe only a
4555 partial order rather than a total order, since, for example, if two
4556 functions are called within one expression with no sequence point
4557 between them, the order in which the functions are called is not
4558 specified. However, the standards committee have ruled that
4559 function calls do not overlap.
4560 It is not specified when between sequence points modifications to
4562 the values of objects take effect. Programs whose behavior depends
4563 on this have undefined behavior; the C and C++ standards specify
4564 that "Between the previous and next sequence point an object shall
4565 have its stored value modified at most once by the evaluation of an
4566 expression. Furthermore, the prior value shall be read only to
4567 determine the value to be stored.". If a program breaks these
4568 rules, the results on any particular implementation are entirely
4569 unpredictable.
4570 Examples of code with undefined behavior are "a = a++;", "a[n] =
4572 b[n++]" and "a[i++] = i;". Some more complicated cases are not
4573 diagnosed by this option, and it may give an occasional false
4574 positive result, but in general it has been found fairly effective
4575 at detecting this sort of problem in programs.
4576 The C++17 standard will define the order of evaluation of operands
4578 in more cases: in particular it requires that the right-hand side
4579 of an assignment be evaluated before the left-hand side, so the
4580 above examples are no longer undefined. But this option will still
4581 warn about them, to help people avoid writing code that is
4582 undefined in C and earlier revisions of C++.
4583 The standard is worded confusingly, therefore there is some debate
4585 over the precise meaning of the sequence point rules in subtle
4586 cases. Links to discussions of the problem, including proposed
4587 formal definitions, may be found on the GCC readings page, at
4588 <http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html>.
4589 This warning is enabled by -Wall for C and C++.
4591 -Wno-return-local-addr
4593 Do not warn about returning a pointer (or in C++, a reference) to a
4594 variable that goes out of scope after the function returns.
4595 -Wreturn-type
4597 Warn whenever a function is defined with a return type that
4598 defaults to "int". Also warn about any "return" statement with no
4599 return value in a function whose return type is not "void" (falling
4600 off the end of the function body is considered returning without a
4601 value).
4602 For C only, warn about a "return" statement with an expression in a
4604 function whose return type is "void", unless the expression type is
4605 also "void". As a GNU extension, the latter case is accepted
4606 without a warning unless -Wpedantic is used. Attempting to use the
4607 return value of a non-"void" function other than "main" that flows
4608 off the end by reaching the closing curly brace that terminates the
4609 function is undefined.
4610 Unlike in C, in C++, flowing off the end of a non-"void" function
4612 other than "main" results in undefined behavior even when the value
4613 of the function is not used.
4614 This warning is enabled by default in C++ and by -Wall otherwise.
4616 -Wno-shift-count-negative
4618 Controls warnings if a shift count is negative. This warning is
4619 enabled by default.
4620 -Wno-shift-count-overflow
4622 Controls warnings if a shift count is greater than or equal to the
4623 bit width of the type. This warning is enabled by default.
4624 -Wshift-negative-value
4626 Warn if left shifting a negative value. This warning is enabled by
4627 -Wextra in C99 and C++11 modes (and newer).
4628 -Wno-shift-overflow
4630 -Wshift-overflow=n
4631 These options control warnings about left shift overflows.
4632 -Wshift-overflow=1
4634 This is the warning level of -Wshift-overflow and is enabled by
4635 default in C99 and C++11 modes (and newer). This warning level
4636 does not warn about left-shifting 1 into the sign bit.
4637 (However, in C, such an overflow is still rejected in contexts
4638 where an integer constant expression is required.) No warning
4639 is emitted in C++2A mode (and newer), as signed left shifts
4640 always wrap.
4641 -Wshift-overflow=2
4643 This warning level also warns about left-shifting 1 into the
4644 sign bit, unless C++14 mode (or newer) is active.
4645 -Wswitch
4647 Warn whenever a "switch" statement has an index of enumerated type
4648 and lacks a "case" for one or more of the named codes of that
4649 enumeration. (The presence of a "default" label prevents this
4650 warning.) "case" labels outside the enumeration range also provoke
4651 warnings when this option is used (even if there is a "default"
4652 label). This warning is enabled by -Wall.
4653 -Wswitch-default
4655 Warn whenever a "switch" statement does not have a "default" case.
4656 -Wswitch-enum
4658 Warn whenever a "switch" statement has an index of enumerated type
4659 and lacks a "case" for one or more of the named codes of that
4660 enumeration. "case" labels outside the enumeration range also
4661 provoke warnings when this option is used. The only difference
4662 between -Wswitch and this option is that this option gives a
4663 warning about an omitted enumeration code even if there is a
4664 "default" label.
4665 -Wno-switch-bool
4667 Do not warn when a "switch" statement has an index of boolean type
4668 and the case values are outside the range of a boolean type. It is
4669 possible to suppress this warning by casting the controlling
4670 expression to a type other than "bool". For example:
4671 switch ((int) (a == 4))
4673 {
4674 ...
4675 }
4676 This warning is enabled by default for C and C++ programs.
4678 -Wno-switch-outside-range
4680 This option controls warnings when a "switch" case has a value that
4681 is outside of its respective type range. This warning is enabled
4682 by default for C and C++ programs.
4683 -Wno-switch-unreachable
4685 Do not warn when a "switch" statement contains statements between
4686 the controlling expression and the first case label, which will
4687 never be executed. For example:
4688 switch (cond)
4690 {
4691 i = 15;
4692 ...
4693 case 5:
4694 ...
4695 }
4696 -Wswitch-unreachable does not warn if the statement between the
4698 controlling expression and the first case label is just a
4699 declaration:
4700 switch (cond)
4702 {
4703 int i;
4704 ...
4705 case 5:
4706 i = 5;
4707 ...
4708 }
4709 This warning is enabled by default for C and C++ programs.
4711 -Wsync-nand (C and C++ only)
4713 Warn when "__sync_fetch_and_nand" and "__sync_nand_and_fetch"
4714 built-in functions are used. These functions changed semantics in
4715 GCC 4.4.
4716 -Wunused-but-set-parameter
4718 Warn whenever a function parameter is assigned to, but otherwise
4719 unused (aside from its declaration).
4720 To suppress this warning use the "unused" attribute.
4722 This warning is also enabled by -Wunused together with -Wextra.
4724 -Wunused-but-set-variable
4726 Warn whenever a local variable is assigned to, but otherwise unused
4727 (aside from its declaration). This warning is enabled by -Wall.
4728 To suppress this warning use the "unused" attribute.
4730 This warning is also enabled by -Wunused, which is enabled by
4732 -Wall.
4733 -Wunused-function
4735 Warn whenever a static function is declared but not defined or a
4736 non-inline static function is unused. This warning is enabled by
4737 -Wall.
4738 -Wunused-label
4740 Warn whenever a label is declared but not used. This warning is
4741 enabled by -Wall.
4742 To suppress this warning use the "unused" attribute.
4744 -Wunused-local-typedefs (C, Objective-C, C++ and Objective-C++ only)
4746 Warn when a typedef locally defined in a function is not used.
4747 This warning is enabled by -Wall.
4748 -Wunused-parameter
4750 Warn whenever a function parameter is unused aside from its
4751 declaration.
4752 To suppress this warning use the "unused" attribute.
4754 -Wno-unused-result
4756 Do not warn if a caller of a function marked with attribute
4757 "warn_unused_result" does not use its return value. The default is
4758 -Wunused-result.
4759 -Wunused-variable
4761 Warn whenever a local or static variable is unused aside from its
4762 declaration. This option implies -Wunused-const-variable=1 for C,
4763 but not for C++. This warning is enabled by -Wall.
4764 To suppress this warning use the "unused" attribute.
4766 -Wunused-const-variable
4768 -Wunused-const-variable=n
4769 Warn whenever a constant static variable is unused aside from its
4770 declaration. -Wunused-const-variable=1 is enabled by
4771 -Wunused-variable for C, but not for C++. In C this declares
4772 variable storage, but in C++ this is not an error since const
4773 variables take the place of "#define"s.
4774 To suppress this warning use the "unused" attribute.
4776 -Wunused-const-variable=1
4778 This is the warning level that is enabled by -Wunused-variable
4779 for C. It warns only about unused static const variables
4780 defined in the main compilation unit, but not about static
4781 const variables declared in any header included.
4782 -Wunused-const-variable=2
4784 This warning level also warns for unused constant static
4785 variables in headers (excluding system headers). This is the
4786 warning level of -Wunused-const-variable and must be explicitly
4787 requested since in C++ this isn't an error and in C it might be
4788 harder to clean up all headers included.
4789 -Wunused-value
4791 Warn whenever a statement computes a result that is explicitly not
4792 used. To suppress this warning cast the unused expression to
4793 "void". This includes an expression-statement or the left-hand side
4794 of a comma expression that contains no side effects. For example,
4795 an expression such as "x[i,j]" causes a warning, while
4796 "x[(void)i,j]" does not.
4797 This warning is enabled by -Wall.
4799 -Wunused
4801 All the above -Wunused options combined.
4802 In order to get a warning about an unused function parameter, you
4804 must either specify -Wextra -Wunused (note that -Wall implies
4805 -Wunused), or separately specify -Wunused-parameter.
4806 -Wuninitialized
4808 Warn if an automatic variable is used without first being
4809 initialized. In C++, warn if a non-static reference or non-static
4810 "const" member appears in a class without constructors.
4811 If you want to warn about code that uses the uninitialized value of
4813 the variable in its own initializer, use the -Winit-self option.
4814 These warnings occur for individual uninitialized elements of
4816 structure, union or array variables as well as for variables that
4817 are uninitialized as a whole. They do not occur for variables or
4818 elements declared "volatile". Because these warnings depend on
4819 optimization, the exact variables or elements for which there are
4820 warnings depend on the precise optimization options and version of
4821 GCC used.
4822 Note that there may be no warning about a variable that is used
4824 only to compute a value that itself is never used, because such
4825 computations may be deleted by data flow analysis before the
4826 warnings are printed.
4827 -Wno-invalid-memory-model
4829 This option controls warnings for invocations of __atomic Builtins,
4830 __sync Builtins, and the C11 atomic generic functions with a memory
4831 consistency argument that is either invalid for the operation or
4832 outside the range of values of the "memory_order" enumeration. For
4833 example, since the "__atomic_store" and "__atomic_store_n" built-
4834 ins are only defined for the relaxed, release, and sequentially
4835 consistent memory orders the following code is diagnosed:
4836 void store (int *i)
4838 {
4839 __atomic_store_n (i, 0, memory_order_consume);
4840 }
4841 -Winvalid-memory-model is enabled by default.
4843 -Wmaybe-uninitialized
4845 For an automatic (i.e. local) variable, if there exists a path from
4846 the function entry to a use of the variable that is initialized,
4847 but there exist some other paths for which the variable is not
4848 initialized, the compiler emits a warning if it cannot prove the
4849 uninitialized paths are not executed at run time.
4850 These warnings are only possible in optimizing compilation, because
4852 otherwise GCC does not keep track of the state of variables.
4853 These warnings are made optional because GCC may not be able to
4855 determine when the code is correct in spite of appearing to have an
4856 error. Here is one example of how this can happen:
4857 {
4859 int x;
4860 switch (y)
4861 {
4862 case 1: x = 1;
4863 break;
4864 case 2: x = 4;
4865 break;
4866 case 3: x = 5;
4867 }
4868 foo (x);
4869 }
4870 If the value of "y" is always 1, 2 or 3, then "x" is always
4872 initialized, but GCC doesn't know this. To suppress the warning,
4873 you need to provide a default case with assert(0) or similar code.
4874 This option also warns when a non-volatile automatic variable might
4876 be changed by a call to "longjmp". The compiler sees only the
4877 calls to "setjmp". It cannot know where "longjmp" will be called;
4878 in fact, a signal handler could call it at any point in the code.
4879 As a result, you may get a warning even when there is in fact no
4880 problem because "longjmp" cannot in fact be called at the place
4881 that would cause a problem.
4882 Some spurious warnings can be avoided if you declare all the
4884 functions you use that never return as "noreturn".
4885 This warning is enabled by -Wall or -Wextra.
4887 -Wunknown-pragmas
4889 Warn when a "#pragma" directive is encountered that is not
4890 understood by GCC. If this command-line option is used, warnings
4891 are even issued for unknown pragmas in system header files. This
4892 is not the case if the warnings are only enabled by the -Wall
4893 command-line option.
4894 -Wno-pragmas
4896 Do not warn about misuses of pragmas, such as incorrect parameters,
4897 invalid syntax, or conflicts between pragmas. See also
4898 -Wunknown-pragmas.
4899 -Wno-prio-ctor-dtor
4901 Do not warn if a priority from 0 to 100 is used for constructor or
4902 destructor. The use of constructor and destructor attributes allow
4903 you to assign a priority to the constructor/destructor to control
4904 its order of execution before "main" is called or after it returns.
4905 The priority values must be greater than 100 as the compiler
4906 reserves priority values between 0--100 for the implementation.
4907 -Wstrict-aliasing
4909 This option is only active when -fstrict-aliasing is active. It
4910 warns about code that might break the strict aliasing rules that
4911 the compiler is using for optimization. The warning does not catch
4912 all cases, but does attempt to catch the more common pitfalls. It
4913 is included in -Wall. It is equivalent to -Wstrict-aliasing=3
4914 -Wstrict-aliasing=n
4916 This option is only active when -fstrict-aliasing is active. It
4917 warns about code that might break the strict aliasing rules that
4918 the compiler is using for optimization. Higher levels correspond
4919 to higher accuracy (fewer false positives). Higher levels also
4920 correspond to more effort, similar to the way -O works.
4921 -Wstrict-aliasing is equivalent to -Wstrict-aliasing=3.
4922 Level 1: Most aggressive, quick, least accurate. Possibly useful
4924 when higher levels do not warn but -fstrict-aliasing still breaks
4925 the code, as it has very few false negatives. However, it has many
4926 false positives. Warns for all pointer conversions between
4927 possibly incompatible types, even if never dereferenced. Runs in
4928 the front end only.
4929 Level 2: Aggressive, quick, not too precise. May still have many
4931 false positives (not as many as level 1 though), and few false
4932 negatives (but possibly more than level 1). Unlike level 1, it
4933 only warns when an address is taken. Warns about incomplete types.
4934 Runs in the front end only.
4935 Level 3 (default for -Wstrict-aliasing): Should have very few false
4937 positives and few false negatives. Slightly slower than levels 1
4938 or 2 when optimization is enabled. Takes care of the common
4939 pun+dereference pattern in the front end: "*(int*)&some_float". If
4940 optimization is enabled, it also runs in the back end, where it
4941 deals with multiple statement cases using flow-sensitive points-to
4942 information. Only warns when the converted pointer is
4943 dereferenced. Does not warn about incomplete types.
4944 -Wstrict-overflow
4946 -Wstrict-overflow=n
4947 This option is only active when signed overflow is undefined. It
4948 warns about cases where the compiler optimizes based on the
4949 assumption that signed overflow does not occur. Note that it does
4950 not warn about all cases where the code might overflow: it only
4951 warns about cases where the compiler implements some optimization.
4952 Thus this warning depends on the optimization level.
4953 An optimization that assumes that signed overflow does not occur is
4955 perfectly safe if the values of the variables involved are such
4956 that overflow never does, in fact, occur. Therefore this warning
4957 can easily give a false positive: a warning about code that is not
4958 actually a problem. To help focus on important issues, several
4959 warning levels are defined. No warnings are issued for the use of
4960 undefined signed overflow when estimating how many iterations a
4961 loop requires, in particular when determining whether a loop will
4962 be executed at all.
4963 -Wstrict-overflow=1
4965 Warn about cases that are both questionable and easy to avoid.
4966 For example the compiler simplifies "x + 1 > x" to 1. This
4967 level of -Wstrict-overflow is enabled by -Wall; higher levels
4968 are not, and must be explicitly requested.
4969 -Wstrict-overflow=2
4971 Also warn about other cases where a comparison is simplified to
4972 a constant. For example: "abs (x) >= 0". This can only be
4973 simplified when signed integer overflow is undefined, because
4974 "abs (INT_MIN)" overflows to "INT_MIN", which is less than
4975 zero. -Wstrict-overflow (with no level) is the same as
4976 -Wstrict-overflow=2.
4977 -Wstrict-overflow=3
4979 Also warn about other cases where a comparison is simplified.
4980 For example: "x + 1 > 1" is simplified to "x > 0".
4981 -Wstrict-overflow=4
4983 Also warn about other simplifications not covered by the above
4984 cases. For example: "(x * 10) / 5" is simplified to "x * 2".
4985 -Wstrict-overflow=5
4987 Also warn about cases where the compiler reduces the magnitude
4988 of a constant involved in a comparison. For example: "x + 2 >
4989 y" is simplified to "x + 1 >= y". This is reported only at the
4990 highest warning level because this simplification applies to
4991 many comparisons, so this warning level gives a very large
4992 number of false positives.
4993 -Wstring-compare
4995 Warn for calls to "strcmp" and "strncmp" whose result is determined
4996 to be either zero or non-zero in tests for such equality owing to
4997 the length of one argument being greater than the size of the array
4998 the other argument is stored in (or the bound in the case of
4999 "strncmp"). Such calls could be mistakes. For example, the call
5000 to "strcmp" below is diagnosed because its result is necessarily
5001 non-zero irrespective of the contents of the array "a".
5002 extern char a[4];
5004 void f (char *d)
5005 {
5006 strcpy (d, "string");
5007 ...
5008 if (0 == strcmp (a, d)) // cannot be true
5009 puts ("a and d are the same");
5010 }
5011 -Wstring-compare is enabled by -Wextra.
5013 -Wstringop-overflow
5015 -Wstringop-overflow=type
5016 Warn for calls to string manipulation functions such as "memcpy"
5017 and "strcpy" that are determined to overflow the destination
5018 buffer. The optional argument is one greater than the type of
5019 Object Size Checking to perform to determine the size of the
5020 destination. The argument is meaningful only for functions that
5021 operate on character arrays but not for raw memory functions like
5022 "memcpy" which always make use of Object Size type-0. The option
5023 also warns for calls that specify a size in excess of the largest
5024 possible object or at most "SIZE_MAX / 2" bytes. The option
5025 produces the best results with optimization enabled but can detect
5026 a small subset of simple buffer overflows even without optimization
5027 in calls to the GCC built-in functions like "__builtin_memcpy" that
5028 correspond to the standard functions. In any case, the option
5029 warns about just a subset of buffer overflows detected by the
5030 corresponding overflow checking built-ins. For example, the option
5031 issues a warning for the "strcpy" call below because it copies at
5032 least 5 characters (the string "blue" including the terminating
5033 NUL) into the buffer of size 4.
5034 enum Color { blue, purple, yellow };
5036 const char* f (enum Color clr)
5037 {
5038 static char buf [4];
5039 const char *str;
5040 switch (clr)
5041 {
5042 case blue: str = "blue"; break;
5043 case purple: str = "purple"; break;
5044 case yellow: str = "yellow"; break;
5045 }
5046 return strcpy (buf, str); // warning here
5048 }
5049 Option -Wstringop-overflow=2 is enabled by default.
5051 -Wstringop-overflow
5053 -Wstringop-overflow=1
5054 The -Wstringop-overflow=1 option uses type-zero Object Size
5055 Checking to determine the sizes of destination objects. This
5056 is the default setting of the option. At this setting the
5057 option does not warn for writes past the end of subobjects of
5058 larger objects accessed by pointers unless the size of the
5059 largest surrounding object is known. When the destination may
5060 be one of several objects it is assumed to be the largest one
5061 of them. On Linux systems, when optimization is enabled at
5062 this setting the option warns for the same code as when the
5063 "_FORTIFY_SOURCE" macro is defined to a non-zero value.
5064 -Wstringop-overflow=2
5066 The -Wstringop-overflow=2 option uses type-one Object Size
5067 Checking to determine the sizes of destination objects. At
5068 this setting the option warna about overflows when writing to
5069 members of the largest complete objects whose exact size is
5070 known. However, it does not warn for excessive writes to the
5071 same members of unknown objects referenced by pointers since
5072 they may point to arrays containing unknown numbers of
5073 elements.
5074 -Wstringop-overflow=3
5076 The -Wstringop-overflow=3 option uses type-two Object Size
5077 Checking to determine the sizes of destination objects. At
5078 this setting the option warns about overflowing the smallest
5079 object or data member. This is the most restrictive setting of
5080 the option that may result in warnings for safe code.
5081 -Wstringop-overflow=4
5083 The -Wstringop-overflow=4 option uses type-three Object Size
5084 Checking to determine the sizes of destination objects. At
5085 this setting the option warns about overflowing any data
5086 members, and when the destination is one of several objects it
5087 uses the size of the largest of them to decide whether to issue
5088 a warning. Similarly to -Wstringop-overflow=3 this setting of
5089 the option may result in warnings for benign code.
5090 -Wno-stringop-truncation
5092 Do not warn for calls to bounded string manipulation functions such
5093 as "strncat", "strncpy", and "stpncpy" that may either truncate the
5094 copied string or leave the destination unchanged.
5095 In the following example, the call to "strncat" specifies a bound
5097 that is less than the length of the source string. As a result,
5098 the copy of the source will be truncated and so the call is
5099 diagnosed. To avoid the warning use "bufsize - strlen (buf) - 1)"
5100 as the bound.
5101 void append (char *buf, size_t bufsize)
5103 {
5104 strncat (buf, ".txt", 3);
5105 }
5106 As another example, the following call to "strncpy" results in
5108 copying to "d" just the characters preceding the terminating NUL,
5109 without appending the NUL to the end. Assuming the result of
5110 "strncpy" is necessarily a NUL-terminated string is a common
5111 mistake, and so the call is diagnosed. To avoid the warning when
5112 the result is not expected to be NUL-terminated, call "memcpy"
5113 instead.
5114 void copy (char *d, const char *s)
5116 {
5117 strncpy (d, s, strlen (s));
5118 }
5119 In the following example, the call to "strncpy" specifies the size
5121 of the destination buffer as the bound. If the length of the
5122 source string is equal to or greater than this size the result of
5123 the copy will not be NUL-terminated. Therefore, the call is also
5124 diagnosed. To avoid the warning, specify "sizeof buf - 1" as the
5125 bound and set the last element of the buffer to "NUL".
5126 void copy (const char *s)
5128 {
5129 char buf[80];
5130 strncpy (buf, s, sizeof buf);
5131 ...
5132 }
5133 In situations where a character array is intended to store a
5135 sequence of bytes with no terminating "NUL" such an array may be
5136 annotated with attribute "nonstring" to avoid this warning. Such
5137 arrays, however, are not suitable arguments to functions that
5138 expect "NUL"-terminated strings. To help detect accidental misuses
5139 of such arrays GCC issues warnings unless it can prove that the use
5140 is safe.
5141 -Wsuggest-attribute=[pure|const|noreturn|format|cold|malloc]
5143 Warn for cases where adding an attribute may be beneficial. The
5144 attributes currently supported are listed below.
5145 -Wsuggest-attribute=pure
5147 -Wsuggest-attribute=const
5148 -Wsuggest-attribute=noreturn
5149 -Wmissing-noreturn
5150 -Wsuggest-attribute=malloc
5151 Warn about functions that might be candidates for attributes
5152 "pure", "const" or "noreturn" or "malloc". The compiler only
5153 warns for functions visible in other compilation units or (in
5154 the case of "pure" and "const") if it cannot prove that the
5155 function returns normally. A function returns normally if it
5156 doesn't contain an infinite loop or return abnormally by
5157 throwing, calling "abort" or trapping. This analysis requires
5158 option -fipa-pure-const, which is enabled by default at -O and
5159 higher. Higher optimization levels improve the accuracy of the
5160 analysis.
5161 -Wsuggest-attribute=format
5163 -Wmissing-format-attribute
5164 Warn about function pointers that might be candidates for
5165 "format" attributes. Note these are only possible candidates,
5166 not absolute ones. GCC guesses that function pointers with
5167 "format" attributes that are used in assignment,
5168 initialization, parameter passing or return statements should
5169 have a corresponding "format" attribute in the resulting type.
5170 I.e. the left-hand side of the assignment or initialization,
5171 the type of the parameter variable, or the return type of the
5172 containing function respectively should also have a "format"
5173 attribute to avoid the warning.
5174 GCC also warns about function definitions that might be
5176 candidates for "format" attributes. Again, these are only
5177 possible candidates. GCC guesses that "format" attributes
5178 might be appropriate for any function that calls a function
5179 like "vprintf" or "vscanf", but this might not always be the
5180 case, and some functions for which "format" attributes are
5181 appropriate may not be detected.
5182 -Wsuggest-attribute=cold
5184 Warn about functions that might be candidates for "cold"
5185 attribute. This is based on static detection and generally
5186 only warns about functions which always leads to a call to
5187 another "cold" function such as wrappers of C++ "throw" or
5188 fatal error reporting functions leading to "abort".
5189 -Walloc-zero
5191 Warn about calls to allocation functions decorated with attribute
5192 "alloc_size" that specify zero bytes, including those to the built-
5193 in forms of the functions "aligned_alloc", "alloca", "calloc",
5194 "malloc", and "realloc". Because the behavior of these functions
5195 when called with a zero size differs among implementations (and in
5196 the case of "realloc" has been deprecated) relying on it may result
5197 in subtle portability bugs and should be avoided.
5198 -Walloc-size-larger-than=byte-size
5200 Warn about calls to functions decorated with attribute "alloc_size"
5201 that attempt to allocate objects larger than the specified number
5202 of bytes, or where the result of the size computation in an integer
5203 type with infinite precision would exceed the value of PTRDIFF_MAX
5204 on the target. -Walloc-size-larger-than=PTRDIFF_MAX is enabled by
5205 default. Warnings controlled by the option can be disabled either
5206 by specifying byte-size of SIZE_MAX or more or by
5207 -Wno-alloc-size-larger-than.
5208 -Wno-alloc-size-larger-than
5210 Disable -Walloc-size-larger-than= warnings. The option is
5211 equivalent to -Walloc-size-larger-than=SIZE_MAX or larger.
5212 -Walloca
5214 This option warns on all uses of "alloca" in the source.
5215 -Walloca-larger-than=byte-size
5217 This option warns on calls to "alloca" with an integer argument
5218 whose value is either zero, or that is not bounded by a controlling
5219 predicate that limits its value to at most byte-size. It also
5220 warns for calls to "alloca" where the bound value is unknown.
5221 Arguments of non-integer types are considered unbounded even if
5222 they appear to be constrained to the expected range.
5223 For example, a bounded case of "alloca" could be:
5225 void func (size_t n)
5227 {
5228 void *p;
5229 if (n <= 1000)
5230 p = alloca (n);
5231 else
5232 p = malloc (n);
5233 f (p);
5234 }
5235 In the above example, passing "-Walloca-larger-than=1000" would not
5237 issue a warning because the call to "alloca" is known to be at most
5238 1000 bytes. However, if "-Walloca-larger-than=500" were passed,
5239 the compiler would emit a warning.
5240 Unbounded uses, on the other hand, are uses of "alloca" with no
5242 controlling predicate constraining its integer argument. For
5243 example:
5244 void func ()
5246 {
5247 void *p = alloca (n);
5248 f (p);
5249 }
5250 If "-Walloca-larger-than=500" were passed, the above would trigger
5252 a warning, but this time because of the lack of bounds checking.
5253 Note, that even seemingly correct code involving signed integers
5255 could cause a warning:
5256 void func (signed int n)
5258 {
5259 if (n < 500)
5260 {
5261 p = alloca (n);
5262 f (p);
5263 }
5264 }
5265 In the above example, n could be negative, causing a larger than
5267 expected argument to be implicitly cast into the "alloca" call.
5268 This option also warns when "alloca" is used in a loop.
5270 -Walloca-larger-than=PTRDIFF_MAX is enabled by default but is
5272 usually only effective when -ftree-vrp is active (default for -O2
5273 and above).
5274 See also -Wvla-larger-than=byte-size.
5276 -Wno-alloca-larger-than
5278 Disable -Walloca-larger-than= warnings. The option is equivalent
5279 to -Walloca-larger-than=SIZE_MAX or larger.
5280 -Warith-conversion
5282 Do warn about implicit conversions from arithmetic operations even
5283 when conversion of the operands to the same type cannot change
5284 their values. This affects warnings from -Wconversion,
5285 -Wfloat-conversion, and -Wsign-conversion.
5286 void f (char c, int i)
5288 {
5289 c = c + i; // warns with B<-Wconversion>
5290 c = c + 1; // only warns with B<-Warith-conversion>
5291 }
5292 -Warray-bounds
5294 -Warray-bounds=n
5295 This option is only active when -ftree-vrp is active (default for
5296 -O2 and above). It warns about subscripts to arrays that are always
5297 out of bounds. This warning is enabled by -Wall.
5298 -Warray-bounds=1
5300 This is the warning level of -Warray-bounds and is enabled by
5301 -Wall; higher levels are not, and must be explicitly requested.
5302 -Warray-bounds=2
5304 This warning level also warns about out of bounds access for
5305 arrays at the end of a struct and for arrays accessed through
5306 pointers. This warning level may give a larger number of false
5307 positives and is deactivated by default.
5308 -Wattribute-alias=n
5310 -Wno-attribute-alias
5311 Warn about declarations using the "alias" and similar attributes
5312 whose target is incompatible with the type of the alias.
5313 -Wattribute-alias=1
5315 The default warning level of the -Wattribute-alias option
5316 diagnoses incompatibilities between the type of the alias
5317 declaration and that of its target. Such incompatibilities are
5318 typically indicative of bugs.
5319 -Wattribute-alias=2
5321 At this level -Wattribute-alias also diagnoses cases where the
5322 attributes of the alias declaration are more restrictive than
5323 the attributes applied to its target. These mismatches can
5324 potentially result in incorrect code generation. In other
5325 cases they may be benign and could be resolved simply by adding
5326 the missing attribute to the target. For comparison, see the
5327 -Wmissing-attributes option, which controls diagnostics when
5328 the alias declaration is less restrictive than the target,
5329 rather than more restrictive.
5330 Attributes considered include "alloc_align", "alloc_size",
5332 "cold", "const", "hot", "leaf", "malloc", "nonnull",
5333 "noreturn", "nothrow", "pure", "returns_nonnull", and
5334 "returns_twice".
5335 -Wattribute-alias is equivalent to -Wattribute-alias=1. This is
5337 the default. You can disable these warnings with either
5338 -Wno-attribute-alias or -Wattribute-alias=0.
5339 -Wbool-compare
5341 Warn about boolean expression compared with an integer value
5342 different from "true"/"false". For instance, the following
5343 comparison is always false:
5344 int n = 5;
5346 ...
5347 if ((n > 1) == 2) { ... }
5348 This warning is enabled by -Wall.
5350 -Wbool-operation
5352 Warn about suspicious operations on expressions of a boolean type.
5353 For instance, bitwise negation of a boolean is very likely a bug in
5354 the program. For C, this warning also warns about incrementing or
5355 decrementing a boolean, which rarely makes sense. (In C++,
5356 decrementing a boolean is always invalid. Incrementing a boolean
5357 is invalid in C++17, and deprecated otherwise.)
5358 This warning is enabled by -Wall.
5360 -Wduplicated-branches
5362 Warn when an if-else has identical branches. This warning detects
5363 cases like
5364 if (p != NULL)
5366 return 0;
5367 else
5368 return 0;
5369 It doesn't warn when both branches contain just a null statement.
5371 This warning also warn for conditional operators:
5372 int i = x ? *p : *p;
5374 -Wduplicated-cond
5376 Warn about duplicated conditions in an if-else-if chain. For
5377 instance, warn for the following code:
5378 if (p->q != NULL) { ... }
5380 else if (p->q != NULL) { ... }
5381 -Wframe-address
5383 Warn when the __builtin_frame_address or __builtin_return_address
5384 is called with an argument greater than 0. Such calls may return
5385 indeterminate values or crash the program. The warning is included
5386 in -Wall.
5387 -Wno-discarded-qualifiers (C and Objective-C only)
5389 Do not warn if type qualifiers on pointers are being discarded.
5390 Typically, the compiler warns if a "const char *" variable is
5391 passed to a function that takes a "char *" parameter. This option
5392 can be used to suppress such a warning.
5393 -Wno-discarded-array-qualifiers (C and Objective-C only)
5395 Do not warn if type qualifiers on arrays which are pointer targets
5396 are being discarded. Typically, the compiler warns if a "const int
5397 (*)[]" variable is passed to a function that takes a "int (*)[]"
5398 parameter. This option can be used to suppress such a warning.
5399 -Wno-incompatible-pointer-types (C and Objective-C only)
5401 Do not warn when there is a conversion between pointers that have
5402 incompatible types. This warning is for cases not covered by
5403 -Wno-pointer-sign, which warns for pointer argument passing or
5404 assignment with different signedness.
5405 -Wno-int-conversion (C and Objective-C only)
5407 Do not warn about incompatible integer to pointer and pointer to
5408 integer conversions. This warning is about implicit conversions;
5409 for explicit conversions the warnings -Wno-int-to-pointer-cast and
5410 -Wno-pointer-to-int-cast may be used.
5411 -Wzero-length-bounds
5413 Warn about accesses to elements of zero-length array members that
5414 might overlap other members of the same object. Declaring interior
5415 zero-length arrays is discouraged because accesses to them are
5416 undefined. See
5417 For example, the first two stores in function "bad" are diagnosed
5419 because the array elements overlap the subsequent members "b" and
5420 "c". The third store is diagnosed by -Warray-bounds because it is
5421 beyond the bounds of the enclosing object.
5422 struct X { int a[0]; int b, c; };
5424 struct X x;
5425 void bad (void)
5427 {
5428 x.a[0] = 0; // -Wzero-length-bounds
5429 x.a[1] = 1; // -Wzero-length-bounds
5430 x.a[2] = 2; // -Warray-bounds
5431 }
5432 Option -Wzero-length-bounds is enabled by -Warray-bounds.
5434 -Wno-div-by-zero
5436 Do not warn about compile-time integer division by zero. Floating-
5437 point division by zero is not warned about, as it can be a
5438 legitimate way of obtaining infinities and NaNs.
5439 -Wsystem-headers
5441 Print warning messages for constructs found in system header files.
5442 Warnings from system headers are normally suppressed, on the
5443 assumption that they usually do not indicate real problems and
5444 would only make the compiler output harder to read. Using this
5445 command-line option tells GCC to emit warnings from system headers
5446 as if they occurred in user code. However, note that using -Wall
5447 in conjunction with this option does not warn about unknown pragmas
5448 in system headers---for that, -Wunknown-pragmas must also be used.
5449 -Wtautological-compare
5451 Warn if a self-comparison always evaluates to true or false. This
5452 warning detects various mistakes such as:
5453 int i = 1;
5455 ...
5456 if (i > i) { ... }
5457 This warning also warns about bitwise comparisons that always
5459 evaluate to true or false, for instance:
5460 if ((a & 16) == 10) { ... }
5462 will always be false.
5464 This warning is enabled by -Wall.
5466 -Wtrampolines
5468 Warn about trampolines generated for pointers to nested functions.
5469 A trampoline is a small piece of data or code that is created at
5470 run time on the stack when the address of a nested function is
5471 taken, and is used to call the nested function indirectly. For
5472 some targets, it is made up of data only and thus requires no
5473 special treatment. But, for most targets, it is made up of code
5474 and thus requires the stack to be made executable in order for the
5475 program to work properly.
5476 -Wfloat-equal
5478 Warn if floating-point values are used in equality comparisons.
5479 The idea behind this is that sometimes it is convenient (for the
5481 programmer) to consider floating-point values as approximations to
5482 infinitely precise real numbers. If you are doing this, then you
5483 need to compute (by analyzing the code, or in some other way) the
5484 maximum or likely maximum error that the computation introduces,
5485 and allow for it when performing comparisons (and when producing
5486 output, but that's a different problem). In particular, instead of
5487 testing for equality, you should check to see whether the two
5488 values have ranges that overlap; and this is done with the
5489 relational operators, so equality comparisons are probably
5490 mistaken.
5491 -Wtraditional (C and Objective-C only)
5493 Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in
5494 traditional and ISO C. Also warn about ISO C constructs that have
5495 no traditional C equivalent, and/or problematic constructs that
5496 should be avoided.
5497 * Macro parameters that appear within string literals in the
5499 macro body. In traditional C macro replacement takes place
5500 within string literals, but in ISO C it does not.
5501 * In traditional C, some preprocessor directives did not exist.
5503 Traditional preprocessors only considered a line to be a
5504 directive if the # appeared in column 1 on the line. Therefore
5505 -Wtraditional warns about directives that traditional C
5506 understands but ignores because the # does not appear as the
5507 first character on the line. It also suggests you hide
5508 directives like "#pragma" not understood by traditional C by
5509 indenting them. Some traditional implementations do not
5510 recognize "#elif", so this option suggests avoiding it
5511 altogether.
5512 * A function-like macro that appears without arguments.
5514 * The unary plus operator.
5516 * The U integer constant suffix, or the F or L floating-point
5518 constant suffixes. (Traditional C does support the L suffix on
5519 integer constants.) Note, these suffixes appear in macros
5520 defined in the system headers of most modern systems, e.g. the
5521 _MIN/_MAX macros in "<limits.h>". Use of these macros in user
5522 code might normally lead to spurious warnings, however GCC's
5523 integrated preprocessor has enough context to avoid warning in
5524 these cases.
5525 * A function declared external in one block and then used after
5527 the end of the block.
5528 * A "switch" statement has an operand of type "long".
5530 * A non-"static" function declaration follows a "static" one.
5532 This construct is not accepted by some traditional C compilers.
5533 * The ISO type of an integer constant has a different width or
5535 signedness from its traditional type. This warning is only
5536 issued if the base of the constant is ten. I.e. hexadecimal or
5537 octal values, which typically represent bit patterns, are not
5538 warned about.
5539 * Usage of ISO string concatenation is detected.
5541 * Initialization of automatic aggregates.
5543 * Identifier conflicts with labels. Traditional C lacks a
5545 separate namespace for labels.
5546 * Initialization of unions. If the initializer is zero, the
5548 warning is omitted. This is done under the assumption that the
5549 zero initializer in user code appears conditioned on e.g.
5550 "__STDC__" to avoid missing initializer warnings and relies on
5551 default initialization to zero in the traditional C case.
5552 * Conversions by prototypes between fixed/floating-point values
5554 and vice versa. The absence of these prototypes when compiling
5555 with traditional C causes serious problems. This is a subset
5556 of the possible conversion warnings; for the full set use
5557 -Wtraditional-conversion.
5558 * Use of ISO C style function definitions. This warning
5560 intentionally is not issued for prototype declarations or
5561 variadic functions because these ISO C features appear in your
5562 code when using libiberty's traditional C compatibility macros,
5563 "PARAMS" and "VPARAMS". This warning is also bypassed for
5564 nested functions because that feature is already a GCC
5565 extension and thus not relevant to traditional C compatibility.
5566 -Wtraditional-conversion (C and Objective-C only)
5568 Warn if a prototype causes a type conversion that is different from
5569 what would happen to the same argument in the absence of a
5570 prototype. This includes conversions of fixed point to floating
5571 and vice versa, and conversions changing the width or signedness of
5572 a fixed-point argument except when the same as the default
5573 promotion.
5574 -Wdeclaration-after-statement (C and Objective-C only)
5576 Warn when a declaration is found after a statement in a block.
5577 This construct, known from C++, was introduced with ISO C99 and is
5578 by default allowed in GCC. It is not supported by ISO C90.
5579 -Wshadow
5581 Warn whenever a local variable or type declaration shadows another
5582 variable, parameter, type, class member (in C++), or instance
5583 variable (in Objective-C) or whenever a built-in function is
5584 shadowed. Note that in C++, the compiler warns if a local variable
5585 shadows an explicit typedef, but not if it shadows a
5586 struct/class/enum. If this warning is enabled, it includes also
5587 all instances of local shadowing. This means that
5588 -Wno-shadow=local and -Wno-shadow=compatible-local are ignored when
5589 -Wshadow is used. Same as -Wshadow=global.
5590 -Wno-shadow-ivar (Objective-C only)
5592 Do not warn whenever a local variable shadows an instance variable
5593 in an Objective-C method.
5594 -Wshadow=global
5596 Warn for any shadowing. Same as -Wshadow.
5597 -Wshadow=local
5599 Warn when a local variable shadows another local variable or
5600 parameter.
5601 -Wshadow=compatible-local
5603 Warn when a local variable shadows another local variable or
5604 parameter whose type is compatible with that of the shadowing
5605 variable. In C++, type compatibility here means the type of the
5606 shadowing variable can be converted to that of the shadowed
5607 variable. The creation of this flag (in addition to
5608 -Wshadow=local) is based on the idea that when a local variable
5609 shadows another one of incompatible type, it is most likely
5610 intentional, not a bug or typo, as shown in the following example:
5611 for (SomeIterator i = SomeObj.begin(); i != SomeObj.end(); ++i)
5613 {
5614 for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
5615 {
5616 ...
5617 }
5618 ...
5619 }
5620 Since the two variable "i" in the example above have incompatible
5622 types, enabling only -Wshadow=compatible-local does not emit a
5623 warning. Because their types are incompatible, if a programmer
5624 accidentally uses one in place of the other, type checking is
5625 expected to catch that and emit an error or warning. Use of this
5626 flag instead of -Wshadow=local can possibly reduce the number of
5627 warnings triggered by intentional shadowing. Note that this also
5628 means that shadowing "const char *i" by "char *i" does not emit a
5629 warning.
5630 This warning is also enabled by -Wshadow=local.
5632 -Wlarger-than=byte-size
5634 Warn whenever an object is defined whose size exceeds byte-size.
5635 -Wlarger-than=PTRDIFF_MAX is enabled by default. Warnings
5636 controlled by the option can be disabled either by specifying byte-
5637 size of SIZE_MAX or more or by -Wno-larger-than.
5638 -Wno-larger-than
5640 Disable -Wlarger-than= warnings. The option is equivalent to
5641 -Wlarger-than=SIZE_MAX or larger.
5642 -Wframe-larger-than=byte-size
5644 Warn if the size of a function frame exceeds byte-size. The
5645 computation done to determine the stack frame size is approximate
5646 and not conservative. The actual requirements may be somewhat
5647 greater than byte-size even if you do not get a warning. In
5648 addition, any space allocated via "alloca", variable-length arrays,
5649 or related constructs is not included by the compiler when
5650 determining whether or not to issue a warning.
5651 -Wframe-larger-than=PTRDIFF_MAX is enabled by default. Warnings
5652 controlled by the option can be disabled either by specifying byte-
5653 size of SIZE_MAX or more or by -Wno-frame-larger-than.
5654 -Wno-frame-larger-than
5656 Disable -Wframe-larger-than= warnings. The option is equivalent to
5657 -Wframe-larger-than=SIZE_MAX or larger.
5658 -Wno-free-nonheap-object
5660 Do not warn when attempting to free an object that was not
5661 allocated on the heap.
5662 -Wstack-usage=byte-size
5664 Warn if the stack usage of a function might exceed byte-size. The
5665 computation done to determine the stack usage is conservative. Any
5666 space allocated via "alloca", variable-length arrays, or related
5667 constructs is included by the compiler when determining whether or
5668 not to issue a warning.
5669 The message is in keeping with the output of -fstack-usage.
5671 * If the stack usage is fully static but exceeds the specified
5673 amount, it's:
5674 warning: stack usage is 1120 bytes
5676 * If the stack usage is (partly) dynamic but bounded, it's:
5678 warning: stack usage might be 1648 bytes
5680 * If the stack usage is (partly) dynamic and not bounded, it's:
5682 warning: stack usage might be unbounded
5684 -Wstack-usage=PTRDIFF_MAX is enabled by default. Warnings
5686 controlled by the option can be disabled either by specifying byte-
5687 size of SIZE_MAX or more or by -Wno-stack-usage.
5688 -Wno-stack-usage
5690 Disable -Wstack-usage= warnings. The option is equivalent to
5691 -Wstack-usage=SIZE_MAX or larger.
5692 -Wunsafe-loop-optimizations
5694 Warn if the loop cannot be optimized because the compiler cannot
5695 assume anything on the bounds of the loop indices. With
5696 -funsafe-loop-optimizations warn if the compiler makes such
5697 assumptions.
5698 -Wno-pedantic-ms-format (MinGW targets only)
5700 When used in combination with -Wformat and -pedantic without GNU
5701 extensions, this option disables the warnings about non-ISO
5702 "printf" / "scanf" format width specifiers "I32", "I64", and "I"
5703 used on Windows targets, which depend on the MS runtime.
5704 -Wpointer-arith
5706 Warn about anything that depends on the "size of" a function type
5707 or of "void". GNU C assigns these types a size of 1, for
5708 convenience in calculations with "void *" pointers and pointers to
5709 functions. In C++, warn also when an arithmetic operation involves
5710 "NULL". This warning is also enabled by -Wpedantic.
5711 -Wno-pointer-compare
5713 Do not warn if a pointer is compared with a zero character
5714 constant. This usually means that the pointer was meant to be
5715 dereferenced. For example:
5716 const char *p = foo ();
5718 if (p == '\0')
5719 return 42;
5720 Note that the code above is invalid in C++11.
5722 This warning is enabled by default.
5724 -Wtype-limits
5726 Warn if a comparison is always true or always false due to the
5727 limited range of the data type, but do not warn for constant
5728 expressions. For example, warn if an unsigned variable is compared
5729 against zero with "<" or ">=". This warning is also enabled by
5730 -Wextra.
5731 -Wabsolute-value (C and Objective-C only)
5733 Warn for calls to standard functions that compute the absolute
5734 value of an argument when a more appropriate standard function is
5735 available. For example, calling "abs(3.14)" triggers the warning
5736 because the appropriate function to call to compute the absolute
5737 value of a double argument is "fabs". The option also triggers
5738 warnings when the argument in a call to such a function has an
5739 unsigned type. This warning can be suppressed with an explicit
5740 type cast and it is also enabled by -Wextra.
5741 -Wcomment
5743 -Wcomments
5744 Warn whenever a comment-start sequence /* appears in a /* comment,
5745 or whenever a backslash-newline appears in a // comment. This
5746 warning is enabled by -Wall.
5747 -Wtrigraphs
5749 Warn if any trigraphs are encountered that might change the meaning
5750 of the program. Trigraphs within comments are not warned about,
5751 except those that would form escaped newlines.
5752 This option is implied by -Wall. If -Wall is not given, this
5754 option is still enabled unless trigraphs are enabled. To get
5755 trigraph conversion without warnings, but get the other -Wall
5756 warnings, use -trigraphs -Wall -Wno-trigraphs.
5757 -Wundef
5759 Warn if an undefined identifier is evaluated in an "#if" directive.
5760 Such identifiers are replaced with zero.
5761 -Wexpansion-to-defined
5763 Warn whenever defined is encountered in the expansion of a macro
5764 (including the case where the macro is expanded by an #if
5765 directive). Such usage is not portable. This warning is also
5766 enabled by -Wpedantic and -Wextra.
5767 -Wunused-macros
5769 Warn about macros defined in the main file that are unused. A
5770 macro is used if it is expanded or tested for existence at least
5771 once. The preprocessor also warns if the macro has not been used
5772 at the time it is redefined or undefined.
5773 Built-in macros, macros defined on the command line, and macros
5775 defined in include files are not warned about.
5776 Note: If a macro is actually used, but only used in skipped
5778 conditional blocks, then the preprocessor reports it as unused. To
5779 avoid the warning in such a case, you might improve the scope of
5780 the macro's definition by, for example, moving it into the first
5781 skipped block. Alternatively, you could provide a dummy use with
5782 something like:
5783 #if defined the_macro_causing_the_warning
5785 #endif
5786 -Wno-endif-labels
5788 Do not warn whenever an "#else" or an "#endif" are followed by
5789 text. This sometimes happens in older programs with code of the
5790 form
5791 #if FOO
5793 ...
5794 #else FOO
5795 ...
5796 #endif FOO
5797 The second and third "FOO" should be in comments. This warning is
5799 on by default.
5800 -Wbad-function-cast (C and Objective-C only)
5802 Warn when a function call is cast to a non-matching type. For
5803 example, warn if a call to a function returning an integer type is
5804 cast to a pointer type.
5805 -Wc90-c99-compat (C and Objective-C only)
5807 Warn about features not present in ISO C90, but present in ISO C99.
5808 For instance, warn about use of variable length arrays, "long long"
5809 type, "bool" type, compound literals, designated initializers, and
5810 so on. This option is independent of the standards mode. Warnings
5811 are disabled in the expression that follows "__extension__".
5812 -Wc99-c11-compat (C and Objective-C only)
5814 Warn about features not present in ISO C99, but present in ISO C11.
5815 For instance, warn about use of anonymous structures and unions,
5816 "_Atomic" type qualifier, "_Thread_local" storage-class specifier,
5817 "_Alignas" specifier, "Alignof" operator, "_Generic" keyword, and
5818 so on. This option is independent of the standards mode. Warnings
5819 are disabled in the expression that follows "__extension__".
5820 -Wc11-c2x-compat (C and Objective-C only)
5822 Warn about features not present in ISO C11, but present in ISO C2X.
5823 For instance, warn about omitting the string in "_Static_assert",
5824 use of [[]] syntax for attributes, use of decimal floating-point
5825 types, and so on. This option is independent of the standards
5826 mode. Warnings are disabled in the expression that follows
5827 "__extension__".
5828 -Wc++-compat (C and Objective-C only)
5830 Warn about ISO C constructs that are outside of the common subset
5831 of ISO C and ISO C++, e.g. request for implicit conversion from
5832 "void *" to a pointer to non-"void" type.
5833 -Wc++11-compat (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
5835 Warn about C++ constructs whose meaning differs between ISO C++
5836 1998 and ISO C++ 2011, e.g., identifiers in ISO C++ 1998 that are
5837 keywords in ISO C++ 2011. This warning turns on -Wnarrowing and is
5838 enabled by -Wall.
5839 -Wc++14-compat (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
5841 Warn about C++ constructs whose meaning differs between ISO C++
5842 2011 and ISO C++ 2014. This warning is enabled by -Wall.
5843 -Wc++17-compat (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
5845 Warn about C++ constructs whose meaning differs between ISO C++
5846 2014 and ISO C++ 2017. This warning is enabled by -Wall.
5847 -Wc++20-compat (C++ and Objective-C++ only)
5849 Warn about C++ constructs whose meaning differs between ISO C++
5850 2017 and ISO C++ 2020. This warning is enabled by -Wall.
5851 -Wcast-qual
5853 Warn whenever a pointer is cast so as to remove a type qualifier
5854 from the target type. For example, warn if a "const char *" is
5855 cast to an ordinary "char *".
5856 Also warn when making a cast that introduces a type qualifier in an
5858 unsafe way. For example, casting "char **" to "const char **" is
5859 unsafe, as in this example:
5860 /* p is char ** value. */
5862 const char **q = (const char **) p;
5863 /* Assignment of readonly string to const char * is OK. */
5864 *q = "string";
5865 /* Now char** pointer points to read-only memory. */
5866 **p = 'b';
5867 -Wcast-align
5869 Warn whenever a pointer is cast such that the required alignment of
5870 the target is increased. For example, warn if a "char *" is cast
5871 to an "int *" on machines where integers can only be accessed at
5872 two- or four-byte boundaries.
5873 -Wcast-align=strict
5875 Warn whenever a pointer is cast such that the required alignment of
5876 the target is increased. For example, warn if a "char *" is cast
5877 to an "int *" regardless of the target machine.
5878 -Wcast-function-type
5880 Warn when a function pointer is cast to an incompatible function
5881 pointer. In a cast involving function types with a variable
5882 argument list only the types of initial arguments that are provided
5883 are considered. Any parameter of pointer-type matches any other
5884 pointer-type. Any benign differences in integral types are
5885 ignored, like "int" vs. "long" on ILP32 targets. Likewise type
5886 qualifiers are ignored. The function type "void (*) (void)" is
5887 special and matches everything, which can be used to suppress this
5888 warning. In a cast involving pointer to member types this warning
5889 warns whenever the type cast is changing the pointer to member
5890 type. This warning is enabled by -Wextra.
5891 -Wwrite-strings
5893 When compiling C, give string constants the type "const
5894 char[length]" so that copying the address of one into a non-"const"
5895 "char *" pointer produces a warning. These warnings help you find
5896 at compile time code that can try to write into a string constant,
5897 but only if you have been very careful about using "const" in
5898 declarations and prototypes. Otherwise, it is just a nuisance.
5899 This is why we did not make -Wall request these warnings.
5900 When compiling C++, warn about the deprecated conversion from
5902 string literals to "char *". This warning is enabled by default
5903 for C++ programs.
5904 -Wclobbered
5906 Warn for variables that might be changed by "longjmp" or "vfork".
5907 This warning is also enabled by -Wextra.
5908 -Wconversion
5910 Warn for implicit conversions that may alter a value. This includes
5911 conversions between real and integer, like "abs (x)" when "x" is
5912 "double"; conversions between signed and unsigned, like "unsigned
5913 ui = -1"; and conversions to smaller types, like "sqrtf (M_PI)". Do
5914 not warn for explicit casts like "abs ((int) x)" and "ui =
5915 (unsigned) -1", or if the value is not changed by the conversion
5916 like in "abs (2.0)". Warnings about conversions between signed and
5917 unsigned integers can be disabled by using -Wno-sign-conversion.
5918 For C++, also warn for confusing overload resolution for user-
5920 defined conversions; and conversions that never use a type
5921 conversion operator: conversions to "void", the same type, a base
5922 class or a reference to them. Warnings about conversions between
5923 signed and unsigned integers are disabled by default in C++ unless
5924 -Wsign-conversion is explicitly enabled.
5925 Warnings about conversion from arithmetic on a small type back to
5927 that type are only given with -Warith-conversion.
5928 -Wdangling-else
5930 Warn about constructions where there may be confusion to which "if"
5931 statement an "else" branch belongs. Here is an example of such a
5932 case:
5933 {
5935 if (a)
5936 if (b)
5937 foo ();
5938 else
5939 bar ();
5940 }
5941 In C/C++, every "else" branch belongs to the innermost possible
5943 "if" statement, which in this example is "if (b)". This is often
5944 not what the programmer expected, as illustrated in the above
5945 example by indentation the programmer chose. When there is the
5946 potential for this confusion, GCC issues a warning when this flag
5947 is specified. To eliminate the warning, add explicit braces around
5948 the innermost "if" statement so there is no way the "else" can
5949 belong to the enclosing "if". The resulting code looks like this:
5950 {
5952 if (a)
5953 {
5954 if (b)
5955 foo ();
5956 else
5957 bar ();
5958 }
5959 }
5960 This warning is enabled by -Wparentheses.
5962 -Wdate-time
5964 Warn when macros "__TIME__", "__DATE__" or "__TIMESTAMP__" are
5965 encountered as they might prevent bit-wise-identical reproducible
5966 compilations.
5967 -Wempty-body
5969 Warn if an empty body occurs in an "if", "else" or "do while"
5970 statement. This warning is also enabled by -Wextra.
5971 -Wno-endif-labels
5973 Do not warn about stray tokens after "#else" and "#endif".
5974 -Wenum-compare
5976 Warn about a comparison between values of different enumerated
5977 types. In C++ enumerated type mismatches in conditional
5978 expressions are also diagnosed and the warning is enabled by
5979 default. In C this warning is enabled by -Wall.
5980 -Wenum-conversion (C, Objective-C only)
5982 Warn when a value of enumerated type is implicitly converted to a
5983 different enumerated type. This warning is enabled by -Wextra.
5984 -Wjump-misses-init (C, Objective-C only)
5986 Warn if a "goto" statement or a "switch" statement jumps forward
5987 across the initialization of a variable, or jumps backward to a
5988 label after the variable has been initialized. This only warns
5989 about variables that are initialized when they are declared. This
5990 warning is only supported for C and Objective-C; in C++ this sort
5991 of branch is an error in any case.
5992 -Wjump-misses-init is included in -Wc++-compat. It can be disabled
5994 with the -Wno-jump-misses-init option.
5995 -Wsign-compare
5997 Warn when a comparison between signed and unsigned values could
5998 produce an incorrect result when the signed value is converted to
5999 unsigned. In C++, this warning is also enabled by -Wall. In C, it
6000 is also enabled by -Wextra.
6001 -Wsign-conversion
6003 Warn for implicit conversions that may change the sign of an
6004 integer value, like assigning a signed integer expression to an
6005 unsigned integer variable. An explicit cast silences the warning.
6006 In C, this option is enabled also by -Wconversion.
6007 -Wfloat-conversion
6009 Warn for implicit conversions that reduce the precision of a real
6010 value. This includes conversions from real to integer, and from
6011 higher precision real to lower precision real values. This option
6012 is also enabled by -Wconversion.
6013 -Wno-scalar-storage-order
6015 Do not warn on suspicious constructs involving reverse scalar
6016 storage order.
6017 -Wsizeof-pointer-div
6019 Warn for suspicious divisions of two sizeof expressions that divide
6020 the pointer size by the element size, which is the usual way to
6021 compute the array size but won't work out correctly with pointers.
6022 This warning warns e.g. about "sizeof (ptr) / sizeof (ptr[0])" if
6023 "ptr" is not an array, but a pointer. This warning is enabled by
6024 -Wall.
6025 -Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess
6027 Warn for suspicious length parameters to certain string and memory
6028 built-in functions if the argument uses "sizeof". This warning
6029 triggers for example for "memset (ptr, 0, sizeof (ptr));" if "ptr"
6030 is not an array, but a pointer, and suggests a possible fix, or
6031 about "memcpy (&foo, ptr, sizeof (&foo));".
6032 -Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess also warns about calls to bounded string
6033 copy functions like "strncat" or "strncpy" that specify as the
6034 bound a "sizeof" expression of the source array. For example, in
6035 the following function the call to "strncat" specifies the size of
6036 the source string as the bound. That is almost certainly a mistake
6037 and so the call is diagnosed.
6038 void make_file (const char *name)
6040 {
6041 char path[PATH_MAX];
6042 strncpy (path, name, sizeof path - 1);
6043 strncat (path, ".text", sizeof ".text");
6044 ...
6045 }
6046 The -Wsizeof-pointer-memaccess option is enabled by -Wall.
6048 -Wno-sizeof-array-argument
6050 Do not warn when the "sizeof" operator is applied to a parameter
6051 that is declared as an array in a function definition. This
6052 warning is enabled by default for C and C++ programs.
6053 -Wmemset-elt-size
6055 Warn for suspicious calls to the "memset" built-in function, if the
6056 first argument references an array, and the third argument is a
6057 number equal to the number of elements, but not equal to the size
6058 of the array in memory. This indicates that the user has omitted a
6059 multiplication by the element size. This warning is enabled by
6060 -Wall.
6061 -Wmemset-transposed-args
6063 Warn for suspicious calls to the "memset" built-in function where
6064 the second argument is not zero and the third argument is zero.
6065 For example, the call "memset (buf, sizeof buf, 0)" is diagnosed
6066 because "memset (buf, 0, sizeof buf)" was meant instead. The
6067 diagnostic is only emitted if the third argument is a literal zero.
6068 Otherwise, if it is an expression that is folded to zero, or a cast
6069 of zero to some type, it is far less likely that the arguments have
6070 been mistakenly transposed and no warning is emitted. This warning
6071 is enabled by -Wall.
6072 -Waddress
6074 Warn about suspicious uses of memory addresses. These include using
6075 the address of a function in a conditional expression, such as
6076 "void func(void); if (func)", and comparisons against the memory
6077 address of a string literal, such as "if (x == "abc")". Such uses
6078 typically indicate a programmer error: the address of a function
6079 always evaluates to true, so their use in a conditional usually
6080 indicate that the programmer forgot the parentheses in a function
6081 call; and comparisons against string literals result in unspecified
6082 behavior and are not portable in C, so they usually indicate that
6083 the programmer intended to use "strcmp". This warning is enabled
6084 by -Wall.
6085 -Wno-address-of-packed-member
6087 Do not warn when the address of packed member of struct or union is
6088 taken, which usually results in an unaligned pointer value. This
6089 is enabled by default.
6090 -Wlogical-op
6092 Warn about suspicious uses of logical operators in expressions.
6093 This includes using logical operators in contexts where a bit-wise
6094 operator is likely to be expected. Also warns when the operands of
6095 a logical operator are the same:
6096 extern int a;
6098 if (a < 0 && a < 0) { ... }
6099 -Wlogical-not-parentheses
6101 Warn about logical not used on the left hand side operand of a
6102 comparison. This option does not warn if the right operand is
6103 considered to be a boolean expression. Its purpose is to detect
6104 suspicious code like the following:
6105 int a;
6107 ...
6108 if (!a > 1) { ... }
6109 It is possible to suppress the warning by wrapping the LHS into
6111 parentheses:
6112 if ((!a) > 1) { ... }
6114 This warning is enabled by -Wall.
6116 -Waggregate-return
6118 Warn if any functions that return structures or unions are defined
6119 or called. (In languages where you can return an array, this also
6120 elicits a warning.)
6121 -Wno-aggressive-loop-optimizations
6123 Warn if in a loop with constant number of iterations the compiler
6124 detects undefined behavior in some statement during one or more of
6125 the iterations.
6126 -Wno-attributes
6128 Do not warn if an unexpected "__attribute__" is used, such as
6129 unrecognized attributes, function attributes applied to variables,
6130 etc. This does not stop errors for incorrect use of supported
6131 attributes.
6132 -Wno-builtin-declaration-mismatch
6134 Warn if a built-in function is declared with an incompatible
6135 signature or as a non-function, or when a built-in function
6136 declared with a type that does not include a prototype is called
6137 with arguments whose promoted types do not match those expected by
6138 the function. When -Wextra is specified, also warn when a built-in
6139 function that takes arguments is declared without a prototype. The
6140 -Wbuiltin-declaration-mismatch warning is enabled by default. To
6141 avoid the warning include the appropriate header to bring the
6142 prototypes of built-in functions into scope.
6143 For example, the call to "memset" below is diagnosed by the warning
6145 because the function expects a value of type "size_t" as its
6146 argument but the type of 32 is "int". With -Wextra, the
6147 declaration of the function is diagnosed as well.
6148 extern void* memset ();
6150 void f (void *d)
6151 {
6152 memset (d, '\0', 32);
6153 }
6154 -Wno-builtin-macro-redefined
6156 Do not warn if certain built-in macros are redefined. This
6157 suppresses warnings for redefinition of "__TIMESTAMP__",
6158 "__TIME__", "__DATE__", "__FILE__", and "__BASE_FILE__".
6159 -Wstrict-prototypes (C and Objective-C only)
6161 Warn if a function is declared or defined without specifying the
6162 argument types. (An old-style function definition is permitted
6163 without a warning if preceded by a declaration that specifies the
6164 argument types.)
6165 -Wold-style-declaration (C and Objective-C only)
6167 Warn for obsolescent usages, according to the C Standard, in a
6168 declaration. For example, warn if storage-class specifiers like
6169 "static" are not the first things in a declaration. This warning
6170 is also enabled by -Wextra.
6171 -Wold-style-definition (C and Objective-C only)
6173 Warn if an old-style function definition is used. A warning is
6174 given even if there is a previous prototype. A definition using ()
6175 is not considered an old-style definition in C2X mode, because it
6176 is equivalent to (void) in that case, but is considered an old-
6177 style definition for older standards.
6178 -Wmissing-parameter-type (C and Objective-C only)
6180 A function parameter is declared without a type specifier in
6181 K&R-style functions:
6182 void foo(bar) { }
6184 This warning is also enabled by -Wextra.
6186 -Wmissing-prototypes (C and Objective-C only)
6188 Warn if a global function is defined without a previous prototype
6189 declaration. This warning is issued even if the definition itself
6190 provides a prototype. Use this option to detect global functions
6191 that do not have a matching prototype declaration in a header file.
6192 This option is not valid for C++ because all function declarations
6193 provide prototypes and a non-matching declaration declares an
6194 overload rather than conflict with an earlier declaration. Use
6195 -Wmissing-declarations to detect missing declarations in C++.
6196 -Wmissing-declarations
6198 Warn if a global function is defined without a previous
6199 declaration. Do so even if the definition itself provides a
6200 prototype. Use this option to detect global functions that are not
6201 declared in header files. In C, no warnings are issued for
6202 functions with previous non-prototype declarations; use
6203 -Wmissing-prototypes to detect missing prototypes. In C++, no
6204 warnings are issued for function templates, or for inline
6205 functions, or for functions in anonymous namespaces.
6206 -Wmissing-field-initializers
6208 Warn if a structure's initializer has some fields missing. For
6209 example, the following code causes such a warning, because "x.h" is
6210 implicitly zero:
6211 struct s { int f, g, h; };
6213 struct s x = { 3, 4 };
6214 This option does not warn about designated initializers, so the
6216 following modification does not trigger a warning:
6217 struct s { int f, g, h; };
6219 struct s x = { .f = 3, .g = 4 };
6220 In C this option does not warn about the universal zero initializer
6222 { 0 }:
6223 struct s { int f, g, h; };
6225 struct s x = { 0 };
6226 Likewise, in C++ this option does not warn about the empty { }
6228 initializer, for example:
6229 struct s { int f, g, h; };
6231 s x = { };
6232 This warning is included in -Wextra. To get other -Wextra warnings
6234 without this one, use -Wextra -Wno-missing-field-initializers.
6235 -Wno-multichar
6237 Do not warn if a multicharacter constant ('FOOF') is used. Usually
6238 they indicate a typo in the user's code, as they have
6239 implementation-defined values, and should not be used in portable
6240 code.
6241 -Wnormalized=[none|id|nfc|nfkc]
6243 In ISO C and ISO C++, two identifiers are different if they are
6244 different sequences of characters. However, sometimes when
6245 characters outside the basic ASCII character set are used, you can
6246 have two different character sequences that look the same. To
6247 avoid confusion, the ISO 10646 standard sets out some normalization
6248 rules which when applied ensure that two sequences that look the
6249 same are turned into the same sequence. GCC can warn you if you
6250 are using identifiers that have not been normalized; this option
6251 controls that warning.
6252 There are four levels of warning supported by GCC. The default is
6254 -Wnormalized=nfc, which warns about any identifier that is not in
6255 the ISO 10646 "C" normalized form, NFC. NFC is the recommended
6256 form for most uses. It is equivalent to -Wnormalized.
6257 Unfortunately, there are some characters allowed in identifiers by
6259 ISO C and ISO C++ that, when turned into NFC, are not allowed in
6260 identifiers. That is, there's no way to use these symbols in
6261 portable ISO C or C++ and have all your identifiers in NFC.
6262 -Wnormalized=id suppresses the warning for these characters. It is
6263 hoped that future versions of the standards involved will correct
6264 this, which is why this option is not the default.
6265 You can switch the warning off for all characters by writing
6267 -Wnormalized=none or -Wno-normalized. You should only do this if
6268 you are using some other normalization scheme (like "D"), because
6269 otherwise you can easily create bugs that are literally impossible
6270 to see.
6271 Some characters in ISO 10646 have distinct meanings but look
6273 identical in some fonts or display methodologies, especially once
6274 formatting has been applied. For instance "\u207F", "SUPERSCRIPT
6275 LATIN SMALL LETTER N", displays just like a regular "n" that has
6276 been placed in a superscript. ISO 10646 defines the NFKC
6277 normalization scheme to convert all these into a standard form as
6278 well, and GCC warns if your code is not in NFKC if you use
6279 -Wnormalized=nfkc. This warning is comparable to warning about
6280 every identifier that contains the letter O because it might be
6281 confused with the digit 0, and so is not the default, but may be
6282 useful as a local coding convention if the programming environment
6283 cannot be fixed to display these characters distinctly.
6284 -Wno-attribute-warning
6286 Do not warn about usage of functions declared with "warning"
6287 attribute. By default, this warning is enabled.
6288 -Wno-attribute-warning can be used to disable the warning or
6289 -Wno-error=attribute-warning can be used to disable the error when
6290 compiled with -Werror flag.
6291 -Wno-deprecated
6293 Do not warn about usage of deprecated features.
6294 -Wno-deprecated-declarations
6296 Do not warn about uses of functions, variables, and types marked as
6297 deprecated by using the "deprecated" attribute.
6298 -Wno-overflow
6300 Do not warn about compile-time overflow in constant expressions.
6301 -Wno-odr
6303 Warn about One Definition Rule violations during link-time
6304 optimization. Enabled by default.
6305 -Wopenmp-simd
6307 Warn if the vectorizer cost model overrides the OpenMP simd
6308 directive set by user. The -fsimd-cost-model=unlimited option can
6309 be used to relax the cost model.
6310 -Woverride-init (C and Objective-C only)
6312 Warn if an initialized field without side effects is overridden
6313 when using designated initializers.
6314 This warning is included in -Wextra. To get other -Wextra warnings
6316 without this one, use -Wextra -Wno-override-init.
6317 -Wno-override-init-side-effects (C and Objective-C only)
6319 Do not warn if an initialized field with side effects is overridden
6320 when using designated initializers. This warning is enabled by
6321 default.
6322 -Wpacked
6324 Warn if a structure is given the packed attribute, but the packed
6325 attribute has no effect on the layout or size of the structure.
6326 Such structures may be mis-aligned for little benefit. For
6327 instance, in this code, the variable "f.x" in "struct bar" is
6328 misaligned even though "struct bar" does not itself have the packed
6329 attribute:
6330 struct foo {
6332 int x;
6333 char a, b, c, d;
6334 } __attribute__((packed));
6335 struct bar {
6336 char z;
6337 struct foo f;
6338 };
6339 -Wnopacked-bitfield-compat
6341 The 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 series of GCC ignore the "packed" attribute on
6342 bit-fields of type "char". This was fixed in GCC 4.4 but the
6343 change can lead to differences in the structure layout. GCC
6344 informs you when the offset of such a field has changed in GCC 4.4.
6345 For example there is no longer a 4-bit padding between field "a"
6346 and "b" in this structure:
6347 struct foo
6349 {
6350 char a:4;
6351 char b:8;
6352 } __attribute__ ((packed));
6353 This warning is enabled by default. Use
6355 -Wno-packed-bitfield-compat to disable this warning.
6356 -Wpacked-not-aligned (C, C++, Objective-C and Objective-C++ only)
6358 Warn if a structure field with explicitly specified alignment in a
6359 packed struct or union is misaligned. For example, a warning will
6360 be issued on "struct S", like, "warning: alignment 1 of 'struct S'
6361 is less than 8", in this code:
6362 struct __attribute__ ((aligned (8))) S8 { char a[8]; };
6364 struct __attribute__ ((packed)) S {
6365 struct S8 s8;
6366 };
6367 This warning is enabled by -Wall.
6369 -Wpadded
6371 Warn if padding is included in a structure, either to align an
6372 element of the structure or to align the whole structure.
6373 Sometimes when this happens it is possible to rearrange the fields
6374 of the structure to reduce the padding and so make the structure
6375 smaller.
6376 -Wredundant-decls
6378 Warn if anything is declared more than once in the same scope, even
6379 in cases where multiple declaration is valid and changes nothing.
6380 -Wrestrict
6382 Warn when an object referenced by a "restrict"-qualified parameter
6383 (or, in C++, a "__restrict"-qualified parameter) is aliased by
6384 another argument, or when copies between such objects overlap. For
6385 example, the call to the "strcpy" function below attempts to
6386 truncate the string by replacing its initial characters with the
6387 last four. However, because the call writes the terminating NUL
6388 into "a[4]", the copies overlap and the call is diagnosed.
6389 void foo (void)
6391 {
6392 char a[] = "abcd1234";
6393 strcpy (a, a + 4);
6394 ...
6395 }
6396 The -Wrestrict option detects some instances of simple overlap even
6398 without optimization but works best at -O2 and above. It is
6399 included in -Wall.
6400 -Wnested-externs (C and Objective-C only)
6402 Warn if an "extern" declaration is encountered within a function.
6403 -Winline
6405 Warn if a function that is declared as inline cannot be inlined.
6406 Even with this option, the compiler does not warn about failures to
6407 inline functions declared in system headers.
6408 The compiler uses a variety of heuristics to determine whether or
6410 not to inline a function. For example, the compiler takes into
6411 account the size of the function being inlined and the amount of
6412 inlining that has already been done in the current function.
6413 Therefore, seemingly insignificant changes in the source program
6414 can cause the warnings produced by -Winline to appear or disappear.
6415 -Wint-in-bool-context
6417 Warn for suspicious use of integer values where boolean values are
6418 expected, such as conditional expressions (?:) using non-boolean
6419 integer constants in boolean context, like "if (a <= b ? 2 : 3)".
6420 Or left shifting of signed integers in boolean context, like "for
6421 (a = 0; 1 << a; a++);". Likewise for all kinds of multiplications
6422 regardless of the data type. This warning is enabled by -Wall.
6423 -Wno-int-to-pointer-cast
6425 Suppress warnings from casts to pointer type of an integer of a
6426 different size. In C++, casting to a pointer type of smaller size
6427 is an error. Wint-to-pointer-cast is enabled by default.
6428 -Wno-pointer-to-int-cast (C and Objective-C only)
6430 Suppress warnings from casts from a pointer to an integer type of a
6431 different size.
6432 -Winvalid-pch
6434 Warn if a precompiled header is found in the search path but cannot
6435 be used.
6436 -Wlong-long
6438 Warn if "long long" type is used. This is enabled by either
6439 -Wpedantic or -Wtraditional in ISO C90 and C++98 modes. To inhibit
6440 the warning messages, use -Wno-long-long.
6441 -Wvariadic-macros
6443 Warn if variadic macros are used in ISO C90 mode, or if the GNU
6444 alternate syntax is used in ISO C99 mode. This is enabled by
6445 either -Wpedantic or -Wtraditional. To inhibit the warning
6446 messages, use -Wno-variadic-macros.
6447 -Wno-varargs
6449 Do not warn upon questionable usage of the macros used to handle
6450 variable arguments like "va_start". These warnings are enabled by
6451 default.
6452 -Wvector-operation-performance
6454 Warn if vector operation is not implemented via SIMD capabilities
6455 of the architecture. Mainly useful for the performance tuning.
6456 Vector operation can be implemented "piecewise", which means that
6457 the scalar operation is performed on every vector element; "in
6458 parallel", which means that the vector operation is implemented
6459 using scalars of wider type, which normally is more performance
6460 efficient; and "as a single scalar", which means that vector fits
6461 into a scalar type.
6462 -Wvla
6464 Warn if a variable-length array is used in the code. -Wno-vla
6465 prevents the -Wpedantic warning of the variable-length array.
6466 -Wvla-larger-than=byte-size
6468 If this option is used, the compiler warns for declarations of
6469 variable-length arrays whose size is either unbounded, or bounded
6470 by an argument that allows the array size to exceed byte-size
6471 bytes. This is similar to how -Walloca-larger-than=byte-size
6472 works, but with variable-length arrays.
6473 Note that GCC may optimize small variable-length arrays of a known
6475 value into plain arrays, so this warning may not get triggered for
6476 such arrays.
6477 -Wvla-larger-than=PTRDIFF_MAX is enabled by default but is
6479 typically only effective when -ftree-vrp is active (default for -O2
6480 and above).
6481 See also -Walloca-larger-than=byte-size.
6483 -Wno-vla-larger-than
6485 Disable -Wvla-larger-than= warnings. The option is equivalent to
6486 -Wvla-larger-than=SIZE_MAX or larger.
6487 -Wvolatile-register-var
6489 Warn if a register variable is declared volatile. The volatile
6490 modifier does not inhibit all optimizations that may eliminate
6491 reads and/or writes to register variables. This warning is enabled
6492 by -Wall.
6493 -Wdisabled-optimization
6495 Warn if a requested optimization pass is disabled. This warning
6496 does not generally indicate that there is anything wrong with your
6497 code; it merely indicates that GCC's optimizers are unable to
6498 handle the code effectively. Often, the problem is that your code
6499 is too big or too complex; GCC refuses to optimize programs when
6500 the optimization itself is likely to take inordinate amounts of
6501 time.
6502 -Wpointer-sign (C and Objective-C only)
6504 Warn for pointer argument passing or assignment with different
6505 signedness. This option is only supported for C and Objective-C.
6506 It is implied by -Wall and by -Wpedantic, which can be disabled
6507 with -Wno-pointer-sign.
6508 -Wstack-protector
6510 This option is only active when -fstack-protector is active. It
6511 warns about functions that are not protected against stack
6512 smashing.
6513 -Woverlength-strings
6515 Warn about string constants that are longer than the "minimum
6516 maximum" length specified in the C standard. Modern compilers
6517 generally allow string constants that are much longer than the
6518 standard's minimum limit, but very portable programs should avoid
6519 using longer strings.
6520 The limit applies after string constant concatenation, and does not
6522 count the trailing NUL. In C90, the limit was 509 characters; in
6523 C99, it was raised to 4095. C++98 does not specify a normative
6524 minimum maximum, so we do not diagnose overlength strings in C++.
6525 This option is implied by -Wpedantic, and can be disabled with
6527 -Wno-overlength-strings.
6528 -Wunsuffixed-float-constants (C and Objective-C only)
6530 Issue a warning for any floating constant that does not have a
6531 suffix. When used together with -Wsystem-headers it warns about
6532 such constants in system header files. This can be useful when
6533 preparing code to use with the "FLOAT_CONST_DECIMAL64" pragma from
6534 the decimal floating-point extension to C99.
6535 -Wno-lto-type-mismatch
6537 During the link-time optimization, do not warn about type
6538 mismatches in global declarations from different compilation units.
6539 Requires -flto to be enabled. Enabled by default.
6540 -Wno-designated-init (C and Objective-C only)
6542 Suppress warnings when a positional initializer is used to
6543 initialize a structure that has been marked with the
6544 "designated_init" attribute.
6545 -Wno-hsa
6547 Do not warn when HSAIL cannot be emitted for the compiled function
6548 or OpenMP construct. These warnings are enabled by default.
6549 Options That Control Static Analysis
6551 -fanalyzer
6552 This option enables an static analysis of program flow which looks
6553 for "interesting" interprocedural paths through the code, and
6554 issues warnings for problems found on them.
6555 This analysis is much more expensive than other GCC warnings.
6557 Enabling this option effectively enables the following warnings:
6559 -Wanalyzer-double-fclose -Wanalyzer-double-free
6561 -Wanalyzer-exposure-through-output-file -Wanalyzer-file-leak
6562 -Wanalyzer-free-of-non-heap -Wanalyzer-malloc-leak
6563 -Wanalyzer-possible-null-argument
6564 -Wanalyzer-possible-null-dereference -Wanalyzer-null-argument
6565 -Wanalyzer-null-dereference -Wanalyzer-stale-setjmp-buffer
6566 -Wanalyzer-tainted-array-index
6567 -Wanalyzer-unsafe-call-within-signal-handler
6568 -Wanalyzer-use-after-free
6569 -Wanalyzer-use-of-pointer-in-stale-stack-frame
6570 This option is only available if GCC was configured with analyzer
6572 support enabled.
6573 -Wanalyzer-too-complex
6575 If -fanalyzer is enabled, the analyzer uses various heuristics to
6576 attempt to explore the control flow and data flow in the program,
6577 but these can be defeated by sufficiently complicated code.
6578 By default, the analysis silently stops if the code is too
6580 complicated for the analyzer to fully explore and it reaches an
6581 internal limit. The -Wanalyzer-too-complex option warns if this
6582 occurs.
6583 -Wno-analyzer-double-fclose
6585 This warning requires -fanalyzer, which enables it; use
6586 -Wno-analyzer-double-fclose to disable it.
6587 This diagnostic warns for paths through the code in which a "FILE
6589 *" can have "fclose" called on it more than once.
6590 -Wno-analyzer-double-free
6592 This warning requires -fanalyzer, which enables it; use
6593 -Wno-analyzer-double-free to disable it.
6594 This diagnostic warns for paths through the code in which a pointer
6596 can have "free" called on it more than once.
6597 -Wno-analyzer-exposure-through-output-file
6599 This warning requires -fanalyzer, which enables it; use
6600 -Wno-analyzer-exposure-through-output-file to disable it.
6601 This diagnostic warns for paths through the code in which a
6603 security-sensitive value is written to an output file (such as
6604 writing a password to a log file).
6605 -Wno-analyzer-file-leak
6607 This warning requires -fanalyzer, which enables it; use
6608 -Wno-analyzer-file-leak to disable it.
6609 This diagnostic warns for paths through the code in which a
6611 "<stdio.h>" "FILE *" stream object is leaked.
6612 -Wno-analyzer-free-of-non-heap
6614 This warning requires -fanalyzer, which enables it; use
6615 -Wno-analyzer-free-of-non-heap to disable it.
6616 This diagnostic warns for paths through the code in which "free" is
6618 called on a non-heap pointer (e.g. an on-stack buffer, or a
6619 global).
6620 -Wno-analyzer-malloc-leak
6622 This warning requires -fanalyzer, which enables it; use
6623 -Wno-analyzer-malloc-leak to disable it.
6624 This diagnostic warns for paths through the code in which a pointer
6626 allocated via "malloc" is leaked.
6627 -Wno-analyzer-possible-null-argument
6629 This warning requires -fanalyzer, which enables it; use
6630 -Wno-analyzer-possible-null-argument to disable it.
6631 This diagnostic warns for paths through the code in which a
6633 possibly-NULL value is passed to a function argument marked with
6634 "__attribute__((nonnull))" as requiring a non-NULL value.
6635 -Wno-analyzer-possible-null-dereference
6637 This warning requires -fanalyzer, which enables it; use
6638 -Wno-analyzer-possible-null-dereference to disable it.
6639 This diagnostic warns for paths through the code in which a
6641 possibly-NULL value is dereferenced.
6642 -Wno-analyzer-null-argument
6644 This warning requires -fanalyzer, which enables it; use
6645 -Wno-analyzer-null-argument to disable it.
6646 This diagnostic warns for paths through the code in which a value
6648 known to be NULL is passed to a function argument marked with
6649 "__attribute__((nonnull))" as requiring a non-NULL value.
6650 -Wno-analyzer-null-dereference
6652 This warning requires -fanalyzer, which enables it; use
6653 -Wno-analyzer-null-dereference to disable it.
6654 This diagnostic warns for paths through the code in which a value
6656 known to be NULL is dereferenced.
6657 -Wno-analyzer-stale-setjmp-buffer
6659 This warning requires -fanalyzer, which enables it; use
6660 -Wno-analyzer-stale-setjmp-buffer to disable it.
6661 This diagnostic warns for paths through the code in which "longjmp"
6663 is called to rewind to a "jmp_buf" relating to a "setjmp" call in a
6664 function that has returned.
6665 When "setjmp" is called on a "jmp_buf" to record a rewind location,
6667 it records the stack frame. The stack frame becomes invalid when
6668 the function containing the "setjmp" call returns. Attempting to
6669 rewind to it via "longjmp" would reference a stack frame that no
6670 longer exists, and likely lead to a crash (or worse).
6671 -Wno-analyzer-tainted-array-index
6673 This warning requires both -fanalyzer and -fanalyzer-checker=taint
6674 to enable it; use -Wno-analyzer-tainted-array-index to disable it.
6675 This diagnostic warns for paths through the code in which a value
6677 that could be under an attacker's control is used as the index of
6678 an array access without being sanitized.
6679 -Wno-analyzer-unsafe-call-within-signal-handler
6681 This warning requires -fanalyzer, which enables it; use
6682 -Wno-analyzer-unsafe-call-within-signal-handler to disable it.
6683 This diagnostic warns for paths through the code in which a
6685 function known to be async-signal-unsafe (such as "fprintf") is
6686 called from a signal handler.
6687 -Wno-analyzer-use-after-free
6689 This warning requires -fanalyzer, which enables it; use
6690 -Wno-analyzer-use-after-free to disable it.
6691 This diagnostic warns for paths through the code in which a pointer
6693 is used after "free" is called on it.
6694 -Wno-analyzer-use-of-pointer-in-stale-stack-frame
6696 This warning requires -fanalyzer, which enables it; use
6697 -Wno-analyzer-use-of-pointer-in-stale-stack-frame to disable it.
6698 This diagnostic warns for paths through the code in which a pointer
6700 is dereferenced that points to a variable in a stale stack frame.
6701 Pertinent parameters for controlling the exploration are: --param
6703 analyzer-bb-explosion-factor=value, --param
6704 analyzer-max-enodes-per-program-point=value, --param
6705 analyzer-max-recursion-depth=value, and --param
6706 analyzer-min-snodes-for-call-summary=value.
6707 The following options control the analyzer.
6709 -fanalyzer-call-summaries
6711 Simplify interprocedural analysis by computing the effect of
6712 certain calls, rather than exploring all paths through the function
6713 from callsite to each possible return.
6714 If enabled, call summaries are only used for functions with more
6716 than one call site, and that are sufficiently complicated (as per
6717 --param analyzer-min-snodes-for-call-summary=value).
6718 -fanalyzer-checker=name
6720 Restrict the analyzer to run just the named checker, and enable it.
6721 Some checkers are disabled by default (even with -fanalyzer), such
6723 as the "taint" checker that implements
6724 -Wanalyzer-tainted-array-index, and this option is required to
6725 enable them.
6726 -fanalyzer-fine-grained
6728 This option is intended for analyzer developers.
6729 Internally the analyzer builds an "exploded graph" that combines
6731 control flow graphs with data flow information.
6732 By default, an edge in this graph can contain the effects of a run
6734 of multiple statements within a basic block. With
6735 -fanalyzer-fine-grained, each statement gets its own edge.
6736 -fanalyzer-show-duplicate-count
6738 This option is intended for analyzer developers: if multiple
6739 diagnostics have been detected as being duplicates of each other,
6740 it emits a note when reporting the best diagnostic, giving the
6741 number of additional diagnostics that were suppressed by the
6742 deduplication logic.
6743 -fno-analyzer-state-merge
6745 This option is intended for analyzer developers.
6746 By default the analyzer attempts to simplify analysis by merging
6748 sufficiently similar states at each program point as it builds its
6749 "exploded graph". With -fno-analyzer-state-merge this merging can
6750 be suppressed, for debugging state-handling issues.
6751 -fno-analyzer-state-purge
6753 This option is intended for analyzer developers.
6754 By default the analyzer attempts to simplify analysis by purging
6756 aspects of state at a program point that appear to no longer be
6757 relevant e.g. the values of locals that aren't accessed later in
6758 the function and which aren't relevant to leak analysis.
6759 With -fno-analyzer-state-purge this purging of state can be
6761 suppressed, for debugging state-handling issues.
6762 -fanalyzer-transitivity
6764 This option enables transitivity of constraints within the
6765 analyzer.
6766 -fanalyzer-verbose-edges
6768 This option is intended for analyzer developers. It enables more
6769 verbose, lower-level detail in the descriptions of control flow
6770 within diagnostic paths.
6771 -fanalyzer-verbose-state-changes
6773 This option is intended for analyzer developers. It enables more
6774 verbose, lower-level detail in the descriptions of events relating
6775 to state machines within diagnostic paths.
6776 -fanalyzer-verbosity=level
6778 This option controls the complexity of the control flow paths that
6779 are emitted for analyzer diagnostics.
6780 The level can be one of:
6782 0 At this level, interprocedural call and return events are
6784 displayed, along with the most pertinent state-change events
6785 relating to a diagnostic. For example, for a double-"free"
6786 diagnostic, both calls to "free" will be shown.
6787 1 As per the previous level, but also show events for the entry
6789 to each function.
6790 2 As per the previous level, but also show events relating to
6792 control flow that are significant to triggering the issue (e.g.
6793 "true path taken" at a conditional).
6794 This level is the default.
6796 3 As per the previous level, but show all control flow events,
6798 not just significant ones.
6799 4 This level is intended for analyzer developers; it adds various
6801 other events intended for debugging the analyzer.
6802 -fdump-analyzer
6804 Dump internal details about what the analyzer is doing to
6805 file.analyzer.txt. This option is overridden by
6806 -fdump-analyzer-stderr.
6807 -fdump-analyzer-stderr
6809 Dump internal details about what the analyzer is doing to stderr.
6810 This option overrides -fdump-analyzer.
6811 -fdump-analyzer-callgraph
6813 Dump a representation of the call graph suitable for viewing with
6814 GraphViz to file.callgraph.dot.
6815 -fdump-analyzer-exploded-graph
6817 Dump a representation of the "exploded graph" suitable for viewing
6818 with GraphViz to file.eg.dot. Nodes are color-coded based on
6819 state-machine states to emphasize state changes.
6820 -fdump-analyzer-exploded-nodes
6822 Emit diagnostics showing where nodes in the "exploded graph" are in
6823 relation to the program source.
6824 -fdump-analyzer-exploded-nodes-2
6826 Dump a textual representation of the "exploded graph" to
6827 file.eg.txt.
6828 -fdump-analyzer-exploded-nodes-3
6830 Dump a textual representation of the "exploded graph" to one dump
6831 file per node, to file.eg-id.txt. This is typically a large number
6832 of dump files.
6833 -fdump-analyzer-state-purge
6835 As per -fdump-analyzer-supergraph, dump a representation of the
6836 "supergraph" suitable for viewing with GraphViz, but annotate the
6837 graph with information on what state will be purged at each node.
6838 The graph is written to file.state-purge.dot.
6839 -fdump-analyzer-supergraph
6841 Dump representations of the "supergraph" suitable for viewing with
6842 GraphViz to file.supergraph.dot and to file.supergraph-eg.dot.
6843 These show all of the control flow graphs in the program, with
6844 interprocedural edges for calls and returns. The second dump
6845 contains annotations showing nodes in the "exploded graph" and
6846 diagnostics associated with them.
6847 Options for Debugging Your Program
6849 To tell GCC to emit extra information for use by a debugger, in almost
6850 all cases you need only to add -g to your other options.
6851 GCC allows you to use -g with -O. The shortcuts taken by optimized
6853 code may occasionally be surprising: some variables you declared may
6854 not exist at all; flow of control may briefly move where you did not
6855 expect it; some statements may not be executed because they compute
6856 constant results or their values are already at hand; some statements
6857 may execute in different places because they have been moved out of
6858 loops. Nevertheless it is possible to debug optimized output. This
6859 makes it reasonable to use the optimizer for programs that might have
6860 bugs.
6861 If you are not using some other optimization option, consider using -Og
6863 with -g. With no -O option at all, some compiler passes that collect
6864 information useful for debugging do not run at all, so that -Og may
6865 result in a better debugging experience.
6866 -g Produce debugging information in the operating system's native
6868 format (stabs, COFF, XCOFF, or DWARF). GDB can work with this
6869 debugging information.
6870 On most systems that use stabs format, -g enables use of extra
6872 debugging information that only GDB can use; this extra information
6873 makes debugging work better in GDB but probably makes other
6874 debuggers crash or refuse to read the program. If you want to
6875 control for certain whether to generate the extra information, use
6876 -gstabs+, -gstabs, -gxcoff+, -gxcoff, or -gvms (see below).
6877 -ggdb
6879 Produce debugging information for use by GDB. This means to use
6880 the most expressive format available (DWARF, stabs, or the native
6881 format if neither of those are supported), including GDB extensions
6882 if at all possible.
6883 -gdwarf
6885 -gdwarf-version
6886 Produce debugging information in DWARF format (if that is
6887 supported). The value of version may be either 2, 3, 4 or 5; the
6888 default version for most targets is 4. DWARF Version 5 is only
6889 experimental.
6890 Note that with DWARF Version 2, some ports require and always use
6892 some non-conflicting DWARF 3 extensions in the unwind tables.
6893 Version 4 may require GDB 7.0 and -fvar-tracking-assignments for
6895 maximum benefit.
6896 GCC no longer supports DWARF Version 1, which is substantially
6898 different than Version 2 and later. For historical reasons, some
6899 other DWARF-related options such as -fno-dwarf2-cfi-asm) retain a
6900 reference to DWARF Version 2 in their names, but apply to all
6901 currently-supported versions of DWARF.
6902 -gstabs
6904 Produce debugging information in stabs format (if that is
6905 supported), without GDB extensions. This is the format used by DBX
6906 on most BSD systems. On MIPS, Alpha and System V Release 4 systems
6907 this option produces stabs debugging output that is not understood
6908 by DBX. On System V Release 4 systems this option requires the GNU
6909 assembler.
6910 -gstabs+
6912 Produce debugging information in stabs format (if that is
6913 supported), using GNU extensions understood only by the GNU
6914 debugger (GDB). The use of these extensions is likely to make
6915 other debuggers crash or refuse to read the program.
6916 -gxcoff
6918 Produce debugging information in XCOFF format (if that is
6919 supported). This is the format used by the DBX debugger on IBM
6920 RS/6000 systems.
6921 -gxcoff+
6923 Produce debugging information in XCOFF format (if that is
6924 supported), using GNU extensions understood only by the GNU
6925 debugger (GDB). The use of these extensions is likely to make
6926 other debuggers crash or refuse to read the program, and may cause
6927 assemblers other than the GNU assembler (GAS) to fail with an
6928 error.
6929 -gvms
6931 Produce debugging information in Alpha/VMS debug format (if that is
6932 supported). This is the format used by DEBUG on Alpha/VMS systems.
6933 -glevel
6935 -ggdblevel
6936 -gstabslevel
6937 -gxcofflevel
6938 -gvmslevel
6939 Request debugging information and also use level to specify how
6940 much information. The default level is 2.
6941 Level 0 produces no debug information at all. Thus, -g0 negates
6943 -g.
6944 Level 1 produces minimal information, enough for making backtraces
6946 in parts of the program that you don't plan to debug. This
6947 includes descriptions of functions and external variables, and line
6948 number tables, but no information about local variables.
6949 Level 3 includes extra information, such as all the macro
6951 definitions present in the program. Some debuggers support macro
6952 expansion when you use -g3.
6953 If you use multiple -g options, with or without level numbers, the
6955 last such option is the one that is effective.
6956 -gdwarf does not accept a concatenated debug level, to avoid
6958 confusion with -gdwarf-level. Instead use an additional -glevel
6959 option to change the debug level for DWARF.
6960 -fno-eliminate-unused-debug-symbols
6962 By default, no debug information is produced for symbols that are
6963 not actually used. Use this option if you want debug information
6964 for all symbols.
6965 -femit-class-debug-always
6967 Instead of emitting debugging information for a C++ class in only
6968 one object file, emit it in all object files using the class. This
6969 option should be used only with debuggers that are unable to handle
6970 the way GCC normally emits debugging information for classes
6971 because using this option increases the size of debugging
6972 information by as much as a factor of two.
6973 -fno-merge-debug-strings
6975 Direct the linker to not merge together strings in the debugging
6976 information that are identical in different object files. Merging
6977 is not supported by all assemblers or linkers. Merging decreases
6978 the size of the debug information in the output file at the cost of
6979 increasing link processing time. Merging is enabled by default.
6980 -fdebug-prefix-map=old=new
6982 When compiling files residing in directory old, record debugging
6983 information describing them as if the files resided in directory
6984 new instead. This can be used to replace a build-time path with an
6985 install-time path in the debug info. It can also be used to change
6986 an absolute path to a relative path by using . for new. This can
6987 give more reproducible builds, which are location independent, but
6988 may require an extra command to tell GDB where to find the source
6989 files. See also -ffile-prefix-map.
6990 -fvar-tracking
6992 Run variable tracking pass. It computes where variables are stored
6993 at each position in code. Better debugging information is then
6994 generated (if the debugging information format supports this
6995 information).
6996 It is enabled by default when compiling with optimization (-Os, -O,
6998 -O2, ...), debugging information (-g) and the debug info format
6999 supports it.
7000 -fvar-tracking-assignments
7002 Annotate assignments to user variables early in the compilation and
7003 attempt to carry the annotations over throughout the compilation
7004 all the way to the end, in an attempt to improve debug information
7005 while optimizing. Use of -gdwarf-4 is recommended along with it.
7006 It can be enabled even if var-tracking is disabled, in which case
7008 annotations are created and maintained, but discarded at the end.
7009 By default, this flag is enabled together with -fvar-tracking,
7010 except when selective scheduling is enabled.
7011 -gsplit-dwarf
7013 Separate as much DWARF debugging information as possible into a
7014 separate output file with the extension .dwo. This option allows
7015 the build system to avoid linking files with debug information. To
7016 be useful, this option requires a debugger capable of reading .dwo
7017 files.
7018 -gdescribe-dies
7020 Add description attributes to some DWARF DIEs that have no name
7021 attribute, such as artificial variables, external references and
7022 call site parameter DIEs.
7023 -gpubnames
7025 Generate DWARF ".debug_pubnames" and ".debug_pubtypes" sections.
7026 -ggnu-pubnames
7028 Generate ".debug_pubnames" and ".debug_pubtypes" sections in a
7029 format suitable for conversion into a GDB index. This option is
7030 only useful with a linker that can produce GDB index version 7.
7031 -fdebug-types-section
7033 When using DWARF Version 4 or higher, type DIEs can be put into
7034 their own ".debug_types" section instead of making them part of the
7035 ".debug_info" section. It is more efficient to put them in a
7036 separate comdat section since the linker can then remove
7037 duplicates. But not all DWARF consumers support ".debug_types"
7038 sections yet and on some objects ".debug_types" produces larger
7039 instead of smaller debugging information.
7040 -grecord-gcc-switches
7042 -gno-record-gcc-switches
7043 This switch causes the command-line options used to invoke the
7044 compiler that may affect code generation to be appended to the
7045 DW_AT_producer attribute in DWARF debugging information. The
7046 options are concatenated with spaces separating them from each
7047 other and from the compiler version. It is enabled by default.
7048 See also -frecord-gcc-switches for another way of storing compiler
7049 options into the object file.
7050 -gstrict-dwarf
7052 Disallow using extensions of later DWARF standard version than
7053 selected with -gdwarf-version. On most targets using non-
7054 conflicting DWARF extensions from later standard versions is
7055 allowed.
7056 -gno-strict-dwarf
7058 Allow using extensions of later DWARF standard version than
7059 selected with -gdwarf-version.
7060 -gas-loc-support
7062 Inform the compiler that the assembler supports ".loc" directives.
7063 It may then use them for the assembler to generate DWARF2+ line
7064 number tables.
7065 This is generally desirable, because assembler-generated line-
7067 number tables are a lot more compact than those the compiler can
7068 generate itself.
7069 This option will be enabled by default if, at GCC configure time,
7071 the assembler was found to support such directives.
7072 -gno-as-loc-support
7074 Force GCC to generate DWARF2+ line number tables internally, if
7075 DWARF2+ line number tables are to be generated.
7076 -gas-locview-support
7078 Inform the compiler that the assembler supports "view" assignment
7079 and reset assertion checking in ".loc" directives.
7080 This option will be enabled by default if, at GCC configure time,
7082 the assembler was found to support them.
7083 -gno-as-locview-support
7085 Force GCC to assign view numbers internally, if
7086 -gvariable-location-views are explicitly requested.
7087 -gcolumn-info
7089 -gno-column-info
7090 Emit location column information into DWARF debugging information,
7091 rather than just file and line. This option is enabled by default.
7092 -gstatement-frontiers
7094 -gno-statement-frontiers
7095 This option causes GCC to create markers in the internal
7096 representation at the beginning of statements, and to keep them
7097 roughly in place throughout compilation, using them to guide the
7098 output of "is_stmt" markers in the line number table. This is
7099 enabled by default when compiling with optimization (-Os, -O, -O2,
7100 ...), and outputting DWARF 2 debug information at the normal level.
7101 -gvariable-location-views
7103 -gvariable-location-views=incompat5
7104 -gno-variable-location-views
7105 Augment variable location lists with progressive view numbers
7106 implied from the line number table. This enables debug information
7107 consumers to inspect state at certain points of the program, even
7108 if no instructions associated with the corresponding source
7109 locations are present at that point. If the assembler lacks
7110 support for view numbers in line number tables, this will cause the
7111 compiler to emit the line number table, which generally makes them
7112 somewhat less compact. The augmented line number tables and
7113 location lists are fully backward-compatible, so they can be
7114 consumed by debug information consumers that are not aware of these
7115 augmentations, but they won't derive any benefit from them either.
7116 This is enabled by default when outputting DWARF 2 debug
7118 information at the normal level, as long as there is assembler
7119 support, -fvar-tracking-assignments is enabled and -gstrict-dwarf
7120 is not. When assembler support is not available, this may still be
7121 enabled, but it will force GCC to output internal line number
7122 tables, and if -ginternal-reset-location-views is not enabled, that
7123 will most certainly lead to silently mismatching location views.
7124 There is a proposed representation for view numbers that is not
7126 backward compatible with the location list format introduced in
7127 DWARF 5, that can be enabled with
7128 -gvariable-location-views=incompat5. This option may be removed in
7129 the future, is only provided as a reference implementation of the
7130 proposed representation. Debug information consumers are not
7131 expected to support this extended format, and they would be
7132 rendered unable to decode location lists using it.
7133 -ginternal-reset-location-views
7135 -gno-internal-reset-location-views
7136 Attempt to determine location views that can be omitted from
7137 location view lists. This requires the compiler to have very
7138 accurate insn length estimates, which isn't always the case, and it
7139 may cause incorrect view lists to be generated silently when using
7140 an assembler that does not support location view lists. The GNU
7141 assembler will flag any such error as a "view number mismatch".
7142 This is only enabled on ports that define a reliable estimation
7143 function.
7144 -ginline-points
7146 -gno-inline-points
7147 Generate extended debug information for inlined functions.
7148 Location view tracking markers are inserted at inlined entry
7149 points, so that address and view numbers can be computed and output
7150 in debug information. This can be enabled independently of
7151 location views, in which case the view numbers won't be output, but
7152 it can only be enabled along with statement frontiers, and it is
7153 only enabled by default if location views are enabled.
7154 -gz[=type]
7156 Produce compressed debug sections in DWARF format, if that is
7157 supported. If type is not given, the default type depends on the
7158 capabilities of the assembler and linker used. type may be one of
7159 none (don't compress debug sections), zlib (use zlib compression in
7160 ELF gABI format), or zlib-gnu (use zlib compression in traditional
7161 GNU format). If the linker doesn't support writing compressed
7162 debug sections, the option is rejected. Otherwise, if the
7163 assembler does not support them, -gz is silently ignored when
7164 producing object files.
7165 -femit-struct-debug-baseonly
7167 Emit debug information for struct-like types only when the base
7168 name of the compilation source file matches the base name of file
7169 in which the struct is defined.
7170 This option substantially reduces the size of debugging
7172 information, but at significant potential loss in type information
7173 to the debugger. See -femit-struct-debug-reduced for a less
7174 aggressive option. See -femit-struct-debug-detailed for more
7175 detailed control.
7176 This option works only with DWARF debug output.
7178 -femit-struct-debug-reduced
7180 Emit debug information for struct-like types only when the base
7181 name of the compilation source file matches the base name of file
7182 in which the type is defined, unless the struct is a template or
7183 defined in a system header.
7184 This option significantly reduces the size of debugging
7186 information, with some potential loss in type information to the
7187 debugger. See -femit-struct-debug-baseonly for a more aggressive
7188 option. See -femit-struct-debug-detailed for more detailed
7189 control.
7190 This option works only with DWARF debug output.
7192 -femit-struct-debug-detailed[=spec-list]
7194 Specify the struct-like types for which the compiler generates
7195 debug information. The intent is to reduce duplicate struct debug
7196 information between different object files within the same program.
7197 This option is a detailed version of -femit-struct-debug-reduced
7199 and -femit-struct-debug-baseonly, which serves for most needs.
7200 A specification has the
7202 syntax[dir:|ind:][ord:|gen:](any|sys|base|none)
7203 The optional first word limits the specification to structs that
7205 are used directly (dir:) or used indirectly (ind:). A struct type
7206 is used directly when it is the type of a variable, member.
7207 Indirect uses arise through pointers to structs. That is, when use
7208 of an incomplete struct is valid, the use is indirect. An example
7209 is struct one direct; struct two * indirect;.
7210 The optional second word limits the specification to ordinary
7212 structs (ord:) or generic structs (gen:). Generic structs are a
7213 bit complicated to explain. For C++, these are non-explicit
7214 specializations of template classes, or non-template classes within
7215 the above. Other programming languages have generics, but
7216 -femit-struct-debug-detailed does not yet implement them.
7217 The third word specifies the source files for those structs for
7219 which the compiler should emit debug information. The values none
7220 and any have the normal meaning. The value base means that the
7221 base of name of the file in which the type declaration appears must
7222 match the base of the name of the main compilation file. In
7223 practice, this means that when compiling foo.c, debug information
7224 is generated for types declared in that file and foo.h, but not
7225 other header files. The value sys means those types satisfying
7226 base or declared in system or compiler headers.
7227 You may need to experiment to determine the best settings for your
7229 application.
7230 The default is -femit-struct-debug-detailed=all.
7232 This option works only with DWARF debug output.
7234 -fno-dwarf2-cfi-asm
7236 Emit DWARF unwind info as compiler generated ".eh_frame" section
7237 instead of using GAS ".cfi_*" directives.
7238 -fno-eliminate-unused-debug-types
7240 Normally, when producing DWARF output, GCC avoids producing debug
7241 symbol output for types that are nowhere used in the source file
7242 being compiled. Sometimes it is useful to have GCC emit debugging
7243 information for all types declared in a compilation unit,
7244 regardless of whether or not they are actually used in that
7245 compilation unit, for example if, in the debugger, you want to cast
7246 a value to a type that is not actually used in your program (but is
7247 declared). More often, however, this results in a significant
7248 amount of wasted space.
7249 Options That Control Optimization
7251 These options control various sorts of optimizations.
7252 Without any optimization option, the compiler's goal is to reduce the
7254 cost of compilation and to make debugging produce the expected results.
7255 Statements are independent: if you stop the program with a breakpoint
7256 between statements, you can then assign a new value to any variable or
7257 change the program counter to any other statement in the function and
7258 get exactly the results you expect from the source code.
7259 Turning on optimization flags makes the compiler attempt to improve the
7261 performance and/or code size at the expense of compilation time and
7262 possibly the ability to debug the program.
7263 The compiler performs optimization based on the knowledge it has of the
7265 program. Compiling multiple files at once to a single output file mode
7266 allows the compiler to use information gained from all of the files
7267 when compiling each of them.
7268 Not all optimizations are controlled directly by a flag. Only
7270 optimizations that have a flag are listed in this section.
7271 Most optimizations are completely disabled at -O0 or if an -O level is
7273 not set on the command line, even if individual optimization flags are
7274 specified. Similarly, -Og suppresses many optimization passes.
7275 Depending on the target and how GCC was configured, a slightly
7277 different set of optimizations may be enabled at each -O level than
7278 those listed here. You can invoke GCC with -Q --help=optimizers to
7279 find out the exact set of optimizations that are enabled at each level.
7280 -O
7282 -O1 Optimize. Optimizing compilation takes somewhat more time, and a
7283 lot more memory for a large function.
7284 With -O, the compiler tries to reduce code size and execution time,
7286 without performing any optimizations that take a great deal of
7287 compilation time.
7288 -O turns on the following optimization flags:
7290 -fauto-inc-dec -fbranch-count-reg -fcombine-stack-adjustments
7292 -fcompare-elim -fcprop-registers -fdce -fdefer-pop -fdelayed-branch
7293 -fdse -fforward-propagate -fguess-branch-probability
7294 -fif-conversion -fif-conversion2 -finline-functions-called-once
7295 -fipa-profile -fipa-pure-const -fipa-reference
7296 -fipa-reference-addressable -fmerge-constants
7297 -fmove-loop-invariants -fomit-frame-pointer -freorder-blocks
7298 -fshrink-wrap -fshrink-wrap-separate -fsplit-wide-types
7299 -fssa-backprop -fssa-phiopt -ftree-bit-ccp -ftree-ccp -ftree-ch
7300 -ftree-coalesce-vars -ftree-copy-prop -ftree-dce
7301 -ftree-dominator-opts -ftree-dse -ftree-forwprop -ftree-fre
7302 -ftree-phiprop -ftree-pta -ftree-scev-cprop -ftree-sink -ftree-slsr
7303 -ftree-sra -ftree-ter -funit-at-a-time
7304 -O2 Optimize even more. GCC performs nearly all supported
7306 optimizations that do not involve a space-speed tradeoff. As
7307 compared to -O, this option increases both compilation time and the
7308 performance of the generated code.
7309 -O2 turns on all optimization flags specified by -O. It also turns
7311 on the following optimization flags:
7312 -falign-functions -falign-jumps -falign-labels -falign-loops
7314 -fcaller-saves -fcode-hoisting -fcrossjumping -fcse-follow-jumps
7315 -fcse-skip-blocks -fdelete-null-pointer-checks -fdevirtualize
7316 -fdevirtualize-speculatively -fexpensive-optimizations
7317 -ffinite-loops -fgcse -fgcse-lm -fhoist-adjacent-loads
7318 -finline-functions -finline-small-functions -findirect-inlining
7319 -fipa-bit-cp -fipa-cp -fipa-icf -fipa-ra -fipa-sra -fipa-vrp
7320 -fisolate-erroneous-paths-dereference -flra-remat
7321 -foptimize-sibling-calls -foptimize-strlen -fpartial-inlining
7322 -fpeephole2 -freorder-blocks-algorithm=stc
7323 -freorder-blocks-and-partition -freorder-functions
7324 -frerun-cse-after-loop -fschedule-insns -fschedule-insns2
7325 -fsched-interblock -fsched-spec -fstore-merging -fstrict-aliasing
7326 -fthread-jumps -ftree-builtin-call-dce -ftree-pre
7327 -ftree-switch-conversion -ftree-tail-merge -ftree-vrp
7328 Please note the warning under -fgcse about invoking -O2 on programs
7330 that use computed gotos.
7331 -O3 Optimize yet more. -O3 turns on all optimizations specified by -O2
7333 and also turns on the following optimization flags:
7334 -fgcse-after-reload -fipa-cp-clone -floop-interchange
7336 -floop-unroll-and-jam -fpeel-loops -fpredictive-commoning
7337 -fsplit-loops -fsplit-paths -ftree-loop-distribution
7338 -ftree-loop-vectorize -ftree-partial-pre -ftree-slp-vectorize
7339 -funswitch-loops -fvect-cost-model -fvect-cost-model=dynamic
7340 -fversion-loops-for-strides
7341 -O0 Reduce compilation time and make debugging produce the expected
7343 results. This is the default.
7344 -Os Optimize for size. -Os enables all -O2 optimizations except those
7346 that often increase code size:
7347 -falign-functions -falign-jumps -falign-labels -falign-loops
7349 -fprefetch-loop-arrays -freorder-blocks-algorithm=stc
7350 It also enables -finline-functions, causes the compiler to tune for
7352 code size rather than execution speed, and performs further
7353 optimizations designed to reduce code size.
7354 -Ofast
7356 Disregard strict standards compliance. -Ofast enables all -O3
7357 optimizations. It also enables optimizations that are not valid
7358 for all standard-compliant programs. It turns on -ffast-math,
7359 -fallow-store-data-races and the Fortran-specific -fstack-arrays,
7360 unless -fmax-stack-var-size is specified, and -fno-protect-parens.
7361 -Og Optimize debugging experience. -Og should be the optimization
7363 level of choice for the standard edit-compile-debug cycle, offering
7364 a reasonable level of optimization while maintaining fast
7365 compilation and a good debugging experience. It is a better choice
7366 than -O0 for producing debuggable code because some compiler passes
7367 that collect debug information are disabled at -O0.
7368 Like -O0, -Og completely disables a number of optimization passes
7370 so that individual options controlling them have no effect.
7371 Otherwise -Og enables all -O1 optimization flags except for those
7372 that may interfere with debugging:
7373 -fbranch-count-reg -fdelayed-branch -fdse -fif-conversion
7375 -fif-conversion2 -finline-functions-called-once
7376 -fmove-loop-invariants -fssa-phiopt -ftree-bit-ccp -ftree-dse
7377 -ftree-pta -ftree-sra
7378 If you use multiple -O options, with or without level numbers, the last
7380 such option is the one that is effective.
7381 Options of the form -fflag specify machine-independent flags. Most
7383 flags have both positive and negative forms; the negative form of -ffoo
7384 is -fno-foo. In the table below, only one of the forms is listed---the
7385 one you typically use. You can figure out the other form by either
7386 removing no- or adding it.
7387 The following options control specific optimizations. They are either
7389 activated by -O options or are related to ones that are. You can use
7390 the following flags in the rare cases when "fine-tuning" of
7391 optimizations to be performed is desired.
7392 -fno-defer-pop
7394 For machines that must pop arguments after a function call, always
7395 pop the arguments as soon as each function returns. At levels -O1
7396 and higher, -fdefer-pop is the default; this allows the compiler to
7397 let arguments accumulate on the stack for several function calls
7398 and pop them all at once.
7399 -fforward-propagate
7401 Perform a forward propagation pass on RTL. The pass tries to
7402 combine two instructions and checks if the result can be
7403 simplified. If loop unrolling is active, two passes are performed
7404 and the second is scheduled after loop unrolling.
7405 This option is enabled by default at optimization levels -O, -O2,
7407 -O3, -Os.
7408 -ffp-contract=style
7410 -ffp-contract=off disables floating-point expression contraction.
7411 -ffp-contract=fast enables floating-point expression contraction
7412 such as forming of fused multiply-add operations if the target has
7413 native support for them. -ffp-contract=on enables floating-point
7414 expression contraction if allowed by the language standard. This
7415 is currently not implemented and treated equal to
7416 -ffp-contract=off.
7417 The default is -ffp-contract=fast.
7419 -fomit-frame-pointer
7421 Omit the frame pointer in functions that don't need one. This
7422 avoids the instructions to save, set up and restore the frame
7423 pointer; on many targets it also makes an extra register available.
7424 On some targets this flag has no effect because the standard
7426 calling sequence always uses a frame pointer, so it cannot be
7427 omitted.
7428 Note that -fno-omit-frame-pointer doesn't guarantee the frame
7430 pointer is used in all functions. Several targets always omit the
7431 frame pointer in leaf functions.
7432 Enabled by default at -O and higher.
7434 -foptimize-sibling-calls
7436 Optimize sibling and tail recursive calls.
7437 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
7439 -foptimize-strlen
7441 Optimize various standard C string functions (e.g. "strlen",
7442 "strchr" or "strcpy") and their "_FORTIFY_SOURCE" counterparts into
7443 faster alternatives.
7444 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.
7446 -fno-inline
7448 Do not expand any functions inline apart from those marked with the
7449 "always_inline" attribute. This is the default when not
7450 optimizing.
7451 Single functions can be exempted from inlining by marking them with
7453 the "noinline" attribute.
7454 -finline-small-functions
7456 Integrate functions into their callers when their body is smaller
7457 than expected function call code (so overall size of program gets
7458 smaller). The compiler heuristically decides which functions are
7459 simple enough to be worth integrating in this way. This inlining
7460 applies to all functions, even those not declared inline.
7461 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
7463 -findirect-inlining
7465 Inline also indirect calls that are discovered to be known at
7466 compile time thanks to previous inlining. This option has any
7467 effect only when inlining itself is turned on by the
7468 -finline-functions or -finline-small-functions options.
7469 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
7471 -finline-functions
7473 Consider all functions for inlining, even if they are not declared
7474 inline. The compiler heuristically decides which functions are
7475 worth integrating in this way.
7476 If all calls to a given function are integrated, and the function
7478 is declared "static", then the function is normally not output as
7479 assembler code in its own right.
7480 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os. Also enabled by -fprofile-use and
7482 -fauto-profile.
7483 -finline-functions-called-once
7485 Consider all "static" functions called once for inlining into their
7486 caller even if they are not marked "inline". If a call to a given
7487 function is integrated, then the function is not output as
7488 assembler code in its own right.
7489 Enabled at levels -O1, -O2, -O3 and -Os, but not -Og.
7491 -fearly-inlining
7493 Inline functions marked by "always_inline" and functions whose body
7494 seems smaller than the function call overhead early before doing
7495 -fprofile-generate instrumentation and real inlining pass. Doing
7496 so makes profiling significantly cheaper and usually inlining
7497 faster on programs having large chains of nested wrapper functions.
7498 Enabled by default.
7500 -fipa-sra
7502 Perform interprocedural scalar replacement of aggregates, removal
7503 of unused parameters and replacement of parameters passed by
7504 reference by parameters passed by value.
7505 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3 and -Os.
7507 -finline-limit=n
7509 By default, GCC limits the size of functions that can be inlined.
7510 This flag allows coarse control of this limit. n is the size of
7511 functions that can be inlined in number of pseudo instructions.
7512 Inlining is actually controlled by a number of parameters, which
7514 may be specified individually by using --param name=value. The
7515 -finline-limit=n option sets some of these parameters as follows:
7516 max-inline-insns-single
7518 is set to n/2.
7519 max-inline-insns-auto
7521 is set to n/2.
7522 See below for a documentation of the individual parameters
7524 controlling inlining and for the defaults of these parameters.
7525 Note: there may be no value to -finline-limit that results in
7527 default behavior.
7528 Note: pseudo instruction represents, in this particular context, an
7530 abstract measurement of function's size. In no way does it
7531 represent a count of assembly instructions and as such its exact
7532 meaning might change from one release to an another.
7533 -fno-keep-inline-dllexport
7535 This is a more fine-grained version of -fkeep-inline-functions,
7536 which applies only to functions that are declared using the
7537 "dllexport" attribute or declspec.
7538 -fkeep-inline-functions
7540 In C, emit "static" functions that are declared "inline" into the
7541 object file, even if the function has been inlined into all of its
7542 callers. This switch does not affect functions using the "extern
7543 inline" extension in GNU C90. In C++, emit any and all inline
7544 functions into the object file.
7545 -fkeep-static-functions
7547 Emit "static" functions into the object file, even if the function
7548 is never used.
7549 -fkeep-static-consts
7551 Emit variables declared "static const" when optimization isn't
7552 turned on, even if the variables aren't referenced.
7553 GCC enables this option by default. If you want to force the
7555 compiler to check if a variable is referenced, regardless of
7556 whether or not optimization is turned on, use the
7557 -fno-keep-static-consts option.
7558 -fmerge-constants
7560 Attempt to merge identical constants (string constants and
7561 floating-point constants) across compilation units.
7562 This option is the default for optimized compilation if the
7564 assembler and linker support it. Use -fno-merge-constants to
7565 inhibit this behavior.
7566 Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.
7568 -fmerge-all-constants
7570 Attempt to merge identical constants and identical variables.
7571 This option implies -fmerge-constants. In addition to
7573 -fmerge-constants this considers e.g. even constant initialized
7574 arrays or initialized constant variables with integral or floating-
7575 point types. Languages like C or C++ require each variable,
7576 including multiple instances of the same variable in recursive
7577 calls, to have distinct locations, so using this option results in
7578 non-conforming behavior.
7579 -fmodulo-sched
7581 Perform swing modulo scheduling immediately before the first
7582 scheduling pass. This pass looks at innermost loops and reorders
7583 their instructions by overlapping different iterations.
7584 -fmodulo-sched-allow-regmoves
7586 Perform more aggressive SMS-based modulo scheduling with register
7587 moves allowed. By setting this flag certain anti-dependences edges
7588 are deleted, which triggers the generation of reg-moves based on
7589 the life-range analysis. This option is effective only with
7590 -fmodulo-sched enabled.
7591 -fno-branch-count-reg
7593 Disable the optimization pass that scans for opportunities to use
7594 "decrement and branch" instructions on a count register instead of
7595 instruction sequences that decrement a register, compare it against
7596 zero, and then branch based upon the result. This option is only
7597 meaningful on architectures that support such instructions, which
7598 include x86, PowerPC, IA-64 and S/390. Note that the
7599 -fno-branch-count-reg option doesn't remove the decrement and
7600 branch instructions from the generated instruction stream
7601 introduced by other optimization passes.
7602 The default is -fbranch-count-reg at -O1 and higher, except for
7604 -Og.
7605 -fno-function-cse
7607 Do not put function addresses in registers; make each instruction
7608 that calls a constant function contain the function's address
7609 explicitly.
7610 This option results in less efficient code, but some strange hacks
7612 that alter the assembler output may be confused by the
7613 optimizations performed when this option is not used.
7614 The default is -ffunction-cse
7616 -fno-zero-initialized-in-bss
7618 If the target supports a BSS section, GCC by default puts variables
7619 that are initialized to zero into BSS. This can save space in the
7620 resulting code.
7621 This option turns off this behavior because some programs
7623 explicitly rely on variables going to the data section---e.g., so
7624 that the resulting executable can find the beginning of that
7625 section and/or make assumptions based on that.
7626 The default is -fzero-initialized-in-bss.
7628 -fthread-jumps
7630 Perform optimizations that check to see if a jump branches to a
7631 location where another comparison subsumed by the first is found.
7632 If so, the first branch is redirected to either the destination of
7633 the second branch or a point immediately following it, depending on
7634 whether the condition is known to be true or false.
7635 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
7637 -fsplit-wide-types
7639 When using a type that occupies multiple registers, such as "long
7640 long" on a 32-bit system, split the registers apart and allocate
7641 them independently. This normally generates better code for those
7642 types, but may make debugging more difficult.
7643 Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.
7645 -fsplit-wide-types-early
7647 Fully split wide types early, instead of very late. This option
7648 has no effect unless -fsplit-wide-types is turned on.
7649 This is the default on some targets.
7651 -fcse-follow-jumps
7653 In common subexpression elimination (CSE), scan through jump
7654 instructions when the target of the jump is not reached by any
7655 other path. For example, when CSE encounters an "if" statement
7656 with an "else" clause, CSE follows the jump when the condition
7657 tested is false.
7658 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
7660 -fcse-skip-blocks
7662 This is similar to -fcse-follow-jumps, but causes CSE to follow
7663 jumps that conditionally skip over blocks. When CSE encounters a
7664 simple "if" statement with no else clause, -fcse-skip-blocks causes
7665 CSE to follow the jump around the body of the "if".
7666 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
7668 -frerun-cse-after-loop
7670 Re-run common subexpression elimination after loop optimizations
7671 are performed.
7672 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
7674 -fgcse
7676 Perform a global common subexpression elimination pass. This pass
7677 also performs global constant and copy propagation.
7678 Note: When compiling a program using computed gotos, a GCC
7680 extension, you may get better run-time performance if you disable
7681 the global common subexpression elimination pass by adding
7682 -fno-gcse to the command line.
7683 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
7685 -fgcse-lm
7687 When -fgcse-lm is enabled, global common subexpression elimination
7688 attempts to move loads that are only killed by stores into
7689 themselves. This allows a loop containing a load/store sequence to
7690 be changed to a load outside the loop, and a copy/store within the
7691 loop.
7692 Enabled by default when -fgcse is enabled.
7694 -fgcse-sm
7696 When -fgcse-sm is enabled, a store motion pass is run after global
7697 common subexpression elimination. This pass attempts to move
7698 stores out of loops. When used in conjunction with -fgcse-lm,
7699 loops containing a load/store sequence can be changed to a load
7700 before the loop and a store after the loop.
7701 Not enabled at any optimization level.
7703 -fgcse-las
7705 When -fgcse-las is enabled, the global common subexpression
7706 elimination pass eliminates redundant loads that come after stores
7707 to the same memory location (both partial and full redundancies).
7708 Not enabled at any optimization level.
7710 -fgcse-after-reload
7712 When -fgcse-after-reload is enabled, a redundant load elimination
7713 pass is performed after reload. The purpose of this pass is to
7714 clean up redundant spilling.
7715 Enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.
7717 -faggressive-loop-optimizations
7719 This option tells the loop optimizer to use language constraints to
7720 derive bounds for the number of iterations of a loop. This assumes
7721 that loop code does not invoke undefined behavior by for example
7722 causing signed integer overflows or out-of-bound array accesses.
7723 The bounds for the number of iterations of a loop are used to guide
7724 loop unrolling and peeling and loop exit test optimizations. This
7725 option is enabled by default.
7726 -funconstrained-commons
7728 This option tells the compiler that variables declared in common
7729 blocks (e.g. Fortran) may later be overridden with longer trailing
7730 arrays. This prevents certain optimizations that depend on knowing
7731 the array bounds.
7732 -fcrossjumping
7734 Perform cross-jumping transformation. This transformation unifies
7735 equivalent code and saves code size. The resulting code may or may
7736 not perform better than without cross-jumping.
7737 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
7739 -fauto-inc-dec
7741 Combine increments or decrements of addresses with memory accesses.
7742 This pass is always skipped on architectures that do not have
7743 instructions to support this. Enabled by default at -O and higher
7744 on architectures that support this.
7745 -fdce
7747 Perform dead code elimination (DCE) on RTL. Enabled by default at
7748 -O and higher.
7749 -fdse
7751 Perform dead store elimination (DSE) on RTL. Enabled by default at
7752 -O and higher.
7753 -fif-conversion
7755 Attempt to transform conditional jumps into branch-less
7756 equivalents. This includes use of conditional moves, min, max, set
7757 flags and abs instructions, and some tricks doable by standard
7758 arithmetics. The use of conditional execution on chips where it is
7759 available is controlled by -fif-conversion2.
7760 Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os, but not with -Og.
7762 -fif-conversion2
7764 Use conditional execution (where available) to transform
7765 conditional jumps into branch-less equivalents.
7766 Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os, but not with -Og.
7768 -fdeclone-ctor-dtor
7770 The C++ ABI requires multiple entry points for constructors and
7771 destructors: one for a base subobject, one for a complete object,
7772 and one for a virtual destructor that calls operator delete
7773 afterwards. For a hierarchy with virtual bases, the base and
7774 complete variants are clones, which means two copies of the
7775 function. With this option, the base and complete variants are
7776 changed to be thunks that call a common implementation.
7777 Enabled by -Os.
7779 -fdelete-null-pointer-checks
7781 Assume that programs cannot safely dereference null pointers, and
7782 that no code or data element resides at address zero. This option
7783 enables simple constant folding optimizations at all optimization
7784 levels. In addition, other optimization passes in GCC use this
7785 flag to control global dataflow analyses that eliminate useless
7786 checks for null pointers; these assume that a memory access to
7787 address zero always results in a trap, so that if a pointer is
7788 checked after it has already been dereferenced, it cannot be null.
7789 Note however that in some environments this assumption is not true.
7791 Use -fno-delete-null-pointer-checks to disable this optimization
7792 for programs that depend on that behavior.
7793 This option is enabled by default on most targets. On Nios II ELF,
7795 it defaults to off. On AVR, CR16, and MSP430, this option is
7796 completely disabled.
7797 Passes that use the dataflow information are enabled independently
7799 at different optimization levels.
7800 -fdevirtualize
7802 Attempt to convert calls to virtual functions to direct calls.
7803 This is done both within a procedure and interprocedurally as part
7804 of indirect inlining (-findirect-inlining) and interprocedural
7805 constant propagation (-fipa-cp). Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
7806 -fdevirtualize-speculatively
7808 Attempt to convert calls to virtual functions to speculative direct
7809 calls. Based on the analysis of the type inheritance graph,
7810 determine for a given call the set of likely targets. If the set is
7811 small, preferably of size 1, change the call into a conditional
7812 deciding between direct and indirect calls. The speculative calls
7813 enable more optimizations, such as inlining. When they seem
7814 useless after further optimization, they are converted back into
7815 original form.
7816 -fdevirtualize-at-ltrans
7818 Stream extra information needed for aggressive devirtualization
7819 when running the link-time optimizer in local transformation mode.
7820 This option enables more devirtualization but significantly
7821 increases the size of streamed data. For this reason it is disabled
7822 by default.
7823 -fexpensive-optimizations
7825 Perform a number of minor optimizations that are relatively
7826 expensive.
7827 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
7829 -free
7831 Attempt to remove redundant extension instructions. This is
7832 especially helpful for the x86-64 architecture, which implicitly
7833 zero-extends in 64-bit registers after writing to their lower
7834 32-bit half.
7835 Enabled for Alpha, AArch64 and x86 at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
7837 -fno-lifetime-dse
7839 In C++ the value of an object is only affected by changes within
7840 its lifetime: when the constructor begins, the object has an
7841 indeterminate value, and any changes during the lifetime of the
7842 object are dead when the object is destroyed. Normally dead store
7843 elimination will take advantage of this; if your code relies on the
7844 value of the object storage persisting beyond the lifetime of the
7845 object, you can use this flag to disable this optimization. To
7846 preserve stores before the constructor starts (e.g. because your
7847 operator new clears the object storage) but still treat the object
7848 as dead after the destructor, you can use -flifetime-dse=1. The
7849 default behavior can be explicitly selected with -flifetime-dse=2.
7850 -flifetime-dse=0 is equivalent to -fno-lifetime-dse.
7851 -flive-range-shrinkage
7853 Attempt to decrease register pressure through register live range
7854 shrinkage. This is helpful for fast processors with small or
7855 moderate size register sets.
7856 -fira-algorithm=algorithm
7858 Use the specified coloring algorithm for the integrated register
7859 allocator. The algorithm argument can be priority, which specifies
7860 Chow's priority coloring, or CB, which specifies Chaitin-Briggs
7861 coloring. Chaitin-Briggs coloring is not implemented for all
7862 architectures, but for those targets that do support it, it is the
7863 default because it generates better code.
7864 -fira-region=region
7866 Use specified regions for the integrated register allocator. The
7867 region argument should be one of the following:
7868 all Use all loops as register allocation regions. This can give
7870 the best results for machines with a small and/or irregular
7871 register set.
7872 mixed
7874 Use all loops except for loops with small register pressure as
7875 the regions. This value usually gives the best results in most
7876 cases and for most architectures, and is enabled by default
7877 when compiling with optimization for speed (-O, -O2, ...).
7878 one Use all functions as a single region. This typically results
7880 in the smallest code size, and is enabled by default for -Os or
7881 -O0.
7882 -fira-hoist-pressure
7884 Use IRA to evaluate register pressure in the code hoisting pass for
7885 decisions to hoist expressions. This option usually results in
7886 smaller code, but it can slow the compiler down.
7887 This option is enabled at level -Os for all targets.
7889 -fira-loop-pressure
7891 Use IRA to evaluate register pressure in loops for decisions to
7892 move loop invariants. This option usually results in generation of
7893 faster and smaller code on machines with large register files (>=
7894 32 registers), but it can slow the compiler down.
7895 This option is enabled at level -O3 for some targets.
7897 -fno-ira-share-save-slots
7899 Disable sharing of stack slots used for saving call-used hard
7900 registers living through a call. Each hard register gets a
7901 separate stack slot, and as a result function stack frames are
7902 larger.
7903 -fno-ira-share-spill-slots
7905 Disable sharing of stack slots allocated for pseudo-registers.
7906 Each pseudo-register that does not get a hard register gets a
7907 separate stack slot, and as a result function stack frames are
7908 larger.
7909 -flra-remat
7911 Enable CFG-sensitive rematerialization in LRA. Instead of loading
7912 values of spilled pseudos, LRA tries to rematerialize (recalculate)
7913 values if it is profitable.
7914 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
7916 -fdelayed-branch
7918 If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder
7919 instructions to exploit instruction slots available after delayed
7920 branch instructions.
7921 Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os, but not at -Og.
7923 -fschedule-insns
7925 If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder
7926 instructions to eliminate execution stalls due to required data
7927 being unavailable. This helps machines that have slow floating
7928 point or memory load instructions by allowing other instructions to
7929 be issued until the result of the load or floating-point
7930 instruction is required.
7931 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.
7933 -fschedule-insns2
7935 Similar to -fschedule-insns, but requests an additional pass of
7936 instruction scheduling after register allocation has been done.
7937 This is especially useful on machines with a relatively small
7938 number of registers and where memory load instructions take more
7939 than one cycle.
7940 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
7942 -fno-sched-interblock
7944 Disable instruction scheduling across basic blocks, which is
7945 normally enabled when scheduling before register allocation, i.e.
7946 with -fschedule-insns or at -O2 or higher.
7947 -fno-sched-spec
7949 Disable speculative motion of non-load instructions, which is
7950 normally enabled when scheduling before register allocation, i.e.
7951 with -fschedule-insns or at -O2 or higher.
7952 -fsched-pressure
7954 Enable register pressure sensitive insn scheduling before register
7955 allocation. This only makes sense when scheduling before register
7956 allocation is enabled, i.e. with -fschedule-insns or at -O2 or
7957 higher. Usage of this option can improve the generated code and
7958 decrease its size by preventing register pressure increase above
7959 the number of available hard registers and subsequent spills in
7960 register allocation.
7961 -fsched-spec-load
7963 Allow speculative motion of some load instructions. This only
7964 makes sense when scheduling before register allocation, i.e. with
7965 -fschedule-insns or at -O2 or higher.
7966 -fsched-spec-load-dangerous
7968 Allow speculative motion of more load instructions. This only
7969 makes sense when scheduling before register allocation, i.e. with
7970 -fschedule-insns or at -O2 or higher.
7971 -fsched-stalled-insns
7973 -fsched-stalled-insns=n
7974 Define how many insns (if any) can be moved prematurely from the
7975 queue of stalled insns into the ready list during the second
7976 scheduling pass. -fno-sched-stalled-insns means that no insns are
7977 moved prematurely, -fsched-stalled-insns=0 means there is no limit
7978 on how many queued insns can be moved prematurely.
7979 -fsched-stalled-insns without a value is equivalent to
7980 -fsched-stalled-insns=1.
7981 -fsched-stalled-insns-dep
7983 -fsched-stalled-insns-dep=n
7984 Define how many insn groups (cycles) are examined for a dependency
7985 on a stalled insn that is a candidate for premature removal from
7986 the queue of stalled insns. This has an effect only during the
7987 second scheduling pass, and only if -fsched-stalled-insns is used.
7988 -fno-sched-stalled-insns-dep is equivalent to
7989 -fsched-stalled-insns-dep=0. -fsched-stalled-insns-dep without a
7990 value is equivalent to -fsched-stalled-insns-dep=1.
7991 -fsched2-use-superblocks
7993 When scheduling after register allocation, use superblock
7994 scheduling. This allows motion across basic block boundaries,
7995 resulting in faster schedules. This option is experimental, as not
7996 all machine descriptions used by GCC model the CPU closely enough
7997 to avoid unreliable results from the algorithm.
7998 This only makes sense when scheduling after register allocation,
8000 i.e. with -fschedule-insns2 or at -O2 or higher.
8001 -fsched-group-heuristic
8003 Enable the group heuristic in the scheduler. This heuristic favors
8004 the instruction that belongs to a schedule group. This is enabled
8005 by default when scheduling is enabled, i.e. with -fschedule-insns
8006 or -fschedule-insns2 or at -O2 or higher.
8007 -fsched-critical-path-heuristic
8009 Enable the critical-path heuristic in the scheduler. This
8010 heuristic favors instructions on the critical path. This is
8011 enabled by default when scheduling is enabled, i.e. with
8012 -fschedule-insns or -fschedule-insns2 or at -O2 or higher.
8013 -fsched-spec-insn-heuristic
8015 Enable the speculative instruction heuristic in the scheduler.
8016 This heuristic favors speculative instructions with greater
8017 dependency weakness. This is enabled by default when scheduling is
8018 enabled, i.e. with -fschedule-insns or -fschedule-insns2 or at -O2
8019 or higher.
8020 -fsched-rank-heuristic
8022 Enable the rank heuristic in the scheduler. This heuristic favors
8023 the instruction belonging to a basic block with greater size or
8024 frequency. This is enabled by default when scheduling is enabled,
8025 i.e. with -fschedule-insns or -fschedule-insns2 or at -O2 or
8026 higher.
8027 -fsched-last-insn-heuristic
8029 Enable the last-instruction heuristic in the scheduler. This
8030 heuristic favors the instruction that is less dependent on the last
8031 instruction scheduled. This is enabled by default when scheduling
8032 is enabled, i.e. with -fschedule-insns or -fschedule-insns2 or at
8033 -O2 or higher.
8034 -fsched-dep-count-heuristic
8036 Enable the dependent-count heuristic in the scheduler. This
8037 heuristic favors the instruction that has more instructions
8038 depending on it. This is enabled by default when scheduling is
8039 enabled, i.e. with -fschedule-insns or -fschedule-insns2 or at -O2
8040 or higher.
8041 -freschedule-modulo-scheduled-loops
8043 Modulo scheduling is performed before traditional scheduling. If a
8044 loop is modulo scheduled, later scheduling passes may change its
8045 schedule. Use this option to control that behavior.
8046 -fselective-scheduling
8048 Schedule instructions using selective scheduling algorithm.
8049 Selective scheduling runs instead of the first scheduler pass.
8050 -fselective-scheduling2
8052 Schedule instructions using selective scheduling algorithm.
8053 Selective scheduling runs instead of the second scheduler pass.
8054 -fsel-sched-pipelining
8056 Enable software pipelining of innermost loops during selective
8057 scheduling. This option has no effect unless one of
8058 -fselective-scheduling or -fselective-scheduling2 is turned on.
8059 -fsel-sched-pipelining-outer-loops
8061 When pipelining loops during selective scheduling, also pipeline
8062 outer loops. This option has no effect unless
8063 -fsel-sched-pipelining is turned on.
8064 -fsemantic-interposition
8066 Some object formats, like ELF, allow interposing of symbols by the
8067 dynamic linker. This means that for symbols exported from the DSO,
8068 the compiler cannot perform interprocedural propagation, inlining
8069 and other optimizations in anticipation that the function or
8070 variable in question may change. While this feature is useful, for
8071 example, to rewrite memory allocation functions by a debugging
8072 implementation, it is expensive in the terms of code quality. With
8073 -fno-semantic-interposition the compiler assumes that if
8074 interposition happens for functions the overwriting function will
8075 have precisely the same semantics (and side effects). Similarly if
8076 interposition happens for variables, the constructor of the
8077 variable will be the same. The flag has no effect for functions
8078 explicitly declared inline (where it is never allowed for
8079 interposition to change semantics) and for symbols explicitly
8080 declared weak.
8081 -fshrink-wrap
8083 Emit function prologues only before parts of the function that need
8084 it, rather than at the top of the function. This flag is enabled
8085 by default at -O and higher.
8086 -fshrink-wrap-separate
8088 Shrink-wrap separate parts of the prologue and epilogue separately,
8089 so that those parts are only executed when needed. This option is
8090 on by default, but has no effect unless -fshrink-wrap is also
8091 turned on and the target supports this.
8092 -fcaller-saves
8094 Enable allocation of values to registers that are clobbered by
8095 function calls, by emitting extra instructions to save and restore
8096 the registers around such calls. Such allocation is done only when
8097 it seems to result in better code.
8098 This option is always enabled by default on certain machines,
8100 usually those which have no call-preserved registers to use
8101 instead.
8102 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
8104 -fcombine-stack-adjustments
8106 Tracks stack adjustments (pushes and pops) and stack memory
8107 references and then tries to find ways to combine them.
8108 Enabled by default at -O1 and higher.
8110 -fipa-ra
8112 Use caller save registers for allocation if those registers are not
8113 used by any called function. In that case it is not necessary to
8114 save and restore them around calls. This is only possible if
8115 called functions are part of same compilation unit as current
8116 function and they are compiled before it.
8117 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os, however the option is disabled if
8119 generated code will be instrumented for profiling (-p, or -pg) or
8120 if callee's register usage cannot be known exactly (this happens on
8121 targets that do not expose prologues and epilogues in RTL).
8122 -fconserve-stack
8124 Attempt to minimize stack usage. The compiler attempts to use less
8125 stack space, even if that makes the program slower. This option
8126 implies setting the large-stack-frame parameter to 100 and the
8127 large-stack-frame-growth parameter to 400.
8128 -ftree-reassoc
8130 Perform reassociation on trees. This flag is enabled by default at
8131 -O and higher.
8132 -fcode-hoisting
8134 Perform code hoisting. Code hoisting tries to move the evaluation
8135 of expressions executed on all paths to the function exit as early
8136 as possible. This is especially useful as a code size
8137 optimization, but it often helps for code speed as well. This flag
8138 is enabled by default at -O2 and higher.
8139 -ftree-pre
8141 Perform partial redundancy elimination (PRE) on trees. This flag
8142 is enabled by default at -O2 and -O3.
8143 -ftree-partial-pre
8145 Make partial redundancy elimination (PRE) more aggressive. This
8146 flag is enabled by default at -O3.
8147 -ftree-forwprop
8149 Perform forward propagation on trees. This flag is enabled by
8150 default at -O and higher.
8151 -ftree-fre
8153 Perform full redundancy elimination (FRE) on trees. The difference
8154 between FRE and PRE is that FRE only considers expressions that are
8155 computed on all paths leading to the redundant computation. This
8156 analysis is faster than PRE, though it exposes fewer redundancies.
8157 This flag is enabled by default at -O and higher.
8158 -ftree-phiprop
8160 Perform hoisting of loads from conditional pointers on trees. This
8161 pass is enabled by default at -O and higher.
8162 -fhoist-adjacent-loads
8164 Speculatively hoist loads from both branches of an if-then-else if
8165 the loads are from adjacent locations in the same structure and the
8166 target architecture has a conditional move instruction. This flag
8167 is enabled by default at -O2 and higher.
8168 -ftree-copy-prop
8170 Perform copy propagation on trees. This pass eliminates
8171 unnecessary copy operations. This flag is enabled by default at -O
8172 and higher.
8173 -fipa-pure-const
8175 Discover which functions are pure or constant. Enabled by default
8176 at -O and higher.
8177 -fipa-reference
8179 Discover which static variables do not escape the compilation unit.
8180 Enabled by default at -O and higher.
8181 -fipa-reference-addressable
8183 Discover read-only, write-only and non-addressable static
8184 variables. Enabled by default at -O and higher.
8185 -fipa-stack-alignment
8187 Reduce stack alignment on call sites if possible. Enabled by
8188 default.
8189 -fipa-pta
8191 Perform interprocedural pointer analysis and interprocedural
8192 modification and reference analysis. This option can cause
8193 excessive memory and compile-time usage on large compilation units.
8194 It is not enabled by default at any optimization level.
8195 -fipa-profile
8197 Perform interprocedural profile propagation. The functions called
8198 only from cold functions are marked as cold. Also functions
8199 executed once (such as "cold", "noreturn", static constructors or
8200 destructors) are identified. Cold functions and loop less parts of
8201 functions executed once are then optimized for size. Enabled by
8202 default at -O and higher.
8203 -fipa-cp
8205 Perform interprocedural constant propagation. This optimization
8206 analyzes the program to determine when values passed to functions
8207 are constants and then optimizes accordingly. This optimization
8208 can substantially increase performance if the application has
8209 constants passed to functions. This flag is enabled by default at
8210 -O2, -Os and -O3. It is also enabled by -fprofile-use and
8211 -fauto-profile.
8212 -fipa-cp-clone
8214 Perform function cloning to make interprocedural constant
8215 propagation stronger. When enabled, interprocedural constant
8216 propagation performs function cloning when externally visible
8217 function can be called with constant arguments. Because this
8218 optimization can create multiple copies of functions, it may
8219 significantly increase code size (see --param
8220 ipa-cp-unit-growth=value). This flag is enabled by default at -O3.
8221 It is also enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.
8222 -fipa-bit-cp
8224 When enabled, perform interprocedural bitwise constant propagation.
8225 This flag is enabled by default at -O2 and by -fprofile-use and
8226 -fauto-profile. It requires that -fipa-cp is enabled.
8227 -fipa-vrp
8229 When enabled, perform interprocedural propagation of value ranges.
8230 This flag is enabled by default at -O2. It requires that -fipa-cp
8231 is enabled.
8232 -fipa-icf
8234 Perform Identical Code Folding for functions and read-only
8235 variables. The optimization reduces code size and may disturb
8236 unwind stacks by replacing a function by equivalent one with a
8237 different name. The optimization works more effectively with link-
8238 time optimization enabled.
8239 Although the behavior is similar to the Gold Linker's ICF
8241 optimization, GCC ICF works on different levels and thus the
8242 optimizations are not same - there are equivalences that are found
8243 only by GCC and equivalences found only by Gold.
8244 This flag is enabled by default at -O2 and -Os.
8246 -flive-patching=level
8248 Control GCC's optimizations to produce output suitable for live-
8249 patching.
8250 If the compiler's optimization uses a function's body or
8252 information extracted from its body to optimize/change another
8253 function, the latter is called an impacted function of the former.
8254 If a function is patched, its impacted functions should be patched
8255 too.
8256 The impacted functions are determined by the compiler's
8258 interprocedural optimizations. For example, a caller is impacted
8259 when inlining a function into its caller, cloning a function and
8260 changing its caller to call this new clone, or extracting a
8261 function's pureness/constness information to optimize its direct or
8262 indirect callers, etc.
8263 Usually, the more IPA optimizations enabled, the larger the number
8265 of impacted functions for each function. In order to control the
8266 number of impacted functions and more easily compute the list of
8267 impacted function, IPA optimizations can be partially enabled at
8268 two different levels.
8269 The level argument should be one of the following:
8271 inline-clone
8273 Only enable inlining and cloning optimizations, which includes
8274 inlining, cloning, interprocedural scalar replacement of
8275 aggregates and partial inlining. As a result, when patching a
8276 function, all its callers and its clones' callers are impacted,
8277 therefore need to be patched as well.
8278 -flive-patching=inline-clone disables the following
8280 optimization flags: -fwhole-program -fipa-pta -fipa-reference
8281 -fipa-ra -fipa-icf -fipa-icf-functions -fipa-icf-variables
8282 -fipa-bit-cp -fipa-vrp -fipa-pure-const
8283 -fipa-reference-addressable -fipa-stack-alignment
8284 inline-only-static
8286 Only enable inlining of static functions. As a result, when
8287 patching a static function, all its callers are impacted and so
8288 need to be patched as well.
8289 In addition to all the flags that -flive-patching=inline-clone
8291 disables, -flive-patching=inline-only-static disables the
8292 following additional optimization flags: -fipa-cp-clone
8293 -fipa-sra -fpartial-inlining -fipa-cp
8294 When -flive-patching is specified without any value, the default
8296 value is inline-clone.
8297 This flag is disabled by default.
8299 Note that -flive-patching is not supported with link-time
8301 optimization (-flto).
8302 -fisolate-erroneous-paths-dereference
8304 Detect paths that trigger erroneous or undefined behavior due to
8305 dereferencing a null pointer. Isolate those paths from the main
8306 control flow and turn the statement with erroneous or undefined
8307 behavior into a trap. This flag is enabled by default at -O2 and
8308 higher and depends on -fdelete-null-pointer-checks also being
8309 enabled.
8310 -fisolate-erroneous-paths-attribute
8312 Detect paths that trigger erroneous or undefined behavior due to a
8313 null value being used in a way forbidden by a "returns_nonnull" or
8314 "nonnull" attribute. Isolate those paths from the main control
8315 flow and turn the statement with erroneous or undefined behavior
8316 into a trap. This is not currently enabled, but may be enabled by
8317 -O2 in the future.
8318 -ftree-sink
8320 Perform forward store motion on trees. This flag is enabled by
8321 default at -O and higher.
8322 -ftree-bit-ccp
8324 Perform sparse conditional bit constant propagation on trees and
8325 propagate pointer alignment information. This pass only operates
8326 on local scalar variables and is enabled by default at -O1 and
8327 higher, except for -Og. It requires that -ftree-ccp is enabled.
8328 -ftree-ccp
8330 Perform sparse conditional constant propagation (CCP) on trees.
8331 This pass only operates on local scalar variables and is enabled by
8332 default at -O and higher.
8333 -fssa-backprop
8335 Propagate information about uses of a value up the definition chain
8336 in order to simplify the definitions. For example, this pass
8337 strips sign operations if the sign of a value never matters. The
8338 flag is enabled by default at -O and higher.
8339 -fssa-phiopt
8341 Perform pattern matching on SSA PHI nodes to optimize conditional
8342 code. This pass is enabled by default at -O1 and higher, except
8343 for -Og.
8344 -ftree-switch-conversion
8346 Perform conversion of simple initializations in a switch to
8347 initializations from a scalar array. This flag is enabled by
8348 default at -O2 and higher.
8349 -ftree-tail-merge
8351 Look for identical code sequences. When found, replace one with a
8352 jump to the other. This optimization is known as tail merging or
8353 cross jumping. This flag is enabled by default at -O2 and higher.
8354 The compilation time in this pass can be limited using max-tail-
8355 merge-comparisons parameter and max-tail-merge-iterations
8356 parameter.
8357 -ftree-dce
8359 Perform dead code elimination (DCE) on trees. This flag is enabled
8360 by default at -O and higher.
8361 -ftree-builtin-call-dce
8363 Perform conditional dead code elimination (DCE) for calls to built-
8364 in functions that may set "errno" but are otherwise free of side
8365 effects. This flag is enabled by default at -O2 and higher if -Os
8366 is not also specified.
8367 -ffinite-loops
8369 Assume that a loop with an exit will eventually take the exit and
8370 not loop indefinitely. This allows the compiler to remove loops
8371 that otherwise have no side-effects, not considering eventual
8372 endless looping as such.
8373 This option is enabled by default at -O2 for C++ with -std=c++11 or
8375 higher.
8376 -ftree-dominator-opts
8378 Perform a variety of simple scalar cleanups (constant/copy
8379 propagation, redundancy elimination, range propagation and
8380 expression simplification) based on a dominator tree traversal.
8381 This also performs jump threading (to reduce jumps to jumps). This
8382 flag is enabled by default at -O and higher.
8383 -ftree-dse
8385 Perform dead store elimination (DSE) on trees. A dead store is a
8386 store into a memory location that is later overwritten by another
8387 store without any intervening loads. In this case the earlier
8388 store can be deleted. This flag is enabled by default at -O and
8389 higher.
8390 -ftree-ch
8392 Perform loop header copying on trees. This is beneficial since it
8393 increases effectiveness of code motion optimizations. It also
8394 saves one jump. This flag is enabled by default at -O and higher.
8395 It is not enabled for -Os, since it usually increases code size.
8396 -ftree-loop-optimize
8398 Perform loop optimizations on trees. This flag is enabled by
8399 default at -O and higher.
8400 -ftree-loop-linear
8402 -floop-strip-mine
8403 -floop-block
8404 Perform loop nest optimizations. Same as -floop-nest-optimize. To
8405 use this code transformation, GCC has to be configured with
8406 --with-isl to enable the Graphite loop transformation
8407 infrastructure.
8408 -fgraphite-identity
8410 Enable the identity transformation for graphite. For every SCoP we
8411 generate the polyhedral representation and transform it back to
8412 gimple. Using -fgraphite-identity we can check the costs or
8413 benefits of the GIMPLE -> GRAPHITE -> GIMPLE transformation. Some
8414 minimal optimizations are also performed by the code generator isl,
8415 like index splitting and dead code elimination in loops.
8416 -floop-nest-optimize
8418 Enable the isl based loop nest optimizer. This is a generic loop
8419 nest optimizer based on the Pluto optimization algorithms. It
8420 calculates a loop structure optimized for data-locality and
8421 parallelism. This option is experimental.
8422 -floop-parallelize-all
8424 Use the Graphite data dependence analysis to identify loops that
8425 can be parallelized. Parallelize all the loops that can be
8426 analyzed to not contain loop carried dependences without checking
8427 that it is profitable to parallelize the loops.
8428 -ftree-coalesce-vars
8430 While transforming the program out of the SSA representation,
8431 attempt to reduce copying by coalescing versions of different user-
8432 defined variables, instead of just compiler temporaries. This may
8433 severely limit the ability to debug an optimized program compiled
8434 with -fno-var-tracking-assignments. In the negated form, this flag
8435 prevents SSA coalescing of user variables. This option is enabled
8436 by default if optimization is enabled, and it does very little
8437 otherwise.
8438 -ftree-loop-if-convert
8440 Attempt to transform conditional jumps in the innermost loops to
8441 branch-less equivalents. The intent is to remove control-flow from
8442 the innermost loops in order to improve the ability of the
8443 vectorization pass to handle these loops. This is enabled by
8444 default if vectorization is enabled.
8445 -ftree-loop-distribution
8447 Perform loop distribution. This flag can improve cache performance
8448 on big loop bodies and allow further loop optimizations, like
8449 parallelization or vectorization, to take place. For example, the
8450 loop
8451 DO I = 1, N
8453 A(I) = B(I) + C
8454 D(I) = E(I) * F
8455 ENDDO
8456 is transformed to
8458 DO I = 1, N
8460 A(I) = B(I) + C
8461 ENDDO
8462 DO I = 1, N
8463 D(I) = E(I) * F
8464 ENDDO
8465 This flag is enabled by default at -O3. It is also enabled by
8467 -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.
8468 -ftree-loop-distribute-patterns
8470 Perform loop distribution of patterns that can be code generated
8471 with calls to a library. This flag is enabled by default at -O2
8472 and higher, and by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.
8473 This pass distributes the initialization loops and generates a call
8475 to memset zero. For example, the loop
8476 DO I = 1, N
8478 A(I) = 0
8479 B(I) = A(I) + I
8480 ENDDO
8481 is transformed to
8483 DO I = 1, N
8485 A(I) = 0
8486 ENDDO
8487 DO I = 1, N
8488 B(I) = A(I) + I
8489 ENDDO
8490 and the initialization loop is transformed into a call to memset
8492 zero. This flag is enabled by default at -O3. It is also enabled
8493 by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.
8494 -floop-interchange
8496 Perform loop interchange outside of graphite. This flag can
8497 improve cache performance on loop nest and allow further loop
8498 optimizations, like vectorization, to take place. For example, the
8499 loop
8500 for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
8502 for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
8503 for (int k = 0; k < N; k++)
8504 c[i][j] = c[i][j] + a[i][k]*b[k][j];
8505 is transformed to
8507 for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
8509 for (int k = 0; k < N; k++)
8510 for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
8511 c[i][j] = c[i][j] + a[i][k]*b[k][j];
8512 This flag is enabled by default at -O3. It is also enabled by
8514 -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.
8515 -floop-unroll-and-jam
8517 Apply unroll and jam transformations on feasible loops. In a loop
8518 nest this unrolls the outer loop by some factor and fuses the
8519 resulting multiple inner loops. This flag is enabled by default at
8520 -O3. It is also enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.
8521 -ftree-loop-im
8523 Perform loop invariant motion on trees. This pass moves only
8524 invariants that are hard to handle at RTL level (function calls,
8525 operations that expand to nontrivial sequences of insns). With
8526 -funswitch-loops it also moves operands of conditions that are
8527 invariant out of the loop, so that we can use just trivial
8528 invariantness analysis in loop unswitching. The pass also includes
8529 store motion.
8530 -ftree-loop-ivcanon
8532 Create a canonical counter for number of iterations in loops for
8533 which determining number of iterations requires complicated
8534 analysis. Later optimizations then may determine the number
8535 easily. Useful especially in connection with unrolling.
8536 -ftree-scev-cprop
8538 Perform final value replacement. If a variable is modified in a
8539 loop in such a way that its value when exiting the loop can be
8540 determined using only its initial value and the number of loop
8541 iterations, replace uses of the final value by such a computation,
8542 provided it is sufficiently cheap. This reduces data dependencies
8543 and may allow further simplifications. Enabled by default at -O
8544 and higher.
8545 -fivopts
8547 Perform induction variable optimizations (strength reduction,
8548 induction variable merging and induction variable elimination) on
8549 trees.
8550 -ftree-parallelize-loops=n
8552 Parallelize loops, i.e., split their iteration space to run in n
8553 threads. This is only possible for loops whose iterations are
8554 independent and can be arbitrarily reordered. The optimization is
8555 only profitable on multiprocessor machines, for loops that are CPU-
8556 intensive, rather than constrained e.g. by memory bandwidth. This
8557 option implies -pthread, and thus is only supported on targets that
8558 have support for -pthread.
8559 -ftree-pta
8561 Perform function-local points-to analysis on trees. This flag is
8562 enabled by default at -O1 and higher, except for -Og.
8563 -ftree-sra
8565 Perform scalar replacement of aggregates. This pass replaces
8566 structure references with scalars to prevent committing structures
8567 to memory too early. This flag is enabled by default at -O1 and
8568 higher, except for -Og.
8569 -fstore-merging
8571 Perform merging of narrow stores to consecutive memory addresses.
8572 This pass merges contiguous stores of immediate values narrower
8573 than a word into fewer wider stores to reduce the number of
8574 instructions. This is enabled by default at -O2 and higher as well
8575 as -Os.
8576 -ftree-ter
8578 Perform temporary expression replacement during the SSA->normal
8579 phase. Single use/single def temporaries are replaced at their use
8580 location with their defining expression. This results in non-
8581 GIMPLE code, but gives the expanders much more complex trees to
8582 work on resulting in better RTL generation. This is enabled by
8583 default at -O and higher.
8584 -ftree-slsr
8586 Perform straight-line strength reduction on trees. This recognizes
8587 related expressions involving multiplications and replaces them by
8588 less expensive calculations when possible. This is enabled by
8589 default at -O and higher.
8590 -ftree-vectorize
8592 Perform vectorization on trees. This flag enables
8593 -ftree-loop-vectorize and -ftree-slp-vectorize if not explicitly
8594 specified.
8595 -ftree-loop-vectorize
8597 Perform loop vectorization on trees. This flag is enabled by
8598 default at -O3 and by -ftree-vectorize, -fprofile-use, and
8599 -fauto-profile.
8600 -ftree-slp-vectorize
8602 Perform basic block vectorization on trees. This flag is enabled by
8603 default at -O3 and by -ftree-vectorize, -fprofile-use, and
8604 -fauto-profile.
8605 -fvect-cost-model=model
8607 Alter the cost model used for vectorization. The model argument
8608 should be one of unlimited, dynamic or cheap. With the unlimited
8609 model the vectorized code-path is assumed to be profitable while
8610 with the dynamic model a runtime check guards the vectorized code-
8611 path to enable it only for iteration counts that will likely
8612 execute faster than when executing the original scalar loop. The
8613 cheap model disables vectorization of loops where doing so would be
8614 cost prohibitive for example due to required runtime checks for
8615 data dependence or alignment but otherwise is equal to the dynamic
8616 model. The default cost model depends on other optimization flags
8617 and is either dynamic or cheap.
8618 -fsimd-cost-model=model
8620 Alter the cost model used for vectorization of loops marked with
8621 the OpenMP simd directive. The model argument should be one of
8622 unlimited, dynamic, cheap. All values of model have the same
8623 meaning as described in -fvect-cost-model and by default a cost
8624 model defined with -fvect-cost-model is used.
8625 -ftree-vrp
8627 Perform Value Range Propagation on trees. This is similar to the
8628 constant propagation pass, but instead of values, ranges of values
8629 are propagated. This allows the optimizers to remove unnecessary
8630 range checks like array bound checks and null pointer checks. This
8631 is enabled by default at -O2 and higher. Null pointer check
8632 elimination is only done if -fdelete-null-pointer-checks is
8633 enabled.
8634 -fsplit-paths
8636 Split paths leading to loop backedges. This can improve dead code
8637 elimination and common subexpression elimination. This is enabled
8638 by default at -O3 and above.
8639 -fsplit-ivs-in-unroller
8641 Enables expression of values of induction variables in later
8642 iterations of the unrolled loop using the value in the first
8643 iteration. This breaks long dependency chains, thus improving
8644 efficiency of the scheduling passes.
8645 A combination of -fweb and CSE is often sufficient to obtain the
8647 same effect. However, that is not reliable in cases where the loop
8648 body is more complicated than a single basic block. It also does
8649 not work at all on some architectures due to restrictions in the
8650 CSE pass.
8651 This optimization is enabled by default.
8653 -fvariable-expansion-in-unroller
8655 With this option, the compiler creates multiple copies of some
8656 local variables when unrolling a loop, which can result in superior
8657 code.
8658 This optimization is enabled by default for PowerPC targets, but
8660 disabled by default otherwise.
8661 -fpartial-inlining
8663 Inline parts of functions. This option has any effect only when
8664 inlining itself is turned on by the -finline-functions or
8665 -finline-small-functions options.
8666 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
8668 -fpredictive-commoning
8670 Perform predictive commoning optimization, i.e., reusing
8671 computations (especially memory loads and stores) performed in
8672 previous iterations of loops.
8673 This option is enabled at level -O3. It is also enabled by
8675 -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.
8676 -fprefetch-loop-arrays
8678 If supported by the target machine, generate instructions to
8679 prefetch memory to improve the performance of loops that access
8680 large arrays.
8681 This option may generate better or worse code; results are highly
8683 dependent on the structure of loops within the source code.
8684 Disabled at level -Os.
8686 -fno-printf-return-value
8688 Do not substitute constants for known return value of formatted
8689 output functions such as "sprintf", "snprintf", "vsprintf", and
8690 "vsnprintf" (but not "printf" of "fprintf"). This transformation
8691 allows GCC to optimize or even eliminate branches based on the
8692 known return value of these functions called with arguments that
8693 are either constant, or whose values are known to be in a range
8694 that makes determining the exact return value possible. For
8695 example, when -fprintf-return-value is in effect, both the branch
8696 and the body of the "if" statement (but not the call to "snprint")
8697 can be optimized away when "i" is a 32-bit or smaller integer
8698 because the return value is guaranteed to be at most 8.
8699 char buf[9];
8701 if (snprintf (buf, "%08x", i) >= sizeof buf)
8702 ...
8703 The -fprintf-return-value option relies on other optimizations and
8705 yields best results with -O2 and above. It works in tandem with
8706 the -Wformat-overflow and -Wformat-truncation options. The
8707 -fprintf-return-value option is enabled by default.
8708 -fno-peephole
8710 -fno-peephole2
8711 Disable any machine-specific peephole optimizations. The
8712 difference between -fno-peephole and -fno-peephole2 is in how they
8713 are implemented in the compiler; some targets use one, some use the
8714 other, a few use both.
8715 -fpeephole is enabled by default. -fpeephole2 enabled at levels
8717 -O2, -O3, -Os.
8718 -fno-guess-branch-probability
8720 Do not guess branch probabilities using heuristics.
8721 GCC uses heuristics to guess branch probabilities if they are not
8723 provided by profiling feedback (-fprofile-arcs). These heuristics
8724 are based on the control flow graph. If some branch probabilities
8725 are specified by "__builtin_expect", then the heuristics are used
8726 to guess branch probabilities for the rest of the control flow
8727 graph, taking the "__builtin_expect" info into account. The
8728 interactions between the heuristics and "__builtin_expect" can be
8729 complex, and in some cases, it may be useful to disable the
8730 heuristics so that the effects of "__builtin_expect" are easier to
8731 understand.
8732 It is also possible to specify expected probability of the
8734 expression with "__builtin_expect_with_probability" built-in
8735 function.
8736 The default is -fguess-branch-probability at levels -O, -O2, -O3,
8738 -Os.
8739 -freorder-blocks
8741 Reorder basic blocks in the compiled function in order to reduce
8742 number of taken branches and improve code locality.
8743 Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.
8745 -freorder-blocks-algorithm=algorithm
8747 Use the specified algorithm for basic block reordering. The
8748 algorithm argument can be simple, which does not increase code size
8749 (except sometimes due to secondary effects like alignment), or stc,
8750 the "software trace cache" algorithm, which tries to put all often
8751 executed code together, minimizing the number of branches executed
8752 by making extra copies of code.
8753 The default is simple at levels -O, -Os, and stc at levels -O2,
8755 -O3.
8756 -freorder-blocks-and-partition
8758 In addition to reordering basic blocks in the compiled function, in
8759 order to reduce number of taken branches, partitions hot and cold
8760 basic blocks into separate sections of the assembly and .o files,
8761 to improve paging and cache locality performance.
8762 This optimization is automatically turned off in the presence of
8764 exception handling or unwind tables (on targets using
8765 setjump/longjump or target specific scheme), for linkonce sections,
8766 for functions with a user-defined section attribute and on any
8767 architecture that does not support named sections. When
8768 -fsplit-stack is used this option is not enabled by default (to
8769 avoid linker errors), but may be enabled explicitly (if using a
8770 working linker).
8771 Enabled for x86 at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
8773 -freorder-functions
8775 Reorder functions in the object file in order to improve code
8776 locality. This is implemented by using special subsections
8777 ".text.hot" for most frequently executed functions and
8778 ".text.unlikely" for unlikely executed functions. Reordering is
8779 done by the linker so object file format must support named
8780 sections and linker must place them in a reasonable way.
8781 This option isn't effective unless you either provide profile
8783 feedback (see -fprofile-arcs for details) or manually annotate
8784 functions with "hot" or "cold" attributes.
8785 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
8787 -fstrict-aliasing
8789 Allow the compiler to assume the strictest aliasing rules
8790 applicable to the language being compiled. For C (and C++), this
8791 activates optimizations based on the type of expressions. In
8792 particular, an object of one type is assumed never to reside at the
8793 same address as an object of a different type, unless the types are
8794 almost the same. For example, an "unsigned int" can alias an
8795 "int", but not a "void*" or a "double". A character type may alias
8796 any other type.
8797 Pay special attention to code like this:
8799 union a_union {
8801 int i;
8802 double d;
8803 };
8804 int f() {
8806 union a_union t;
8807 t.d = 3.0;
8808 return t.i;
8809 }
8810 The practice of reading from a different union member than the one
8812 most recently written to (called "type-punning") is common. Even
8813 with -fstrict-aliasing, type-punning is allowed, provided the
8814 memory is accessed through the union type. So, the code above
8815 works as expected. However, this code might not:
8816 int f() {
8818 union a_union t;
8819 int* ip;
8820 t.d = 3.0;
8821 ip = &t.i;
8822 return *ip;
8823 }
8824 Similarly, access by taking the address, casting the resulting
8826 pointer and dereferencing the result has undefined behavior, even
8827 if the cast uses a union type, e.g.:
8828 int f() {
8830 double d = 3.0;
8831 return ((union a_union *) &d)->i;
8832 }
8833 The -fstrict-aliasing option is enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
8835 -falign-functions
8837 -falign-functions=n
8838 -falign-functions=n:m
8839 -falign-functions=n:m:n2
8840 -falign-functions=n:m:n2:m2
8841 Align the start of functions to the next power-of-two greater than
8842 or equal to n, skipping up to m-1 bytes. This ensures that at
8843 least the first m bytes of the function can be fetched by the CPU
8844 without crossing an n-byte alignment boundary.
8845 If m is not specified, it defaults to n.
8847 Examples: -falign-functions=32 aligns functions to the next 32-byte
8849 boundary, -falign-functions=24 aligns to the next 32-byte boundary
8850 only if this can be done by skipping 23 bytes or less,
8851 -falign-functions=32:7 aligns to the next 32-byte boundary only if
8852 this can be done by skipping 6 bytes or less.
8853 The second pair of n2:m2 values allows you to specify a secondary
8855 alignment: -falign-functions=64:7:32:3 aligns to the next 64-byte
8856 boundary if this can be done by skipping 6 bytes or less, otherwise
8857 aligns to the next 32-byte boundary if this can be done by skipping
8858 2 bytes or less. If m2 is not specified, it defaults to n2.
8859 Some assemblers only support this flag when n is a power of two; in
8861 that case, it is rounded up.
8862 -fno-align-functions and -falign-functions=1 are equivalent and
8864 mean that functions are not aligned.
8865 If n is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default.
8867 The maximum allowed n option value is 65536.
8868 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.
8870 -flimit-function-alignment
8872 If this option is enabled, the compiler tries to avoid
8873 unnecessarily overaligning functions. It attempts to instruct the
8874 assembler to align by the amount specified by -falign-functions,
8875 but not to skip more bytes than the size of the function.
8876 -falign-labels
8878 -falign-labels=n
8879 -falign-labels=n:m
8880 -falign-labels=n:m:n2
8881 -falign-labels=n:m:n2:m2
8882 Align all branch targets to a power-of-two boundary.
8883 Parameters of this option are analogous to the -falign-functions
8885 option. -fno-align-labels and -falign-labels=1 are equivalent and
8886 mean that labels are not aligned.
8887 If -falign-loops or -falign-jumps are applicable and are greater
8889 than this value, then their values are used instead.
8890 If n is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default
8892 which is very likely to be 1, meaning no alignment. The maximum
8893 allowed n option value is 65536.
8894 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.
8896 -falign-loops
8898 -falign-loops=n
8899 -falign-loops=n:m
8900 -falign-loops=n:m:n2
8901 -falign-loops=n:m:n2:m2
8902 Align loops to a power-of-two boundary. If the loops are executed
8903 many times, this makes up for any execution of the dummy padding
8904 instructions.
8905 If -falign-labels is greater than this value, then its value is
8907 used instead.
8908 Parameters of this option are analogous to the -falign-functions
8910 option. -fno-align-loops and -falign-loops=1 are equivalent and
8911 mean that loops are not aligned. The maximum allowed n option
8912 value is 65536.
8913 If n is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default.
8915 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.
8917 -falign-jumps
8919 -falign-jumps=n
8920 -falign-jumps=n:m
8921 -falign-jumps=n:m:n2
8922 -falign-jumps=n:m:n2:m2
8923 Align branch targets to a power-of-two boundary, for branch targets
8924 where the targets can only be reached by jumping. In this case, no
8925 dummy operations need be executed.
8926 If -falign-labels is greater than this value, then its value is
8928 used instead.
8929 Parameters of this option are analogous to the -falign-functions
8931 option. -fno-align-jumps and -falign-jumps=1 are equivalent and
8932 mean that loops are not aligned.
8933 If n is not specified or is zero, use a machine-dependent default.
8935 The maximum allowed n option value is 65536.
8936 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3.
8938 -fno-allocation-dce
8940 Do not remove unused C++ allocations in dead code elimination.
8941 -fallow-store-data-races
8943 Allow the compiler to introduce new data races on stores.
8944 Enabled at level -Ofast.
8946 -funit-at-a-time
8948 This option is left for compatibility reasons. -funit-at-a-time has
8949 no effect, while -fno-unit-at-a-time implies -fno-toplevel-reorder
8950 and -fno-section-anchors.
8951 Enabled by default.
8953 -fno-toplevel-reorder
8955 Do not reorder top-level functions, variables, and "asm"
8956 statements. Output them in the same order that they appear in the
8957 input file. When this option is used, unreferenced static
8958 variables are not removed. This option is intended to support
8959 existing code that relies on a particular ordering. For new code,
8960 it is better to use attributes when possible.
8961 -ftoplevel-reorder is the default at -O1 and higher, and also at
8963 -O0 if -fsection-anchors is explicitly requested. Additionally
8964 -fno-toplevel-reorder implies -fno-section-anchors.
8965 -fweb
8967 Constructs webs as commonly used for register allocation purposes
8968 and assign each web individual pseudo register. This allows the
8969 register allocation pass to operate on pseudos directly, but also
8970 strengthens several other optimization passes, such as CSE, loop
8971 optimizer and trivial dead code remover. It can, however, make
8972 debugging impossible, since variables no longer stay in a "home
8973 register".
8974 Enabled by default with -funroll-loops.
8976 -fwhole-program
8978 Assume that the current compilation unit represents the whole
8979 program being compiled. All public functions and variables with
8980 the exception of "main" and those merged by attribute
8981 "externally_visible" become static functions and in effect are
8982 optimized more aggressively by interprocedural optimizers.
8983 This option should not be used in combination with -flto. Instead
8985 relying on a linker plugin should provide safer and more precise
8986 information.
8987 -flto[=n]
8989 This option runs the standard link-time optimizer. When invoked
8990 with source code, it generates GIMPLE (one of GCC's internal
8991 representations) and writes it to special ELF sections in the
8992 object file. When the object files are linked together, all the
8993 function bodies are read from these ELF sections and instantiated
8994 as if they had been part of the same translation unit.
8995 To use the link-time optimizer, -flto and optimization options
8997 should be specified at compile time and during the final link. It
8998 is recommended that you compile all the files participating in the
8999 same link with the same options and also specify those options at
9000 link time. For example:
9001 gcc -c -O2 -flto foo.c
9003 gcc -c -O2 -flto bar.c
9004 gcc -o myprog -flto -O2 foo.o bar.o
9005 The first two invocations to GCC save a bytecode representation of
9007 GIMPLE into special ELF sections inside foo.o and bar.o. The final
9008 invocation reads the GIMPLE bytecode from foo.o and bar.o, merges
9009 the two files into a single internal image, and compiles the result
9010 as usual. Since both foo.o and bar.o are merged into a single
9011 image, this causes all the interprocedural analyses and
9012 optimizations in GCC to work across the two files as if they were a
9013 single one. This means, for example, that the inliner is able to
9014 inline functions in bar.o into functions in foo.o and vice-versa.
9015 Another (simpler) way to enable link-time optimization is:
9017 gcc -o myprog -flto -O2 foo.c bar.c
9019 The above generates bytecode for foo.c and bar.c, merges them
9021 together into a single GIMPLE representation and optimizes them as
9022 usual to produce myprog.
9023 The important thing to keep in mind is that to enable link-time
9025 optimizations you need to use the GCC driver to perform the link
9026 step. GCC automatically performs link-time optimization if any of
9027 the objects involved were compiled with the -flto command-line
9028 option. You can always override the automatic decision to do link-
9029 time optimization by passing -fno-lto to the link command.
9030 To make whole program optimization effective, it is necessary to
9032 make certain whole program assumptions. The compiler needs to know
9033 what functions and variables can be accessed by libraries and
9034 runtime outside of the link-time optimized unit. When supported by
9035 the linker, the linker plugin (see -fuse-linker-plugin) passes
9036 information to the compiler about used and externally visible
9037 symbols. When the linker plugin is not available, -fwhole-program
9038 should be used to allow the compiler to make these assumptions,
9039 which leads to more aggressive optimization decisions.
9040 When a file is compiled with -flto without -fuse-linker-plugin, the
9042 generated object file is larger than a regular object file because
9043 it contains GIMPLE bytecodes and the usual final code (see
9044 -ffat-lto-objects. This means that object files with LTO
9045 information can be linked as normal object files; if -fno-lto is
9046 passed to the linker, no interprocedural optimizations are applied.
9047 Note that when -fno-fat-lto-objects is enabled the compile stage is
9048 faster but you cannot perform a regular, non-LTO link on them.
9049 When producing the final binary, GCC only applies link-time
9051 optimizations to those files that contain bytecode. Therefore, you
9052 can mix and match object files and libraries with GIMPLE bytecodes
9053 and final object code. GCC automatically selects which files to
9054 optimize in LTO mode and which files to link without further
9055 processing.
9056 Generally, options specified at link time override those specified
9058 at compile time, although in some cases GCC attempts to infer link-
9059 time options from the settings used to compile the input files.
9060 If you do not specify an optimization level option -O at link time,
9062 then GCC uses the highest optimization level used when compiling
9063 the object files. Note that it is generally ineffective to specify
9064 an optimization level option only at link time and not at compile
9065 time, for two reasons. First, compiling without optimization
9066 suppresses compiler passes that gather information needed for
9067 effective optimization at link time. Second, some early
9068 optimization passes can be performed only at compile time and not
9069 at link time.
9070 There are some code generation flags preserved by GCC when
9072 generating bytecodes, as they need to be used during the final
9073 link. Currently, the following options and their settings are
9074 taken from the first object file that explicitly specifies them:
9075 -fPIC, -fpic, -fpie, -fcommon, -fexceptions, -fnon-call-exceptions,
9076 -fgnu-tm and all the -m target flags.
9077 Certain ABI-changing flags are required to match in all compilation
9079 units, and trying to override this at link time with a conflicting
9080 value is ignored. This includes options such as
9081 -freg-struct-return and -fpcc-struct-return.
9082 Other options such as -ffp-contract, -fno-strict-overflow, -fwrapv,
9084 -fno-trapv or -fno-strict-aliasing are passed through to the link
9085 stage and merged conservatively for conflicting translation units.
9086 Specifically -fno-strict-overflow, -fwrapv and -fno-trapv take
9087 precedence; and for example -ffp-contract=off takes precedence over
9088 -ffp-contract=fast. You can override them at link time.
9089 Diagnostic options such as -Wstringop-overflow are passed through
9091 to the link stage and their setting matches that of the compile-
9092 step at function granularity. Note that this matters only for
9093 diagnostics emitted during optimization. Note that code transforms
9094 such as inlining can lead to warnings being enabled or disabled for
9095 regions if code not consistent with the setting at compile time.
9096 When you need to pass options to the assembler via -Wa or
9098 -Xassembler make sure to either compile such translation units with
9099 -fno-lto or consistently use the same assembler options on all
9100 translation units. You can alternatively also specify assembler
9101 options at LTO link time.
9102 To enable debug info generation you need to supply -g at compile
9104 time. If any of the input files at link time were built with debug
9105 info generation enabled the link will enable debug info generation
9106 as well. Any elaborate debug info settings like the dwarf level
9107 -gdwarf-5 need to be explicitly repeated at the linker command line
9108 and mixing different settings in different translation units is
9109 discouraged.
9110 If LTO encounters objects with C linkage declared with incompatible
9112 types in separate translation units to be linked together
9113 (undefined behavior according to ISO C99 6.2.7), a non-fatal
9114 diagnostic may be issued. The behavior is still undefined at run
9115 time. Similar diagnostics may be raised for other languages.
9116 Another feature of LTO is that it is possible to apply
9118 interprocedural optimizations on files written in different
9119 languages:
9120 gcc -c -flto foo.c
9122 g++ -c -flto bar.cc
9123 gfortran -c -flto baz.f90
9124 g++ -o myprog -flto -O3 foo.o bar.o baz.o -lgfortran
9125 Notice that the final link is done with g++ to get the C++ runtime
9127 libraries and -lgfortran is added to get the Fortran runtime
9128 libraries. In general, when mixing languages in LTO mode, you
9129 should use the same link command options as when mixing languages
9130 in a regular (non-LTO) compilation.
9131 If object files containing GIMPLE bytecode are stored in a library
9133 archive, say libfoo.a, it is possible to extract and use them in an
9134 LTO link if you are using a linker with plugin support. To create
9135 static libraries suitable for LTO, use gcc-ar and gcc-ranlib
9136 instead of ar and ranlib; to show the symbols of object files with
9137 GIMPLE bytecode, use gcc-nm. Those commands require that ar,
9138 ranlib and nm have been compiled with plugin support. At link
9139 time, use the flag -fuse-linker-plugin to ensure that the library
9140 participates in the LTO optimization process:
9141 gcc -o myprog -O2 -flto -fuse-linker-plugin a.o b.o -lfoo
9143 With the linker plugin enabled, the linker extracts the needed
9145 GIMPLE files from libfoo.a and passes them on to the running GCC to
9146 make them part of the aggregated GIMPLE image to be optimized.
9147 If you are not using a linker with plugin support and/or do not
9149 enable the linker plugin, then the objects inside libfoo.a are
9150 extracted and linked as usual, but they do not participate in the
9151 LTO optimization process. In order to make a static library
9152 suitable for both LTO optimization and usual linkage, compile its
9153 object files with -flto -ffat-lto-objects.
9154 Link-time optimizations do not require the presence of the whole
9156 program to operate. If the program does not require any symbols to
9157 be exported, it is possible to combine -flto and -fwhole-program to
9158 allow the interprocedural optimizers to use more aggressive
9159 assumptions which may lead to improved optimization opportunities.
9160 Use of -fwhole-program is not needed when linker plugin is active
9161 (see -fuse-linker-plugin).
9162 The current implementation of LTO makes no attempt to generate
9164 bytecode that is portable between different types of hosts. The
9165 bytecode files are versioned and there is a strict version check,
9166 so bytecode files generated in one version of GCC do not work with
9167 an older or newer version of GCC.
9168 Link-time optimization does not work well with generation of
9170 debugging information on systems other than those using a
9171 combination of ELF and DWARF.
9172 If you specify the optional n, the optimization and code generation
9174 done at link time is executed in parallel using n parallel jobs by
9175 utilizing an installed make program. The environment variable MAKE
9176 may be used to override the program used.
9177 You can also specify -flto=jobserver to use GNU make's job server
9179 mode to determine the number of parallel jobs. This is useful when
9180 the Makefile calling GCC is already executing in parallel. You
9181 must prepend a + to the command recipe in the parent Makefile for
9182 this to work. This option likely only works if MAKE is GNU make.
9183 Even without the option value, GCC tries to automatically detect a
9184 running GNU make's job server.
9185 Use -flto=auto to use GNU make's job server, if available, or
9187 otherwise fall back to autodetection of the number of CPU threads
9188 present in your system.
9189 -flto-partition=alg
9191 Specify the partitioning algorithm used by the link-time optimizer.
9192 The value is either 1to1 to specify a partitioning mirroring the
9193 original source files or balanced to specify partitioning into
9194 equally sized chunks (whenever possible) or max to create new
9195 partition for every symbol where possible. Specifying none as an
9196 algorithm disables partitioning and streaming completely. The
9197 default value is balanced. While 1to1 can be used as an workaround
9198 for various code ordering issues, the max partitioning is intended
9199 for internal testing only. The value one specifies that exactly
9200 one partition should be used while the value none bypasses
9201 partitioning and executes the link-time optimization step directly
9202 from the WPA phase.
9203 -flto-compression-level=n
9205 This option specifies the level of compression used for
9206 intermediate language written to LTO object files, and is only
9207 meaningful in conjunction with LTO mode (-flto). Valid values are
9208 0 (no compression) to 9 (maximum compression). Values outside this
9209 range are clamped to either 0 or 9. If the option is not given, a
9210 default balanced compression setting is used.
9211 -fuse-linker-plugin
9213 Enables the use of a linker plugin during link-time optimization.
9214 This option relies on plugin support in the linker, which is
9215 available in gold or in GNU ld 2.21 or newer.
9216 This option enables the extraction of object files with GIMPLE
9218 bytecode out of library archives. This improves the quality of
9219 optimization by exposing more code to the link-time optimizer.
9220 This information specifies what symbols can be accessed externally
9221 (by non-LTO object or during dynamic linking). Resulting code
9222 quality improvements on binaries (and shared libraries that use
9223 hidden visibility) are similar to -fwhole-program. See -flto for a
9224 description of the effect of this flag and how to use it.
9225 This option is enabled by default when LTO support in GCC is
9227 enabled and GCC was configured for use with a linker supporting
9228 plugins (GNU ld 2.21 or newer or gold).
9229 -ffat-lto-objects
9231 Fat LTO objects are object files that contain both the intermediate
9232 language and the object code. This makes them usable for both LTO
9233 linking and normal linking. This option is effective only when
9234 compiling with -flto and is ignored at link time.
9235 -fno-fat-lto-objects improves compilation time over plain LTO, but
9237 requires the complete toolchain to be aware of LTO. It requires a
9238 linker with linker plugin support for basic functionality.
9239 Additionally, nm, ar and ranlib need to support linker plugins to
9240 allow a full-featured build environment (capable of building static
9241 libraries etc). GCC provides the gcc-ar, gcc-nm, gcc-ranlib
9242 wrappers to pass the right options to these tools. With non fat LTO
9243 makefiles need to be modified to use them.
9244 Note that modern binutils provide plugin auto-load mechanism.
9246 Installing the linker plugin into $libdir/bfd-plugins has the same
9247 effect as usage of the command wrappers (gcc-ar, gcc-nm and gcc-
9248 ranlib).
9249 The default is -fno-fat-lto-objects on targets with linker plugin
9251 support.
9252 -fcompare-elim
9254 After register allocation and post-register allocation instruction
9255 splitting, identify arithmetic instructions that compute processor
9256 flags similar to a comparison operation based on that arithmetic.
9257 If possible, eliminate the explicit comparison operation.
9258 This pass only applies to certain targets that cannot explicitly
9260 represent the comparison operation before register allocation is
9261 complete.
9262 Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.
9264 -fcprop-registers
9266 After register allocation and post-register allocation instruction
9267 splitting, perform a copy-propagation pass to try to reduce
9268 scheduling dependencies and occasionally eliminate the copy.
9269 Enabled at levels -O, -O2, -O3, -Os.
9271 -fprofile-correction
9273 Profiles collected using an instrumented binary for multi-threaded
9274 programs may be inconsistent due to missed counter updates. When
9275 this option is specified, GCC uses heuristics to correct or smooth
9276 out such inconsistencies. By default, GCC emits an error message
9277 when an inconsistent profile is detected.
9278 This option is enabled by -fauto-profile.
9280 -fprofile-partial-training
9282 With "-fprofile-use" all portions of programs not executed during
9283 train run are optimized agressively for size rather than speed. In
9284 some cases it is not practical to train all possible hot paths in
9285 the program. (For example, program may contain functions specific
9286 for a given hardware and trianing may not cover all hardware
9287 configurations program is run on.) With
9288 "-fprofile-partial-training" profile feedback will be ignored for
9289 all functions not executed during the train run leading them to be
9290 optimized as if they were compiled without profile feedback. This
9291 leads to better performance when train run is not representative
9292 but also leads to significantly bigger code.
9293 -fprofile-use
9295 -fprofile-use=path
9296 Enable profile feedback-directed optimizations, and the following
9297 optimizations, many of which are generally profitable only with
9298 profile feedback available:
9299 -fbranch-probabilities -fprofile-values -funroll-loops
9301 -fpeel-loops -ftracer -fvpt -finline-functions -fipa-cp
9302 -fipa-cp-clone -fipa-bit-cp -fpredictive-commoning -fsplit-loops
9303 -funswitch-loops -fgcse-after-reload -ftree-loop-vectorize
9304 -ftree-slp-vectorize -fvect-cost-model=dynamic
9305 -ftree-loop-distribute-patterns -fprofile-reorder-functions
9306 Before you can use this option, you must first generate profiling
9308 information.
9309 By default, GCC emits an error message if the feedback profiles do
9311 not match the source code. This error can be turned into a warning
9312 by using -Wno-error=coverage-mismatch. Note this may result in
9313 poorly optimized code. Additionally, by default, GCC also emits a
9314 warning message if the feedback profiles do not exist (see
9315 -Wmissing-profile).
9316 If path is specified, GCC looks at the path to find the profile
9318 feedback data files. See -fprofile-dir.
9319 -fauto-profile
9321 -fauto-profile=path
9322 Enable sampling-based feedback-directed optimizations, and the
9323 following optimizations, many of which are generally profitable
9324 only with profile feedback available:
9325 -fbranch-probabilities -fprofile-values -funroll-loops
9327 -fpeel-loops -ftracer -fvpt -finline-functions -fipa-cp
9328 -fipa-cp-clone -fipa-bit-cp -fpredictive-commoning -fsplit-loops
9329 -funswitch-loops -fgcse-after-reload -ftree-loop-vectorize
9330 -ftree-slp-vectorize -fvect-cost-model=dynamic
9331 -ftree-loop-distribute-patterns -fprofile-correction
9332 path is the name of a file containing AutoFDO profile information.
9334 If omitted, it defaults to fbdata.afdo in the current directory.
9335 Producing an AutoFDO profile data file requires running your
9337 program with the perf utility on a supported GNU/Linux target
9338 system. For more information, see <https://perf.wiki.kernel.org/>.
9339 E.g.
9341 perf record -e br_inst_retired:near_taken -b -o perf.data \
9343 -- your_program
9344 Then use the create_gcov tool to convert the raw profile data to a
9346 format that can be used by GCC. You must also supply the
9347 unstripped binary for your program to this tool. See
9348 <https://github.com/google/autofdo>.
9349 E.g.
9351 create_gcov --binary=your_program.unstripped --profile=perf.data \
9353 --gcov=profile.afdo
9354 The following options control compiler behavior regarding floating-
9356 point arithmetic. These options trade off between speed and
9357 correctness. All must be specifically enabled.
9358 -ffloat-store
9360 Do not store floating-point variables in registers, and inhibit
9361 other options that might change whether a floating-point value is
9362 taken from a register or memory.
9363 This option prevents undesirable excess precision on machines such
9365 as the 68000 where the floating registers (of the 68881) keep more
9366 precision than a "double" is supposed to have. Similarly for the
9367 x86 architecture. For most programs, the excess precision does
9368 only good, but a few programs rely on the precise definition of
9369 IEEE floating point. Use -ffloat-store for such programs, after
9370 modifying them to store all pertinent intermediate computations
9371 into variables.
9372 -fexcess-precision=style
9374 This option allows further control over excess precision on
9375 machines where floating-point operations occur in a format with
9376 more precision or range than the IEEE standard and interchange
9377 floating-point types. By default, -fexcess-precision=fast is in
9378 effect; this means that operations may be carried out in a wider
9379 precision than the types specified in the source if that would
9380 result in faster code, and it is unpredictable when rounding to the
9381 types specified in the source code takes place. When compiling C,
9382 if -fexcess-precision=standard is specified then excess precision
9383 follows the rules specified in ISO C99; in particular, both casts
9384 and assignments cause values to be rounded to their semantic types
9385 (whereas -ffloat-store only affects assignments). This option is
9386 enabled by default for C if a strict conformance option such as
9387 -std=c99 is used. -ffast-math enables -fexcess-precision=fast by
9388 default regardless of whether a strict conformance option is used.
9389 -fexcess-precision=standard is not implemented for languages other
9391 than C. On the x86, it has no effect if -mfpmath=sse or
9392 -mfpmath=sse+387 is specified; in the former case, IEEE semantics
9393 apply without excess precision, and in the latter, rounding is
9394 unpredictable.
9395 -ffast-math
9397 Sets the options -fno-math-errno, -funsafe-math-optimizations,
9398 -ffinite-math-only, -fno-rounding-math, -fno-signaling-nans,
9399 -fcx-limited-range and -fexcess-precision=fast.
9400 This option causes the preprocessor macro "__FAST_MATH__" to be
9402 defined.
9403 This option is not turned on by any -O option besides -Ofast since
9405 it can result in incorrect output for programs that depend on an
9406 exact implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math
9407 functions. It may, however, yield faster code for programs that do
9408 not require the guarantees of these specifications.
9409 -fno-math-errno
9411 Do not set "errno" after calling math functions that are executed
9412 with a single instruction, e.g., "sqrt". A program that relies on
9413 IEEE exceptions for math error handling may want to use this flag
9414 for speed while maintaining IEEE arithmetic compatibility.
9415 This option is not turned on by any -O option since it can result
9417 in incorrect output for programs that depend on an exact
9418 implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math
9419 functions. It may, however, yield faster code for programs that do
9420 not require the guarantees of these specifications.
9421 The default is -fmath-errno.
9423 On Darwin systems, the math library never sets "errno". There is
9425 therefore no reason for the compiler to consider the possibility
9426 that it might, and -fno-math-errno is the default.
9427 -funsafe-math-optimizations
9429 Allow optimizations for floating-point arithmetic that (a) assume
9430 that arguments and results are valid and (b) may violate IEEE or
9431 ANSI standards. When used at link time, it may include libraries
9432 or startup files that change the default FPU control word or other
9433 similar optimizations.
9434 This option is not turned on by any -O option since it can result
9436 in incorrect output for programs that depend on an exact
9437 implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math
9438 functions. It may, however, yield faster code for programs that do
9439 not require the guarantees of these specifications. Enables
9440 -fno-signed-zeros, -fno-trapping-math, -fassociative-math and
9441 -freciprocal-math.
9442 The default is -fno-unsafe-math-optimizations.
9444 -fassociative-math
9446 Allow re-association of operands in series of floating-point
9447 operations. This violates the ISO C and C++ language standard by
9448 possibly changing computation result. NOTE: re-ordering may change
9449 the sign of zero as well as ignore NaNs and inhibit or create
9450 underflow or overflow (and thus cannot be used on code that relies
9451 on rounding behavior like "(x + 2**52) - 2**52". May also reorder
9452 floating-point comparisons and thus may not be used when ordered
9453 comparisons are required. This option requires that both
9454 -fno-signed-zeros and -fno-trapping-math be in effect. Moreover,
9455 it doesn't make much sense with -frounding-math. For Fortran the
9456 option is automatically enabled when both -fno-signed-zeros and
9457 -fno-trapping-math are in effect.
9458 The default is -fno-associative-math.
9460 -freciprocal-math
9462 Allow the reciprocal of a value to be used instead of dividing by
9463 the value if this enables optimizations. For example "x / y" can
9464 be replaced with "x * (1/y)", which is useful if "(1/y)" is subject
9465 to common subexpression elimination. Note that this loses
9466 precision and increases the number of flops operating on the value.
9467 The default is -fno-reciprocal-math.
9469 -ffinite-math-only
9471 Allow optimizations for floating-point arithmetic that assume that
9472 arguments and results are not NaNs or +-Infs.
9473 This option is not turned on by any -O option since it can result
9475 in incorrect output for programs that depend on an exact
9476 implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math
9477 functions. It may, however, yield faster code for programs that do
9478 not require the guarantees of these specifications.
9479 The default is -fno-finite-math-only.
9481 -fno-signed-zeros
9483 Allow optimizations for floating-point arithmetic that ignore the
9484 signedness of zero. IEEE arithmetic specifies the behavior of
9485 distinct +0.0 and -0.0 values, which then prohibits simplification
9486 of expressions such as x+0.0 or 0.0*x (even with
9487 -ffinite-math-only). This option implies that the sign of a zero
9488 result isn't significant.
9489 The default is -fsigned-zeros.
9491 -fno-trapping-math
9493 Compile code assuming that floating-point operations cannot
9494 generate user-visible traps. These traps include division by zero,
9495 overflow, underflow, inexact result and invalid operation. This
9496 option requires that -fno-signaling-nans be in effect. Setting
9497 this option may allow faster code if one relies on "non-stop" IEEE
9498 arithmetic, for example.
9499 This option should never be turned on by any -O option since it can
9501 result in incorrect output for programs that depend on an exact
9502 implementation of IEEE or ISO rules/specifications for math
9503 functions.
9504 The default is -ftrapping-math.
9506 -frounding-math
9508 Disable transformations and optimizations that assume default
9509 floating-point rounding behavior. This is round-to-zero for all
9510 floating point to integer conversions, and round-to-nearest for all
9511 other arithmetic truncations. This option should be specified for
9512 programs that change the FP rounding mode dynamically, or that may
9513 be executed with a non-default rounding mode. This option disables
9514 constant folding of floating-point expressions at compile time
9515 (which may be affected by rounding mode) and arithmetic
9516 transformations that are unsafe in the presence of sign-dependent
9517 rounding modes.
9518 The default is -fno-rounding-math.
9520 This option is experimental and does not currently guarantee to
9522 disable all GCC optimizations that are affected by rounding mode.
9523 Future versions of GCC may provide finer control of this setting
9524 using C99's "FENV_ACCESS" pragma. This command-line option will be
9525 used to specify the default state for "FENV_ACCESS".
9526 -fsignaling-nans
9528 Compile code assuming that IEEE signaling NaNs may generate user-
9529 visible traps during floating-point operations. Setting this
9530 option disables optimizations that may change the number of
9531 exceptions visible with signaling NaNs. This option implies
9532 -ftrapping-math.
9533 This option causes the preprocessor macro "__SUPPORT_SNAN__" to be
9535 defined.
9536 The default is -fno-signaling-nans.
9538 This option is experimental and does not currently guarantee to
9540 disable all GCC optimizations that affect signaling NaN behavior.
9541 -fno-fp-int-builtin-inexact
9543 Do not allow the built-in functions "ceil", "floor", "round" and
9544 "trunc", and their "float" and "long double" variants, to generate
9545 code that raises the "inexact" floating-point exception for
9546 noninteger arguments. ISO C99 and C11 allow these functions to
9547 raise the "inexact" exception, but ISO/IEC TS 18661-1:2014, the C
9548 bindings to IEEE 754-2008, as integrated into ISO C2X, does not
9549 allow these functions to do so.
9550 The default is -ffp-int-builtin-inexact, allowing the exception to
9552 be raised, unless C2X or a later C standard is selected. This
9553 option does nothing unless -ftrapping-math is in effect.
9554 Even if -fno-fp-int-builtin-inexact is used, if the functions
9556 generate a call to a library function then the "inexact" exception
9557 may be raised if the library implementation does not follow TS
9558 18661.
9559 -fsingle-precision-constant
9561 Treat floating-point constants as single precision instead of
9562 implicitly converting them to double-precision constants.
9563 -fcx-limited-range
9565 When enabled, this option states that a range reduction step is not
9566 needed when performing complex division. Also, there is no
9567 checking whether the result of a complex multiplication or division
9568 is "NaN + I*NaN", with an attempt to rescue the situation in that
9569 case. The default is -fno-cx-limited-range, but is enabled by
9570 -ffast-math.
9571 This option controls the default setting of the ISO C99
9573 "CX_LIMITED_RANGE" pragma. Nevertheless, the option applies to all
9574 languages.
9575 -fcx-fortran-rules
9577 Complex multiplication and division follow Fortran rules. Range
9578 reduction is done as part of complex division, but there is no
9579 checking whether the result of a complex multiplication or division
9580 is "NaN + I*NaN", with an attempt to rescue the situation in that
9581 case.
9582 The default is -fno-cx-fortran-rules.
9584 The following options control optimizations that may improve
9586 performance, but are not enabled by any -O options. This section
9587 includes experimental options that may produce broken code.
9588 -fbranch-probabilities
9590 After running a program compiled with -fprofile-arcs, you can
9591 compile it a second time using -fbranch-probabilities, to improve
9592 optimizations based on the number of times each branch was taken.
9593 When a program compiled with -fprofile-arcs exits, it saves arc
9594 execution counts to a file called sourcename.gcda for each source
9595 file. The information in this data file is very dependent on the
9596 structure of the generated code, so you must use the same source
9597 code and the same optimization options for both compilations.
9598 With -fbranch-probabilities, GCC puts a REG_BR_PROB note on each
9600 JUMP_INSN and CALL_INSN. These can be used to improve
9601 optimization. Currently, they are only used in one place: in
9602 reorg.c, instead of guessing which path a branch is most likely to
9603 take, the REG_BR_PROB values are used to exactly determine which
9604 path is taken more often.
9605 Enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.
9607 -fprofile-values
9609 If combined with -fprofile-arcs, it adds code so that some data
9610 about values of expressions in the program is gathered.
9611 With -fbranch-probabilities, it reads back the data gathered from
9613 profiling values of expressions for usage in optimizations.
9614 Enabled by -fprofile-generate, -fprofile-use, and -fauto-profile.
9616 -fprofile-reorder-functions
9618 Function reordering based on profile instrumentation collects first
9619 time of execution of a function and orders these functions in
9620 ascending order.
9621 Enabled with -fprofile-use.
9623 -fvpt
9625 If combined with -fprofile-arcs, this option instructs the compiler
9626 to add code to gather information about values of expressions.
9627 With -fbranch-probabilities, it reads back the data gathered and
9629 actually performs the optimizations based on them. Currently the
9630 optimizations include specialization of division operations using
9631 the knowledge about the value of the denominator.
9632 Enabled with -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.
9634 -frename-registers
9636 Attempt to avoid false dependencies in scheduled code by making use
9637 of registers left over after register allocation. This
9638 optimization most benefits processors with lots of registers.
9639 Depending on the debug information format adopted by the target,
9640 however, it can make debugging impossible, since variables no
9641 longer stay in a "home register".
9642 Enabled by default with -funroll-loops.
9644 -fschedule-fusion
9646 Performs a target dependent pass over the instruction stream to
9647 schedule instructions of same type together because target machine
9648 can execute them more efficiently if they are adjacent to each
9649 other in the instruction flow.
9650 Enabled at levels -O2, -O3, -Os.
9652 -ftracer
9654 Perform tail duplication to enlarge superblock size. This
9655 transformation simplifies the control flow of the function allowing
9656 other optimizations to do a better job.
9657 Enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.
9659 -funroll-loops
9661 Unroll loops whose number of iterations can be determined at
9662 compile time or upon entry to the loop. -funroll-loops implies
9663 -frerun-cse-after-loop, -fweb and -frename-registers. It also
9664 turns on complete loop peeling (i.e. complete removal of loops with
9665 a small constant number of iterations). This option makes code
9666 larger, and may or may not make it run faster.
9667 Enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.
9669 -funroll-all-loops
9671 Unroll all loops, even if their number of iterations is uncertain
9672 when the loop is entered. This usually makes programs run more
9673 slowly. -funroll-all-loops implies the same options as
9674 -funroll-loops.
9675 -fpeel-loops
9677 Peels loops for which there is enough information that they do not
9678 roll much (from profile feedback or static analysis). It also
9679 turns on complete loop peeling (i.e. complete removal of loops with
9680 small constant number of iterations).
9681 Enabled by -O3, -fprofile-use, and -fauto-profile.
9683 -fmove-loop-invariants
9685 Enables the loop invariant motion pass in the RTL loop optimizer.
9686 Enabled at level -O1 and higher, except for -Og.
9687 -fsplit-loops
9689 Split a loop into two if it contains a condition that's always true
9690 for one side of the iteration space and false for the other.
9691 Enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.
9693 -funswitch-loops
9695 Move branches with loop invariant conditions out of the loop, with
9696 duplicates of the loop on both branches (modified according to
9697 result of the condition).
9698 Enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.
9700 -fversion-loops-for-strides
9702 If a loop iterates over an array with a variable stride, create
9703 another version of the loop that assumes the stride is always one.
9704 For example:
9705 for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
9707 x[i * stride] = ...;
9708 becomes:
9710 if (stride == 1)
9712 for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
9713 x[i] = ...;
9714 else
9715 for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
9716 x[i * stride] = ...;
9717 This is particularly useful for assumed-shape arrays in Fortran
9719 where (for example) it allows better vectorization assuming
9720 contiguous accesses. This flag is enabled by default at -O3. It
9721 is also enabled by -fprofile-use and -fauto-profile.
9722 -ffunction-sections
9724 -fdata-sections
9725 Place each function or data item into its own section in the output
9726 file if the target supports arbitrary sections. The name of the
9727 function or the name of the data item determines the section's name
9728 in the output file.
9729 Use these options on systems where the linker can perform
9731 optimizations to improve locality of reference in the instruction
9732 space. Most systems using the ELF object format have linkers with
9733 such optimizations. On AIX, the linker rearranges sections
9734 (CSECTs) based on the call graph. The performance impact varies.
9735 Together with a linker garbage collection (linker --gc-sections
9737 option) these options may lead to smaller statically-linked
9738 executables (after stripping).
9739 On ELF/DWARF systems these options do not degenerate the quality of
9741 the debug information. There could be issues with other object
9742 files/debug info formats.
9743 Only use these options when there are significant benefits from
9745 doing so. When you specify these options, the assembler and linker
9746 create larger object and executable files and are also slower.
9747 These options affect code generation. They prevent optimizations
9748 by the compiler and assembler using relative locations inside a
9749 translation unit since the locations are unknown until link time.
9750 An example of such an optimization is relaxing calls to short call
9751 instructions.
9752 -fstdarg-opt
9754 Optimize the prologue of variadic argument functions with respect
9755 to usage of those arguments.
9756 -fsection-anchors
9758 Try to reduce the number of symbolic address calculations by using
9759 shared "anchor" symbols to address nearby objects. This
9760 transformation can help to reduce the number of GOT entries and GOT
9761 accesses on some targets.
9762 For example, the implementation of the following function "foo":
9764 static int a, b, c;
9766 int foo (void) { return a + b + c; }
9767 usually calculates the addresses of all three variables, but if you
9769 compile it with -fsection-anchors, it accesses the variables from a
9770 common anchor point instead. The effect is similar to the
9771 following pseudocode (which isn't valid C):
9772 int foo (void)
9774 {
9775 register int *xr = &x;
9776 return xr[&a - &x] + xr[&b - &x] + xr[&c - &x];
9777 }
9778 Not all targets support this option.
9780 --param name=value
9782 In some places, GCC uses various constants to control the amount of
9783 optimization that is done. For example, GCC does not inline
9784 functions that contain more than a certain number of instructions.
9785 You can control some of these constants on the command line using
9786 the --param option.
9787 The names of specific parameters, and the meaning of the values,
9789 are tied to the internals of the compiler, and are subject to
9790 change without notice in future releases.
9791 In order to get minimal, maximal and default value of a parameter,
9793 one can use --help=param -Q options.
9794 In each case, the value is an integer. The following choices of
9796 name are recognized for all targets:
9797 predictable-branch-outcome
9799 When branch is predicted to be taken with probability lower
9800 than this threshold (in percent), then it is considered well
9801 predictable.
9802 max-rtl-if-conversion-insns
9804 RTL if-conversion tries to remove conditional branches around a
9805 block and replace them with conditionally executed
9806 instructions. This parameter gives the maximum number of
9807 instructions in a block which should be considered for if-
9808 conversion. The compiler will also use other heuristics to
9809 decide whether if-conversion is likely to be profitable.
9810 max-rtl-if-conversion-predictable-cost
9812 max-rtl-if-conversion-unpredictable-cost
9813 RTL if-conversion will try to remove conditional branches
9814 around a block and replace them with conditionally executed
9815 instructions. These parameters give the maximum permissible
9816 cost for the sequence that would be generated by if-conversion
9817 depending on whether the branch is statically determined to be
9818 predictable or not. The units for this parameter are the same
9819 as those for the GCC internal seq_cost metric. The compiler
9820 will try to provide a reasonable default for this parameter
9821 using the BRANCH_COST target macro.
9822 max-crossjump-edges
9824 The maximum number of incoming edges to consider for cross-
9825 jumping. The algorithm used by -fcrossjumping is O(N^2) in the
9826 number of edges incoming to each block. Increasing values mean
9827 more aggressive optimization, making the compilation time
9828 increase with probably small improvement in executable size.
9829 min-crossjump-insns
9831 The minimum number of instructions that must be matched at the
9832 end of two blocks before cross-jumping is performed on them.
9833 This value is ignored in the case where all instructions in the
9834 block being cross-jumped from are matched.
9835 max-grow-copy-bb-insns
9837 The maximum code size expansion factor when copying basic
9838 blocks instead of jumping. The expansion is relative to a jump
9839 instruction.
9840 max-goto-duplication-insns
9842 The maximum number of instructions to duplicate to a block that
9843 jumps to a computed goto. To avoid O(N^2) behavior in a number
9844 of passes, GCC factors computed gotos early in the compilation
9845 process, and unfactors them as late as possible. Only computed
9846 jumps at the end of a basic blocks with no more than max-goto-
9847 duplication-insns are unfactored.
9848 max-delay-slot-insn-search
9850 The maximum number of instructions to consider when looking for
9851 an instruction to fill a delay slot. If more than this
9852 arbitrary number of instructions are searched, the time savings
9853 from filling the delay slot are minimal, so stop searching.
9854 Increasing values mean more aggressive optimization, making the
9855 compilation time increase with probably small improvement in
9856 execution time.
9857 max-delay-slot-live-search
9859 When trying to fill delay slots, the maximum number of
9860 instructions to consider when searching for a block with valid
9861 live register information. Increasing this arbitrarily chosen
9862 value means more aggressive optimization, increasing the
9863 compilation time. This parameter should be removed when the
9864 delay slot code is rewritten to maintain the control-flow
9865 graph.
9866 max-gcse-memory
9868 The approximate maximum amount of memory that can be allocated
9869 in order to perform the global common subexpression elimination
9870 optimization. If more memory than specified is required, the
9871 optimization is not done.
9872 max-gcse-insertion-ratio
9874 If the ratio of expression insertions to deletions is larger
9875 than this value for any expression, then RTL PRE inserts or
9876 removes the expression and thus leaves partially redundant
9877 computations in the instruction stream.
9878 max-pending-list-length
9880 The maximum number of pending dependencies scheduling allows
9881 before flushing the current state and starting over. Large
9882 functions with few branches or calls can create excessively
9883 large lists which needlessly consume memory and resources.
9884 max-modulo-backtrack-attempts
9886 The maximum number of backtrack attempts the scheduler should
9887 make when modulo scheduling a loop. Larger values can
9888 exponentially increase compilation time.
9889 max-inline-insns-single
9891 Several parameters control the tree inliner used in GCC. This
9892 number sets the maximum number of instructions (counted in
9893 GCC's internal representation) in a single function that the
9894 tree inliner considers for inlining. This only affects
9895 functions declared inline and methods implemented in a class
9896 declaration (C++).
9897 max-inline-insns-auto
9899 When you use -finline-functions (included in -O3), a lot of
9900 functions that would otherwise not be considered for inlining
9901 by the compiler are investigated. To those functions, a
9902 different (more restrictive) limit compared to functions
9903 declared inline can be applied (--param max-inline-insns-auto).
9904 max-inline-insns-small
9906 This is bound applied to calls which are considered relevant
9907 with -finline-small-functions.
9908 max-inline-insns-size
9910 This is bound applied to calls which are optimized for size.
9911 Small growth may be desirable to anticipate optimization
9912 oppurtunities exposed by inlining.
9913 uninlined-function-insns
9915 Number of instructions accounted by inliner for function
9916 overhead such as function prologue and epilogue.
9917 uninlined-function-time
9919 Extra time accounted by inliner for function overhead such as
9920 time needed to execute function prologue and epilogue
9921 inline-heuristics-hint-percent
9923 The scale (in percents) applied to inline-insns-single,
9924 inline-insns-single-O2, inline-insns-auto when inline
9925 heuristics hints that inlining is very profitable (will enable
9926 later optimizations).
9927 uninlined-thunk-insns
9929 uninlined-thunk-time
9930 Same as --param uninlined-function-insns and --param uninlined-
9931 function-time but applied to function thunks
9932 inline-min-speedup
9934 When estimated performance improvement of caller + callee
9935 runtime exceeds this threshold (in percent), the function can
9936 be inlined regardless of the limit on --param max-inline-insns-
9937 single and --param max-inline-insns-auto.
9938 large-function-insns
9940 The limit specifying really large functions. For functions
9941 larger than this limit after inlining, inlining is constrained
9942 by --param large-function-growth. This parameter is useful
9943 primarily to avoid extreme compilation time caused by non-
9944 linear algorithms used by the back end.
9945 large-function-growth
9947 Specifies maximal growth of large function caused by inlining
9948 in percents. For example, parameter value 100 limits large
9949 function growth to 2.0 times the original size.
9950 large-unit-insns
9952 The limit specifying large translation unit. Growth caused by
9953 inlining of units larger than this limit is limited by --param
9954 inline-unit-growth. For small units this might be too tight.
9955 For example, consider a unit consisting of function A that is
9956 inline and B that just calls A three times. If B is small
9957 relative to A, the growth of unit is 300\% and yet such
9958 inlining is very sane. For very large units consisting of
9959 small inlineable functions, however, the overall unit growth
9960 limit is needed to avoid exponential explosion of code size.
9961 Thus for smaller units, the size is increased to --param large-
9962 unit-insns before applying --param inline-unit-growth.
9963 inline-unit-growth
9965 Specifies maximal overall growth of the compilation unit caused
9966 by inlining. For example, parameter value 20 limits unit
9967 growth to 1.2 times the original size. Cold functions (either
9968 marked cold via an attribute or by profile feedback) are not
9969 accounted into the unit size.
9970 ipa-cp-unit-growth
9972 Specifies maximal overall growth of the compilation unit caused
9973 by interprocedural constant propagation. For example,
9974 parameter value 10 limits unit growth to 1.1 times the original
9975 size.
9976 large-stack-frame
9978 The limit specifying large stack frames. While inlining the
9979 algorithm is trying to not grow past this limit too much.
9980 large-stack-frame-growth
9982 Specifies maximal growth of large stack frames caused by
9983 inlining in percents. For example, parameter value 1000 limits
9984 large stack frame growth to 11 times the original size.
9985 max-inline-insns-recursive
9987 max-inline-insns-recursive-auto
9988 Specifies the maximum number of instructions an out-of-line
9989 copy of a self-recursive inline function can grow into by
9990 performing recursive inlining.
9991 --param max-inline-insns-recursive applies to functions
9993 declared inline. For functions not declared inline, recursive
9994 inlining happens only when -finline-functions (included in -O3)
9995 is enabled; --param max-inline-insns-recursive-auto applies
9996 instead.
9997 max-inline-recursive-depth
9999 max-inline-recursive-depth-auto
10000 Specifies the maximum recursion depth used for recursive
10001 inlining.
10002 --param max-inline-recursive-depth applies to functions
10004 declared inline. For functions not declared inline, recursive
10005 inlining happens only when -finline-functions (included in -O3)
10006 is enabled; --param max-inline-recursive-depth-auto applies
10007 instead.
10008 min-inline-recursive-probability
10010 Recursive inlining is profitable only for function having deep
10011 recursion in average and can hurt for function having little
10012 recursion depth by increasing the prologue size or complexity
10013 of function body to other optimizers.
10014 When profile feedback is available (see -fprofile-generate) the
10016 actual recursion depth can be guessed from the probability that
10017 function recurses via a given call expression. This parameter
10018 limits inlining only to call expressions whose probability
10019 exceeds the given threshold (in percents).
10020 early-inlining-insns
10022 Specify growth that the early inliner can make. In effect it
10023 increases the amount of inlining for code having a large
10024 abstraction penalty.
10025 max-early-inliner-iterations
10027 Limit of iterations of the early inliner. This basically
10028 bounds the number of nested indirect calls the early inliner
10029 can resolve. Deeper chains are still handled by late inlining.
10030 comdat-sharing-probability
10032 Probability (in percent) that C++ inline function with comdat
10033 visibility are shared across multiple compilation units.
10034 profile-func-internal-id
10036 A parameter to control whether to use function internal id in
10037 profile database lookup. If the value is 0, the compiler uses
10038 an id that is based on function assembler name and filename,
10039 which makes old profile data more tolerant to source changes
10040 such as function reordering etc.
10041 min-vect-loop-bound
10043 The minimum number of iterations under which loops are not
10044 vectorized when -ftree-vectorize is used. The number of
10045 iterations after vectorization needs to be greater than the
10046 value specified by this option to allow vectorization.
10047 gcse-cost-distance-ratio
10049 Scaling factor in calculation of maximum distance an expression
10050 can be moved by GCSE optimizations. This is currently
10051 supported only in the code hoisting pass. The bigger the
10052 ratio, the more aggressive code hoisting is with simple
10053 expressions, i.e., the expressions that have cost less than
10054 gcse-unrestricted-cost. Specifying 0 disables hoisting of
10055 simple expressions.
10056 gcse-unrestricted-cost
10058 Cost, roughly measured as the cost of a single typical machine
10059 instruction, at which GCSE optimizations do not constrain the
10060 distance an expression can travel. This is currently supported
10061 only in the code hoisting pass. The lesser the cost, the more
10062 aggressive code hoisting is. Specifying 0 allows all
10063 expressions to travel unrestricted distances.
10064 max-hoist-depth
10066 The depth of search in the dominator tree for expressions to
10067 hoist. This is used to avoid quadratic behavior in hoisting
10068 algorithm. The value of 0 does not limit on the search, but
10069 may slow down compilation of huge functions.
10070 max-tail-merge-comparisons
10072 The maximum amount of similar bbs to compare a bb with. This
10073 is used to avoid quadratic behavior in tree tail merging.
10074 max-tail-merge-iterations
10076 The maximum amount of iterations of the pass over the function.
10077 This is used to limit compilation time in tree tail merging.
10078 store-merging-allow-unaligned
10080 Allow the store merging pass to introduce unaligned stores if
10081 it is legal to do so.
10082 max-stores-to-merge
10084 The maximum number of stores to attempt to merge into wider
10085 stores in the store merging pass.
10086 max-unrolled-insns
10088 The maximum number of instructions that a loop may have to be
10089 unrolled. If a loop is unrolled, this parameter also
10090 determines how many times the loop code is unrolled.
10091 max-average-unrolled-insns
10093 The maximum number of instructions biased by probabilities of
10094 their execution that a loop may have to be unrolled. If a loop
10095 is unrolled, this parameter also determines how many times the
10096 loop code is unrolled.
10097 max-unroll-times
10099 The maximum number of unrollings of a single loop.
10100 max-peeled-insns
10102 The maximum number of instructions that a loop may have to be
10103 peeled. If a loop is peeled, this parameter also determines
10104 how many times the loop code is peeled.
10105 max-peel-times
10107 The maximum number of peelings of a single loop.
10108 max-peel-branches
10110 The maximum number of branches on the hot path through the
10111 peeled sequence.
10112 max-completely-peeled-insns
10114 The maximum number of insns of a completely peeled loop.
10115 max-completely-peel-times
10117 The maximum number of iterations of a loop to be suitable for
10118 complete peeling.
10119 max-completely-peel-loop-nest-depth
10121 The maximum depth of a loop nest suitable for complete peeling.
10122 max-unswitch-insns
10124 The maximum number of insns of an unswitched loop.
10125 max-unswitch-level
10127 The maximum number of branches unswitched in a single loop.
10128 lim-expensive
10130 The minimum cost of an expensive expression in the loop
10131 invariant motion.
10132 min-loop-cond-split-prob
10134 When FDO profile information is available, min-loop-cond-split-
10135 prob specifies minimum threshold for probability of semi-
10136 invariant condition statement to trigger loop split.
10137 iv-consider-all-candidates-bound
10139 Bound on number of candidates for induction variables, below
10140 which all candidates are considered for each use in induction
10141 variable optimizations. If there are more candidates than
10142 this, only the most relevant ones are considered to avoid
10143 quadratic time complexity.
10144 iv-max-considered-uses
10146 The induction variable optimizations give up on loops that
10147 contain more induction variable uses.
10148 iv-always-prune-cand-set-bound
10150 If the number of candidates in the set is smaller than this
10151 value, always try to remove unnecessary ivs from the set when
10152 adding a new one.
10153 avg-loop-niter
10155 Average number of iterations of a loop.
10156 dse-max-object-size
10158 Maximum size (in bytes) of objects tracked bytewise by dead
10159 store elimination. Larger values may result in larger
10160 compilation times.
10161 dse-max-alias-queries-per-store
10163 Maximum number of queries into the alias oracle per store.
10164 Larger values result in larger compilation times and may result
10165 in more removed dead stores.
10166 scev-max-expr-size
10168 Bound on size of expressions used in the scalar evolutions
10169 analyzer. Large expressions slow the analyzer.
10170 scev-max-expr-complexity
10172 Bound on the complexity of the expressions in the scalar
10173 evolutions analyzer. Complex expressions slow the analyzer.
10174 max-tree-if-conversion-phi-args
10176 Maximum number of arguments in a PHI supported by TREE if
10177 conversion unless the loop is marked with simd pragma.
10178 vect-max-version-for-alignment-checks
10180 The maximum number of run-time checks that can be performed
10181 when doing loop versioning for alignment in the vectorizer.
10182 vect-max-version-for-alias-checks
10184 The maximum number of run-time checks that can be performed
10185 when doing loop versioning for alias in the vectorizer.
10186 vect-max-peeling-for-alignment
10188 The maximum number of loop peels to enhance access alignment
10189 for vectorizer. Value -1 means no limit.
10190 max-iterations-to-track
10192 The maximum number of iterations of a loop the brute-force
10193 algorithm for analysis of the number of iterations of the loop
10194 tries to evaluate.
10195 hot-bb-count-fraction
10197 The denominator n of fraction 1/n of the maximal execution
10198 count of a basic block in the entire program that a basic block
10199 needs to at least have in order to be considered hot. The
10200 default is 10000, which means that a basic block is considered
10201 hot if its execution count is greater than 1/10000 of the
10202 maximal execution count. 0 means that it is never considered
10203 hot. Used in non-LTO mode.
10204 hot-bb-count-ws-permille
10206 The number of most executed permilles, ranging from 0 to 1000,
10207 of the profiled execution of the entire program to which the
10208 execution count of a basic block must be part of in order to be
10209 considered hot. The default is 990, which means that a basic
10210 block is considered hot if its execution count contributes to
10211 the upper 990 permilles, or 99.0%, of the profiled execution of
10212 the entire program. 0 means that it is never considered hot.
10213 Used in LTO mode.
10214 hot-bb-frequency-fraction
10216 The denominator n of fraction 1/n of the execution frequency of
10217 the entry block of a function that a basic block of this
10218 function needs to at least have in order to be considered hot.
10219 The default is 1000, which means that a basic block is
10220 considered hot in a function if it is executed more frequently
10221 than 1/1000 of the frequency of the entry block of the
10222 function. 0 means that it is never considered hot.
10223 unlikely-bb-count-fraction
10225 The denominator n of fraction 1/n of the number of profiled
10226 runs of the entire program below which the execution count of a
10227 basic block must be in order for the basic block to be
10228 considered unlikely executed. The default is 20, which means
10229 that a basic block is considered unlikely executed if it is
10230 executed in fewer than 1/20, or 5%, of the runs of the program.
10231 0 means that it is always considered unlikely executed.
10232 max-predicted-iterations
10234 The maximum number of loop iterations we predict statically.
10235 This is useful in cases where a function contains a single loop
10236 with known bound and another loop with unknown bound. The
10237 known number of iterations is predicted correctly, while the
10238 unknown number of iterations average to roughly 10. This means
10239 that the loop without bounds appears artificially cold relative
10240 to the other one.
10241 builtin-expect-probability
10243 Control the probability of the expression having the specified
10244 value. This parameter takes a percentage (i.e. 0 ... 100) as
10245 input.
10246 builtin-string-cmp-inline-length
10248 The maximum length of a constant string for a builtin string
10249 cmp call eligible for inlining.
10250 align-threshold
10252 Select fraction of the maximal frequency of executions of a
10253 basic block in a function to align the basic block.
10254 align-loop-iterations
10256 A loop expected to iterate at least the selected number of
10257 iterations is aligned.
10258 tracer-dynamic-coverage
10260 tracer-dynamic-coverage-feedback
10261 This value is used to limit superblock formation once the given
10262 percentage of executed instructions is covered. This limits
10263 unnecessary code size expansion.
10264 The tracer-dynamic-coverage-feedback parameter is used only
10266 when profile feedback is available. The real profiles (as
10267 opposed to statically estimated ones) are much less balanced
10268 allowing the threshold to be larger value.
10269 tracer-max-code-growth
10271 Stop tail duplication once code growth has reached given
10272 percentage. This is a rather artificial limit, as most of the
10273 duplicates are eliminated later in cross jumping, so it may be
10274 set to much higher values than is the desired code growth.
10275 tracer-min-branch-ratio
10277 Stop reverse growth when the reverse probability of best edge
10278 is less than this threshold (in percent).
10279 tracer-min-branch-probability
10281 tracer-min-branch-probability-feedback
10282 Stop forward growth if the best edge has probability lower than
10283 this threshold.
10284 Similarly to tracer-dynamic-coverage two parameters are
10286 provided. tracer-min-branch-probability-feedback is used for
10287 compilation with profile feedback and tracer-min-branch-
10288 probability compilation without. The value for compilation
10289 with profile feedback needs to be more conservative (higher) in
10290 order to make tracer effective.
10291 stack-clash-protection-guard-size
10293 Specify the size of the operating system provided stack guard
10294 as 2 raised to num bytes. Higher values may reduce the number
10295 of explicit probes, but a value larger than the operating
10296 system provided guard will leave code vulnerable to stack clash
10297 style attacks.
10298 stack-clash-protection-probe-interval
10300 Stack clash protection involves probing stack space as it is
10301 allocated. This param controls the maximum distance between
10302 probes into the stack as 2 raised to num bytes. Higher values
10303 may reduce the number of explicit probes, but a value larger
10304 than the operating system provided guard will leave code
10305 vulnerable to stack clash style attacks.
10306 max-cse-path-length
10308 The maximum number of basic blocks on path that CSE considers.
10309 max-cse-insns
10311 The maximum number of instructions CSE processes before
10312 flushing.
10313 ggc-min-expand
10315 GCC uses a garbage collector to manage its own memory
10316 allocation. This parameter specifies the minimum percentage by
10317 which the garbage collector's heap should be allowed to expand
10318 between collections. Tuning this may improve compilation
10319 speed; it has no effect on code generation.
10320 The default is 30% + 70% * (RAM/1GB) with an upper bound of
10322 100% when RAM >= 1GB. If "getrlimit" is available, the notion
10323 of "RAM" is the smallest of actual RAM and "RLIMIT_DATA" or
10324 "RLIMIT_AS". If GCC is not able to calculate RAM on a
10325 particular platform, the lower bound of 30% is used. Setting
10326 this parameter and ggc-min-heapsize to zero causes a full
10327 collection to occur at every opportunity. This is extremely
10328 slow, but can be useful for debugging.
10329 ggc-min-heapsize
10331 Minimum size of the garbage collector's heap before it begins
10332 bothering to collect garbage. The first collection occurs
10333 after the heap expands by ggc-min-expand% beyond ggc-min-
10334 heapsize. Again, tuning this may improve compilation speed,
10335 and has no effect on code generation.
10336 The default is the smaller of RAM/8, RLIMIT_RSS, or a limit
10338 that tries to ensure that RLIMIT_DATA or RLIMIT_AS are not
10339 exceeded, but with a lower bound of 4096 (four megabytes) and
10340 an upper bound of 131072 (128 megabytes). If GCC is not able
10341 to calculate RAM on a particular platform, the lower bound is
10342 used. Setting this parameter very large effectively disables
10343 garbage collection. Setting this parameter and ggc-min-expand
10344 to zero causes a full collection to occur at every opportunity.
10345 max-reload-search-insns
10347 The maximum number of instruction reload should look backward
10348 for equivalent register. Increasing values mean more
10349 aggressive optimization, making the compilation time increase
10350 with probably slightly better performance.
10351 max-cselib-memory-locations
10353 The maximum number of memory locations cselib should take into
10354 account. Increasing values mean more aggressive optimization,
10355 making the compilation time increase with probably slightly
10356 better performance.
10357 max-sched-ready-insns
10359 The maximum number of instructions ready to be issued the
10360 scheduler should consider at any given time during the first
10361 scheduling pass. Increasing values mean more thorough
10362 searches, making the compilation time increase with probably
10363 little benefit.
10364 max-sched-region-blocks
10366 The maximum number of blocks in a region to be considered for
10367 interblock scheduling.
10368 max-pipeline-region-blocks
10370 The maximum number of blocks in a region to be considered for
10371 pipelining in the selective scheduler.
10372 max-sched-region-insns
10374 The maximum number of insns in a region to be considered for
10375 interblock scheduling.
10376 max-pipeline-region-insns
10378 The maximum number of insns in a region to be considered for
10379 pipelining in the selective scheduler.
10380 min-spec-prob
10382 The minimum probability (in percents) of reaching a source
10383 block for interblock speculative scheduling.
10384 max-sched-extend-regions-iters
10386 The maximum number of iterations through CFG to extend regions.
10387 A value of 0 disables region extensions.
10388 max-sched-insn-conflict-delay
10390 The maximum conflict delay for an insn to be considered for
10391 speculative motion.
10392 sched-spec-prob-cutoff
10394 The minimal probability of speculation success (in percents),
10395 so that speculative insns are scheduled.
10396 sched-state-edge-prob-cutoff
10398 The minimum probability an edge must have for the scheduler to
10399 save its state across it.
10400 sched-mem-true-dep-cost
10402 Minimal distance (in CPU cycles) between store and load
10403 targeting same memory locations.
10404 selsched-max-lookahead
10406 The maximum size of the lookahead window of selective
10407 scheduling. It is a depth of search for available
10408 instructions.
10409 selsched-max-sched-times
10411 The maximum number of times that an instruction is scheduled
10412 during selective scheduling. This is the limit on the number
10413 of iterations through which the instruction may be pipelined.
10414 selsched-insns-to-rename
10416 The maximum number of best instructions in the ready list that
10417 are considered for renaming in the selective scheduler.
10418 sms-min-sc
10420 The minimum value of stage count that swing modulo scheduler
10421 generates.
10422 max-last-value-rtl
10424 The maximum size measured as number of RTLs that can be
10425 recorded in an expression in combiner for a pseudo register as
10426 last known value of that register.
10427 max-combine-insns
10429 The maximum number of instructions the RTL combiner tries to
10430 combine.
10431 integer-share-limit
10433 Small integer constants can use a shared data structure,
10434 reducing the compiler's memory usage and increasing its speed.
10435 This sets the maximum value of a shared integer constant.
10436 ssp-buffer-size
10438 The minimum size of buffers (i.e. arrays) that receive stack
10439 smashing protection when -fstack-protection is used.
10440 min-size-for-stack-sharing
10442 The minimum size of variables taking part in stack slot sharing
10443 when not optimizing.
10444 max-jump-thread-duplication-stmts
10446 Maximum number of statements allowed in a block that needs to
10447 be duplicated when threading jumps.
10448 max-fields-for-field-sensitive
10450 Maximum number of fields in a structure treated in a field
10451 sensitive manner during pointer analysis.
10452 prefetch-latency
10454 Estimate on average number of instructions that are executed
10455 before prefetch finishes. The distance prefetched ahead is
10456 proportional to this constant. Increasing this number may also
10457 lead to less streams being prefetched (see simultaneous-
10458 prefetches).
10459 simultaneous-prefetches
10461 Maximum number of prefetches that can run at the same time.
10462 l1-cache-line-size
10464 The size of cache line in L1 data cache, in bytes.
10465 l1-cache-size
10467 The size of L1 data cache, in kilobytes.
10468 l2-cache-size
10470 The size of L2 data cache, in kilobytes.
10471 prefetch-dynamic-strides
10473 Whether the loop array prefetch pass should issue software
10474 prefetch hints for strides that are non-constant. In some
10475 cases this may be beneficial, though the fact the stride is
10476 non-constant may make it hard to predict when there is clear
10477 benefit to issuing these hints.
10478 Set to 1 if the prefetch hints should be issued for non-
10480 constant strides. Set to 0 if prefetch hints should be issued
10481 only for strides that are known to be constant and below
10482 prefetch-minimum-stride.
10483 prefetch-minimum-stride
10485 Minimum constant stride, in bytes, to start using prefetch
10486 hints for. If the stride is less than this threshold, prefetch
10487 hints will not be issued.
10488 This setting is useful for processors that have hardware
10490 prefetchers, in which case there may be conflicts between the
10491 hardware prefetchers and the software prefetchers. If the
10492 hardware prefetchers have a maximum stride they can handle, it
10493 should be used here to improve the use of software prefetchers.
10494 A value of -1 means we don't have a threshold and therefore
10496 prefetch hints can be issued for any constant stride.
10497 This setting is only useful for strides that are known and
10499 constant.
10500 loop-interchange-max-num-stmts
10502 The maximum number of stmts in a loop to be interchanged.
10503 loop-interchange-stride-ratio
10505 The minimum ratio between stride of two loops for interchange
10506 to be profitable.
10507 min-insn-to-prefetch-ratio
10509 The minimum ratio between the number of instructions and the
10510 number of prefetches to enable prefetching in a loop.
10511 prefetch-min-insn-to-mem-ratio
10513 The minimum ratio between the number of instructions and the
10514 number of memory references to enable prefetching in a loop.
10515 use-canonical-types
10517 Whether the compiler should use the "canonical" type system.
10518 Should always be 1, which uses a more efficient internal
10519 mechanism for comparing types in C++ and Objective-C++.
10520 However, if bugs in the canonical type system are causing
10521 compilation failures, set this value to 0 to disable canonical
10522 types.
10523 switch-conversion-max-branch-ratio
10525 Switch initialization conversion refuses to create arrays that
10526 are bigger than switch-conversion-max-branch-ratio times the
10527 number of branches in the switch.
10528 max-partial-antic-length
10530 Maximum length of the partial antic set computed during the
10531 tree partial redundancy elimination optimization (-ftree-pre)
10532 when optimizing at -O3 and above. For some sorts of source
10533 code the enhanced partial redundancy elimination optimization
10534 can run away, consuming all of the memory available on the host
10535 machine. This parameter sets a limit on the length of the sets
10536 that are computed, which prevents the runaway behavior.
10537 Setting a value of 0 for this parameter allows an unlimited set
10538 length.
10539 rpo-vn-max-loop-depth
10541 Maximum loop depth that is value-numbered optimistically. When
10542 the limit hits the innermost rpo-vn-max-loop-depth loops and
10543 the outermost loop in the loop nest are value-numbered
10544 optimistically and the remaining ones not.
10545 sccvn-max-alias-queries-per-access
10547 Maximum number of alias-oracle queries we perform when looking
10548 for redundancies for loads and stores. If this limit is hit
10549 the search is aborted and the load or store is not considered
10550 redundant. The number of queries is algorithmically limited to
10551 the number of stores on all paths from the load to the function
10552 entry.
10553 ira-max-loops-num
10555 IRA uses regional register allocation by default. If a
10556 function contains more loops than the number given by this
10557 parameter, only at most the given number of the most
10558 frequently-executed loops form regions for regional register
10559 allocation.
10560 ira-max-conflict-table-size
10562 Although IRA uses a sophisticated algorithm to compress the
10563 conflict table, the table can still require excessive amounts
10564 of memory for huge functions. If the conflict table for a
10565 function could be more than the size in MB given by this
10566 parameter, the register allocator instead uses a faster,
10567 simpler, and lower-quality algorithm that does not require
10568 building a pseudo-register conflict table.
10569 ira-loop-reserved-regs
10571 IRA can be used to evaluate more accurate register pressure in
10572 loops for decisions to move loop invariants (see -O3). The
10573 number of available registers reserved for some other purposes
10574 is given by this parameter. Default of the parameter is the
10575 best found from numerous experiments.
10576 lra-inheritance-ebb-probability-cutoff
10578 LRA tries to reuse values reloaded in registers in subsequent
10579 insns. This optimization is called inheritance. EBB is used
10580 as a region to do this optimization. The parameter defines a
10581 minimal fall-through edge probability in percentage used to add
10582 BB to inheritance EBB in LRA. The default value was chosen
10583 from numerous runs of SPEC2000 on x86-64.
10584 loop-invariant-max-bbs-in-loop
10586 Loop invariant motion can be very expensive, both in
10587 compilation time and in amount of needed compile-time memory,
10588 with very large loops. Loops with more basic blocks than this
10589 parameter won't have loop invariant motion optimization
10590 performed on them.
10591 loop-max-datarefs-for-datadeps
10593 Building data dependencies is expensive for very large loops.
10594 This parameter limits the number of data references in loops
10595 that are considered for data dependence analysis. These large
10596 loops are no handled by the optimizations using loop data
10597 dependencies.
10598 max-vartrack-size
10600 Sets a maximum number of hash table slots to use during
10601 variable tracking dataflow analysis of any function. If this
10602 limit is exceeded with variable tracking at assignments
10603 enabled, analysis for that function is retried without it,
10604 after removing all debug insns from the function. If the limit
10605 is exceeded even without debug insns, var tracking analysis is
10606 completely disabled for the function. Setting the parameter to
10607 zero makes it unlimited.
10608 max-vartrack-expr-depth
10610 Sets a maximum number of recursion levels when attempting to
10611 map variable names or debug temporaries to value expressions.
10612 This trades compilation time for more complete debug
10613 information. If this is set too low, value expressions that
10614 are available and could be represented in debug information may
10615 end up not being used; setting this higher may enable the
10616 compiler to find more complex debug expressions, but compile
10617 time and memory use may grow.
10618 max-debug-marker-count
10620 Sets a threshold on the number of debug markers (e.g. begin
10621 stmt markers) to avoid complexity explosion at inlining or
10622 expanding to RTL. If a function has more such gimple stmts
10623 than the set limit, such stmts will be dropped from the inlined
10624 copy of a function, and from its RTL expansion.
10625 min-nondebug-insn-uid
10627 Use uids starting at this parameter for nondebug insns. The
10628 range below the parameter is reserved exclusively for debug
10629 insns created by -fvar-tracking-assignments, but debug insns
10630 may get (non-overlapping) uids above it if the reserved range
10631 is exhausted.
10632 ipa-sra-ptr-growth-factor
10634 IPA-SRA replaces a pointer to an aggregate with one or more new
10635 parameters only when their cumulative size is less or equal to
10636 ipa-sra-ptr-growth-factor times the size of the original
10637 pointer parameter.
10638 ipa-sra-max-replacements
10640 Maximum pieces of an aggregate that IPA-SRA tracks. As a
10641 consequence, it is also the maximum number of replacements of a
10642 formal parameter.
10643 sra-max-scalarization-size-Ospeed
10645 sra-max-scalarization-size-Osize
10646 The two Scalar Reduction of Aggregates passes (SRA and IPA-SRA)
10647 aim to replace scalar parts of aggregates with uses of
10648 independent scalar variables. These parameters control the
10649 maximum size, in storage units, of aggregate which is
10650 considered for replacement when compiling for speed (sra-max-
10651 scalarization-size-Ospeed) or size (sra-max-scalarization-size-
10652 Osize) respectively.
10653 sra-max-propagations
10655 The maximum number of artificial accesses that Scalar
10656 Replacement of Aggregates (SRA) will track, per one local
10657 variable, in order to facilitate copy propagation.
10658 tm-max-aggregate-size
10660 When making copies of thread-local variables in a transaction,
10661 this parameter specifies the size in bytes after which
10662 variables are saved with the logging functions as opposed to
10663 save/restore code sequence pairs. This option only applies
10664 when using -fgnu-tm.
10665 graphite-max-nb-scop-params
10667 To avoid exponential effects in the Graphite loop transforms,
10668 the number of parameters in a Static Control Part (SCoP) is
10669 bounded. A value of zero can be used to lift the bound. A
10670 variable whose value is unknown at compilation time and defined
10671 outside a SCoP is a parameter of the SCoP.
10672 loop-block-tile-size
10674 Loop blocking or strip mining transforms, enabled with
10675 -floop-block or -floop-strip-mine, strip mine each loop in the
10676 loop nest by a given number of iterations. The strip length
10677 can be changed using the loop-block-tile-size parameter.
10678 ipa-cp-value-list-size
10680 IPA-CP attempts to track all possible values and types passed
10681 to a function's parameter in order to propagate them and
10682 perform devirtualization. ipa-cp-value-list-size is the
10683 maximum number of values and types it stores per one formal
10684 parameter of a function.
10685 ipa-cp-eval-threshold
10687 IPA-CP calculates its own score of cloning profitability
10688 heuristics and performs those cloning opportunities with scores
10689 that exceed ipa-cp-eval-threshold.
10690 ipa-cp-max-recursive-depth
10692 Maximum depth of recursive cloning for self-recursive function.
10693 ipa-cp-min-recursive-probability
10695 Recursive cloning only when the probability of call being
10696 executed exceeds the parameter.
10697 ipa-cp-recursion-penalty
10699 Percentage penalty the recursive functions will receive when
10700 they are evaluated for cloning.
10701 ipa-cp-single-call-penalty
10703 Percentage penalty functions containing a single call to
10704 another function will receive when they are evaluated for
10705 cloning.
10706 ipa-max-agg-items
10708 IPA-CP is also capable to propagate a number of scalar values
10709 passed in an aggregate. ipa-max-agg-items controls the maximum
10710 number of such values per one parameter.
10711 ipa-cp-loop-hint-bonus
10713 When IPA-CP determines that a cloning candidate would make the
10714 number of iterations of a loop known, it adds a bonus of ipa-
10715 cp-loop-hint-bonus to the profitability score of the candidate.
10716 ipa-max-aa-steps
10718 During its analysis of function bodies, IPA-CP employs alias
10719 analysis in order to track values pointed to by function
10720 parameters. In order not spend too much time analyzing huge
10721 functions, it gives up and consider all memory clobbered after
10722 examining ipa-max-aa-steps statements modifying memory.
10723 ipa-max-switch-predicate-bounds
10725 Maximal number of boundary endpoints of case ranges of switch
10726 statement. For switch exceeding this limit, IPA-CP will not
10727 construct cloning cost predicate, which is used to estimate
10728 cloning benefit, for default case of the switch statement.
10729 ipa-max-param-expr-ops
10731 IPA-CP will analyze conditional statement that references some
10732 function parameter to estimate benefit for cloning upon certain
10733 constant value. But if number of operations in a parameter
10734 expression exceeds ipa-max-param-expr-ops, the expression is
10735 treated as complicated one, and is not handled by IPA analysis.
10736 lto-partitions
10738 Specify desired number of partitions produced during WHOPR
10739 compilation. The number of partitions should exceed the number
10740 of CPUs used for compilation.
10741 lto-min-partition
10743 Size of minimal partition for WHOPR (in estimated
10744 instructions). This prevents expenses of splitting very small
10745 programs into too many partitions.
10746 lto-max-partition
10748 Size of max partition for WHOPR (in estimated instructions).
10749 to provide an upper bound for individual size of partition.
10750 Meant to be used only with balanced partitioning.
10751 lto-max-streaming-parallelism
10753 Maximal number of parallel processes used for LTO streaming.
10754 cxx-max-namespaces-for-diagnostic-help
10756 The maximum number of namespaces to consult for suggestions
10757 when C++ name lookup fails for an identifier.
10758 sink-frequency-threshold
10760 The maximum relative execution frequency (in percents) of the
10761 target block relative to a statement's original block to allow
10762 statement sinking of a statement. Larger numbers result in
10763 more aggressive statement sinking. A small positive adjustment
10764 is applied for statements with memory operands as those are
10765 even more profitable so sink.
10766 max-stores-to-sink
10768 The maximum number of conditional store pairs that can be sunk.
10769 Set to 0 if either vectorization (-ftree-vectorize) or if-
10770 conversion (-ftree-loop-if-convert) is disabled.
10771 case-values-threshold
10773 The smallest number of different values for which it is best to
10774 use a jump-table instead of a tree of conditional branches. If
10775 the value is 0, use the default for the machine.
10776 jump-table-max-growth-ratio-for-size
10778 The maximum code size growth ratio when expanding into a jump
10779 table (in percent). The parameter is used when optimizing for
10780 size.
10781 jump-table-max-growth-ratio-for-speed
10783 The maximum code size growth ratio when expanding into a jump
10784 table (in percent). The parameter is used when optimizing for
10785 speed.
10786 tree-reassoc-width
10788 Set the maximum number of instructions executed in parallel in
10789 reassociated tree. This parameter overrides target dependent
10790 heuristics used by default if has non zero value.
10791 sched-pressure-algorithm
10793 Choose between the two available implementations of
10794 -fsched-pressure. Algorithm 1 is the original implementation
10795 and is the more likely to prevent instructions from being
10796 reordered. Algorithm 2 was designed to be a compromise between
10797 the relatively conservative approach taken by algorithm 1 and
10798 the rather aggressive approach taken by the default scheduler.
10799 It relies more heavily on having a regular register file and
10800 accurate register pressure classes. See haifa-sched.c in the
10801 GCC sources for more details.
10802 The default choice depends on the target.
10804 max-slsr-cand-scan
10806 Set the maximum number of existing candidates that are
10807 considered when seeking a basis for a new straight-line
10808 strength reduction candidate.
10809 asan-globals
10811 Enable buffer overflow detection for global objects. This kind
10812 of protection is enabled by default if you are using
10813 -fsanitize=address option. To disable global objects
10814 protection use --param asan-globals=0.
10815 asan-stack
10817 Enable buffer overflow detection for stack objects. This kind
10818 of protection is enabled by default when using
10819 -fsanitize=address. To disable stack protection use --param
10820 asan-stack=0 option.
10821 asan-instrument-reads
10823 Enable buffer overflow detection for memory reads. This kind
10824 of protection is enabled by default when using
10825 -fsanitize=address. To disable memory reads protection use
10826 --param asan-instrument-reads=0.
10827 asan-instrument-writes
10829 Enable buffer overflow detection for memory writes. This kind
10830 of protection is enabled by default when using
10831 -fsanitize=address. To disable memory writes protection use
10832 --param asan-instrument-writes=0 option.
10833 asan-memintrin
10835 Enable detection for built-in functions. This kind of
10836 protection is enabled by default when using -fsanitize=address.
10837 To disable built-in functions protection use --param
10838 asan-memintrin=0.
10839 asan-use-after-return
10841 Enable detection of use-after-return. This kind of protection
10842 is enabled by default when using the -fsanitize=address option.
10843 To disable it use --param asan-use-after-return=0.
10844 Note: By default the check is disabled at run time. To enable
10846 it, add "detect_stack_use_after_return=1" to the environment
10847 variable ASAN_OPTIONS.
10848 asan-instrumentation-with-call-threshold
10850 If number of memory accesses in function being instrumented is
10851 greater or equal to this number, use callbacks instead of
10852 inline checks. E.g. to disable inline code use --param
10853 asan-instrumentation-with-call-threshold=0.
10854 use-after-scope-direct-emission-threshold
10856 If the size of a local variable in bytes is smaller or equal to
10857 this number, directly poison (or unpoison) shadow memory
10858 instead of using run-time callbacks.
10859 max-fsm-thread-path-insns
10861 Maximum number of instructions to copy when duplicating blocks
10862 on a finite state automaton jump thread path.
10863 max-fsm-thread-length
10865 Maximum number of basic blocks on a finite state automaton jump
10866 thread path.
10867 max-fsm-thread-paths
10869 Maximum number of new jump thread paths to create for a finite
10870 state automaton.
10871 parloops-chunk-size
10873 Chunk size of omp schedule for loops parallelized by parloops.
10874 parloops-schedule
10876 Schedule type of omp schedule for loops parallelized by
10877 parloops (static, dynamic, guided, auto, runtime).
10878 parloops-min-per-thread
10880 The minimum number of iterations per thread of an innermost
10881 parallelized loop for which the parallelized variant is
10882 preferred over the single threaded one. Note that for a
10883 parallelized loop nest the minimum number of iterations of the
10884 outermost loop per thread is two.
10885 max-ssa-name-query-depth
10887 Maximum depth of recursion when querying properties of SSA
10888 names in things like fold routines. One level of recursion
10889 corresponds to following a use-def chain.
10890 hsa-gen-debug-stores
10892 Enable emission of special debug stores within HSA kernels
10893 which are then read and reported by libgomp plugin. Generation
10894 of these stores is disabled by default, use --param
10895 hsa-gen-debug-stores=1 to enable it.
10896 max-speculative-devirt-maydefs
10898 The maximum number of may-defs we analyze when looking for a
10899 must-def specifying the dynamic type of an object that invokes
10900 a virtual call we may be able to devirtualize speculatively.
10901 max-vrp-switch-assertions
10903 The maximum number of assertions to add along the default edge
10904 of a switch statement during VRP.
10905 unroll-jam-min-percent
10907 The minimum percentage of memory references that must be
10908 optimized away for the unroll-and-jam transformation to be
10909 considered profitable.
10910 unroll-jam-max-unroll
10912 The maximum number of times the outer loop should be unrolled
10913 by the unroll-and-jam transformation.
10914 max-rtl-if-conversion-unpredictable-cost
10916 Maximum permissible cost for the sequence that would be
10917 generated by the RTL if-conversion pass for a branch that is
10918 considered unpredictable.
10919 max-variable-expansions-in-unroller
10921 If -fvariable-expansion-in-unroller is used, the maximum number
10922 of times that an individual variable will be expanded during
10923 loop unrolling.
10924 tracer-min-branch-probability-feedback
10926 Stop forward growth if the probability of best edge is less
10927 than this threshold (in percent). Used when profile feedback is
10928 available.
10929 partial-inlining-entry-probability
10931 Maximum probability of the entry BB of split region (in percent
10932 relative to entry BB of the function) to make partial inlining
10933 happen.
10934 max-tracked-strlens
10936 Maximum number of strings for which strlen optimization pass
10937 will track string lengths.
10938 gcse-after-reload-partial-fraction
10940 The threshold ratio for performing partial redundancy
10941 elimination after reload.
10942 gcse-after-reload-critical-fraction
10944 The threshold ratio of critical edges execution count that
10945 permit performing redundancy elimination after reload.
10946 max-loop-header-insns
10948 The maximum number of insns in loop header duplicated by the
10949 copy loop headers pass.
10950 vect-epilogues-nomask
10952 Enable loop epilogue vectorization using smaller vector size.
10953 slp-max-insns-in-bb
10955 Maximum number of instructions in basic block to be considered
10956 for SLP vectorization.
10957 avoid-fma-max-bits
10959 Maximum number of bits for which we avoid creating FMAs.
10960 sms-loop-average-count-threshold
10962 A threshold on the average loop count considered by the swing
10963 modulo scheduler.
10964 sms-dfa-history
10966 The number of cycles the swing modulo scheduler considers when
10967 checking conflicts using DFA.
10968 max-inline-insns-recursive-auto
10970 The maximum number of instructions non-inline function can grow
10971 to via recursive inlining.
10972 graphite-allow-codegen-errors
10974 Whether codegen errors should be ICEs when -fchecking.
10975 sms-max-ii-factor
10977 A factor for tuning the upper bound that swing modulo scheduler
10978 uses for scheduling a loop.
10979 lra-max-considered-reload-pseudos
10981 The max number of reload pseudos which are considered during
10982 spilling a non-reload pseudo.
10983 max-pow-sqrt-depth
10985 Maximum depth of sqrt chains to use when synthesizing
10986 exponentiation by a real constant.
10987 max-dse-active-local-stores
10989 Maximum number of active local stores in RTL dead store
10990 elimination.
10991 asan-instrument-allocas
10993 Enable asan allocas/VLAs protection.
10994 max-iterations-computation-cost
10996 Bound on the cost of an expression to compute the number of
10997 iterations.
10998 max-isl-operations
11000 Maximum number of isl operations, 0 means unlimited.
11001 graphite-max-arrays-per-scop
11003 Maximum number of arrays per scop.
11004 max-vartrack-reverse-op-size
11006 Max. size of loc list for which reverse ops should be added.
11007 tracer-dynamic-coverage-feedback
11009 The percentage of function, weighted by execution frequency,
11010 that must be covered by trace formation. Used when profile
11011 feedback is available.
11012 max-inline-recursive-depth-auto
11014 The maximum depth of recursive inlining for non-inline
11015 functions.
11016 fsm-scale-path-stmts
11018 Scale factor to apply to the number of statements in a
11019 threading path when comparing to the number of (scaled) blocks.
11020 fsm-maximum-phi-arguments
11022 Maximum number of arguments a PHI may have before the FSM
11023 threader will not try to thread through its block.
11024 uninit-control-dep-attempts
11026 Maximum number of nested calls to search for control
11027 dependencies during uninitialized variable analysis.
11028 sra-max-scalarization-size-Osize
11030 Maximum size, in storage units, of an aggregate which should be
11031 considered for scalarization when compiling for size.
11032 fsm-scale-path-blocks
11034 Scale factor to apply to the number of blocks in a threading
11035 path when comparing to the number of (scaled) statements.
11036 sched-autopref-queue-depth
11038 Hardware autoprefetcher scheduler model control flag. Number
11039 of lookahead cycles the model looks into; at ' ' only enable
11040 instruction sorting heuristic.
11041 loop-versioning-max-inner-insns
11043 The maximum number of instructions that an inner loop can have
11044 before the loop versioning pass considers it too big to copy.
11045 loop-versioning-max-outer-insns
11047 The maximum number of instructions that an outer loop can have
11048 before the loop versioning pass considers it too big to copy,
11049 discounting any instructions in inner loops that directly
11050 benefit from versioning.
11051 ssa-name-def-chain-limit
11053 The maximum number of SSA_NAME assignments to follow in
11054 determining a property of a variable such as its value. This
11055 limits the number of iterations or recursive calls GCC performs
11056 when optimizing certain statements or when determining their
11057 validity prior to issuing diagnostics.
11058 store-merging-max-size
11060 Maximum size of a single store merging region in bytes.
11061 hash-table-verification-limit
11063 The number of elements for which hash table verification is
11064 done for each searched element.
11065 max-find-base-term-values
11067 Maximum number of VALUEs handled during a single find_base_term
11068 call.
11069 analyzer-max-enodes-per-program-point
11071 The maximum number of exploded nodes per program point within
11072 the analyzer, before terminating analysis of that point.
11073 analyzer-min-snodes-for-call-summary
11075 The minimum number of supernodes within a function for the
11076 analyzer to consider summarizing its effects at call sites.
11077 analyzer-max-recursion-depth
11079 The maximum number of times a callsite can appear in a call
11080 stack within the analyzer, before terminating analysis of a
11081 call that would recurse deeper.
11082 gimple-fe-computed-hot-bb-threshold
11084 The number of executions of a basic block which is considered
11085 hot. The parameter is used only in GIMPLE FE.
11086 analyzer-bb-explosion-factor
11088 The maximum number of 'after supernode' exploded nodes within
11089 the analyzer per supernode, before terminating analysis.
11090 The following choices of name are available on AArch64 targets:
11092 aarch64-sve-compare-costs
11094 When vectorizing for SVE, consider using "unpacked" vectors for
11095 smaller elements and use the cost model to pick the cheapest
11096 approach. Also use the cost model to choose between SVE and
11097 Advanced SIMD vectorization.
11098 Using unpacked vectors includes storing smaller elements in
11100 larger containers and accessing elements with extending loads
11101 and truncating stores.
11102 aarch64-float-recp-precision
11104 The number of Newton iterations for calculating the reciprocal
11105 for float type. The precision of division is proportional to
11106 this param when division approximation is enabled. The default
11107 value is 1.
11108 aarch64-double-recp-precision
11110 The number of Newton iterations for calculating the reciprocal
11111 for double type. The precision of division is propotional to
11112 this param when division approximation is enabled. The default
11113 value is 2.
11114 Program Instrumentation Options
11116 GCC supports a number of command-line options that control adding run-
11117 time instrumentation to the code it normally generates. For example,
11118 one purpose of instrumentation is collect profiling statistics for use
11119 in finding program hot spots, code coverage analysis, or profile-guided
11120 optimizations. Another class of program instrumentation is adding run-
11121 time checking to detect programming errors like invalid pointer
11122 dereferences or out-of-bounds array accesses, as well as deliberately
11123 hostile attacks such as stack smashing or C++ vtable hijacking. There
11124 is also a general hook which can be used to implement other forms of
11125 tracing or function-level instrumentation for debug or program analysis
11126 purposes.
11127 -p
11129 -pg Generate extra code to write profile information suitable for the
11130 analysis program prof (for -p) or gprof (for -pg). You must use
11131 this option when compiling the source files you want data about,
11132 and you must also use it when linking.
11133 You can use the function attribute "no_instrument_function" to
11135 suppress profiling of individual functions when compiling with
11136 these options.
11137 -fprofile-arcs
11139 Add code so that program flow arcs are instrumented. During
11140 execution the program records how many times each branch and call
11141 is executed and how many times it is taken or returns. On targets
11142 that support constructors with priority support, profiling properly
11143 handles constructors, destructors and C++ constructors (and
11144 destructors) of classes which are used as a type of a global
11145 variable.
11146 When the compiled program exits it saves this data to a file called
11148 auxname.gcda for each source file. The data may be used for
11149 profile-directed optimizations (-fbranch-probabilities), or for
11150 test coverage analysis (-ftest-coverage). Each object file's
11151 auxname is generated from the name of the output file, if
11152 explicitly specified and it is not the final executable, otherwise
11153 it is the basename of the source file. In both cases any suffix is
11154 removed (e.g. foo.gcda for input file dir/foo.c, or dir/foo.gcda
11155 for output file specified as -o dir/foo.o).
11156 --coverage
11158 This option is used to compile and link code instrumented for
11159 coverage analysis. The option is a synonym for -fprofile-arcs
11160 -ftest-coverage (when compiling) and -lgcov (when linking). See
11161 the documentation for those options for more details.
11162 * Compile the source files with -fprofile-arcs plus optimization
11164 and code generation options. For test coverage analysis, use
11165 the additional -ftest-coverage option. You do not need to
11166 profile every source file in a program.
11167 * Compile the source files additionally with -fprofile-abs-path
11169 to create absolute path names in the .gcno files. This allows
11170 gcov to find the correct sources in projects where compilations
11171 occur with different working directories.
11172 * Link your object files with -lgcov or -fprofile-arcs (the
11174 latter implies the former).
11175 * Run the program on a representative workload to generate the
11177 arc profile information. This may be repeated any number of
11178 times. You can run concurrent instances of your program, and
11179 provided that the file system supports locking, the data files
11180 will be correctly updated. Unless a strict ISO C dialect
11181 option is in effect, "fork" calls are detected and correctly
11182 handled without double counting.
11183 * For profile-directed optimizations, compile the source files
11185 again with the same optimization and code generation options
11186 plus -fbranch-probabilities.
11187 * For test coverage analysis, use gcov to produce human readable
11189 information from the .gcno and .gcda files. Refer to the gcov
11190 documentation for further information.
11191 With -fprofile-arcs, for each function of your program GCC creates
11193 a program flow graph, then finds a spanning tree for the graph.
11194 Only arcs that are not on the spanning tree have to be
11195 instrumented: the compiler adds code to count the number of times
11196 that these arcs are executed. When an arc is the only exit or only
11197 entrance to a block, the instrumentation code can be added to the
11198 block; otherwise, a new basic block must be created to hold the
11199 instrumentation code.
11200 -ftest-coverage
11202 Produce a notes file that the gcov code-coverage utility can use to
11203 show program coverage. Each source file's note file is called
11204 auxname.gcno. Refer to the -fprofile-arcs option above for a
11205 description of auxname and instructions on how to generate test
11206 coverage data. Coverage data matches the source files more closely
11207 if you do not optimize.
11208 -fprofile-abs-path
11210 Automatically convert relative source file names to absolute path
11211 names in the .gcno files. This allows gcov to find the correct
11212 sources in projects where compilations occur with different working
11213 directories.
11214 -fprofile-dir=path
11216 Set the directory to search for the profile data files in to path.
11217 This option affects only the profile data generated by
11218 -fprofile-generate, -ftest-coverage, -fprofile-arcs and used by
11219 -fprofile-use and -fbranch-probabilities and its related options.
11220 Both absolute and relative paths can be used. By default, GCC uses
11221 the current directory as path, thus the profile data file appears
11222 in the same directory as the object file. In order to prevent the
11223 file name clashing, if the object file name is not an absolute
11224 path, we mangle the absolute path of the sourcename.gcda file and
11225 use it as the file name of a .gcda file. See similar option
11226 -fprofile-note.
11227 When an executable is run in a massive parallel environment, it is
11229 recommended to save profile to different folders. That can be done
11230 with variables in path that are exported during run-time:
11231 %p process ID.
11233 %q{VAR}
11235 value of environment variable VAR
11236 -fprofile-generate
11238 -fprofile-generate=path
11239 Enable options usually used for instrumenting application to
11240 produce profile useful for later recompilation with profile
11241 feedback based optimization. You must use -fprofile-generate both
11242 when compiling and when linking your program.
11243 The following options are enabled: -fprofile-arcs,
11245 -fprofile-values, -finline-functions, and -fipa-bit-cp.
11246 If path is specified, GCC looks at the path to find the profile
11248 feedback data files. See -fprofile-dir.
11249 To optimize the program based on the collected profile information,
11251 use -fprofile-use.
11252 -fprofile-note=path
11254 If path is specified, GCC saves .gcno file into path location. If
11255 you combine the option with multiple source files, the .gcno file
11256 will be overwritten.
11257 -fprofile-prefix-path=path
11259 This option can be used in combination with
11260 profile-generate=profile_dir and profile-use=profile_dir to inform
11261 GCC where is the base directory of built source tree. By default
11262 profile_dir will contain files with mangled absolute paths of all
11263 object files in the built project. This is not desirable when
11264 directory used to build the instrumented binary differs from the
11265 directory used to build the binary optimized with profile feedback
11266 because the profile data will not be found during the optimized
11267 build. In such setups -fprofile-prefix-path=path with path
11268 pointing to the base directory of the build can be used to strip
11269 the irrelevant part of the path and keep all file names relative to
11270 the main build directory.
11271 -fprofile-update=method
11273 Alter the update method for an application instrumented for profile
11274 feedback based optimization. The method argument should be one of
11275 single, atomic or prefer-atomic. The first one is useful for
11276 single-threaded applications, while the second one prevents profile
11277 corruption by emitting thread-safe code.
11278 Warning: When an application does not properly join all threads (or
11280 creates an detached thread), a profile file can be still corrupted.
11281 Using prefer-atomic would be transformed either to atomic, when
11283 supported by a target, or to single otherwise. The GCC driver
11284 automatically selects prefer-atomic when -pthread is present in the
11285 command line.
11286 -fprofile-filter-files=regex
11288 Instrument only functions from files where names match any regular
11289 expression (separated by a semi-colon).
11290 For example, -fprofile-filter-files=main.c;module.*.c will
11292 instrument only main.c and all C files starting with 'module'.
11293 -fprofile-exclude-files=regex
11295 Instrument only functions from files where names do not match all
11296 the regular expressions (separated by a semi-colon).
11297 For example, -fprofile-exclude-files=/usr/* will prevent
11299 instrumentation of all files that are located in /usr/ folder.
11300 -fprofile-reproducible
11302 Control level of reproducibility of profile gathered by
11303 "-fprofile-generate". This makes it possible to rebuild program
11304 with same outcome which is useful, for example, for distribution
11305 packages.
11306 With -fprofile-reproducibility=serial the profile gathered by
11308 -fprofile-generate is reproducible provided the trained program
11309 behaves the same at each invocation of the train run, it is not
11310 multi-threaded and profile data streaming is always done in the
11311 same order. Note that profile streaming happens at the end of
11312 program run but also before "fork" function is invoked.
11313 Note that it is quite common that execution counts of some part of
11315 programs depends, for example, on length of temporary file names or
11316 memory space randomization (that may affect hash-table collision
11317 rate). Such non-reproducible part of programs may be annotated by
11318 "no_instrument_function" function attribute. "gcov-dump" with -l
11319 can be used to dump gathered data and verify that they are indeed
11320 reproducible.
11321 With -fprofile-reproducibility=parallel-runs collected profile
11323 stays reproducible regardless the order of streaming of the data
11324 into gcda files. This setting makes it possible to run multiple
11325 instances of instrumented program in parallel (such as with "make
11326 -j"). This reduces quality of gathered data, in particular of
11327 indirect call profiling.
11328 -fsanitize=address
11330 Enable AddressSanitizer, a fast memory error detector. Memory
11331 access instructions are instrumented to detect out-of-bounds and
11332 use-after-free bugs. The option enables
11333 -fsanitize-address-use-after-scope. See
11334 <https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizer> for
11335 more details. The run-time behavior can be influenced using the
11336 ASAN_OPTIONS environment variable. When set to "help=1", the
11337 available options are shown at startup of the instrumented program.
11338 See
11339 <https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerFlags#run-time-flags>
11340 for a list of supported options. The option cannot be combined
11341 with -fsanitize=thread.
11342 -fsanitize=kernel-address
11344 Enable AddressSanitizer for Linux kernel. See
11345 <https://github.com/google/kasan/wiki> for more details.
11346 -fsanitize=pointer-compare
11348 Instrument comparison operation (<, <=, >, >=) with pointer
11349 operands. The option must be combined with either
11350 -fsanitize=kernel-address or -fsanitize=address The option cannot
11351 be combined with -fsanitize=thread. Note: By default the check is
11352 disabled at run time. To enable it, add
11353 "detect_invalid_pointer_pairs=2" to the environment variable
11354 ASAN_OPTIONS. Using "detect_invalid_pointer_pairs=1" detects
11355 invalid operation only when both pointers are non-null.
11356 -fsanitize=pointer-subtract
11358 Instrument subtraction with pointer operands. The option must be
11359 combined with either -fsanitize=kernel-address or
11360 -fsanitize=address The option cannot be combined with
11361 -fsanitize=thread. Note: By default the check is disabled at run
11362 time. To enable it, add "detect_invalid_pointer_pairs=2" to the
11363 environment variable ASAN_OPTIONS. Using
11364 "detect_invalid_pointer_pairs=1" detects invalid operation only
11365 when both pointers are non-null.
11366 -fsanitize=thread
11368 Enable ThreadSanitizer, a fast data race detector. Memory access
11369 instructions are instrumented to detect data race bugs. See
11370 <https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki#threadsanitizer> for
11371 more details. The run-time behavior can be influenced using the
11372 TSAN_OPTIONS environment variable; see
11373 <https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/ThreadSanitizerFlags>
11374 for a list of supported options. The option cannot be combined
11375 with -fsanitize=address, -fsanitize=leak.
11376 Note that sanitized atomic builtins cannot throw exceptions when
11378 operating on invalid memory addresses with non-call exceptions
11379 (-fnon-call-exceptions).
11380 -fsanitize=leak
11382 Enable LeakSanitizer, a memory leak detector. This option only
11383 matters for linking of executables and the executable is linked
11384 against a library that overrides "malloc" and other allocator
11385 functions. See
11386 <https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerLeakSanitizer>
11387 for more details. The run-time behavior can be influenced using
11388 the LSAN_OPTIONS environment variable. The option cannot be
11389 combined with -fsanitize=thread.
11390 -fsanitize=undefined
11392 Enable UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer, a fast undefined behavior
11393 detector. Various computations are instrumented to detect
11394 undefined behavior at runtime. Current suboptions are:
11395 -fsanitize=shift
11397 This option enables checking that the result of a shift
11398 operation is not undefined. Note that what exactly is
11399 considered undefined differs slightly between C and C++, as
11400 well as between ISO C90 and C99, etc. This option has two
11401 suboptions, -fsanitize=shift-base and
11402 -fsanitize=shift-exponent.
11403 -fsanitize=shift-exponent
11405 This option enables checking that the second argument of a
11406 shift operation is not negative and is smaller than the
11407 precision of the promoted first argument.
11408 -fsanitize=shift-base
11410 If the second argument of a shift operation is within range,
11411 check that the result of a shift operation is not undefined.
11412 Note that what exactly is considered undefined differs slightly
11413 between C and C++, as well as between ISO C90 and C99, etc.
11414 -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero
11416 Detect integer division by zero as well as "INT_MIN / -1"
11417 division.
11418 -fsanitize=unreachable
11420 With this option, the compiler turns the
11421 "__builtin_unreachable" call into a diagnostics message call
11422 instead. When reaching the "__builtin_unreachable" call, the
11423 behavior is undefined.
11424 -fsanitize=vla-bound
11426 This option instructs the compiler to check that the size of a
11427 variable length array is positive.
11428 -fsanitize=null
11430 This option enables pointer checking. Particularly, the
11431 application built with this option turned on will issue an
11432 error message when it tries to dereference a NULL pointer, or
11433 if a reference (possibly an rvalue reference) is bound to a
11434 NULL pointer, or if a method is invoked on an object pointed by
11435 a NULL pointer.
11436 -fsanitize=return
11438 This option enables return statement checking. Programs built
11439 with this option turned on will issue an error message when the
11440 end of a non-void function is reached without actually
11441 returning a value. This option works in C++ only.
11442 -fsanitize=signed-integer-overflow
11444 This option enables signed integer overflow checking. We check
11445 that the result of "+", "*", and both unary and binary "-" does
11446 not overflow in the signed arithmetics. Note, integer
11447 promotion rules must be taken into account. That is, the
11448 following is not an overflow:
11449 signed char a = SCHAR_MAX;
11451 a++;
11452 -fsanitize=bounds
11454 This option enables instrumentation of array bounds. Various
11455 out of bounds accesses are detected. Flexible array members,
11456 flexible array member-like arrays, and initializers of
11457 variables with static storage are not instrumented.
11458 -fsanitize=bounds-strict
11460 This option enables strict instrumentation of array bounds.
11461 Most out of bounds accesses are detected, including flexible
11462 array members and flexible array member-like arrays.
11463 Initializers of variables with static storage are not
11464 instrumented.
11465 -fsanitize=alignment
11467 This option enables checking of alignment of pointers when they
11468 are dereferenced, or when a reference is bound to
11469 insufficiently aligned target, or when a method or constructor
11470 is invoked on insufficiently aligned object.
11471 -fsanitize=object-size
11473 This option enables instrumentation of memory references using
11474 the "__builtin_object_size" function. Various out of bounds
11475 pointer accesses are detected.
11476 -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero
11478 Detect floating-point division by zero. Unlike other similar
11479 options, -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero is not enabled by
11480 -fsanitize=undefined, since floating-point division by zero can
11481 be a legitimate way of obtaining infinities and NaNs.
11482 -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow
11484 This option enables floating-point type to integer conversion
11485 checking. We check that the result of the conversion does not
11486 overflow. Unlike other similar options,
11487 -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow is not enabled by
11488 -fsanitize=undefined. This option does not work well with
11489 "FE_INVALID" exceptions enabled.
11490 -fsanitize=nonnull-attribute
11492 This option enables instrumentation of calls, checking whether
11493 null values are not passed to arguments marked as requiring a
11494 non-null value by the "nonnull" function attribute.
11495 -fsanitize=returns-nonnull-attribute
11497 This option enables instrumentation of return statements in
11498 functions marked with "returns_nonnull" function attribute, to
11499 detect returning of null values from such functions.
11500 -fsanitize=bool
11502 This option enables instrumentation of loads from bool. If a
11503 value other than 0/1 is loaded, a run-time error is issued.
11504 -fsanitize=enum
11506 This option enables instrumentation of loads from an enum type.
11507 If a value outside the range of values for the enum type is
11508 loaded, a run-time error is issued.
11509 -fsanitize=vptr
11511 This option enables instrumentation of C++ member function
11512 calls, member accesses and some conversions between pointers to
11513 base and derived classes, to verify the referenced object has
11514 the correct dynamic type.
11515 -fsanitize=pointer-overflow
11517 This option enables instrumentation of pointer arithmetics. If
11518 the pointer arithmetics overflows, a run-time error is issued.
11519 -fsanitize=builtin
11521 This option enables instrumentation of arguments to selected
11522 builtin functions. If an invalid value is passed to such
11523 arguments, a run-time error is issued. E.g. passing 0 as the
11524 argument to "__builtin_ctz" or "__builtin_clz" invokes
11525 undefined behavior and is diagnosed by this option.
11526 While -ftrapv causes traps for signed overflows to be emitted,
11528 -fsanitize=undefined gives a diagnostic message. This currently
11529 works only for the C family of languages.
11530 -fno-sanitize=all
11532 This option disables all previously enabled sanitizers.
11533 -fsanitize=all is not allowed, as some sanitizers cannot be used
11534 together.
11535 -fasan-shadow-offset=number
11537 This option forces GCC to use custom shadow offset in
11538 AddressSanitizer checks. It is useful for experimenting with
11539 different shadow memory layouts in Kernel AddressSanitizer.
11540 -fsanitize-sections=s1,s2,...
11542 Sanitize global variables in selected user-defined sections. si
11543 may contain wildcards.
11544 -fsanitize-recover[=opts]
11546 -fsanitize-recover= controls error recovery mode for sanitizers
11547 mentioned in comma-separated list of opts. Enabling this option
11548 for a sanitizer component causes it to attempt to continue running
11549 the program as if no error happened. This means multiple runtime
11550 errors can be reported in a single program run, and the exit code
11551 of the program may indicate success even when errors have been
11552 reported. The -fno-sanitize-recover= option can be used to alter
11553 this behavior: only the first detected error is reported and
11554 program then exits with a non-zero exit code.
11555 Currently this feature only works for -fsanitize=undefined (and its
11557 suboptions except for -fsanitize=unreachable and
11558 -fsanitize=return), -fsanitize=float-cast-overflow,
11559 -fsanitize=float-divide-by-zero, -fsanitize=bounds-strict,
11560 -fsanitize=kernel-address and -fsanitize=address. For these
11561 sanitizers error recovery is turned on by default, except
11562 -fsanitize=address, for which this feature is experimental.
11563 -fsanitize-recover=all and -fno-sanitize-recover=all is also
11564 accepted, the former enables recovery for all sanitizers that
11565 support it, the latter disables recovery for all sanitizers that
11566 support it.
11567 Even if a recovery mode is turned on the compiler side, it needs to
11569 be also enabled on the runtime library side, otherwise the failures
11570 are still fatal. The runtime library defaults to "halt_on_error=0"
11571 for ThreadSanitizer and UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer, while default
11572 value for AddressSanitizer is "halt_on_error=1". This can be
11573 overridden through setting the "halt_on_error" flag in the
11574 corresponding environment variable.
11575 Syntax without an explicit opts parameter is deprecated. It is
11577 equivalent to specifying an opts list of:
11578 undefined,float-cast-overflow,float-divide-by-zero,bounds-strict
11580 -fsanitize-address-use-after-scope
11582 Enable sanitization of local variables to detect use-after-scope
11583 bugs. The option sets -fstack-reuse to none.
11584 -fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error
11586 The -fsanitize-undefined-trap-on-error option instructs the
11587 compiler to report undefined behavior using "__builtin_trap" rather
11588 than a "libubsan" library routine. The advantage of this is that
11589 the "libubsan" library is not needed and is not linked in, so this
11590 is usable even in freestanding environments.
11591 -fsanitize-coverage=trace-pc
11593 Enable coverage-guided fuzzing code instrumentation. Inserts a
11594 call to "__sanitizer_cov_trace_pc" into every basic block.
11595 -fsanitize-coverage=trace-cmp
11597 Enable dataflow guided fuzzing code instrumentation. Inserts a
11598 call to "__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmp1", "__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmp2",
11599 "__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmp4" or "__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmp8" for
11600 integral comparison with both operands variable or
11601 "__sanitizer_cov_trace_const_cmp1",
11602 "__sanitizer_cov_trace_const_cmp2",
11603 "__sanitizer_cov_trace_const_cmp4" or
11604 "__sanitizer_cov_trace_const_cmp8" for integral comparison with one
11605 operand constant, "__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmpf" or
11606 "__sanitizer_cov_trace_cmpd" for float or double comparisons and
11607 "__sanitizer_cov_trace_switch" for switch statements.
11608 -fcf-protection=[full|branch|return|none]
11610 Enable code instrumentation of control-flow transfers to increase
11611 program security by checking that target addresses of control-flow
11612 transfer instructions (such as indirect function call, function
11613 return, indirect jump) are valid. This prevents diverting the flow
11614 of control to an unexpected target. This is intended to protect
11615 against such threats as Return-oriented Programming (ROP), and
11616 similarly call/jmp-oriented programming (COP/JOP).
11617 The value "branch" tells the compiler to implement checking of
11619 validity of control-flow transfer at the point of indirect branch
11620 instructions, i.e. call/jmp instructions. The value "return"
11621 implements checking of validity at the point of returning from a
11622 function. The value "full" is an alias for specifying both
11623 "branch" and "return". The value "none" turns off instrumentation.
11624 The macro "__CET__" is defined when -fcf-protection is used. The
11626 first bit of "__CET__" is set to 1 for the value "branch" and the
11627 second bit of "__CET__" is set to 1 for the "return".
11628 You can also use the "nocf_check" attribute to identify which
11630 functions and calls should be skipped from instrumentation.
11631 Currently the x86 GNU/Linux target provides an implementation based
11633 on Intel Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET).
11634 -fstack-protector
11636 Emit extra code to check for buffer overflows, such as stack
11637 smashing attacks. This is done by adding a guard variable to
11638 functions with vulnerable objects. This includes functions that
11639 call "alloca", and functions with buffers larger than or equal to 8
11640 bytes. The guards are initialized when a function is entered and
11641 then checked when the function exits. If a guard check fails, an
11642 error message is printed and the program exits. Only variables
11643 that are actually allocated on the stack are considered, optimized
11644 away variables or variables allocated in registers don't count.
11645 -fstack-protector-all
11647 Like -fstack-protector except that all functions are protected.
11648 -fstack-protector-strong
11650 Like -fstack-protector but includes additional functions to be
11651 protected --- those that have local array definitions, or have
11652 references to local frame addresses. Only variables that are
11653 actually allocated on the stack are considered, optimized away
11654 variables or variables allocated in registers don't count.
11655 -fstack-protector-explicit
11657 Like -fstack-protector but only protects those functions which have
11658 the "stack_protect" attribute.
11659 -fstack-check
11661 Generate code to verify that you do not go beyond the boundary of
11662 the stack. You should specify this flag if you are running in an
11663 environment with multiple threads, but you only rarely need to
11664 specify it in a single-threaded environment since stack overflow is
11665 automatically detected on nearly all systems if there is only one
11666 stack.
11667 Note that this switch does not actually cause checking to be done;
11669 the operating system or the language runtime must do that. The
11670 switch causes generation of code to ensure that they see the stack
11671 being extended.
11672 You can additionally specify a string parameter: no means no
11674 checking, generic means force the use of old-style checking,
11675 specific means use the best checking method and is equivalent to
11676 bare -fstack-check.
11677 Old-style checking is a generic mechanism that requires no specific
11679 target support in the compiler but comes with the following
11680 drawbacks:
11681 1. Modified allocation strategy for large objects: they are always
11683 allocated dynamically if their size exceeds a fixed threshold.
11684 Note this may change the semantics of some code.
11685 2. Fixed limit on the size of the static frame of functions: when
11687 it is topped by a particular function, stack checking is not
11688 reliable and a warning is issued by the compiler.
11689 3. Inefficiency: because of both the modified allocation strategy
11691 and the generic implementation, code performance is hampered.
11692 Note that old-style stack checking is also the fallback method for
11694 specific if no target support has been added in the compiler.
11695 -fstack-check= is designed for Ada's needs to detect infinite
11697 recursion and stack overflows. specific is an excellent choice
11698 when compiling Ada code. It is not generally sufficient to protect
11699 against stack-clash attacks. To protect against those you want
11700 -fstack-clash-protection.
11701 -fstack-clash-protection
11703 Generate code to prevent stack clash style attacks. When this
11704 option is enabled, the compiler will only allocate one page of
11705 stack space at a time and each page is accessed immediately after
11706 allocation. Thus, it prevents allocations from jumping over any
11707 stack guard page provided by the operating system.
11708 Most targets do not fully support stack clash protection. However,
11710 on those targets -fstack-clash-protection will protect dynamic
11711 stack allocations. -fstack-clash-protection may also provide
11712 limited protection for static stack allocations if the target
11713 supports -fstack-check=specific.
11714 -fstack-limit-register=reg
11716 -fstack-limit-symbol=sym
11717 -fno-stack-limit
11718 Generate code to ensure that the stack does not grow beyond a
11719 certain value, either the value of a register or the address of a
11720 symbol. If a larger stack is required, a signal is raised at run
11721 time. For most targets, the signal is raised before the stack
11722 overruns the boundary, so it is possible to catch the signal
11723 without taking special precautions.
11724 For instance, if the stack starts at absolute address 0x80000000
11726 and grows downwards, you can use the flags
11727 -fstack-limit-symbol=__stack_limit and
11728 -Wl,--defsym,__stack_limit=0x7ffe0000 to enforce a stack limit of
11729 128KB. Note that this may only work with the GNU linker.
11730 You can locally override stack limit checking by using the
11732 "no_stack_limit" function attribute.
11733 -fsplit-stack
11735 Generate code to automatically split the stack before it overflows.
11736 The resulting program has a discontiguous stack which can only
11737 overflow if the program is unable to allocate any more memory.
11738 This is most useful when running threaded programs, as it is no
11739 longer necessary to calculate a good stack size to use for each
11740 thread. This is currently only implemented for the x86 targets
11741 running GNU/Linux.
11742 When code compiled with -fsplit-stack calls code compiled without
11744 -fsplit-stack, there may not be much stack space available for the
11745 latter code to run. If compiling all code, including library code,
11746 with -fsplit-stack is not an option, then the linker can fix up
11747 these calls so that the code compiled without -fsplit-stack always
11748 has a large stack. Support for this is implemented in the gold
11749 linker in GNU binutils release 2.21 and later.
11750 -fvtable-verify=[std|preinit|none]
11752 This option is only available when compiling C++ code. It turns on
11753 (or off, if using -fvtable-verify=none) the security feature that
11754 verifies at run time, for every virtual call, that the vtable
11755 pointer through which the call is made is valid for the type of the
11756 object, and has not been corrupted or overwritten. If an invalid
11757 vtable pointer is detected at run time, an error is reported and
11758 execution of the program is immediately halted.
11759 This option causes run-time data structures to be built at program
11761 startup, which are used for verifying the vtable pointers. The
11762 options std and preinit control the timing of when these data
11763 structures are built. In both cases the data structures are built
11764 before execution reaches "main". Using -fvtable-verify=std causes
11765 the data structures to be built after shared libraries have been
11766 loaded and initialized. -fvtable-verify=preinit causes them to be
11767 built before shared libraries have been loaded and initialized.
11768 If this option appears multiple times in the command line with
11770 different values specified, none takes highest priority over both
11771 std and preinit; preinit takes priority over std.
11772 -fvtv-debug
11774 When used in conjunction with -fvtable-verify=std or
11775 -fvtable-verify=preinit, causes debug versions of the runtime
11776 functions for the vtable verification feature to be called. This
11777 flag also causes the compiler to log information about which vtable
11778 pointers it finds for each class. This information is written to a
11779 file named vtv_set_ptr_data.log in the directory named by the
11780 environment variable VTV_LOGS_DIR if that is defined or the current
11781 working directory otherwise.
11782 Note: This feature appends data to the log file. If you want a
11784 fresh log file, be sure to delete any existing one.
11785 -fvtv-counts
11787 This is a debugging flag. When used in conjunction with
11788 -fvtable-verify=std or -fvtable-verify=preinit, this causes the
11789 compiler to keep track of the total number of virtual calls it
11790 encounters and the number of verifications it inserts. It also
11791 counts the number of calls to certain run-time library functions
11792 that it inserts and logs this information for each compilation
11793 unit. The compiler writes this information to a file named
11794 vtv_count_data.log in the directory named by the environment
11795 variable VTV_LOGS_DIR if that is defined or the current working
11796 directory otherwise. It also counts the size of the vtable pointer
11797 sets for each class, and writes this information to
11798 vtv_class_set_sizes.log in the same directory.
11799 Note: This feature appends data to the log files. To get fresh
11801 log files, be sure to delete any existing ones.
11802 -finstrument-functions
11804 Generate instrumentation calls for entry and exit to functions.
11805 Just after function entry and just before function exit, the
11806 following profiling functions are called with the address of the
11807 current function and its call site. (On some platforms,
11808 "__builtin_return_address" does not work beyond the current
11809 function, so the call site information may not be available to the
11810 profiling functions otherwise.)
11811 void __cyg_profile_func_enter (void *this_fn,
11813 void *call_site);
11814 void __cyg_profile_func_exit (void *this_fn,
11815 void *call_site);
11816 The first argument is the address of the start of the current
11818 function, which may be looked up exactly in the symbol table.
11819 This instrumentation is also done for functions expanded inline in
11821 other functions. The profiling calls indicate where, conceptually,
11822 the inline function is entered and exited. This means that
11823 addressable versions of such functions must be available. If all
11824 your uses of a function are expanded inline, this may mean an
11825 additional expansion of code size. If you use "extern inline" in
11826 your C code, an addressable version of such functions must be
11827 provided. (This is normally the case anyway, but if you get lucky
11828 and the optimizer always expands the functions inline, you might
11829 have gotten away without providing static copies.)
11830 A function may be given the attribute "no_instrument_function", in
11832 which case this instrumentation is not done. This can be used, for
11833 example, for the profiling functions listed above, high-priority
11834 interrupt routines, and any functions from which the profiling
11835 functions cannot safely be called (perhaps signal handlers, if the
11836 profiling routines generate output or allocate memory).
11837 -finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list=file,file,...
11839 Set the list of functions that are excluded from instrumentation
11840 (see the description of -finstrument-functions). If the file that
11841 contains a function definition matches with one of file, then that
11842 function is not instrumented. The match is done on substrings: if
11843 the file parameter is a substring of the file name, it is
11844 considered to be a match.
11845 For example:
11847 -finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list=/bits/stl,include/sys
11849 excludes any inline function defined in files whose pathnames
11851 contain /bits/stl or include/sys.
11852 If, for some reason, you want to include letter , in one of sym,
11854 write ,. For example,
11855 -finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list=',,tmp' (note the single
11856 quote surrounding the option).
11857 -finstrument-functions-exclude-function-list=sym,sym,...
11859 This is similar to -finstrument-functions-exclude-file-list, but
11860 this option sets the list of function names to be excluded from
11861 instrumentation. The function name to be matched is its user-
11862 visible name, such as "vector<int> blah(const vector<int> &)", not
11863 the internal mangled name (e.g., "_Z4blahRSt6vectorIiSaIiEE"). The
11864 match is done on substrings: if the sym parameter is a substring of
11865 the function name, it is considered to be a match. For C99 and C++
11866 extended identifiers, the function name must be given in UTF-8, not
11867 using universal character names.
11868 -fpatchable-function-entry=N[,M]
11870 Generate N NOPs right at the beginning of each function, with the
11871 function entry point before the Mth NOP. If M is omitted, it
11872 defaults to 0 so the function entry points to the address just at
11873 the first NOP. The NOP instructions reserve extra space which can
11874 be used to patch in any desired instrumentation at run time,
11875 provided that the code segment is writable. The amount of space is
11876 controllable indirectly via the number of NOPs; the NOP instruction
11877 used corresponds to the instruction emitted by the internal GCC
11878 back-end interface "gen_nop". This behavior is target-specific and
11879 may also depend on the architecture variant and/or other
11880 compilation options.
11881 For run-time identification, the starting addresses of these areas,
11883 which correspond to their respective function entries minus M, are
11884 additionally collected in the "__patchable_function_entries"
11885 section of the resulting binary.
11886 Note that the value of "__attribute__ ((patchable_function_entry
11888 (N,M)))" takes precedence over command-line option
11889 -fpatchable-function-entry=N,M. This can be used to increase the
11890 area size or to remove it completely on a single function. If
11891 "N=0", no pad location is recorded.
11892 The NOP instructions are inserted at---and maybe before, depending
11894 on M---the function entry address, even before the prologue.
11895 Options Controlling the Preprocessor
11897 These options control the C preprocessor, which is run on each C source
11898 file before actual compilation.
11899 If you use the -E option, nothing is done except preprocessing. Some
11901 of these options make sense only together with -E because they cause
11902 the preprocessor output to be unsuitable for actual compilation.
11903 In addition to the options listed here, there are a number of options
11905 to control search paths for include files documented in Directory
11906 Options. Options to control preprocessor diagnostics are listed in
11907 Warning Options.
11908 -D name
11910 Predefine name as a macro, with definition 1.
11911 -D name=definition
11913 The contents of definition are tokenized and processed as if they
11914 appeared during translation phase three in a #define directive. In
11915 particular, the definition is truncated by embedded newline
11916 characters.
11917 If you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like
11919 program you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect
11920 characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax.
11921 If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line,
11923 write its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the
11924 equals sign (if any). Parentheses are meaningful to most shells,
11925 so you should quote the option. With sh and csh,
11926 -D'name(args...)=definition' works.
11927 -D and -U options are processed in the order they are given on the
11929 command line. All -imacros file and -include file options are
11930 processed after all -D and -U options.
11931 -U name
11933 Cancel any previous definition of name, either built in or provided
11934 with a -D option.
11935 -include file
11937 Process file as if "#include "file"" appeared as the first line of
11938 the primary source file. However, the first directory searched for
11939 file is the preprocessor's working directory instead of the
11940 directory containing the main source file. If not found there, it
11941 is searched for in the remainder of the "#include "..."" search
11942 chain as normal.
11943 If multiple -include options are given, the files are included in
11945 the order they appear on the command line.
11946 -imacros file
11948 Exactly like -include, except that any output produced by scanning
11949 file is thrown away. Macros it defines remain defined. This
11950 allows you to acquire all the macros from a header without also
11951 processing its declarations.
11952 All files specified by -imacros are processed before all files
11954 specified by -include.
11955 -undef
11957 Do not predefine any system-specific or GCC-specific macros. The
11958 standard predefined macros remain defined.
11959 -pthread
11961 Define additional macros required for using the POSIX threads
11962 library. You should use this option consistently for both
11963 compilation and linking. This option is supported on GNU/Linux
11964 targets, most other Unix derivatives, and also on x86 Cygwin and
11965 MinGW targets.
11966 -M Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a rule
11968 suitable for make describing the dependencies of the main source
11969 file. The preprocessor outputs one make rule containing the object
11970 file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of all the
11971 included files, including those coming from -include or -imacros
11972 command-line options.
11973 Unless specified explicitly (with -MT or -MQ), the object file name
11975 consists of the name of the source file with any suffix replaced
11976 with object file suffix and with any leading directory parts
11977 removed. If there are many included files then the rule is split
11978 into several lines using \-newline. The rule has no commands.
11979 This option does not suppress the preprocessor's debug output, such
11981 as -dM. To avoid mixing such debug output with the dependency
11982 rules you should explicitly specify the dependency output file with
11983 -MF, or use an environment variable like DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT.
11984 Debug output is still sent to the regular output stream as normal.
11985 Passing -M to the driver implies -E, and suppresses warnings with
11987 an implicit -w.
11988 -MM Like -M but do not mention header files that are found in system
11990 header directories, nor header files that are included, directly or
11991 indirectly, from such a header.
11992 This implies that the choice of angle brackets or double quotes in
11994 an #include directive does not in itself determine whether that
11995 header appears in -MM dependency output.
11996 -MF file
11998 When used with -M or -MM, specifies a file to write the
11999 dependencies to. If no -MF switch is given the preprocessor sends
12000 the rules to the same place it would send preprocessed output.
12001 When used with the driver options -MD or -MMD, -MF overrides the
12003 default dependency output file.
12004 If file is -, then the dependencies are written to stdout.
12006 -MG In conjunction with an option such as -M requesting dependency
12008 generation, -MG assumes missing header files are generated files
12009 and adds them to the dependency list without raising an error. The
12010 dependency filename is taken directly from the "#include" directive
12011 without prepending any path. -MG also suppresses preprocessed
12012 output, as a missing header file renders this useless.
12013 This feature is used in automatic updating of makefiles.
12015 -MP This option instructs CPP to add a phony target for each dependency
12017 other than the main file, causing each to depend on nothing. These
12018 dummy rules work around errors make gives if you remove header
12019 files without updating the Makefile to match.
12020 This is typical output:
12022 test.o: test.c test.h
12024 test.h:
12026 -MT target
12028 Change the target of the rule emitted by dependency generation. By
12029 default CPP takes the name of the main input file, deletes any
12030 directory components and any file suffix such as .c, and appends
12031 the platform's usual object suffix. The result is the target.
12032 An -MT option sets the target to be exactly the string you specify.
12034 If you want multiple targets, you can specify them as a single
12035 argument to -MT, or use multiple -MT options.
12036 For example, -MT '$(objpfx)foo.o' might give
12038 $(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c
12040 -MQ target
12042 Same as -MT, but it quotes any characters which are special to
12043 Make. -MQ '$(objpfx)foo.o' gives
12044 $$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c
12046 The default target is automatically quoted, as if it were given
12048 with -MQ.
12049 -MD -MD is equivalent to -M -MF file, except that -E is not implied.
12051 The driver determines file based on whether an -o option is given.
12052 If it is, the driver uses its argument but with a suffix of .d,
12053 otherwise it takes the name of the input file, removes any
12054 directory components and suffix, and applies a .d suffix.
12055 If -MD is used in conjunction with -E, any -o switch is understood
12057 to specify the dependency output file, but if used without -E, each
12058 -o is understood to specify a target object file.
12059 Since -E is not implied, -MD can be used to generate a dependency
12061 output file as a side effect of the compilation process.
12062 -MMD
12064 Like -MD except mention only user header files, not system header
12065 files.
12066 -fpreprocessed
12068 Indicate to the preprocessor that the input file has already been
12069 preprocessed. This suppresses things like macro expansion,
12070 trigraph conversion, escaped newline splicing, and processing of
12071 most directives. The preprocessor still recognizes and removes
12072 comments, so that you can pass a file preprocessed with -C to the
12073 compiler without problems. In this mode the integrated
12074 preprocessor is little more than a tokenizer for the front ends.
12075 -fpreprocessed is implicit if the input file has one of the
12077 extensions .i, .ii or .mi. These are the extensions that GCC uses
12078 for preprocessed files created by -save-temps.
12079 -fdirectives-only
12081 When preprocessing, handle directives, but do not expand macros.
12082 The option's behavior depends on the -E and -fpreprocessed options.
12084 With -E, preprocessing is limited to the handling of directives
12086 such as "#define", "#ifdef", and "#error". Other preprocessor
12087 operations, such as macro expansion and trigraph conversion are not
12088 performed. In addition, the -dD option is implicitly enabled.
12089 With -fpreprocessed, predefinition of command line and most builtin
12091 macros is disabled. Macros such as "__LINE__", which are
12092 contextually dependent, are handled normally. This enables
12093 compilation of files previously preprocessed with "-E
12094 -fdirectives-only".
12095 With both -E and -fpreprocessed, the rules for -fpreprocessed take
12097 precedence. This enables full preprocessing of files previously
12098 preprocessed with "-E -fdirectives-only".
12099 -fdollars-in-identifiers
12101 Accept $ in identifiers.
12102 -fextended-identifiers
12104 Accept universal character names and extended characters in
12105 identifiers. This option is enabled by default for C99 (and later
12106 C standard versions) and C++.
12107 -fno-canonical-system-headers
12109 When preprocessing, do not shorten system header paths with
12110 canonicalization.
12111 -fmax-include-depth=depth
12113 Set the maximum depth of the nested #include. The default is 200.
12114 -ftabstop=width
12116 Set the distance between tab stops. This helps the preprocessor
12117 report correct column numbers in warnings or errors, even if tabs
12118 appear on the line. If the value is less than 1 or greater than
12119 100, the option is ignored. The default is 8.
12120 -ftrack-macro-expansion[=level]
12122 Track locations of tokens across macro expansions. This allows the
12123 compiler to emit diagnostic about the current macro expansion stack
12124 when a compilation error occurs in a macro expansion. Using this
12125 option makes the preprocessor and the compiler consume more memory.
12126 The level parameter can be used to choose the level of precision of
12127 token location tracking thus decreasing the memory consumption if
12128 necessary. Value 0 of level de-activates this option. Value 1
12129 tracks tokens locations in a degraded mode for the sake of minimal
12130 memory overhead. In this mode all tokens resulting from the
12131 expansion of an argument of a function-like macro have the same
12132 location. Value 2 tracks tokens locations completely. This value is
12133 the most memory hungry. When this option is given no argument, the
12134 default parameter value is 2.
12135 Note that "-ftrack-macro-expansion=2" is activated by default.
12137 -fmacro-prefix-map=old=new
12139 When preprocessing files residing in directory old, expand the
12140 "__FILE__" and "__BASE_FILE__" macros as if the files resided in
12141 directory new instead. This can be used to change an absolute path
12142 to a relative path by using . for new which can result in more
12143 reproducible builds that are location independent. This option
12144 also affects "__builtin_FILE()" during compilation. See also
12145 -ffile-prefix-map.
12146 -fexec-charset=charset
12148 Set the execution character set, used for string and character
12149 constants. The default is UTF-8. charset can be any encoding
12150 supported by the system's "iconv" library routine.
12151 -fwide-exec-charset=charset
12153 Set the wide execution character set, used for wide string and
12154 character constants. The default is UTF-32 or UTF-16, whichever
12155 corresponds to the width of "wchar_t". As with -fexec-charset,
12156 charset can be any encoding supported by the system's "iconv"
12157 library routine; however, you will have problems with encodings
12158 that do not fit exactly in "wchar_t".
12159 -finput-charset=charset
12161 Set the input character set, used for translation from the
12162 character set of the input file to the source character set used by
12163 GCC. If the locale does not specify, or GCC cannot get this
12164 information from the locale, the default is UTF-8. This can be
12165 overridden by either the locale or this command-line option.
12166 Currently the command-line option takes precedence if there's a
12167 conflict. charset can be any encoding supported by the system's
12168 "iconv" library routine.
12169 -fpch-deps
12171 When using precompiled headers, this flag causes the dependency-
12172 output flags to also list the files from the precompiled header's
12173 dependencies. If not specified, only the precompiled header are
12174 listed and not the files that were used to create it, because those
12175 files are not consulted when a precompiled header is used.
12176 -fpch-preprocess
12178 This option allows use of a precompiled header together with -E.
12179 It inserts a special "#pragma", "#pragma GCC pch_preprocess
12180 "filename"" in the output to mark the place where the precompiled
12181 header was found, and its filename. When -fpreprocessed is in use,
12182 GCC recognizes this "#pragma" and loads the PCH.
12183 This option is off by default, because the resulting preprocessed
12185 output is only really suitable as input to GCC. It is switched on
12186 by -save-temps.
12187 You should not write this "#pragma" in your own code, but it is
12189 safe to edit the filename if the PCH file is available in a
12190 different location. The filename may be absolute or it may be
12191 relative to GCC's current directory.
12192 -fworking-directory
12194 Enable generation of linemarkers in the preprocessor output that
12195 let the compiler know the current working directory at the time of
12196 preprocessing. When this option is enabled, the preprocessor
12197 emits, after the initial linemarker, a second linemarker with the
12198 current working directory followed by two slashes. GCC uses this
12199 directory, when it's present in the preprocessed input, as the
12200 directory emitted as the current working directory in some
12201 debugging information formats. This option is implicitly enabled
12202 if debugging information is enabled, but this can be inhibited with
12203 the negated form -fno-working-directory. If the -P flag is present
12204 in the command line, this option has no effect, since no "#line"
12205 directives are emitted whatsoever.
12206 -A predicate=answer
12208 Make an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer.
12209 This form is preferred to the older form -A predicate(answer),
12210 which is still supported, because it does not use shell special
12211 characters.
12212 -A -predicate=answer
12214 Cancel an assertion with the predicate predicate and answer answer.
12215 -C Do not discard comments. All comments are passed through to the
12217 output file, except for comments in processed directives, which are
12218 deleted along with the directive.
12219 You should be prepared for side effects when using -C; it causes
12221 the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right.
12222 For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a
12223 directive line have the effect of turning that line into an
12224 ordinary source line, since the first token on the line is no
12225 longer a #.
12226 -CC Do not discard comments, including during macro expansion. This is
12228 like -C, except that comments contained within macros are also
12229 passed through to the output file where the macro is expanded.
12230 In addition to the side effects of the -C option, the -CC option
12232 causes all C++-style comments inside a macro to be converted to
12233 C-style comments. This is to prevent later use of that macro from
12234 inadvertently commenting out the remainder of the source line.
12235 The -CC option is generally used to support lint comments.
12237 -P Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the
12239 preprocessor. This might be useful when running the preprocessor
12240 on something that is not C code, and will be sent to a program
12241 which might be confused by the linemarkers.
12242 -traditional
12244 -traditional-cpp
12245 Try to imitate the behavior of pre-standard C preprocessors, as
12246 opposed to ISO C preprocessors. See the GNU CPP manual for
12247 details.
12248 Note that GCC does not otherwise attempt to emulate a pre-standard
12250 C compiler, and these options are only supported with the -E
12251 switch, or when invoking CPP explicitly.
12252 -trigraphs
12254 Support ISO C trigraphs. These are three-character sequences, all
12255 starting with ??, that are defined by ISO C to stand for single
12256 characters. For example, ??/ stands for \, so '??/n' is a
12257 character constant for a newline.
12258 The nine trigraphs and their replacements are
12260 Trigraph: ??( ??) ??< ??> ??= ??/ ??' ??! ??-
12262 Replacement: [ ] { } # \ ^ | ~
12263 By default, GCC ignores trigraphs, but in standard-conforming modes
12265 it converts them. See the -std and -ansi options.
12266 -remap
12268 Enable special code to work around file systems which only permit
12269 very short file names, such as MS-DOS.
12270 -H Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other
12272 normal activities. Each name is indented to show how deep in the
12273 #include stack it is. Precompiled header files are also printed,
12274 even if they are found to be invalid; an invalid precompiled header
12275 file is printed with ...x and a valid one with ...! .
12276 -dletters
12278 Says to make debugging dumps during compilation as specified by
12279 letters. The flags documented here are those relevant to the
12280 preprocessor. Other letters are interpreted by the compiler
12281 proper, or reserved for future versions of GCC, and so are silently
12282 ignored. If you specify letters whose behavior conflicts, the
12283 result is undefined.
12284 -dM Instead of the normal output, generate a list of #define
12286 directives for all the macros defined during the execution of
12287 the preprocessor, including predefined macros. This gives you
12288 a way of finding out what is predefined in your version of the
12289 preprocessor. Assuming you have no file foo.h, the command
12290 touch foo.h; cpp -dM foo.h
12292 shows all the predefined macros.
12294 If you use -dM without the -E option, -dM is interpreted as a
12296 synonym for -fdump-rtl-mach.
12297 -dD Like -dM except in two respects: it does not include the
12299 predefined macros, and it outputs both the #define directives
12300 and the result of preprocessing. Both kinds of output go to
12301 the standard output file.
12302 -dN Like -dD, but emit only the macro names, not their expansions.
12304 -dI Output #include directives in addition to the result of
12306 preprocessing.
12307 -dU Like -dD except that only macros that are expanded, or whose
12309 definedness is tested in preprocessor directives, are output;
12310 the output is delayed until the use or test of the macro; and
12311 #undef directives are also output for macros tested but
12312 undefined at the time.
12313 -fdebug-cpp
12315 This option is only useful for debugging GCC. When used from CPP
12316 or with -E, it dumps debugging information about location maps.
12317 Every token in the output is preceded by the dump of the map its
12318 location belongs to.
12319 When used from GCC without -E, this option has no effect.
12321 -Wp,option
12323 You can use -Wp,option to bypass the compiler driver and pass
12324 option directly through to the preprocessor. If option contains
12325 commas, it is split into multiple options at the commas. However,
12326 many options are modified, translated or interpreted by the
12327 compiler driver before being passed to the preprocessor, and -Wp
12328 forcibly bypasses this phase. The preprocessor's direct interface
12329 is undocumented and subject to change, so whenever possible you
12330 should avoid using -Wp and let the driver handle the options
12331 instead.
12332 -Xpreprocessor option
12334 Pass option as an option to the preprocessor. You can use this to
12335 supply system-specific preprocessor options that GCC does not
12336 recognize.
12337 If you want to pass an option that takes an argument, you must use
12339 -Xpreprocessor twice, once for the option and once for the
12340 argument.
12341 -no-integrated-cpp
12343 Perform preprocessing as a separate pass before compilation. By
12344 default, GCC performs preprocessing as an integrated part of input
12345 tokenization and parsing. If this option is provided, the
12346 appropriate language front end (cc1, cc1plus, or cc1obj for C, C++,
12347 and Objective-C, respectively) is instead invoked twice, once for
12348 preprocessing only and once for actual compilation of the
12349 preprocessed input. This option may be useful in conjunction with
12350 the -B or -wrapper options to specify an alternate preprocessor or
12351 perform additional processing of the program source between normal
12352 preprocessing and compilation.
12353 Passing Options to the Assembler
12355 You can pass options to the assembler.
12356 -Wa,option
12358 Pass option as an option to the assembler. If option contains
12359 commas, it is split into multiple options at the commas.
12360 -Xassembler option
12362 Pass option as an option to the assembler. You can use this to
12363 supply system-specific assembler options that GCC does not
12364 recognize.
12365 If you want to pass an option that takes an argument, you must use
12367 -Xassembler twice, once for the option and once for the argument.
12368 Options for Linking
12370 These options come into play when the compiler links object files into
12371 an executable output file. They are meaningless if the compiler is not
12372 doing a link step.
12373 object-file-name
12375 A file name that does not end in a special recognized suffix is
12376 considered to name an object file or library. (Object files are
12377 distinguished from libraries by the linker according to the file
12378 contents.) If linking is done, these object files are used as
12379 input to the linker.
12380 -c
12382 -S
12383 -E If any of these options is used, then the linker is not run, and
12384 object file names should not be used as arguments.
12385 -flinker-output=type
12387 This option controls code generation of the link-time optimizer.
12388 By default the linker output is automatically determined by the
12389 linker plugin. For debugging the compiler and if incremental
12390 linking with a non-LTO object file is desired, it may be useful to
12391 control the type manually.
12392 If type is exec, code generation produces a static binary. In this
12394 case -fpic and -fpie are both disabled.
12395 If type is dyn, code generation produces a shared library. In this
12397 case -fpic or -fPIC is preserved, but not enabled automatically.
12398 This allows to build shared libraries without position-independent
12399 code on architectures where this is possible, i.e. on x86.
12400 If type is pie, code generation produces an -fpie executable. This
12402 results in similar optimizations as exec except that -fpie is not
12403 disabled if specified at compilation time.
12404 If type is rel, the compiler assumes that incremental linking is
12406 done. The sections containing intermediate code for link-time
12407 optimization are merged, pre-optimized, and output to the resulting
12408 object file. In addition, if -ffat-lto-objects is specified, binary
12409 code is produced for future non-LTO linking. The object file
12410 produced by incremental linking is smaller than a static library
12411 produced from the same object files. At link time the result of
12412 incremental linking also loads faster than a static library
12413 assuming that the majority of objects in the library are used.
12414 Finally nolto-rel configures the compiler for incremental linking
12416 where code generation is forced, a final binary is produced, and
12417 the intermediate code for later link-time optimization is stripped.
12418 When multiple object files are linked together the resulting code
12419 is better optimized than with link-time optimizations disabled (for
12420 example, cross-module inlining happens), but most of benefits of
12421 whole program optimizations are lost.
12422 During the incremental link (by -r) the linker plugin defaults to
12424 rel. With current interfaces to GNU Binutils it is however not
12425 possible to incrementally link LTO objects and non-LTO objects into
12426 a single mixed object file. If any of object files in incremental
12427 link cannot be used for link-time optimization, the linker plugin
12428 issues a warning and uses nolto-rel. To maintain whole program
12429 optimization, it is recommended to link such objects into static
12430 library instead. Alternatively it is possible to use H.J. Lu's
12431 binutils with support for mixed objects.
12432 -fuse-ld=bfd
12434 Use the bfd linker instead of the default linker.
12435 -fuse-ld=gold
12437 Use the gold linker instead of the default linker.
12438 -fuse-ld=lld
12440 Use the LLVM lld linker instead of the default linker.
12441 -llibrary
12443 -l library
12444 Search the library named library when linking. (The second
12445 alternative with the library as a separate argument is only for
12446 POSIX compliance and is not recommended.)
12447 The -l option is passed directly to the linker by GCC. Refer to
12449 your linker documentation for exact details. The general
12450 description below applies to the GNU linker.
12451 The linker searches a standard list of directories for the library.
12453 The directories searched include several standard system
12454 directories plus any that you specify with -L.
12455 Static libraries are archives of object files, and have file names
12457 like liblibrary.a. Some targets also support shared libraries,
12458 which typically have names like liblibrary.so. If both static and
12459 shared libraries are found, the linker gives preference to linking
12460 with the shared library unless the -static option is used.
12461 It makes a difference where in the command you write this option;
12463 the linker searches and processes libraries and object files in the
12464 order they are specified. Thus, foo.o -lz bar.o searches library z
12465 after file foo.o but before bar.o. If bar.o refers to functions in
12466 z, those functions may not be loaded.
12467 -lobjc
12469 You need this special case of the -l option in order to link an
12470 Objective-C or Objective-C++ program.
12471 -nostartfiles
12473 Do not use the standard system startup files when linking. The
12474 standard system libraries are used normally, unless -nostdlib,
12475 -nolibc, or -nodefaultlibs is used.
12476 -nodefaultlibs
12478 Do not use the standard system libraries when linking. Only the
12479 libraries you specify are passed to the linker, and options
12480 specifying linkage of the system libraries, such as -static-libgcc
12481 or -shared-libgcc, are ignored. The standard startup files are
12482 used normally, unless -nostartfiles is used.
12483 The compiler may generate calls to "memcmp", "memset", "memcpy" and
12485 "memmove". These entries are usually resolved by entries in libc.
12486 These entry points should be supplied through some other mechanism
12487 when this option is specified.
12488 -nolibc
12490 Do not use the C library or system libraries tightly coupled with
12491 it when linking. Still link with the startup files, libgcc or
12492 toolchain provided language support libraries such as libgnat,
12493 libgfortran or libstdc++ unless options preventing their inclusion
12494 are used as well. This typically removes -lc from the link command
12495 line, as well as system libraries that normally go with it and
12496 become meaningless when absence of a C library is assumed, for
12497 example -lpthread or -lm in some configurations. This is intended
12498 for bare-board targets when there is indeed no C library available.
12499 -nostdlib
12501 Do not use the standard system startup files or libraries when
12502 linking. No startup files and only the libraries you specify are
12503 passed to the linker, and options specifying linkage of the system
12504 libraries, such as -static-libgcc or -shared-libgcc, are ignored.
12505 The compiler may generate calls to "memcmp", "memset", "memcpy" and
12507 "memmove". These entries are usually resolved by entries in libc.
12508 These entry points should be supplied through some other mechanism
12509 when this option is specified.
12510 One of the standard libraries bypassed by -nostdlib and
12512 -nodefaultlibs is libgcc.a, a library of internal subroutines which
12513 GCC uses to overcome shortcomings of particular machines, or
12514 special needs for some languages.
12515 In most cases, you need libgcc.a even when you want to avoid other
12517 standard libraries. In other words, when you specify -nostdlib or
12518 -nodefaultlibs you should usually specify -lgcc as well. This
12519 ensures that you have no unresolved references to internal GCC
12520 library subroutines. (An example of such an internal subroutine is
12521 "__main", used to ensure C++ constructors are called.)
12522 -e entry
12524 --entry=entry
12525 Specify that the program entry point is entry. The argument is
12526 interpreted by the linker; the GNU linker accepts either a symbol
12527 name or an address.
12528 -pie
12530 Produce a dynamically linked position independent executable on
12531 targets that support it. For predictable results, you must also
12532 specify the same set of options used for compilation (-fpie, -fPIE,
12533 or model suboptions) when you specify this linker option.
12534 -no-pie
12536 Don't produce a dynamically linked position independent executable.
12537 -static-pie
12539 Produce a static position independent executable on targets that
12540 support it. A static position independent executable is similar to
12541 a static executable, but can be loaded at any address without a
12542 dynamic linker. For predictable results, you must also specify the
12543 same set of options used for compilation (-fpie, -fPIE, or model
12544 suboptions) when you specify this linker option.
12545 -pthread
12547 Link with the POSIX threads library. This option is supported on
12548 GNU/Linux targets, most other Unix derivatives, and also on x86
12549 Cygwin and MinGW targets. On some targets this option also sets
12550 flags for the preprocessor, so it should be used consistently for
12551 both compilation and linking.
12552 -r Produce a relocatable object as output. This is also known as
12554 partial linking.
12555 -rdynamic
12557 Pass the flag -export-dynamic to the ELF linker, on targets that
12558 support it. This instructs the linker to add all symbols, not only
12559 used ones, to the dynamic symbol table. This option is needed for
12560 some uses of "dlopen" or to allow obtaining backtraces from within
12561 a program.
12562 -s Remove all symbol table and relocation information from the
12564 executable.
12565 -static
12567 On systems that support dynamic linking, this overrides -pie and
12568 prevents linking with the shared libraries. On other systems, this
12569 option has no effect.
12570 -shared
12572 Produce a shared object which can then be linked with other objects
12573 to form an executable. Not all systems support this option. For
12574 predictable results, you must also specify the same set of options
12575 used for compilation (-fpic, -fPIC, or model suboptions) when you
12576 specify this linker option.[1]
12577 -shared-libgcc
12579 -static-libgcc
12580 On systems that provide libgcc as a shared library, these options
12581 force the use of either the shared or static version, respectively.
12582 If no shared version of libgcc was built when the compiler was
12583 configured, these options have no effect.
12584 There are several situations in which an application should use the
12586 shared libgcc instead of the static version. The most common of
12587 these is when the application wishes to throw and catch exceptions
12588 across different shared libraries. In that case, each of the
12589 libraries as well as the application itself should use the shared
12590 libgcc.
12591 Therefore, the G++ driver automatically adds -shared-libgcc
12593 whenever you build a shared library or a main executable, because
12594 C++ programs typically use exceptions, so this is the right thing
12595 to do.
12596 If, instead, you use the GCC driver to create shared libraries, you
12598 may find that they are not always linked with the shared libgcc.
12599 If GCC finds, at its configuration time, that you have a non-GNU
12600 linker or a GNU linker that does not support option --eh-frame-hdr,
12601 it links the shared version of libgcc into shared libraries by
12602 default. Otherwise, it takes advantage of the linker and optimizes
12603 away the linking with the shared version of libgcc, linking with
12604 the static version of libgcc by default. This allows exceptions to
12605 propagate through such shared libraries, without incurring
12606 relocation costs at library load time.
12607 However, if a library or main executable is supposed to throw or
12609 catch exceptions, you must link it using the G++ driver, or using
12610 the option -shared-libgcc, such that it is linked with the shared
12611 libgcc.
12612 -static-libasan
12614 When the -fsanitize=address option is used to link a program, the
12615 GCC driver automatically links against libasan. If libasan is
12616 available as a shared library, and the -static option is not used,
12617 then this links against the shared version of libasan. The
12618 -static-libasan option directs the GCC driver to link libasan
12619 statically, without necessarily linking other libraries statically.
12620 -static-libtsan
12622 When the -fsanitize=thread option is used to link a program, the
12623 GCC driver automatically links against libtsan. If libtsan is
12624 available as a shared library, and the -static option is not used,
12625 then this links against the shared version of libtsan. The
12626 -static-libtsan option directs the GCC driver to link libtsan
12627 statically, without necessarily linking other libraries statically.
12628 -static-liblsan
12630 When the -fsanitize=leak option is used to link a program, the GCC
12631 driver automatically links against liblsan. If liblsan is
12632 available as a shared library, and the -static option is not used,
12633 then this links against the shared version of liblsan. The
12634 -static-liblsan option directs the GCC driver to link liblsan
12635 statically, without necessarily linking other libraries statically.
12636 -static-libubsan
12638 When the -fsanitize=undefined option is used to link a program, the
12639 GCC driver automatically links against libubsan. If libubsan is
12640 available as a shared library, and the -static option is not used,
12641 then this links against the shared version of libubsan. The
12642 -static-libubsan option directs the GCC driver to link libubsan
12643 statically, without necessarily linking other libraries statically.
12644 -static-libstdc++
12646 When the g++ program is used to link a C++ program, it normally
12647 automatically links against libstdc++. If libstdc++ is available
12648 as a shared library, and the -static option is not used, then this
12649 links against the shared version of libstdc++. That is normally
12650 fine. However, it is sometimes useful to freeze the version of
12651 libstdc++ used by the program without going all the way to a fully
12652 static link. The -static-libstdc++ option directs the g++ driver
12653 to link libstdc++ statically, without necessarily linking other
12654 libraries statically.
12655 -symbolic
12657 Bind references to global symbols when building a shared object.
12658 Warn about any unresolved references (unless overridden by the link
12659 editor option -Xlinker -z -Xlinker defs). Only a few systems
12660 support this option.
12661 -T script
12663 Use script as the linker script. This option is supported by most
12664 systems using the GNU linker. On some targets, such as bare-board
12665 targets without an operating system, the -T option may be required
12666 when linking to avoid references to undefined symbols.
12667 -Xlinker option
12669 Pass option as an option to the linker. You can use this to supply
12670 system-specific linker options that GCC does not recognize.
12671 If you want to pass an option that takes a separate argument, you
12673 must use -Xlinker twice, once for the option and once for the
12674 argument. For example, to pass -assert definitions, you must write
12675 -Xlinker -assert -Xlinker definitions. It does not work to write
12676 -Xlinker "-assert definitions", because this passes the entire
12677 string as a single argument, which is not what the linker expects.
12678 When using the GNU linker, it is usually more convenient to pass
12680 arguments to linker options using the option=value syntax than as
12681 separate arguments. For example, you can specify -Xlinker
12682 -Map=output.map rather than -Xlinker -Map -Xlinker output.map.
12683 Other linkers may not support this syntax for command-line options.
12684 -Wl,option
12686 Pass option as an option to the linker. If option contains commas,
12687 it is split into multiple options at the commas. You can use this
12688 syntax to pass an argument to the option. For example,
12689 -Wl,-Map,output.map passes -Map output.map to the linker. When
12690 using the GNU linker, you can also get the same effect with
12691 -Wl,-Map=output.map.
12692 -u symbol
12694 Pretend the symbol symbol is undefined, to force linking of library
12695 modules to define it. You can use -u multiple times with different
12696 symbols to force loading of additional library modules.
12697 -z keyword
12699 -z is passed directly on to the linker along with the keyword
12700 keyword. See the section in the documentation of your linker for
12701 permitted values and their meanings.
12702 Options for Directory Search
12704 These options specify directories to search for header files, for
12705 libraries and for parts of the compiler:
12706 -I dir
12708 -iquote dir
12709 -isystem dir
12710 -idirafter dir
12711 Add the directory dir to the list of directories to be searched for
12712 header files during preprocessing. If dir begins with = or
12713 $SYSROOT, then the = or $SYSROOT is replaced by the sysroot prefix;
12714 see --sysroot and -isysroot.
12715 Directories specified with -iquote apply only to the quote form of
12717 the directive, "#include "file"". Directories specified with -I,
12718 -isystem, or -idirafter apply to lookup for both the
12719 "#include "file"" and "#include <file>" directives.
12720 You can specify any number or combination of these options on the
12722 command line to search for header files in several directories.
12723 The lookup order is as follows:
12724 1. For the quote form of the include directive, the directory of
12726 the current file is searched first.
12727 2. For the quote form of the include directive, the directories
12729 specified by -iquote options are searched in left-to-right
12730 order, as they appear on the command line.
12731 3. Directories specified with -I options are scanned in left-to-
12733 right order.
12734 4. Directories specified with -isystem options are scanned in
12736 left-to-right order.
12737 5. Standard system directories are scanned.
12739 6. Directories specified with -idirafter options are scanned in
12741 left-to-right order.
12742 You can use -I to override a system header file, substituting your
12744 own version, since these directories are searched before the
12745 standard system header file directories. However, you should not
12746 use this option to add directories that contain vendor-supplied
12747 system header files; use -isystem for that.
12748 The -isystem and -idirafter options also mark the directory as a
12750 system directory, so that it gets the same special treatment that
12751 is applied to the standard system directories.
12752 If a standard system include directory, or a directory specified
12754 with -isystem, is also specified with -I, the -I option is ignored.
12755 The directory is still searched but as a system directory at its
12756 normal position in the system include chain. This is to ensure
12757 that GCC's procedure to fix buggy system headers and the ordering
12758 for the "#include_next" directive are not inadvertently changed.
12759 If you really need to change the search order for system
12760 directories, use the -nostdinc and/or -isystem options.
12761 -I- Split the include path. This option has been deprecated. Please
12763 use -iquote instead for -I directories before the -I- and remove
12764 the -I- option.
12765 Any directories specified with -I options before -I- are searched
12767 only for headers requested with "#include "file""; they are not
12768 searched for "#include <file>". If additional directories are
12769 specified with -I options after the -I-, those directories are
12770 searched for all #include directives.
12771 In addition, -I- inhibits the use of the directory of the current
12773 file directory as the first search directory for "#include "file"".
12774 There is no way to override this effect of -I-.
12775 -iprefix prefix
12777 Specify prefix as the prefix for subsequent -iwithprefix options.
12778 If the prefix represents a directory, you should include the final
12779 /.
12780 -iwithprefix dir
12782 -iwithprefixbefore dir
12783 Append dir to the prefix specified previously with -iprefix, and
12784 add the resulting directory to the include search path.
12785 -iwithprefixbefore puts it in the same place -I would; -iwithprefix
12786 puts it where -idirafter would.
12787 -isysroot dir
12789 This option is like the --sysroot option, but applies only to
12790 header files (except for Darwin targets, where it applies to both
12791 header files and libraries). See the --sysroot option for more
12792 information.
12793 -imultilib dir
12795 Use dir as a subdirectory of the directory containing target-
12796 specific C++ headers.
12797 -nostdinc
12799 Do not search the standard system directories for header files.
12800 Only the directories explicitly specified with -I, -iquote,
12801 -isystem, and/or -idirafter options (and the directory of the
12802 current file, if appropriate) are searched.
12803 -nostdinc++
12805 Do not search for header files in the C++-specific standard
12806 directories, but do still search the other standard directories.
12807 (This option is used when building the C++ library.)
12808 -iplugindir=dir
12810 Set the directory to search for plugins that are passed by
12811 -fplugin=name instead of -fplugin=path/name.so. This option is not
12812 meant to be used by the user, but only passed by the driver.
12813 -Ldir
12815 Add directory dir to the list of directories to be searched for -l.
12816 -Bprefix
12818 This option specifies where to find the executables, libraries,
12819 include files, and data files of the compiler itself.
12820 The compiler driver program runs one or more of the subprograms
12822 cpp, cc1, as and ld. It tries prefix as a prefix for each program
12823 it tries to run, both with and without machine/version/ for the
12824 corresponding target machine and compiler version.
12825 For each subprogram to be run, the compiler driver first tries the
12827 -B prefix, if any. If that name is not found, or if -B is not
12828 specified, the driver tries two standard prefixes, /usr/lib/gcc/
12829 and /usr/local/lib/gcc/. If neither of those results in a file
12830 name that is found, the unmodified program name is searched for
12831 using the directories specified in your PATH environment variable.
12832 The compiler checks to see if the path provided by -B refers to a
12834 directory, and if necessary it adds a directory separator character
12835 at the end of the path.
12836 -B prefixes that effectively specify directory names also apply to
12838 libraries in the linker, because the compiler translates these
12839 options into -L options for the linker. They also apply to include
12840 files in the preprocessor, because the compiler translates these
12841 options into -isystem options for the preprocessor. In this case,
12842 the compiler appends include to the prefix.
12843 The runtime support file libgcc.a can also be searched for using
12845 the -B prefix, if needed. If it is not found there, the two
12846 standard prefixes above are tried, and that is all. The file is
12847 left out of the link if it is not found by those means.
12848 Another way to specify a prefix much like the -B prefix is to use
12850 the environment variable GCC_EXEC_PREFIX.
12851 As a special kludge, if the path provided by -B is [dir/]stageN/,
12853 where N is a number in the range 0 to 9, then it is replaced by
12854 [dir/]include. This is to help with boot-strapping the compiler.
12855 -no-canonical-prefixes
12857 Do not expand any symbolic links, resolve references to /../ or
12858 /./, or make the path absolute when generating a relative prefix.
12859 --sysroot=dir
12861 Use dir as the logical root directory for headers and libraries.
12862 For example, if the compiler normally searches for headers in
12863 /usr/include and libraries in /usr/lib, it instead searches
12864 dir/usr/include and dir/usr/lib.
12865 If you use both this option and the -isysroot option, then the
12867 --sysroot option applies to libraries, but the -isysroot option
12868 applies to header files.
12869 The GNU linker (beginning with version 2.16) has the necessary
12871 support for this option. If your linker does not support this
12872 option, the header file aspect of --sysroot still works, but the
12873 library aspect does not.
12874 --no-sysroot-suffix
12876 For some targets, a suffix is added to the root directory specified
12877 with --sysroot, depending on the other options used, so that
12878 headers may for example be found in dir/suffix/usr/include instead
12879 of dir/usr/include. This option disables the addition of such a
12880 suffix.
12881 Options for Code Generation Conventions
12883 These machine-independent options control the interface conventions
12884 used in code generation.
12885 Most of them have both positive and negative forms; the negative form
12887 of -ffoo is -fno-foo. In the table below, only one of the forms is
12888 listed---the one that is not the default. You can figure out the other
12889 form by either removing no- or adding it.
12890 -fstack-reuse=reuse-level
12892 This option controls stack space reuse for user declared local/auto
12893 variables and compiler generated temporaries. reuse_level can be
12894 all, named_vars, or none. all enables stack reuse for all local
12895 variables and temporaries, named_vars enables the reuse only for
12896 user defined local variables with names, and none disables stack
12897 reuse completely. The default value is all. The option is needed
12898 when the program extends the lifetime of a scoped local variable or
12899 a compiler generated temporary beyond the end point defined by the
12900 language. When a lifetime of a variable ends, and if the variable
12901 lives in memory, the optimizing compiler has the freedom to reuse
12902 its stack space with other temporaries or scoped local variables
12903 whose live range does not overlap with it. Legacy code extending
12904 local lifetime is likely to break with the stack reuse
12905 optimization.
12906 For example,
12908 int *p;
12910 {
12911 int local1;
12912 p = &local1;
12914 local1 = 10;
12915 ....
12916 }
12917 {
12918 int local2;
12919 local2 = 20;
12920 ...
12921 }
12922 if (*p == 10) // out of scope use of local1
12924 {
12925 }
12927 Another example:
12929 struct A
12931 {
12932 A(int k) : i(k), j(k) { }
12933 int i;
12934 int j;
12935 };
12936 A *ap;
12938 void foo(const A& ar)
12940 {
12941 ap = &ar;
12942 }
12943 void bar()
12945 {
12946 foo(A(10)); // temp object's lifetime ends when foo returns
12947 {
12949 A a(20);
12950 ....
12951 }
12952 ap->i+= 10; // ap references out of scope temp whose space
12953 // is reused with a. What is the value of ap->i?
12954 }
12955 The lifetime of a compiler generated temporary is well defined by
12957 the C++ standard. When a lifetime of a temporary ends, and if the
12958 temporary lives in memory, the optimizing compiler has the freedom
12959 to reuse its stack space with other temporaries or scoped local
12960 variables whose live range does not overlap with it. However some
12961 of the legacy code relies on the behavior of older compilers in
12962 which temporaries' stack space is not reused, the aggressive stack
12963 reuse can lead to runtime errors. This option is used to control
12964 the temporary stack reuse optimization.
12965 -ftrapv
12967 This option generates traps for signed overflow on addition,
12968 subtraction, multiplication operations. The options -ftrapv and
12969 -fwrapv override each other, so using -ftrapv -fwrapv on the
12970 command-line results in -fwrapv being effective. Note that only
12971 active options override, so using -ftrapv -fwrapv -fno-wrapv on the
12972 command-line results in -ftrapv being effective.
12973 -fwrapv
12975 This option instructs the compiler to assume that signed arithmetic
12976 overflow of addition, subtraction and multiplication wraps around
12977 using twos-complement representation. This flag enables some
12978 optimizations and disables others. The options -ftrapv and -fwrapv
12979 override each other, so using -ftrapv -fwrapv on the command-line
12980 results in -fwrapv being effective. Note that only active options
12981 override, so using -ftrapv -fwrapv -fno-wrapv on the command-line
12982 results in -ftrapv being effective.
12983 -fwrapv-pointer
12985 This option instructs the compiler to assume that pointer
12986 arithmetic overflow on addition and subtraction wraps around using
12987 twos-complement representation. This flag disables some
12988 optimizations which assume pointer overflow is invalid.
12989 -fstrict-overflow
12991 This option implies -fno-wrapv -fno-wrapv-pointer and when negated
12992 implies -fwrapv -fwrapv-pointer.
12993 -fexceptions
12995 Enable exception handling. Generates extra code needed to
12996 propagate exceptions. For some targets, this implies GCC generates
12997 frame unwind information for all functions, which can produce
12998 significant data size overhead, although it does not affect
12999 execution. If you do not specify this option, GCC enables it by
13000 default for languages like C++ that normally require exception
13001 handling, and disables it for languages like C that do not normally
13002 require it. However, you may need to enable this option when
13003 compiling C code that needs to interoperate properly with exception
13004 handlers written in C++. You may also wish to disable this option
13005 if you are compiling older C++ programs that don't use exception
13006 handling.
13007 -fnon-call-exceptions
13009 Generate code that allows trapping instructions to throw
13010 exceptions. Note that this requires platform-specific runtime
13011 support that does not exist everywhere. Moreover, it only allows
13012 trapping instructions to throw exceptions, i.e. memory references
13013 or floating-point instructions. It does not allow exceptions to be
13014 thrown from arbitrary signal handlers such as "SIGALRM".
13015 -fdelete-dead-exceptions
13017 Consider that instructions that may throw exceptions but don't
13018 otherwise contribute to the execution of the program can be
13019 optimized away. This option is enabled by default for the Ada
13020 front end, as permitted by the Ada language specification.
13021 Optimization passes that cause dead exceptions to be removed are
13022 enabled independently at different optimization levels.
13023 -funwind-tables
13025 Similar to -fexceptions, except that it just generates any needed
13026 static data, but does not affect the generated code in any other
13027 way. You normally do not need to enable this option; instead, a
13028 language processor that needs this handling enables it on your
13029 behalf.
13030 -fasynchronous-unwind-tables
13032 Generate unwind table in DWARF format, if supported by target
13033 machine. The table is exact at each instruction boundary, so it
13034 can be used for stack unwinding from asynchronous events (such as
13035 debugger or garbage collector).
13036 -fno-gnu-unique
13038 On systems with recent GNU assembler and C library, the C++
13039 compiler uses the "STB_GNU_UNIQUE" binding to make sure that
13040 definitions of template static data members and static local
13041 variables in inline functions are unique even in the presence of
13042 "RTLD_LOCAL"; this is necessary to avoid problems with a library
13043 used by two different "RTLD_LOCAL" plugins depending on a
13044 definition in one of them and therefore disagreeing with the other
13045 one about the binding of the symbol. But this causes "dlclose" to
13046 be ignored for affected DSOs; if your program relies on
13047 reinitialization of a DSO via "dlclose" and "dlopen", you can use
13048 -fno-gnu-unique.
13049 -fpcc-struct-return
13051 Return "short" "struct" and "union" values in memory like longer
13052 ones, rather than in registers. This convention is less efficient,
13053 but it has the advantage of allowing intercallability between GCC-
13054 compiled files and files compiled with other compilers,
13055 particularly the Portable C Compiler (pcc).
13056 The precise convention for returning structures in memory depends
13058 on the target configuration macros.
13059 Short structures and unions are those whose size and alignment
13061 match that of some integer type.
13062 Warning: code compiled with the -fpcc-struct-return switch is not
13064 binary compatible with code compiled with the -freg-struct-return
13065 switch. Use it to conform to a non-default application binary
13066 interface.
13067 -freg-struct-return
13069 Return "struct" and "union" values in registers when possible.
13070 This is more efficient for small structures than
13071 -fpcc-struct-return.
13072 If you specify neither -fpcc-struct-return nor -freg-struct-return,
13074 GCC defaults to whichever convention is standard for the target.
13075 If there is no standard convention, GCC defaults to
13076 -fpcc-struct-return, except on targets where GCC is the principal
13077 compiler. In those cases, we can choose the standard, and we chose
13078 the more efficient register return alternative.
13079 Warning: code compiled with the -freg-struct-return switch is not
13081 binary compatible with code compiled with the -fpcc-struct-return
13082 switch. Use it to conform to a non-default application binary
13083 interface.
13084 -fshort-enums
13086 Allocate to an "enum" type only as many bytes as it needs for the
13087 declared range of possible values. Specifically, the "enum" type
13088 is equivalent to the smallest integer type that has enough room.
13089 Warning: the -fshort-enums switch causes GCC to generate code that
13091 is not binary compatible with code generated without that switch.
13092 Use it to conform to a non-default application binary interface.
13093 -fshort-wchar
13095 Override the underlying type for "wchar_t" to be "short unsigned
13096 int" instead of the default for the target. This option is useful
13097 for building programs to run under WINE.
13098 Warning: the -fshort-wchar switch causes GCC to generate code that
13100 is not binary compatible with code generated without that switch.
13101 Use it to conform to a non-default application binary interface.
13102 -fcommon
13104 In C code, this option controls the placement of global variables
13105 defined without an initializer, known as tentative definitions in
13106 the C standard. Tentative definitions are distinct from
13107 declarations of a variable with the "extern" keyword, which do not
13108 allocate storage.
13109 The default is -fno-common, which specifies that the compiler
13111 places uninitialized global variables in the BSS section of the
13112 object file. This inhibits the merging of tentative definitions by
13113 the linker so you get a multiple-definition error if the same
13114 variable is accidentally defined in more than one compilation unit.
13115 The -fcommon places uninitialized global variables in a common
13117 block. This allows the linker to resolve all tentative definitions
13118 of the same variable in different compilation units to the same
13119 object, or to a non-tentative definition. This behavior is
13120 inconsistent with C++, and on many targets implies a speed and code
13121 size penalty on global variable references. It is mainly useful to
13122 enable legacy code to link without errors.
13123 -fno-ident
13125 Ignore the "#ident" directive.
13126 -finhibit-size-directive
13128 Don't output a ".size" assembler directive, or anything else that
13129 would cause trouble if the function is split in the middle, and the
13130 two halves are placed at locations far apart in memory. This
13131 option is used when compiling crtstuff.c; you should not need to
13132 use it for anything else.
13133 -fverbose-asm
13135 Put extra commentary information in the generated assembly code to
13136 make it more readable. This option is generally only of use to
13137 those who actually need to read the generated assembly code
13138 (perhaps while debugging the compiler itself).
13139 -fno-verbose-asm, the default, causes the extra information to be
13141 omitted and is useful when comparing two assembler files.
13142 The added comments include:
13144 * information on the compiler version and command-line options,
13146 * the source code lines associated with the assembly
13148 instructions, in the form FILENAME:LINENUMBER:CONTENT OF LINE,
13149 * hints on which high-level expressions correspond to the various
13151 assembly instruction operands.
13152 For example, given this C source file:
13154 int test (int n)
13156 {
13157 int i;
13158 int total = 0;
13159 for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
13161 total += i * i;
13162 return total;
13164 }
13165 compiling to (x86_64) assembly via -S and emitting the result
13167 direct to stdout via -o -
13168 gcc -S test.c -fverbose-asm -Os -o -
13170 gives output similar to this:
13172 .file "test.c"
13174 # GNU C11 (GCC) version 7.0.0 20160809 (experimental) (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
13175 [...snip...]
13176 # options passed:
13177 [...snip...]
13178 .text
13180 .globl test
13181 .type test, @function
13182 test:
13183 .LFB0:
13184 .cfi_startproc
13185 # test.c:4: int total = 0;
13186 xorl %eax, %eax # <retval>
13187 # test.c:6: for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
13188 xorl %edx, %edx # i
13189 .L2:
13190 # test.c:6: for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
13191 cmpl %edi, %edx # n, i
13192 jge .L5 #,
13193 # test.c:7: total += i * i;
13194 movl %edx, %ecx # i, tmp92
13195 imull %edx, %ecx # i, tmp92
13196 # test.c:6: for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
13197 incl %edx # i
13198 # test.c:7: total += i * i;
13199 addl %ecx, %eax # tmp92, <retval>
13200 jmp .L2 #
13201 .L5:
13202 # test.c:10: }
13203 ret
13204 .cfi_endproc
13205 .LFE0:
13206 .size test, .-test
13207 .ident "GCC: (GNU) 7.0.0 20160809 (experimental)"
13208 .section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits
13209 The comments are intended for humans rather than machines and hence
13211 the precise format of the comments is subject to change.
13212 -frecord-gcc-switches
13214 This switch causes the command line used to invoke the compiler to
13215 be recorded into the object file that is being created. This
13216 switch is only implemented on some targets and the exact format of
13217 the recording is target and binary file format dependent, but it
13218 usually takes the form of a section containing ASCII text. This
13219 switch is related to the -fverbose-asm switch, but that switch only
13220 records information in the assembler output file as comments, so it
13221 never reaches the object file. See also -grecord-gcc-switches for
13222 another way of storing compiler options into the object file.
13223 -fpic
13225 Generate position-independent code (PIC) suitable for use in a
13226 shared library, if supported for the target machine. Such code
13227 accesses all constant addresses through a global offset table
13228 (GOT). The dynamic loader resolves the GOT entries when the
13229 program starts (the dynamic loader is not part of GCC; it is part
13230 of the operating system). If the GOT size for the linked
13231 executable exceeds a machine-specific maximum size, you get an
13232 error message from the linker indicating that -fpic does not work;
13233 in that case, recompile with -fPIC instead. (These maximums are 8k
13234 on the SPARC, 28k on AArch64 and 32k on the m68k and RS/6000. The
13235 x86 has no such limit.)
13236 Position-independent code requires special support, and therefore
13238 works only on certain machines. For the x86, GCC supports PIC for
13239 System V but not for the Sun 386i. Code generated for the IBM
13240 RS/6000 is always position-independent.
13241 When this flag is set, the macros "__pic__" and "__PIC__" are
13243 defined to 1.
13244 -fPIC
13246 If supported for the target machine, emit position-independent
13247 code, suitable for dynamic linking and avoiding any limit on the
13248 size of the global offset table. This option makes a difference on
13249 AArch64, m68k, PowerPC and SPARC.
13250 Position-independent code requires special support, and therefore
13252 works only on certain machines.
13253 When this flag is set, the macros "__pic__" and "__PIC__" are
13255 defined to 2.
13256 -fpie
13258 -fPIE
13259 These options are similar to -fpic and -fPIC, but the generated
13260 position-independent code can be only linked into executables.
13261 Usually these options are used to compile code that will be linked
13262 using the -pie GCC option.
13263 -fpie and -fPIE both define the macros "__pie__" and "__PIE__".
13265 The macros have the value 1 for -fpie and 2 for -fPIE.
13266 -fno-plt
13268 Do not use the PLT for external function calls in position-
13269 independent code. Instead, load the callee address at call sites
13270 from the GOT and branch to it. This leads to more efficient code
13271 by eliminating PLT stubs and exposing GOT loads to optimizations.
13272 On architectures such as 32-bit x86 where PLT stubs expect the GOT
13273 pointer in a specific register, this gives more register allocation
13274 freedom to the compiler. Lazy binding requires use of the PLT;
13275 with -fno-plt all external symbols are resolved at load time.
13276 Alternatively, the function attribute "noplt" can be used to avoid
13278 calls through the PLT for specific external functions.
13279 In position-dependent code, a few targets also convert calls to
13281 functions that are marked to not use the PLT to use the GOT
13282 instead.
13283 -fno-jump-tables
13285 Do not use jump tables for switch statements even where it would be
13286 more efficient than other code generation strategies. This option
13287 is of use in conjunction with -fpic or -fPIC for building code that
13288 forms part of a dynamic linker and cannot reference the address of
13289 a jump table. On some targets, jump tables do not require a GOT
13290 and this option is not needed.
13291 -ffixed-reg
13293 Treat the register named reg as a fixed register; generated code
13294 should never refer to it (except perhaps as a stack pointer, frame
13295 pointer or in some other fixed role).
13296 reg must be the name of a register. The register names accepted
13298 are machine-specific and are defined in the "REGISTER_NAMES" macro
13299 in the machine description macro file.
13300 This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a
13302 three-way choice.
13303 -fcall-used-reg
13305 Treat the register named reg as an allocable register that is
13306 clobbered by function calls. It may be allocated for temporaries
13307 or variables that do not live across a call. Functions compiled
13308 this way do not save and restore the register reg.
13309 It is an error to use this flag with the frame pointer or stack
13311 pointer. Use of this flag for other registers that have fixed
13312 pervasive roles in the machine's execution model produces
13313 disastrous results.
13314 This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a
13316 three-way choice.
13317 -fcall-saved-reg
13319 Treat the register named reg as an allocable register saved by
13320 functions. It may be allocated even for temporaries or variables
13321 that live across a call. Functions compiled this way save and
13322 restore the register reg if they use it.
13323 It is an error to use this flag with the frame pointer or stack
13325 pointer. Use of this flag for other registers that have fixed
13326 pervasive roles in the machine's execution model produces
13327 disastrous results.
13328 A different sort of disaster results from the use of this flag for
13330 a register in which function values may be returned.
13331 This flag does not have a negative form, because it specifies a
13333 three-way choice.
13334 -fpack-struct[=n]
13336 Without a value specified, pack all structure members together
13337 without holes. When a value is specified (which must be a small
13338 power of two), pack structure members according to this value,
13339 representing the maximum alignment (that is, objects with default
13340 alignment requirements larger than this are output potentially
13341 unaligned at the next fitting location.
13342 Warning: the -fpack-struct switch causes GCC to generate code that
13344 is not binary compatible with code generated without that switch.
13345 Additionally, it makes the code suboptimal. Use it to conform to a
13346 non-default application binary interface.
13347 -fleading-underscore
13349 This option and its counterpart, -fno-leading-underscore, forcibly
13350 change the way C symbols are represented in the object file. One
13351 use is to help link with legacy assembly code.
13352 Warning: the -fleading-underscore switch causes GCC to generate
13354 code that is not binary compatible with code generated without that
13355 switch. Use it to conform to a non-default application binary
13356 interface. Not all targets provide complete support for this
13357 switch.
13358 -ftls-model=model
13360 Alter the thread-local storage model to be used. The model
13361 argument should be one of global-dynamic, local-dynamic, initial-
13362 exec or local-exec. Note that the choice is subject to
13363 optimization: the compiler may use a more efficient model for
13364 symbols not visible outside of the translation unit, or if -fpic is
13365 not given on the command line.
13366 The default without -fpic is initial-exec; with -fpic the default
13368 is global-dynamic.
13369 -ftrampolines
13371 For targets that normally need trampolines for nested functions,
13372 always generate them instead of using descriptors. Otherwise, for
13373 targets that do not need them, like for example HP-PA or IA-64, do
13374 nothing.
13375 A trampoline is a small piece of code that is created at run time
13377 on the stack when the address of a nested function is taken, and is
13378 used to call the nested function indirectly. Therefore, it
13379 requires the stack to be made executable in order for the program
13380 to work properly.
13381 -fno-trampolines is enabled by default on a language by language
13383 basis to let the compiler avoid generating them, if it computes
13384 that this is safe, and replace them with descriptors. Descriptors
13385 are made up of data only, but the generated code must be prepared
13386 to deal with them. As of this writing, -fno-trampolines is enabled
13387 by default only for Ada.
13388 Moreover, code compiled with -ftrampolines and code compiled with
13390 -fno-trampolines are not binary compatible if nested functions are
13391 present. This option must therefore be used on a program-wide
13392 basis and be manipulated with extreme care.
13393 -fvisibility=[default|internal|hidden|protected]
13395 Set the default ELF image symbol visibility to the specified
13396 option---all symbols are marked with this unless overridden within
13397 the code. Using this feature can very substantially improve
13398 linking and load times of shared object libraries, produce more
13399 optimized code, provide near-perfect API export and prevent symbol
13400 clashes. It is strongly recommended that you use this in any
13401 shared objects you distribute.
13402 Despite the nomenclature, default always means public; i.e.,
13404 available to be linked against from outside the shared object.
13405 protected and internal are pretty useless in real-world usage so
13406 the only other commonly used option is hidden. The default if
13407 -fvisibility isn't specified is default, i.e., make every symbol
13408 public.
13409 A good explanation of the benefits offered by ensuring ELF symbols
13411 have the correct visibility is given by "How To Write Shared
13412 Libraries" by Ulrich Drepper (which can be found at
13413 <https://www.akkadia.org/drepper/>)---however a superior solution
13414 made possible by this option to marking things hidden when the
13415 default is public is to make the default hidden and mark things
13416 public. This is the norm with DLLs on Windows and with
13417 -fvisibility=hidden and "__attribute__ ((visibility("default")))"
13418 instead of "__declspec(dllexport)" you get almost identical
13419 semantics with identical syntax. This is a great boon to those
13420 working with cross-platform projects.
13421 For those adding visibility support to existing code, you may find
13423 "#pragma GCC visibility" of use. This works by you enclosing the
13424 declarations you wish to set visibility for with (for example)
13425 "#pragma GCC visibility push(hidden)" and "#pragma GCC visibility
13426 pop". Bear in mind that symbol visibility should be viewed as part
13427 of the API interface contract and thus all new code should always
13428 specify visibility when it is not the default; i.e., declarations
13429 only for use within the local DSO should always be marked
13430 explicitly as hidden as so to avoid PLT indirection
13431 overheads---making this abundantly clear also aids readability and
13432 self-documentation of the code. Note that due to ISO C++
13433 specification requirements, "operator new" and "operator delete"
13434 must always be of default visibility.
13435 Be aware that headers from outside your project, in particular
13437 system headers and headers from any other library you use, may not
13438 be expecting to be compiled with visibility other than the default.
13439 You may need to explicitly say "#pragma GCC visibility
13440 push(default)" before including any such headers.
13441 "extern" declarations are not affected by -fvisibility, so a lot of
13443 code can be recompiled with -fvisibility=hidden with no
13444 modifications. However, this means that calls to "extern"
13445 functions with no explicit visibility use the PLT, so it is more
13446 effective to use "__attribute ((visibility))" and/or "#pragma GCC
13447 visibility" to tell the compiler which "extern" declarations should
13448 be treated as hidden.
13449 Note that -fvisibility does affect C++ vague linkage entities. This
13451 means that, for instance, an exception class that is be thrown
13452 between DSOs must be explicitly marked with default visibility so
13453 that the type_info nodes are unified between the DSOs.
13454 An overview of these techniques, their benefits and how to use them
13456 is at <http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Visibility>.
13457 -fstrict-volatile-bitfields
13459 This option should be used if accesses to volatile bit-fields (or
13460 other structure fields, although the compiler usually honors those
13461 types anyway) should use a single access of the width of the
13462 field's type, aligned to a natural alignment if possible. For
13463 example, targets with memory-mapped peripheral registers might
13464 require all such accesses to be 16 bits wide; with this flag you
13465 can declare all peripheral bit-fields as "unsigned short" (assuming
13466 short is 16 bits on these targets) to force GCC to use 16-bit
13467 accesses instead of, perhaps, a more efficient 32-bit access.
13468 If this option is disabled, the compiler uses the most efficient
13470 instruction. In the previous example, that might be a 32-bit load
13471 instruction, even though that accesses bytes that do not contain
13472 any portion of the bit-field, or memory-mapped registers unrelated
13473 to the one being updated.
13474 In some cases, such as when the "packed" attribute is applied to a
13476 structure field, it may not be possible to access the field with a
13477 single read or write that is correctly aligned for the target
13478 machine. In this case GCC falls back to generating multiple
13479 accesses rather than code that will fault or truncate the result at
13480 run time.
13481 Note: Due to restrictions of the C/C++11 memory model, write
13483 accesses are not allowed to touch non bit-field members. It is
13484 therefore recommended to define all bits of the field's type as
13485 bit-field members.
13486 The default value of this option is determined by the application
13488 binary interface for the target processor.
13489 -fsync-libcalls
13491 This option controls whether any out-of-line instance of the
13492 "__sync" family of functions may be used to implement the C++11
13493 "__atomic" family of functions.
13494 The default value of this option is enabled, thus the only useful
13496 form of the option is -fno-sync-libcalls. This option is used in
13497 the implementation of the libatomic runtime library.
13498 GCC Developer Options
13500 This section describes command-line options that are primarily of
13501 interest to GCC developers, including options to support compiler
13502 testing and investigation of compiler bugs and compile-time performance
13503 problems. This includes options that produce debug dumps at various
13504 points in the compilation; that print statistics such as memory use and
13505 execution time; and that print information about GCC's configuration,
13506 such as where it searches for libraries. You should rarely need to use
13507 any of these options for ordinary compilation and linking tasks.
13508 Many developer options that cause GCC to dump output to a file take an
13510 optional =filename suffix. You can specify stdout or - to dump to
13511 standard output, and stderr for standard error.
13512 If =filename is omitted, a default dump file name is constructed by
13514 concatenating the base dump file name, a pass number, phase letter, and
13515 pass name. The base dump file name is the name of output file produced
13516 by the compiler if explicitly specified and not an executable;
13517 otherwise it is the source file name. The pass number is determined by
13518 the order passes are registered with the compiler's pass manager. This
13519 is generally the same as the order of execution, but passes registered
13520 by plugins, target-specific passes, or passes that are otherwise
13521 registered late are numbered higher than the pass named final, even if
13522 they are executed earlier. The phase letter is one of i (inter-
13523 procedural analysis), l (language-specific), r (RTL), or t (tree). The
13524 files are created in the directory of the output file.
13525 -fcallgraph-info
13527 -fcallgraph-info=MARKERS
13528 Makes the compiler output callgraph information for the program, on
13529 a per-object-file basis. The information is generated in the
13530 common VCG format. It can be decorated with additional, per-node
13531 and/or per-edge information, if a list of comma-separated markers
13532 is additionally specified. When the "su" marker is specified, the
13533 callgraph is decorated with stack usage information; it is
13534 equivalent to -fstack-usage. When the "da" marker is specified,
13535 the callgraph is decorated with information about dynamically
13536 allocated objects.
13537 When compiling with -flto, no callgraph information is output along
13539 with the object file. At LTO link time, -fcallgraph-info may
13540 generate multiple callgraph information files next to intermediate
13541 LTO output files.
13542 -dletters
13544 -fdump-rtl-pass
13545 -fdump-rtl-pass=filename
13546 Says to make debugging dumps during compilation at times specified
13547 by letters. This is used for debugging the RTL-based passes of the
13548 compiler.
13549 Some -dletters switches have different meaning when -E is used for
13551 preprocessing.
13552 Debug dumps can be enabled with a -fdump-rtl switch or some -d
13554 option letters. Here are the possible letters for use in pass and
13555 letters, and their meanings:
13556 -fdump-rtl-alignments
13558 Dump after branch alignments have been computed.
13559 -fdump-rtl-asmcons
13561 Dump after fixing rtl statements that have unsatisfied in/out
13562 constraints.
13563 -fdump-rtl-auto_inc_dec
13565 Dump after auto-inc-dec discovery. This pass is only run on
13566 architectures that have auto inc or auto dec instructions.
13567 -fdump-rtl-barriers
13569 Dump after cleaning up the barrier instructions.
13570 -fdump-rtl-bbpart
13572 Dump after partitioning hot and cold basic blocks.
13573 -fdump-rtl-bbro
13575 Dump after block reordering.
13576 -fdump-rtl-btl1
13578 -fdump-rtl-btl2
13579 -fdump-rtl-btl1 and -fdump-rtl-btl2 enable dumping after the
13580 two branch target load optimization passes.
13581 -fdump-rtl-bypass
13583 Dump after jump bypassing and control flow optimizations.
13584 -fdump-rtl-combine
13586 Dump after the RTL instruction combination pass.
13587 -fdump-rtl-compgotos
13589 Dump after duplicating the computed gotos.
13590 -fdump-rtl-ce1
13592 -fdump-rtl-ce2
13593 -fdump-rtl-ce3
13594 -fdump-rtl-ce1, -fdump-rtl-ce2, and -fdump-rtl-ce3 enable
13595 dumping after the three if conversion passes.
13596 -fdump-rtl-cprop_hardreg
13598 Dump after hard register copy propagation.
13599 -fdump-rtl-csa
13601 Dump after combining stack adjustments.
13602 -fdump-rtl-cse1
13604 -fdump-rtl-cse2
13605 -fdump-rtl-cse1 and -fdump-rtl-cse2 enable dumping after the
13606 two common subexpression elimination passes.
13607 -fdump-rtl-dce
13609 Dump after the standalone dead code elimination passes.
13610 -fdump-rtl-dbr
13612 Dump after delayed branch scheduling.
13613 -fdump-rtl-dce1
13615 -fdump-rtl-dce2
13616 -fdump-rtl-dce1 and -fdump-rtl-dce2 enable dumping after the
13617 two dead store elimination passes.
13618 -fdump-rtl-eh
13620 Dump after finalization of EH handling code.
13621 -fdump-rtl-eh_ranges
13623 Dump after conversion of EH handling range regions.
13624 -fdump-rtl-expand
13626 Dump after RTL generation.
13627 -fdump-rtl-fwprop1
13629 -fdump-rtl-fwprop2
13630 -fdump-rtl-fwprop1 and -fdump-rtl-fwprop2 enable dumping after
13631 the two forward propagation passes.
13632 -fdump-rtl-gcse1
13634 -fdump-rtl-gcse2
13635 -fdump-rtl-gcse1 and -fdump-rtl-gcse2 enable dumping after
13636 global common subexpression elimination.
13637 -fdump-rtl-init-regs
13639 Dump after the initialization of the registers.
13640 -fdump-rtl-initvals
13642 Dump after the computation of the initial value sets.
13643 -fdump-rtl-into_cfglayout
13645 Dump after converting to cfglayout mode.
13646 -fdump-rtl-ira
13648 Dump after iterated register allocation.
13649 -fdump-rtl-jump
13651 Dump after the second jump optimization.
13652 -fdump-rtl-loop2
13654 -fdump-rtl-loop2 enables dumping after the rtl loop
13655 optimization passes.
13656 -fdump-rtl-mach
13658 Dump after performing the machine dependent reorganization
13659 pass, if that pass exists.
13660 -fdump-rtl-mode_sw
13662 Dump after removing redundant mode switches.
13663 -fdump-rtl-rnreg
13665 Dump after register renumbering.
13666 -fdump-rtl-outof_cfglayout
13668 Dump after converting from cfglayout mode.
13669 -fdump-rtl-peephole2
13671 Dump after the peephole pass.
13672 -fdump-rtl-postreload
13674 Dump after post-reload optimizations.
13675 -fdump-rtl-pro_and_epilogue
13677 Dump after generating the function prologues and epilogues.
13678 -fdump-rtl-sched1
13680 -fdump-rtl-sched2
13681 -fdump-rtl-sched1 and -fdump-rtl-sched2 enable dumping after
13682 the basic block scheduling passes.
13683 -fdump-rtl-ree
13685 Dump after sign/zero extension elimination.
13686 -fdump-rtl-seqabstr
13688 Dump after common sequence discovery.
13689 -fdump-rtl-shorten
13691 Dump after shortening branches.
13692 -fdump-rtl-sibling
13694 Dump after sibling call optimizations.
13695 -fdump-rtl-split1
13697 -fdump-rtl-split2
13698 -fdump-rtl-split3
13699 -fdump-rtl-split4
13700 -fdump-rtl-split5
13701 These options enable dumping after five rounds of instruction
13702 splitting.
13703 -fdump-rtl-sms
13705 Dump after modulo scheduling. This pass is only run on some
13706 architectures.
13707 -fdump-rtl-stack
13709 Dump after conversion from GCC's "flat register file" registers
13710 to the x87's stack-like registers. This pass is only run on
13711 x86 variants.
13712 -fdump-rtl-subreg1
13714 -fdump-rtl-subreg2
13715 -fdump-rtl-subreg1 and -fdump-rtl-subreg2 enable dumping after
13716 the two subreg expansion passes.
13717 -fdump-rtl-unshare
13719 Dump after all rtl has been unshared.
13720 -fdump-rtl-vartrack
13722 Dump after variable tracking.
13723 -fdump-rtl-vregs
13725 Dump after converting virtual registers to hard registers.
13726 -fdump-rtl-web
13728 Dump after live range splitting.
13729 -fdump-rtl-regclass
13731 -fdump-rtl-subregs_of_mode_init
13732 -fdump-rtl-subregs_of_mode_finish
13733 -fdump-rtl-dfinit
13734 -fdump-rtl-dfinish
13735 These dumps are defined but always produce empty files.
13736 -da
13738 -fdump-rtl-all
13739 Produce all the dumps listed above.
13740 -dA Annotate the assembler output with miscellaneous debugging
13742 information.
13743 -dD Dump all macro definitions, at the end of preprocessing, in
13745 addition to normal output.
13746 -dH Produce a core dump whenever an error occurs.
13748 -dp Annotate the assembler output with a comment indicating which
13750 pattern and alternative is used. The length and cost of each
13751 instruction are also printed.
13752 -dP Dump the RTL in the assembler output as a comment before each
13754 instruction. Also turns on -dp annotation.
13755 -dx Just generate RTL for a function instead of compiling it.
13757 Usually used with -fdump-rtl-expand.
13758 -fdump-debug
13760 Dump debugging information generated during the debug generation
13761 phase.
13762 -fdump-earlydebug
13764 Dump debugging information generated during the early debug
13765 generation phase.
13766 -fdump-noaddr
13768 When doing debugging dumps, suppress address output. This makes it
13769 more feasible to use diff on debugging dumps for compiler
13770 invocations with different compiler binaries and/or different text
13771 / bss / data / heap / stack / dso start locations.
13772 -freport-bug
13774 Collect and dump debug information into a temporary file if an
13775 internal compiler error (ICE) occurs.
13776 -fdump-unnumbered
13778 When doing debugging dumps, suppress instruction numbers and
13779 address output. This makes it more feasible to use diff on
13780 debugging dumps for compiler invocations with different options, in
13781 particular with and without -g.
13782 -fdump-unnumbered-links
13784 When doing debugging dumps (see -d option above), suppress
13785 instruction numbers for the links to the previous and next
13786 instructions in a sequence.
13787 -fdump-ipa-switch
13789 -fdump-ipa-switch-options
13790 Control the dumping at various stages of inter-procedural analysis
13791 language tree to a file. The file name is generated by appending a
13792 switch specific suffix to the source file name, and the file is
13793 created in the same directory as the output file. The following
13794 dumps are possible:
13795 all Enables all inter-procedural analysis dumps.
13797 cgraph
13799 Dumps information about call-graph optimization, unused
13800 function removal, and inlining decisions.
13801 inline
13803 Dump after function inlining.
13804 Additionally, the options -optimized, -missed, -note, and -all can
13806 be provided, with the same meaning as for -fopt-info, defaulting to
13807 -optimized.
13808 For example, -fdump-ipa-inline-optimized-missed will emit
13810 information on callsites that were inlined, along with callsites
13811 that were not inlined.
13812 By default, the dump will contain messages about successful
13814 optimizations (equivalent to -optimized) together with low-level
13815 details about the analysis.
13816 -fdump-lang-all
13818 -fdump-lang-switch
13819 -fdump-lang-switch-options
13820 -fdump-lang-switch-options=filename
13821 Control the dumping of language-specific information. The options
13822 and filename portions behave as described in the -fdump-tree
13823 option. The following switch values are accepted:
13824 all Enable all language-specific dumps.
13826 class
13828 Dump class hierarchy information. Virtual table information is
13829 emitted unless 'slim' is specified. This option is applicable
13830 to C++ only.
13831 raw Dump the raw internal tree data. This option is applicable to
13833 C++ only.
13834 -fdump-passes
13836 Print on stderr the list of optimization passes that are turned on
13837 and off by the current command-line options.
13838 -fdump-statistics-option
13840 Enable and control dumping of pass statistics in a separate file.
13841 The file name is generated by appending a suffix ending in
13842 .statistics to the source file name, and the file is created in the
13843 same directory as the output file. If the -option form is used,
13844 -stats causes counters to be summed over the whole compilation unit
13845 while -details dumps every event as the passes generate them. The
13846 default with no option is to sum counters for each function
13847 compiled.
13848 -fdump-tree-all
13850 -fdump-tree-switch
13851 -fdump-tree-switch-options
13852 -fdump-tree-switch-options=filename
13853 Control the dumping at various stages of processing the
13854 intermediate language tree to a file. If the -options form is
13855 used, options is a list of - separated options which control the
13856 details of the dump. Not all options are applicable to all dumps;
13857 those that are not meaningful are ignored. The following options
13858 are available
13859 address
13861 Print the address of each node. Usually this is not meaningful
13862 as it changes according to the environment and source file.
13863 Its primary use is for tying up a dump file with a debug
13864 environment.
13865 asmname
13867 If "DECL_ASSEMBLER_NAME" has been set for a given decl, use
13868 that in the dump instead of "DECL_NAME". Its primary use is
13869 ease of use working backward from mangled names in the assembly
13870 file.
13871 slim
13873 When dumping front-end intermediate representations, inhibit
13874 dumping of members of a scope or body of a function merely
13875 because that scope has been reached. Only dump such items when
13876 they are directly reachable by some other path.
13877 When dumping pretty-printed trees, this option inhibits dumping
13879 the bodies of control structures.
13880 When dumping RTL, print the RTL in slim (condensed) form
13882 instead of the default LISP-like representation.
13883 raw Print a raw representation of the tree. By default, trees are
13885 pretty-printed into a C-like representation.
13886 details
13888 Enable more detailed dumps (not honored by every dump option).
13889 Also include information from the optimization passes.
13890 stats
13892 Enable dumping various statistics about the pass (not honored
13893 by every dump option).
13894 blocks
13896 Enable showing basic block boundaries (disabled in raw dumps).
13897 graph
13899 For each of the other indicated dump files (-fdump-rtl-pass),
13900 dump a representation of the control flow graph suitable for
13901 viewing with GraphViz to file.passid.pass.dot. Each function
13902 in the file is pretty-printed as a subgraph, so that GraphViz
13903 can render them all in a single plot.
13904 This option currently only works for RTL dumps, and the RTL is
13906 always dumped in slim form.
13907 vops
13909 Enable showing virtual operands for every statement.
13910 lineno
13912 Enable showing line numbers for statements.
13913 uid Enable showing the unique ID ("DECL_UID") for each variable.
13915 verbose
13917 Enable showing the tree dump for each statement.
13918 eh Enable showing the EH region number holding each statement.
13920 scev
13922 Enable showing scalar evolution analysis details.
13923 optimized
13925 Enable showing optimization information (only available in
13926 certain passes).
13927 missed
13929 Enable showing missed optimization information (only available
13930 in certain passes).
13931 note
13933 Enable other detailed optimization information (only available
13934 in certain passes).
13935 all Turn on all options, except raw, slim, verbose and lineno.
13937 optall
13939 Turn on all optimization options, i.e., optimized, missed, and
13940 note.
13941 To determine what tree dumps are available or find the dump for a
13943 pass of interest follow the steps below.
13944 1. Invoke GCC with -fdump-passes and in the stderr output look for
13946 a code that corresponds to the pass you are interested in. For
13947 example, the codes "tree-evrp", "tree-vrp1", and "tree-vrp2"
13948 correspond to the three Value Range Propagation passes. The
13949 number at the end distinguishes distinct invocations of the
13950 same pass.
13951 2. To enable the creation of the dump file, append the pass code
13953 to the -fdump- option prefix and invoke GCC with it. For
13954 example, to enable the dump from the Early Value Range
13955 Propagation pass, invoke GCC with the -fdump-tree-evrp option.
13956 Optionally, you may specify the name of the dump file. If you
13957 don't specify one, GCC creates as described below.
13958 3. Find the pass dump in a file whose name is composed of three
13960 components separated by a period: the name of the source file
13961 GCC was invoked to compile, a numeric suffix indicating the
13962 pass number followed by the letter t for tree passes (and the
13963 letter r for RTL passes), and finally the pass code. For
13964 example, the Early VRP pass dump might be in a file named
13965 myfile.c.038t.evrp in the current working directory. Note that
13966 the numeric codes are not stable and may change from one
13967 version of GCC to another.
13968 -fopt-info
13970 -fopt-info-options
13971 -fopt-info-options=filename
13972 Controls optimization dumps from various optimization passes. If
13973 the -options form is used, options is a list of - separated option
13974 keywords to select the dump details and optimizations.
13975 The options can be divided into three groups:
13977 1. options describing what kinds of messages should be emitted,
13979 2. options describing the verbosity of the dump, and
13981 3. options describing which optimizations should be included.
13983 The options from each group can be freely mixed as they are non-
13985 overlapping. However, in case of any conflicts, the later options
13986 override the earlier options on the command line.
13987 The following options control which kinds of messages should be
13989 emitted:
13990 optimized
13992 Print information when an optimization is successfully applied.
13993 It is up to a pass to decide which information is relevant. For
13994 example, the vectorizer passes print the source location of
13995 loops which are successfully vectorized.
13996 missed
13998 Print information about missed optimizations. Individual passes
13999 control which information to include in the output.
14000 note
14002 Print verbose information about optimizations, such as certain
14003 transformations, more detailed messages about decisions etc.
14004 all Print detailed optimization information. This includes
14006 optimized, missed, and note.
14007 The following option controls the dump verbosity:
14009 internals
14011 By default, only "high-level" messages are emitted. This option
14012 enables additional, more detailed, messages, which are likely
14013 to only be of interest to GCC developers.
14014 One or more of the following option keywords can be used to
14016 describe a group of optimizations:
14017 ipa Enable dumps from all interprocedural optimizations.
14019 loop
14021 Enable dumps from all loop optimizations.
14022 inline
14024 Enable dumps from all inlining optimizations.
14025 omp Enable dumps from all OMP (Offloading and Multi Processing)
14027 optimizations.
14028 vec Enable dumps from all vectorization optimizations.
14030 optall
14032 Enable dumps from all optimizations. This is a superset of the
14033 optimization groups listed above.
14034 If options is omitted, it defaults to optimized-optall, which means
14036 to dump messages about successful optimizations from all the
14037 passes, omitting messages that are treated as "internals".
14038 If the filename is provided, then the dumps from all the applicable
14040 optimizations are concatenated into the filename. Otherwise the
14041 dump is output onto stderr. Though multiple -fopt-info options are
14042 accepted, only one of them can include a filename. If other
14043 filenames are provided then all but the first such option are
14044 ignored.
14045 Note that the output filename is overwritten in case of multiple
14047 translation units. If a combined output from multiple translation
14048 units is desired, stderr should be used instead.
14049 In the following example, the optimization info is output to
14051 stderr:
14052 gcc -O3 -fopt-info
14054 This example:
14056 gcc -O3 -fopt-info-missed=missed.all
14058 outputs missed optimization report from all the passes into
14060 missed.all, and this one:
14061 gcc -O2 -ftree-vectorize -fopt-info-vec-missed
14063 prints information about missed optimization opportunities from
14065 vectorization passes on stderr. Note that -fopt-info-vec-missed is
14066 equivalent to -fopt-info-missed-vec. The order of the optimization
14067 group names and message types listed after -fopt-info does not
14068 matter.
14069 As another example,
14071 gcc -O3 -fopt-info-inline-optimized-missed=inline.txt
14073 outputs information about missed optimizations as well as optimized
14075 locations from all the inlining passes into inline.txt.
14076 Finally, consider:
14078 gcc -fopt-info-vec-missed=vec.miss -fopt-info-loop-optimized=loop.opt
14080 Here the two output filenames vec.miss and loop.opt are in conflict
14082 since only one output file is allowed. In this case, only the first
14083 option takes effect and the subsequent options are ignored. Thus
14084 only vec.miss is produced which contains dumps from the vectorizer
14085 about missed opportunities.
14086 -fsave-optimization-record
14088 Write a SRCFILE.opt-record.json.gz file detailing what
14089 optimizations were performed, for those optimizations that support
14090 -fopt-info.
14091 This option is experimental and the format of the data within the
14093 compressed JSON file is subject to change.
14094 It is roughly equivalent to a machine-readable version of
14096 -fopt-info-all, as a collection of messages with source file, line
14097 number and column number, with the following additional data for
14098 each message:
14099 * the execution count of the code being optimized, along with
14101 metadata about whether this was from actual profile data, or
14102 just an estimate, allowing consumers to prioritize messages by
14103 code hotness,
14104 * the function name of the code being optimized, where
14106 applicable,
14107 * the "inlining chain" for the code being optimized, so that when
14109 a function is inlined into several different places (which
14110 might themselves be inlined), the reader can distinguish
14111 between the copies,
14112 * objects identifying those parts of the message that refer to
14114 expressions, statements or symbol-table nodes, which of these
14115 categories they are, and, when available, their source code
14116 location,
14117 * the GCC pass that emitted the message, and
14119 * the location in GCC's own code from which the message was
14121 emitted
14122 Additionally, some messages are logically nested within other
14124 messages, reflecting implementation details of the optimization
14125 passes.
14126 -fsched-verbose=n
14128 On targets that use instruction scheduling, this option controls
14129 the amount of debugging output the scheduler prints to the dump
14130 files.
14131 For n greater than zero, -fsched-verbose outputs the same
14133 information as -fdump-rtl-sched1 and -fdump-rtl-sched2. For n
14134 greater than one, it also output basic block probabilities,
14135 detailed ready list information and unit/insn info. For n greater
14136 than two, it includes RTL at abort point, control-flow and regions
14137 info. And for n over four, -fsched-verbose also includes
14138 dependence info.
14139 -fenable-kind-pass
14141 -fdisable-kind-pass=range-list
14142 This is a set of options that are used to explicitly disable/enable
14143 optimization passes. These options are intended for use for
14144 debugging GCC. Compiler users should use regular options for
14145 enabling/disabling passes instead.
14146 -fdisable-ipa-pass
14148 Disable IPA pass pass. pass is the pass name. If the same pass
14149 is statically invoked in the compiler multiple times, the pass
14150 name should be appended with a sequential number starting from
14151 1.
14152 -fdisable-rtl-pass
14154 -fdisable-rtl-pass=range-list
14155 Disable RTL pass pass. pass is the pass name. If the same
14156 pass is statically invoked in the compiler multiple times, the
14157 pass name should be appended with a sequential number starting
14158 from 1. range-list is a comma-separated list of function
14159 ranges or assembler names. Each range is a number pair
14160 separated by a colon. The range is inclusive in both ends. If
14161 the range is trivial, the number pair can be simplified as a
14162 single number. If the function's call graph node's uid falls
14163 within one of the specified ranges, the pass is disabled for
14164 that function. The uid is shown in the function header of a
14165 dump file, and the pass names can be dumped by using option
14166 -fdump-passes.
14167 -fdisable-tree-pass
14169 -fdisable-tree-pass=range-list
14170 Disable tree pass pass. See -fdisable-rtl for the description
14171 of option arguments.
14172 -fenable-ipa-pass
14174 Enable IPA pass pass. pass is the pass name. If the same pass
14175 is statically invoked in the compiler multiple times, the pass
14176 name should be appended with a sequential number starting from
14177 1.
14178 -fenable-rtl-pass
14180 -fenable-rtl-pass=range-list
14181 Enable RTL pass pass. See -fdisable-rtl for option argument
14182 description and examples.
14183 -fenable-tree-pass
14185 -fenable-tree-pass=range-list
14186 Enable tree pass pass. See -fdisable-rtl for the description
14187 of option arguments.
14188 Here are some examples showing uses of these options.
14190 # disable ccp1 for all functions
14192 -fdisable-tree-ccp1
14193 # disable complete unroll for function whose cgraph node uid is 1
14194 -fenable-tree-cunroll=1
14195 # disable gcse2 for functions at the following ranges [1,1],
14196 # [300,400], and [400,1000]
14197 # disable gcse2 for functions foo and foo2
14198 -fdisable-rtl-gcse2=foo,foo2
14199 # disable early inlining
14200 -fdisable-tree-einline
14201 # disable ipa inlining
14202 -fdisable-ipa-inline
14203 # enable tree full unroll
14204 -fenable-tree-unroll
14205 -fchecking
14207 -fchecking=n
14208 Enable internal consistency checking. The default depends on the
14209 compiler configuration. -fchecking=2 enables further internal
14210 consistency checking that might affect code generation.
14211 -frandom-seed=string
14213 This option provides a seed that GCC uses in place of random
14214 numbers in generating certain symbol names that have to be
14215 different in every compiled file. It is also used to place unique
14216 stamps in coverage data files and the object files that produce
14217 them. You can use the -frandom-seed option to produce reproducibly
14218 identical object files.
14219 The string can either be a number (decimal, octal or hex) or an
14221 arbitrary string (in which case it's converted to a number by
14222 computing CRC32).
14223 The string should be different for every file you compile.
14225 -save-temps
14227 -save-temps=cwd
14228 Store the usual "temporary" intermediate files permanently; place
14229 them in the current directory and name them based on the source
14230 file. Thus, compiling foo.c with -c -save-temps produces files
14231 foo.i and foo.s, as well as foo.o. This creates a preprocessed
14232 foo.i output file even though the compiler now normally uses an
14233 integrated preprocessor.
14234 When used in combination with the -x command-line option,
14236 -save-temps is sensible enough to avoid over writing an input
14237 source file with the same extension as an intermediate file. The
14238 corresponding intermediate file may be obtained by renaming the
14239 source file before using -save-temps.
14240 If you invoke GCC in parallel, compiling several different source
14242 files that share a common base name in different subdirectories or
14243 the same source file compiled for multiple output destinations, it
14244 is likely that the different parallel compilers will interfere with
14245 each other, and overwrite the temporary files. For instance:
14246 gcc -save-temps -o outdir1/foo.o indir1/foo.c&
14248 gcc -save-temps -o outdir2/foo.o indir2/foo.c&
14249 may result in foo.i and foo.o being written to simultaneously by
14251 both compilers.
14252 -save-temps=obj
14254 Store the usual "temporary" intermediate files permanently. If the
14255 -o option is used, the temporary files are based on the object
14256 file. If the -o option is not used, the -save-temps=obj switch
14257 behaves like -save-temps.
14258 For example:
14260 gcc -save-temps=obj -c foo.c
14262 gcc -save-temps=obj -c bar.c -o dir/xbar.o
14263 gcc -save-temps=obj foobar.c -o dir2/yfoobar
14264 creates foo.i, foo.s, dir/xbar.i, dir/xbar.s, dir2/yfoobar.i,
14266 dir2/yfoobar.s, and dir2/yfoobar.o.
14267 -time[=file]
14269 Report the CPU time taken by each subprocess in the compilation
14270 sequence. For C source files, this is the compiler proper and
14271 assembler (plus the linker if linking is done).
14272 Without the specification of an output file, the output looks like
14274 this:
14275 # cc1 0.12 0.01
14277 # as 0.00 0.01
14278 The first number on each line is the "user time", that is time
14280 spent executing the program itself. The second number is "system
14281 time", time spent executing operating system routines on behalf of
14282 the program. Both numbers are in seconds.
14283 With the specification of an output file, the output is appended to
14285 the named file, and it looks like this:
14286 0.12 0.01 cc1 <options>
14288 0.00 0.01 as <options>
14289 The "user time" and the "system time" are moved before the program
14291 name, and the options passed to the program are displayed, so that
14292 one can later tell what file was being compiled, and with which
14293 options.
14294 -fdump-final-insns[=file]
14296 Dump the final internal representation (RTL) to file. If the
14297 optional argument is omitted (or if file is "."), the name of the
14298 dump file is determined by appending ".gkd" to the compilation
14299 output file name.
14300 -fcompare-debug[=opts]
14302 If no error occurs during compilation, run the compiler a second
14303 time, adding opts and -fcompare-debug-second to the arguments
14304 passed to the second compilation. Dump the final internal
14305 representation in both compilations, and print an error if they
14306 differ.
14307 If the equal sign is omitted, the default -gtoggle is used.
14309 The environment variable GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG, if defined, non-empty
14311 and nonzero, implicitly enables -fcompare-debug. If
14312 GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG is defined to a string starting with a dash, then
14313 it is used for opts, otherwise the default -gtoggle is used.
14314 -fcompare-debug=, with the equal sign but without opts, is
14316 equivalent to -fno-compare-debug, which disables the dumping of the
14317 final representation and the second compilation, preventing even
14318 GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG from taking effect.
14319 To verify full coverage during -fcompare-debug testing, set
14321 GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG to say -fcompare-debug-not-overridden, which GCC
14322 rejects as an invalid option in any actual compilation (rather than
14323 preprocessing, assembly or linking). To get just a warning,
14324 setting GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG to -w%n-fcompare-debug not overridden
14325 will do.
14326 -fcompare-debug-second
14328 This option is implicitly passed to the compiler for the second
14329 compilation requested by -fcompare-debug, along with options to
14330 silence warnings, and omitting other options that would cause the
14331 compiler to produce output to files or to standard output as a side
14332 effect. Dump files and preserved temporary files are renamed so as
14333 to contain the ".gk" additional extension during the second
14334 compilation, to avoid overwriting those generated by the first.
14335 When this option is passed to the compiler driver, it causes the
14337 first compilation to be skipped, which makes it useful for little
14338 other than debugging the compiler proper.
14339 -gtoggle
14341 Turn off generation of debug info, if leaving out this option
14342 generates it, or turn it on at level 2 otherwise. The position of
14343 this argument in the command line does not matter; it takes effect
14344 after all other options are processed, and it does so only once, no
14345 matter how many times it is given. This is mainly intended to be
14346 used with -fcompare-debug.
14347 -fvar-tracking-assignments-toggle
14349 Toggle -fvar-tracking-assignments, in the same way that -gtoggle
14350 toggles -g.
14351 -Q Makes the compiler print out each function name as it is compiled,
14353 and print some statistics about each pass when it finishes.
14354 -ftime-report
14356 Makes the compiler print some statistics about the time consumed by
14357 each pass when it finishes.
14358 -ftime-report-details
14360 Record the time consumed by infrastructure parts separately for
14361 each pass.
14362 -fira-verbose=n
14364 Control the verbosity of the dump file for the integrated register
14365 allocator. The default value is 5. If the value n is greater or
14366 equal to 10, the dump output is sent to stderr using the same
14367 format as n minus 10.
14368 -flto-report
14370 Prints a report with internal details on the workings of the link-
14371 time optimizer. The contents of this report vary from version to
14372 version. It is meant to be useful to GCC developers when
14373 processing object files in LTO mode (via -flto).
14374 Disabled by default.
14376 -flto-report-wpa
14378 Like -flto-report, but only print for the WPA phase of link-time
14379 optimization.
14380 -fmem-report
14382 Makes the compiler print some statistics about permanent memory
14383 allocation when it finishes.
14384 -fmem-report-wpa
14386 Makes the compiler print some statistics about permanent memory
14387 allocation for the WPA phase only.
14388 -fpre-ipa-mem-report
14390 -fpost-ipa-mem-report
14391 Makes the compiler print some statistics about permanent memory
14392 allocation before or after interprocedural optimization.
14393 -fprofile-report
14395 Makes the compiler print some statistics about consistency of the
14396 (estimated) profile and effect of individual passes.
14397 -fstack-usage
14399 Makes the compiler output stack usage information for the program,
14400 on a per-function basis. The filename for the dump is made by
14401 appending .su to the auxname. auxname is generated from the name
14402 of the output file, if explicitly specified and it is not an
14403 executable, otherwise it is the basename of the source file. An
14404 entry is made up of three fields:
14405 * The name of the function.
14407 * A number of bytes.
14409 * One or more qualifiers: "static", "dynamic", "bounded".
14411 The qualifier "static" means that the function manipulates the
14413 stack statically: a fixed number of bytes are allocated for the
14414 frame on function entry and released on function exit; no stack
14415 adjustments are otherwise made in the function. The second field
14416 is this fixed number of bytes.
14417 The qualifier "dynamic" means that the function manipulates the
14419 stack dynamically: in addition to the static allocation described
14420 above, stack adjustments are made in the body of the function, for
14421 example to push/pop arguments around function calls. If the
14422 qualifier "bounded" is also present, the amount of these
14423 adjustments is bounded at compile time and the second field is an
14424 upper bound of the total amount of stack used by the function. If
14425 it is not present, the amount of these adjustments is not bounded
14426 at compile time and the second field only represents the bounded
14427 part.
14428 -fstats
14430 Emit statistics about front-end processing at the end of the
14431 compilation. This option is supported only by the C++ front end,
14432 and the information is generally only useful to the G++ development
14433 team.
14434 -fdbg-cnt-list
14436 Print the name and the counter upper bound for all debug counters.
14437 -fdbg-cnt=counter-value-list
14439 Set the internal debug counter lower and upper bound. counter-
14440 value-list is a comma-separated list of
14441 name:lower_bound1-upper_bound1 [:lower_bound2-upper_bound2...]
14442 tuples which sets the name of the counter and list of closed
14443 intervals. The lower_bound is optional and is zero initialized if
14444 not set. For example, with -fdbg-cnt=dce:2-4:10-11,tail_call:10,
14445 "dbg_cnt(dce)" returns true only for second, third, fourth, tenth
14446 and eleventh invocation. For "dbg_cnt(tail_call)" true is returned
14447 for first 10 invocations.
14448 -print-file-name=library
14450 Print the full absolute name of the library file library that would
14451 be used when linking---and don't do anything else. With this
14452 option, GCC does not compile or link anything; it just prints the
14453 file name.
14454 -print-multi-directory
14456 Print the directory name corresponding to the multilib selected by
14457 any other switches present in the command line. This directory is
14458 supposed to exist in GCC_EXEC_PREFIX.
14459 -print-multi-lib
14461 Print the mapping from multilib directory names to compiler
14462 switches that enable them. The directory name is separated from
14463 the switches by ;, and each switch starts with an @ instead of the
14464 -, without spaces between multiple switches. This is supposed to
14465 ease shell processing.
14466 -print-multi-os-directory
14468 Print the path to OS libraries for the selected multilib, relative
14469 to some lib subdirectory. If OS libraries are present in the lib
14470 subdirectory and no multilibs are used, this is usually just ., if
14471 OS libraries are present in libsuffix sibling directories this
14472 prints e.g. ../lib64, ../lib or ../lib32, or if OS libraries are
14473 present in lib/subdir subdirectories it prints e.g. amd64, sparcv9
14474 or ev6.
14475 -print-multiarch
14477 Print the path to OS libraries for the selected multiarch, relative
14478 to some lib subdirectory.
14479 -print-prog-name=program
14481 Like -print-file-name, but searches for a program such as cpp.
14482 -print-libgcc-file-name
14484 Same as -print-file-name=libgcc.a.
14485 This is useful when you use -nostdlib or -nodefaultlibs but you do
14487 want to link with libgcc.a. You can do:
14488 gcc -nostdlib <files>... `gcc -print-libgcc-file-name`
14490 -print-search-dirs
14492 Print the name of the configured installation directory and a list
14493 of program and library directories gcc searches---and don't do
14494 anything else.
14495 This is useful when gcc prints the error message installation
14497 problem, cannot exec cpp0: No such file or directory. To resolve
14498 this you either need to put cpp0 and the other compiler components
14499 where gcc expects to find them, or you can set the environment
14500 variable GCC_EXEC_PREFIX to the directory where you installed them.
14501 Don't forget the trailing /.
14502 -print-sysroot
14504 Print the target sysroot directory that is used during compilation.
14505 This is the target sysroot specified either at configure time or
14506 using the --sysroot option, possibly with an extra suffix that
14507 depends on compilation options. If no target sysroot is specified,
14508 the option prints nothing.
14509 -print-sysroot-headers-suffix
14511 Print the suffix added to the target sysroot when searching for
14512 headers, or give an error if the compiler is not configured with
14513 such a suffix---and don't do anything else.
14514 -dumpmachine
14516 Print the compiler's target machine (for example,
14517 i686-pc-linux-gnu)---and don't do anything else.
14518 -dumpversion
14520 Print the compiler version (for example, 3.0, 6.3.0 or 7)---and
14521 don't do anything else. This is the compiler version used in
14522 filesystem paths and specs. Depending on how the compiler has been
14523 configured it can be just a single number (major version), two
14524 numbers separated by a dot (major and minor version) or three
14525 numbers separated by dots (major, minor and patchlevel version).
14526 -dumpfullversion
14528 Print the full compiler version---and don't do anything else. The
14529 output is always three numbers separated by dots, major, minor and
14530 patchlevel version.
14531 -dumpspecs
14533 Print the compiler's built-in specs---and don't do anything else.
14534 (This is used when GCC itself is being built.)
14535 Machine-Dependent Options
14537 Each target machine supported by GCC can have its own options---for
14538 example, to allow you to compile for a particular processor variant or
14539 ABI, or to control optimizations specific to that machine. By
14540 convention, the names of machine-specific options start with -m.
14541 Some configurations of the compiler also support additional target-
14543 specific options, usually for compatibility with other compilers on the
14544 same platform.
14545 AArch64 Options
14547 These options are defined for AArch64 implementations:
14549 -mabi=name
14551 Generate code for the specified data model. Permissible values are
14552 ilp32 for SysV-like data model where int, long int and pointers are
14553 32 bits, and lp64 for SysV-like data model where int is 32 bits,
14554 but long int and pointers are 64 bits.
14555 The default depends on the specific target configuration. Note
14557 that the LP64 and ILP32 ABIs are not link-compatible; you must
14558 compile your entire program with the same ABI, and link with a
14559 compatible set of libraries.
14560 -mbig-endian
14562 Generate big-endian code. This is the default when GCC is
14563 configured for an aarch64_be-*-* target.
14564 -mgeneral-regs-only
14566 Generate code which uses only the general-purpose registers. This
14567 will prevent the compiler from using floating-point and Advanced
14568 SIMD registers but will not impose any restrictions on the
14569 assembler.
14570 -mlittle-endian
14572 Generate little-endian code. This is the default when GCC is
14573 configured for an aarch64-*-* but not an aarch64_be-*-* target.
14574 -mcmodel=tiny
14576 Generate code for the tiny code model. The program and its
14577 statically defined symbols must be within 1MB of each other.
14578 Programs can be statically or dynamically linked.
14579 -mcmodel=small
14581 Generate code for the small code model. The program and its
14582 statically defined symbols must be within 4GB of each other.
14583 Programs can be statically or dynamically linked. This is the
14584 default code model.
14585 -mcmodel=large
14587 Generate code for the large code model. This makes no assumptions
14588 about addresses and sizes of sections. Programs can be statically
14589 linked only. The -mcmodel=large option is incompatible with
14590 -mabi=ilp32, -fpic and -fPIC.
14591 -mstrict-align
14593 -mno-strict-align
14594 Avoid or allow generating memory accesses that may not be aligned
14595 on a natural object boundary as described in the architecture
14596 specification.
14597 -momit-leaf-frame-pointer
14599 -mno-omit-leaf-frame-pointer
14600 Omit or keep the frame pointer in leaf functions. The former
14601 behavior is the default.
14602 -mstack-protector-guard=guard
14604 -mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
14605 -mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset
14606 Generate stack protection code using canary at guard. Supported
14607 locations are global for a global canary or sysreg for a canary in
14608 an appropriate system register.
14609 With the latter choice the options -mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
14611 and -mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset furthermore specify which
14612 system register to use as base register for reading the canary, and
14613 from what offset from that base register. There is no default
14614 register or offset as this is entirely for use within the Linux
14615 kernel.
14616 -mstack-protector-guard=guard
14618 -mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
14619 -mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset
14620 Generate stack protection code using canary at guard. Supported
14621 locations are global for a global canary or sysreg for a canary in
14622 an appropriate system register.
14623 With the latter choice the options -mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
14625 and -mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset furthermore specify which
14626 system register to use as base register for reading the canary, and
14627 from what offset from that base register. There is no default
14628 register or offset as this is entirely for use within the Linux
14629 kernel.
14630 -mtls-dialect=desc
14632 Use TLS descriptors as the thread-local storage mechanism for
14633 dynamic accesses of TLS variables. This is the default.
14634 -mtls-dialect=traditional
14636 Use traditional TLS as the thread-local storage mechanism for
14637 dynamic accesses of TLS variables.
14638 -mtls-size=size
14640 Specify bit size of immediate TLS offsets. Valid values are 12,
14641 24, 32, 48. This option requires binutils 2.26 or newer.
14642 -mfix-cortex-a53-835769
14644 -mno-fix-cortex-a53-835769
14645 Enable or disable the workaround for the ARM Cortex-A53 erratum
14646 number 835769. This involves inserting a NOP instruction between
14647 memory instructions and 64-bit integer multiply-accumulate
14648 instructions.
14649 -mfix-cortex-a53-843419
14651 -mno-fix-cortex-a53-843419
14652 Enable or disable the workaround for the ARM Cortex-A53 erratum
14653 number 843419. This erratum workaround is made at link time and
14654 this will only pass the corresponding flag to the linker.
14655 -mlow-precision-recip-sqrt
14657 -mno-low-precision-recip-sqrt
14658 Enable or disable the reciprocal square root approximation. This
14659 option only has an effect if -ffast-math or
14660 -funsafe-math-optimizations is used as well. Enabling this reduces
14661 precision of reciprocal square root results to about 16 bits for
14662 single precision and to 32 bits for double precision.
14663 -mlow-precision-sqrt
14665 -mno-low-precision-sqrt
14666 Enable or disable the square root approximation. This option only
14667 has an effect if -ffast-math or -funsafe-math-optimizations is used
14668 as well. Enabling this reduces precision of square root results to
14669 about 16 bits for single precision and to 32 bits for double
14670 precision. If enabled, it implies -mlow-precision-recip-sqrt.
14671 -mlow-precision-div
14673 -mno-low-precision-div
14674 Enable or disable the division approximation. This option only has
14675 an effect if -ffast-math or -funsafe-math-optimizations is used as
14676 well. Enabling this reduces precision of division results to about
14677 16 bits for single precision and to 32 bits for double precision.
14678 -mtrack-speculation
14680 -mno-track-speculation
14681 Enable or disable generation of additional code to track
14682 speculative execution through conditional branches. The tracking
14683 state can then be used by the compiler when expanding calls to
14684 "__builtin_speculation_safe_copy" to permit a more efficient code
14685 sequence to be generated.
14686 -moutline-atomics
14688 -mno-outline-atomics
14689 Enable or disable calls to out-of-line helpers to implement atomic
14690 operations. These helpers will, at runtime, determine if the LSE
14691 instructions from ARMv8.1-A can be used; if not, they will use the
14692 load/store-exclusive instructions that are present in the base
14693 ARMv8.0 ISA.
14694 This option is only applicable when compiling for the base ARMv8.0
14696 instruction set. If using a later revision, e.g. -march=armv8.1-a
14697 or -march=armv8-a+lse, the ARMv8.1-Atomics instructions will be
14698 used directly. The same applies when using -mcpu= when the
14699 selected cpu supports the lse feature. This option is on by
14700 default.
14701 -march=name
14703 Specify the name of the target architecture and, optionally, one or
14704 more feature modifiers. This option has the form
14705 -march=arch{+[no]feature}*.
14706 The table below summarizes the permissible values for arch and the
14708 features that they enable by default:
14709 arch value : Architecture : Includes by default
14711 armv8-a : Armv8-A : +fp, +simd
14712 armv8.1-a : Armv8.1-A : armv8-a, +crc, +lse, +rdma
14713 armv8.2-a : Armv8.2-A : armv8.1-a
14714 armv8.3-a : Armv8.3-A : armv8.2-a
14715 armv8.4-a : Armv8.4-A : armv8.3-a, +fp16fml, +dotprod
14716 armv8.5-a : Armv8.5-A : armv8.4-a, +sb, +ssbs, +predres
14717 armv8.6-a : Armv8.6-A : armv8.5-a, +bf16, +i8mm
14718 The value native is available on native AArch64 GNU/Linux and
14720 causes the compiler to pick the architecture of the host system.
14721 This option has no effect if the compiler is unable to recognize
14722 the architecture of the host system,
14723 The permissible values for feature are listed in the sub-section on
14725 aarch64-feature-modifiers,,-march and -mcpu Feature Modifiers.
14726 Where conflicting feature modifiers are specified, the right-most
14727 feature is used.
14728 GCC uses name to determine what kind of instructions it can emit
14730 when generating assembly code. If -march is specified without
14731 either of -mtune or -mcpu also being specified, the code is tuned
14732 to perform well across a range of target processors implementing
14733 the target architecture.
14734 -mtune=name
14736 Specify the name of the target processor for which GCC should tune
14737 the performance of the code. Permissible values for this option
14738 are: generic, cortex-a35, cortex-a53, cortex-a55, cortex-a57,
14739 cortex-a72, cortex-a73, cortex-a75, cortex-a76, cortex-a76ae,
14740 cortex-a77, cortex-a65, cortex-a65ae, cortex-a34, ares, exynos-m1,
14741 emag, falkor, neoverse-e1,neoverse-n1,qdf24xx, saphira, phecda,
14742 xgene1, vulcan, octeontx, octeontx81, octeontx83, octeontx2,
14743 octeontx2t98, octeontx2t96 octeontx2t93, octeontx2f95,
14744 octeontx2f95n, octeontx2f95mm thunderx, thunderxt88, thunderxt88p1,
14745 thunderxt81, tsv110, thunderxt83, thunderx2t99, thunderx3t110,
14746 zeus, cortex-a57.cortex-a53, cortex-a72.cortex-a53,
14747 cortex-a73.cortex-a35, cortex-a73.cortex-a53,
14748 cortex-a75.cortex-a55, cortex-a76.cortex-a55 native.
14749 The values cortex-a57.cortex-a53, cortex-a72.cortex-a53,
14751 cortex-a73.cortex-a35, cortex-a73.cortex-a53,
14752 cortex-a75.cortex-a55, cortex-a76.cortex-a55 specify that GCC
14753 should tune for a big.LITTLE system.
14754 Additionally on native AArch64 GNU/Linux systems the value native
14756 tunes performance to the host system. This option has no effect if
14757 the compiler is unable to recognize the processor of the host
14758 system.
14759 Where none of -mtune=, -mcpu= or -march= are specified, the code is
14761 tuned to perform well across a range of target processors.
14762 This option cannot be suffixed by feature modifiers.
14764 -mcpu=name
14766 Specify the name of the target processor, optionally suffixed by
14767 one or more feature modifiers. This option has the form
14768 -mcpu=cpu{+[no]feature}*, where the permissible values for cpu are
14769 the same as those available for -mtune. The permissible values for
14770 feature are documented in the sub-section on
14771 aarch64-feature-modifiers,,-march and -mcpu Feature Modifiers.
14772 Where conflicting feature modifiers are specified, the right-most
14773 feature is used.
14774 GCC uses name to determine what kind of instructions it can emit
14776 when generating assembly code (as if by -march) and to determine
14777 the target processor for which to tune for performance (as if by
14778 -mtune). Where this option is used in conjunction with -march or
14779 -mtune, those options take precedence over the appropriate part of
14780 this option.
14781 -moverride=string
14783 Override tuning decisions made by the back-end in response to a
14784 -mtune= switch. The syntax, semantics, and accepted values for
14785 string in this option are not guaranteed to be consistent across
14786 releases.
14787 This option is only intended to be useful when developing GCC.
14789 -mverbose-cost-dump
14791 Enable verbose cost model dumping in the debug dump files. This
14792 option is provided for use in debugging the compiler.
14793 -mpc-relative-literal-loads
14795 -mno-pc-relative-literal-loads
14796 Enable or disable PC-relative literal loads. With this option
14797 literal pools are accessed using a single instruction and emitted
14798 after each function. This limits the maximum size of functions to
14799 1MB. This is enabled by default for -mcmodel=tiny.
14800 -msign-return-address=scope
14802 Select the function scope on which return address signing will be
14803 applied. Permissible values are none, which disables return
14804 address signing, non-leaf, which enables pointer signing for
14805 functions which are not leaf functions, and all, which enables
14806 pointer signing for all functions. The default value is none. This
14807 option has been deprecated by -mbranch-protection.
14808 -mbranch-protection=none|standard|pac-ret[+leaf+b-key]|bti
14810 Select the branch protection features to use. none is the default
14811 and turns off all types of branch protection. standard turns on
14812 all types of branch protection features. If a feature has
14813 additional tuning options, then standard sets it to its standard
14814 level. pac-ret[+leaf] turns on return address signing to its
14815 standard level: signing functions that save the return address to
14816 memory (non-leaf functions will practically always do this) using
14817 the a-key. The optional argument leaf can be used to extend the
14818 signing to include leaf functions. The optional argument b-key can
14819 be used to sign the functions with the B-key instead of the A-key.
14820 bti turns on branch target identification mechanism.
14821 -msve-vector-bits=bits
14823 Specify the number of bits in an SVE vector register. This option
14824 only has an effect when SVE is enabled.
14825 GCC supports two forms of SVE code generation: "vector-length
14827 agnostic" output that works with any size of vector register and
14828 "vector-length specific" output that allows GCC to make assumptions
14829 about the vector length when it is useful for optimization reasons.
14830 The possible values of bits are: scalable, 128, 256, 512, 1024 and
14831 2048. Specifying scalable selects vector-length agnostic output.
14832 At present -msve-vector-bits=128 also generates vector-length
14833 agnostic output for big-endian targets. All other values generate
14834 vector-length specific code. The behavior of these values may
14835 change in future releases and no value except scalable should be
14836 relied on for producing code that is portable across different
14837 hardware SVE vector lengths.
14838 The default is -msve-vector-bits=scalable, which produces vector-
14840 length agnostic code.
14841 -march and -mcpu Feature Modifiers
14843 Feature modifiers used with -march and -mcpu can be any of the
14845 following and their inverses nofeature:
14846 crc Enable CRC extension. This is on by default for -march=armv8.1-a.
14848 crypto
14850 Enable Crypto extension. This also enables Advanced SIMD and
14851 floating-point instructions.
14852 fp Enable floating-point instructions. This is on by default for all
14854 possible values for options -march and -mcpu.
14855 simd
14857 Enable Advanced SIMD instructions. This also enables floating-
14858 point instructions. This is on by default for all possible values
14859 for options -march and -mcpu.
14860 sve Enable Scalable Vector Extension instructions. This also enables
14862 Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
14863 lse Enable Large System Extension instructions. This is on by default
14865 for -march=armv8.1-a.
14866 rdma
14868 Enable Round Double Multiply Accumulate instructions. This is on
14869 by default for -march=armv8.1-a.
14870 fp16
14872 Enable FP16 extension. This also enables floating-point
14873 instructions.
14874 fp16fml
14876 Enable FP16 fmla extension. This also enables FP16 extensions and
14877 floating-point instructions. This option is enabled by default for
14878 -march=armv8.4-a. Use of this option with architectures prior to
14879 Armv8.2-A is not supported.
14880 rcpc
14882 Enable the RcPc extension. This does not change code generation
14883 from GCC, but is passed on to the assembler, enabling inline asm
14884 statements to use instructions from the RcPc extension.
14885 dotprod
14887 Enable the Dot Product extension. This also enables Advanced SIMD
14888 instructions.
14889 aes Enable the Armv8-a aes and pmull crypto extension. This also
14891 enables Advanced SIMD instructions.
14892 sha2
14894 Enable the Armv8-a sha2 crypto extension. This also enables
14895 Advanced SIMD instructions.
14896 sha3
14898 Enable the sha512 and sha3 crypto extension. This also enables
14899 Advanced SIMD instructions. Use of this option with architectures
14900 prior to Armv8.2-A is not supported.
14901 sm4 Enable the sm3 and sm4 crypto extension. This also enables
14903 Advanced SIMD instructions. Use of this option with architectures
14904 prior to Armv8.2-A is not supported.
14905 profile
14907 Enable the Statistical Profiling extension. This option is only to
14908 enable the extension at the assembler level and does not affect
14909 code generation.
14910 rng Enable the Armv8.5-a Random Number instructions. This option is
14912 only to enable the extension at the assembler level and does not
14913 affect code generation.
14914 memtag
14916 Enable the Armv8.5-a Memory Tagging Extensions. Use of this option
14917 with architectures prior to Armv8.5-A is not supported.
14918 sb Enable the Armv8-a Speculation Barrier instruction. This option is
14920 only to enable the extension at the assembler level and does not
14921 affect code generation. This option is enabled by default for
14922 -march=armv8.5-a.
14923 ssbs
14925 Enable the Armv8-a Speculative Store Bypass Safe instruction. This
14926 option is only to enable the extension at the assembler level and
14927 does not affect code generation. This option is enabled by default
14928 for -march=armv8.5-a.
14929 predres
14931 Enable the Armv8-a Execution and Data Prediction Restriction
14932 instructions. This option is only to enable the extension at the
14933 assembler level and does not affect code generation. This option
14934 is enabled by default for -march=armv8.5-a.
14935 sve2
14937 Enable the Armv8-a Scalable Vector Extension 2. This also enables
14938 SVE instructions.
14939 sve2-bitperm
14941 Enable SVE2 bitperm instructions. This also enables SVE2
14942 instructions.
14943 sve2-sm4
14945 Enable SVE2 sm4 instructions. This also enables SVE2 instructions.
14946 sve2-aes
14948 Enable SVE2 aes instructions. This also enables SVE2 instructions.
14949 sve2-sha3
14951 Enable SVE2 sha3 instructions. This also enables SVE2
14952 instructions.
14953 tme Enable the Transactional Memory Extension.
14955 i8mm
14957 Enable 8-bit Integer Matrix Multiply instructions. This also
14958 enables Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions. This option
14959 is enabled by default for -march=armv8.6-a. Use of this option
14960 with architectures prior to Armv8.2-A is not supported.
14961 f32mm
14963 Enable 32-bit Floating point Matrix Multiply instructions. This
14964 also enables SVE instructions. Use of this option with
14965 architectures prior to Armv8.2-A is not supported.
14966 f64mm
14968 Enable 64-bit Floating point Matrix Multiply instructions. This
14969 also enables SVE instructions. Use of this option with
14970 architectures prior to Armv8.2-A is not supported.
14971 bf16
14973 Enable brain half-precision floating-point instructions. This also
14974 enables Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions. This option
14975 is enabled by default for -march=armv8.6-a. Use of this option
14976 with architectures prior to Armv8.2-A is not supported.
14977 Feature crypto implies aes, sha2, and simd, which implies fp.
14979 Conversely, nofp implies nosimd, which implies nocrypto, noaes and
14980 nosha2.
14981 Adapteva Epiphany Options
14983 These -m options are defined for Adapteva Epiphany:
14985 -mhalf-reg-file
14987 Don't allocate any register in the range "r32"..."r63". That
14988 allows code to run on hardware variants that lack these registers.
14989 -mprefer-short-insn-regs
14991 Preferentially allocate registers that allow short instruction
14992 generation. This can result in increased instruction count, so
14993 this may either reduce or increase overall code size.
14994 -mbranch-cost=num
14996 Set the cost of branches to roughly num "simple" instructions.
14997 This cost is only a heuristic and is not guaranteed to produce
14998 consistent results across releases.
14999 -mcmove
15001 Enable the generation of conditional moves.
15002 -mnops=num
15004 Emit num NOPs before every other generated instruction.
15005 -mno-soft-cmpsf
15007 For single-precision floating-point comparisons, emit an "fsub"
15008 instruction and test the flags. This is faster than a software
15009 comparison, but can get incorrect results in the presence of NaNs,
15010 or when two different small numbers are compared such that their
15011 difference is calculated as zero. The default is -msoft-cmpsf,
15012 which uses slower, but IEEE-compliant, software comparisons.
15013 -mstack-offset=num
15015 Set the offset between the top of the stack and the stack pointer.
15016 E.g., a value of 8 means that the eight bytes in the range
15017 "sp+0...sp+7" can be used by leaf functions without stack
15018 allocation. Values other than 8 or 16 are untested and unlikely to
15019 work. Note also that this option changes the ABI; compiling a
15020 program with a different stack offset than the libraries have been
15021 compiled with generally does not work. This option can be useful
15022 if you want to evaluate if a different stack offset would give you
15023 better code, but to actually use a different stack offset to build
15024 working programs, it is recommended to configure the toolchain with
15025 the appropriate --with-stack-offset=num option.
15026 -mno-round-nearest
15028 Make the scheduler assume that the rounding mode has been set to
15029 truncating. The default is -mround-nearest.
15030 -mlong-calls
15032 If not otherwise specified by an attribute, assume all calls might
15033 be beyond the offset range of the "b" / "bl" instructions, and
15034 therefore load the function address into a register before
15035 performing a (otherwise direct) call. This is the default.
15036 -mshort-calls
15038 If not otherwise specified by an attribute, assume all direct calls
15039 are in the range of the "b" / "bl" instructions, so use these
15040 instructions for direct calls. The default is -mlong-calls.
15041 -msmall16
15043 Assume addresses can be loaded as 16-bit unsigned values. This
15044 does not apply to function addresses for which -mlong-calls
15045 semantics are in effect.
15046 -mfp-mode=mode
15048 Set the prevailing mode of the floating-point unit. This
15049 determines the floating-point mode that is provided and expected at
15050 function call and return time. Making this mode match the mode you
15051 predominantly need at function start can make your programs smaller
15052 and faster by avoiding unnecessary mode switches.
15053 mode can be set to one the following values:
15055 caller
15057 Any mode at function entry is valid, and retained or restored
15058 when the function returns, and when it calls other functions.
15059 This mode is useful for compiling libraries or other
15060 compilation units you might want to incorporate into different
15061 programs with different prevailing FPU modes, and the
15062 convenience of being able to use a single object file outweighs
15063 the size and speed overhead for any extra mode switching that
15064 might be needed, compared with what would be needed with a more
15065 specific choice of prevailing FPU mode.
15066 truncate
15068 This is the mode used for floating-point calculations with
15069 truncating (i.e. round towards zero) rounding mode. That
15070 includes conversion from floating point to integer.
15071 round-nearest
15073 This is the mode used for floating-point calculations with
15074 round-to-nearest-or-even rounding mode.
15075 int This is the mode used to perform integer calculations in the
15077 FPU, e.g. integer multiply, or integer multiply-and-
15078 accumulate.
15079 The default is -mfp-mode=caller
15081 -mno-split-lohi
15083 -mno-postinc
15084 -mno-postmodify
15085 Code generation tweaks that disable, respectively, splitting of
15086 32-bit loads, generation of post-increment addresses, and
15087 generation of post-modify addresses. The defaults are msplit-lohi,
15088 -mpost-inc, and -mpost-modify.
15089 -mnovect-double
15091 Change the preferred SIMD mode to SImode. The default is
15092 -mvect-double, which uses DImode as preferred SIMD mode.
15093 -max-vect-align=num
15095 The maximum alignment for SIMD vector mode types. num may be 4 or
15096 8. The default is 8. Note that this is an ABI change, even though
15097 many library function interfaces are unaffected if they don't use
15098 SIMD vector modes in places that affect size and/or alignment of
15099 relevant types.
15100 -msplit-vecmove-early
15102 Split vector moves into single word moves before reload. In theory
15103 this can give better register allocation, but so far the reverse
15104 seems to be generally the case.
15105 -m1reg-reg
15107 Specify a register to hold the constant -1, which makes loading
15108 small negative constants and certain bitmasks faster. Allowable
15109 values for reg are r43 and r63, which specify use of that register
15110 as a fixed register, and none, which means that no register is used
15111 for this purpose. The default is -m1reg-none.
15112 AMD GCN Options
15114 These options are defined specifically for the AMD GCN port.
15116 -march=gpu
15118 -mtune=gpu
15119 Set architecture type or tuning for gpu. Supported values for gpu
15120 are
15121 fiji
15123 Compile for GCN3 Fiji devices (gfx803).
15124 gfx900
15126 Compile for GCN5 Vega 10 devices (gfx900).
15127 gfx906
15129 Compile for GCN5 Vega 20 devices (gfx906).
15130 -mstack-size=bytes
15132 Specify how many bytes of stack space will be requested for each
15133 GPU thread (wave-front). Beware that there may be many threads and
15134 limited memory available. The size of the stack allocation may
15135 also have an impact on run-time performance. The default is 32KB
15136 when using OpenACC or OpenMP, and 1MB otherwise.
15137 ARC Options
15139 The following options control the architecture variant for which code
15141 is being compiled:
15142 -mbarrel-shifter
15144 Generate instructions supported by barrel shifter. This is the
15145 default unless -mcpu=ARC601 or -mcpu=ARCEM is in effect.
15146 -mjli-always
15148 Force to call a function using jli_s instruction. This option is
15149 valid only for ARCv2 architecture.
15150 -mcpu=cpu
15152 Set architecture type, register usage, and instruction scheduling
15153 parameters for cpu. There are also shortcut alias options
15154 available for backward compatibility and convenience. Supported
15155 values for cpu are
15156 arc600
15158 Compile for ARC600. Aliases: -mA6, -mARC600.
15159 arc601
15161 Compile for ARC601. Alias: -mARC601.
15162 arc700
15164 Compile for ARC700. Aliases: -mA7, -mARC700. This is the
15165 default when configured with --with-cpu=arc700.
15166 arcem
15168 Compile for ARC EM.
15169 archs
15171 Compile for ARC HS.
15172 em Compile for ARC EM CPU with no hardware extensions.
15174 em4 Compile for ARC EM4 CPU.
15176 em4_dmips
15178 Compile for ARC EM4 DMIPS CPU.
15179 em4_fpus
15181 Compile for ARC EM4 DMIPS CPU with the single-precision
15182 floating-point extension.
15183 em4_fpuda
15185 Compile for ARC EM4 DMIPS CPU with single-precision floating-
15186 point and double assist instructions.
15187 hs Compile for ARC HS CPU with no hardware extensions except the
15189 atomic instructions.
15190 hs34
15192 Compile for ARC HS34 CPU.
15193 hs38
15195 Compile for ARC HS38 CPU.
15196 hs38_linux
15198 Compile for ARC HS38 CPU with all hardware extensions on.
15199 arc600_norm
15201 Compile for ARC 600 CPU with "norm" instructions enabled.
15202 arc600_mul32x16
15204 Compile for ARC 600 CPU with "norm" and 32x16-bit multiply
15205 instructions enabled.
15206 arc600_mul64
15208 Compile for ARC 600 CPU with "norm" and "mul64"-family
15209 instructions enabled.
15210 arc601_norm
15212 Compile for ARC 601 CPU with "norm" instructions enabled.
15213 arc601_mul32x16
15215 Compile for ARC 601 CPU with "norm" and 32x16-bit multiply
15216 instructions enabled.
15217 arc601_mul64
15219 Compile for ARC 601 CPU with "norm" and "mul64"-family
15220 instructions enabled.
15221 nps400
15223 Compile for ARC 700 on NPS400 chip.
15224 em_mini
15226 Compile for ARC EM minimalist configuration featuring reduced
15227 register set.
15228 -mdpfp
15230 -mdpfp-compact
15231 Generate double-precision FPX instructions, tuned for the compact
15232 implementation.
15233 -mdpfp-fast
15235 Generate double-precision FPX instructions, tuned for the fast
15236 implementation.
15237 -mno-dpfp-lrsr
15239 Disable "lr" and "sr" instructions from using FPX extension aux
15240 registers.
15241 -mea
15243 Generate extended arithmetic instructions. Currently only "divaw",
15244 "adds", "subs", and "sat16" are supported. Only valid for
15245 -mcpu=ARC700.
15246 -mno-mpy
15248 Do not generate "mpy"-family instructions for ARC700. This option
15249 is deprecated.
15250 -mmul32x16
15252 Generate 32x16-bit multiply and multiply-accumulate instructions.
15253 -mmul64
15255 Generate "mul64" and "mulu64" instructions. Only valid for
15256 -mcpu=ARC600.
15257 -mnorm
15259 Generate "norm" instructions. This is the default if -mcpu=ARC700
15260 is in effect.
15261 -mspfp
15263 -mspfp-compact
15264 Generate single-precision FPX instructions, tuned for the compact
15265 implementation.
15266 -mspfp-fast
15268 Generate single-precision FPX instructions, tuned for the fast
15269 implementation.
15270 -msimd
15272 Enable generation of ARC SIMD instructions via target-specific
15273 builtins. Only valid for -mcpu=ARC700.
15274 -msoft-float
15276 This option ignored; it is provided for compatibility purposes
15277 only. Software floating-point code is emitted by default, and this
15278 default can overridden by FPX options; -mspfp, -mspfp-compact, or
15279 -mspfp-fast for single precision, and -mdpfp, -mdpfp-compact, or
15280 -mdpfp-fast for double precision.
15281 -mswap
15283 Generate "swap" instructions.
15284 -matomic
15286 This enables use of the locked load/store conditional extension to
15287 implement atomic memory built-in functions. Not available for ARC
15288 6xx or ARC EM cores.
15289 -mdiv-rem
15291 Enable "div" and "rem" instructions for ARCv2 cores.
15292 -mcode-density
15294 Enable code density instructions for ARC EM. This option is on by
15295 default for ARC HS.
15296 -mll64
15298 Enable double load/store operations for ARC HS cores.
15299 -mtp-regno=regno
15301 Specify thread pointer register number.
15302 -mmpy-option=multo
15304 Compile ARCv2 code with a multiplier design option. You can
15305 specify the option using either a string or numeric value for
15306 multo. wlh1 is the default value. The recognized values are:
15307 0
15309 none
15310 No multiplier available.
15311 1
15313 w 16x16 multiplier, fully pipelined. The following instructions
15314 are enabled: "mpyw" and "mpyuw".
15315 2
15317 wlh1
15318 32x32 multiplier, fully pipelined (1 stage). The following
15319 instructions are additionally enabled: "mpy", "mpyu", "mpym",
15320 "mpymu", and "mpy_s".
15321 3
15323 wlh2
15324 32x32 multiplier, fully pipelined (2 stages). The following
15325 instructions are additionally enabled: "mpy", "mpyu", "mpym",
15326 "mpymu", and "mpy_s".
15327 4
15329 wlh3
15330 Two 16x16 multipliers, blocking, sequential. The following
15331 instructions are additionally enabled: "mpy", "mpyu", "mpym",
15332 "mpymu", and "mpy_s".
15333 5
15335 wlh4
15336 One 16x16 multiplier, blocking, sequential. The following
15337 instructions are additionally enabled: "mpy", "mpyu", "mpym",
15338 "mpymu", and "mpy_s".
15339 6
15341 wlh5
15342 One 32x4 multiplier, blocking, sequential. The following
15343 instructions are additionally enabled: "mpy", "mpyu", "mpym",
15344 "mpymu", and "mpy_s".
15345 7
15347 plus_dmpy
15348 ARC HS SIMD support.
15349 8
15351 plus_macd
15352 ARC HS SIMD support.
15353 9
15355 plus_qmacw
15356 ARC HS SIMD support.
15357 This option is only available for ARCv2 cores.
15359 -mfpu=fpu
15361 Enables support for specific floating-point hardware extensions for
15362 ARCv2 cores. Supported values for fpu are:
15363 fpus
15365 Enables support for single-precision floating-point hardware
15366 extensions.
15367 fpud
15369 Enables support for double-precision floating-point hardware
15370 extensions. The single-precision floating-point extension is
15371 also enabled. Not available for ARC EM.
15372 fpuda
15374 Enables support for double-precision floating-point hardware
15375 extensions using double-precision assist instructions. The
15376 single-precision floating-point extension is also enabled.
15377 This option is only available for ARC EM.
15378 fpuda_div
15380 Enables support for double-precision floating-point hardware
15381 extensions using double-precision assist instructions. The
15382 single-precision floating-point, square-root, and divide
15383 extensions are also enabled. This option is only available for
15384 ARC EM.
15385 fpuda_fma
15387 Enables support for double-precision floating-point hardware
15388 extensions using double-precision assist instructions. The
15389 single-precision floating-point and fused multiply and add
15390 hardware extensions are also enabled. This option is only
15391 available for ARC EM.
15392 fpuda_all
15394 Enables support for double-precision floating-point hardware
15395 extensions using double-precision assist instructions. All
15396 single-precision floating-point hardware extensions are also
15397 enabled. This option is only available for ARC EM.
15398 fpus_div
15400 Enables support for single-precision floating-point, square-
15401 root and divide hardware extensions.
15402 fpud_div
15404 Enables support for double-precision floating-point, square-
15405 root and divide hardware extensions. This option includes
15406 option fpus_div. Not available for ARC EM.
15407 fpus_fma
15409 Enables support for single-precision floating-point and fused
15410 multiply and add hardware extensions.
15411 fpud_fma
15413 Enables support for double-precision floating-point and fused
15414 multiply and add hardware extensions. This option includes
15415 option fpus_fma. Not available for ARC EM.
15416 fpus_all
15418 Enables support for all single-precision floating-point
15419 hardware extensions.
15420 fpud_all
15422 Enables support for all single- and double-precision floating-
15423 point hardware extensions. Not available for ARC EM.
15424 -mirq-ctrl-saved=register-range, blink, lp_count
15426 Specifies general-purposes registers that the processor
15427 automatically saves/restores on interrupt entry and exit.
15428 register-range is specified as two registers separated by a dash.
15429 The register range always starts with "r0", the upper limit is "fp"
15430 register. blink and lp_count are optional. This option is only
15431 valid for ARC EM and ARC HS cores.
15432 -mrgf-banked-regs=number
15434 Specifies the number of registers replicated in second register
15435 bank on entry to fast interrupt. Fast interrupts are interrupts
15436 with the highest priority level P0. These interrupts save only PC
15437 and STATUS32 registers to avoid memory transactions during
15438 interrupt entry and exit sequences. Use this option when you are
15439 using fast interrupts in an ARC V2 family processor. Permitted
15440 values are 4, 8, 16, and 32.
15441 -mlpc-width=width
15443 Specify the width of the "lp_count" register. Valid values for
15444 width are 8, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32 bits. The default width is
15445 fixed to 32 bits. If the width is less than 32, the compiler does
15446 not attempt to transform loops in your program to use the zero-
15447 delay loop mechanism unless it is known that the "lp_count"
15448 register can hold the required loop-counter value. Depending on
15449 the width specified, the compiler and run-time library might
15450 continue to use the loop mechanism for various needs. This option
15451 defines macro "__ARC_LPC_WIDTH__" with the value of width.
15452 -mrf16
15454 This option instructs the compiler to generate code for a 16-entry
15455 register file. This option defines the "__ARC_RF16__" preprocessor
15456 macro.
15457 -mbranch-index
15459 Enable use of "bi" or "bih" instructions to implement jump tables.
15460 The following options are passed through to the assembler, and also
15462 define preprocessor macro symbols.
15463 -mdsp-packa
15465 Passed down to the assembler to enable the DSP Pack A extensions.
15466 Also sets the preprocessor symbol "__Xdsp_packa". This option is
15467 deprecated.
15468 -mdvbf
15470 Passed down to the assembler to enable the dual Viterbi butterfly
15471 extension. Also sets the preprocessor symbol "__Xdvbf". This
15472 option is deprecated.
15473 -mlock
15475 Passed down to the assembler to enable the locked load/store
15476 conditional extension. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
15477 "__Xlock".
15478 -mmac-d16
15480 Passed down to the assembler. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
15481 "__Xxmac_d16". This option is deprecated.
15482 -mmac-24
15484 Passed down to the assembler. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
15485 "__Xxmac_24". This option is deprecated.
15486 -mrtsc
15488 Passed down to the assembler to enable the 64-bit time-stamp
15489 counter extension instruction. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
15490 "__Xrtsc". This option is deprecated.
15491 -mswape
15493 Passed down to the assembler to enable the swap byte ordering
15494 extension instruction. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
15495 "__Xswape".
15496 -mtelephony
15498 Passed down to the assembler to enable dual- and single-operand
15499 instructions for telephony. Also sets the preprocessor symbol
15500 "__Xtelephony". This option is deprecated.
15501 -mxy
15503 Passed down to the assembler to enable the XY memory extension.
15504 Also sets the preprocessor symbol "__Xxy".
15505 The following options control how the assembly code is annotated:
15507 -misize
15509 Annotate assembler instructions with estimated addresses.
15510 -mannotate-align
15512 Explain what alignment considerations lead to the decision to make
15513 an instruction short or long.
15514 The following options are passed through to the linker:
15516 -marclinux
15518 Passed through to the linker, to specify use of the "arclinux"
15519 emulation. This option is enabled by default in tool chains built
15520 for "arc-linux-uclibc" and "arceb-linux-uclibc" targets when
15521 profiling is not requested.
15522 -marclinux_prof
15524 Passed through to the linker, to specify use of the "arclinux_prof"
15525 emulation. This option is enabled by default in tool chains built
15526 for "arc-linux-uclibc" and "arceb-linux-uclibc" targets when
15527 profiling is requested.
15528 The following options control the semantics of generated code:
15530 -mlong-calls
15532 Generate calls as register indirect calls, thus providing access to
15533 the full 32-bit address range.
15534 -mmedium-calls
15536 Don't use less than 25-bit addressing range for calls, which is the
15537 offset available for an unconditional branch-and-link instruction.
15538 Conditional execution of function calls is suppressed, to allow use
15539 of the 25-bit range, rather than the 21-bit range with conditional
15540 branch-and-link. This is the default for tool chains built for
15541 "arc-linux-uclibc" and "arceb-linux-uclibc" targets.
15542 -G num
15544 Put definitions of externally-visible data in a small data section
15545 if that data is no bigger than num bytes. The default value of num
15546 is 4 for any ARC configuration, or 8 when we have double load/store
15547 operations.
15548 -mno-sdata
15550 Do not generate sdata references. This is the default for tool
15551 chains built for "arc-linux-uclibc" and "arceb-linux-uclibc"
15552 targets.
15553 -mvolatile-cache
15555 Use ordinarily cached memory accesses for volatile references.
15556 This is the default.
15557 -mno-volatile-cache
15559 Enable cache bypass for volatile references.
15560 The following options fine tune code generation:
15562 -malign-call
15564 Do alignment optimizations for call instructions.
15565 -mauto-modify-reg
15567 Enable the use of pre/post modify with register displacement.
15568 -mbbit-peephole
15570 Enable bbit peephole2.
15571 -mno-brcc
15573 This option disables a target-specific pass in arc_reorg to
15574 generate compare-and-branch ("brcc") instructions. It has no
15575 effect on generation of these instructions driven by the combiner
15576 pass.
15577 -mcase-vector-pcrel
15579 Use PC-relative switch case tables to enable case table shortening.
15580 This is the default for -Os.
15581 -mcompact-casesi
15583 Enable compact "casesi" pattern. This is the default for -Os, and
15584 only available for ARCv1 cores. This option is deprecated.
15585 -mno-cond-exec
15587 Disable the ARCompact-specific pass to generate conditional
15588 execution instructions.
15589 Due to delay slot scheduling and interactions between operand
15591 numbers, literal sizes, instruction lengths, and the support for
15592 conditional execution, the target-independent pass to generate
15593 conditional execution is often lacking, so the ARC port has kept a
15594 special pass around that tries to find more conditional execution
15595 generation opportunities after register allocation, branch
15596 shortening, and delay slot scheduling have been done. This pass
15597 generally, but not always, improves performance and code size, at
15598 the cost of extra compilation time, which is why there is an option
15599 to switch it off. If you have a problem with call instructions
15600 exceeding their allowable offset range because they are
15601 conditionalized, you should consider using -mmedium-calls instead.
15602 -mearly-cbranchsi
15604 Enable pre-reload use of the "cbranchsi" pattern.
15605 -mexpand-adddi
15607 Expand "adddi3" and "subdi3" at RTL generation time into "add.f",
15608 "adc" etc. This option is deprecated.
15609 -mindexed-loads
15611 Enable the use of indexed loads. This can be problematic because
15612 some optimizers then assume that indexed stores exist, which is not
15613 the case.
15614 -mlra
15616 Enable Local Register Allocation. This is still experimental for
15617 ARC, so by default the compiler uses standard reload (i.e.
15618 -mno-lra).
15619 -mlra-priority-none
15621 Don't indicate any priority for target registers.
15622 -mlra-priority-compact
15624 Indicate target register priority for r0..r3 / r12..r15.
15625 -mlra-priority-noncompact
15627 Reduce target register priority for r0..r3 / r12..r15.
15628 -mmillicode
15630 When optimizing for size (using -Os), prologues and epilogues that
15631 have to save or restore a large number of registers are often
15632 shortened by using call to a special function in libgcc; this is
15633 referred to as a millicode call. As these calls can pose
15634 performance issues, and/or cause linking issues when linking in a
15635 nonstandard way, this option is provided to turn on or off
15636 millicode call generation.
15637 -mcode-density-frame
15639 This option enable the compiler to emit "enter" and "leave"
15640 instructions. These instructions are only valid for CPUs with
15641 code-density feature.
15642 -mmixed-code
15644 Tweak register allocation to help 16-bit instruction generation.
15645 This generally has the effect of decreasing the average instruction
15646 size while increasing the instruction count.
15647 -mq-class
15649 Ths option is deprecated. Enable q instruction alternatives. This
15650 is the default for -Os.
15651 -mRcq
15653 Enable Rcq constraint handling. Most short code generation depends
15654 on this. This is the default.
15655 -mRcw
15657 Enable Rcw constraint handling. Most ccfsm condexec mostly depends
15658 on this. This is the default.
15659 -msize-level=level
15661 Fine-tune size optimization with regards to instruction lengths and
15662 alignment. The recognized values for level are:
15663 0 No size optimization. This level is deprecated and treated
15665 like 1.
15666 1 Short instructions are used opportunistically.
15668 2 In addition, alignment of loops and of code after barriers are
15670 dropped.
15671 3 In addition, optional data alignment is dropped, and the option
15673 Os is enabled.
15674 This defaults to 3 when -Os is in effect. Otherwise, the behavior
15676 when this is not set is equivalent to level 1.
15677 -mtune=cpu
15679 Set instruction scheduling parameters for cpu, overriding any
15680 implied by -mcpu=.
15681 Supported values for cpu are
15683 ARC600
15685 Tune for ARC600 CPU.
15686 ARC601
15688 Tune for ARC601 CPU.
15689 ARC700
15691 Tune for ARC700 CPU with standard multiplier block.
15692 ARC700-xmac
15694 Tune for ARC700 CPU with XMAC block.
15695 ARC725D
15697 Tune for ARC725D CPU.
15698 ARC750D
15700 Tune for ARC750D CPU.
15701 -mmultcost=num
15703 Cost to assume for a multiply instruction, with 4 being equal to a
15704 normal instruction.
15705 -munalign-prob-threshold=probability
15707 Set probability threshold for unaligning branches. When tuning for
15708 ARC700 and optimizing for speed, branches without filled delay slot
15709 are preferably emitted unaligned and long, unless profiling
15710 indicates that the probability for the branch to be taken is below
15711 probability. The default is (REG_BR_PROB_BASE/2), i.e. 5000.
15712 The following options are maintained for backward compatibility, but
15714 are now deprecated and will be removed in a future release:
15715 -margonaut
15717 Obsolete FPX.
15718 -mbig-endian
15720 -EB Compile code for big-endian targets. Use of these options is now
15721 deprecated. Big-endian code is supported by configuring GCC to
15722 build "arceb-elf32" and "arceb-linux-uclibc" targets, for which big
15723 endian is the default.
15724 -mlittle-endian
15726 -EL Compile code for little-endian targets. Use of these options is
15727 now deprecated. Little-endian code is supported by configuring GCC
15728 to build "arc-elf32" and "arc-linux-uclibc" targets, for which
15729 little endian is the default.
15730 -mbarrel_shifter
15732 Replaced by -mbarrel-shifter.
15733 -mdpfp_compact
15735 Replaced by -mdpfp-compact.
15736 -mdpfp_fast
15738 Replaced by -mdpfp-fast.
15739 -mdsp_packa
15741 Replaced by -mdsp-packa.
15742 -mEA
15744 Replaced by -mea.
15745 -mmac_24
15747 Replaced by -mmac-24.
15748 -mmac_d16
15750 Replaced by -mmac-d16.
15751 -mspfp_compact
15753 Replaced by -mspfp-compact.
15754 -mspfp_fast
15756 Replaced by -mspfp-fast.
15757 -mtune=cpu
15759 Values arc600, arc601, arc700 and arc700-xmac for cpu are replaced
15760 by ARC600, ARC601, ARC700 and ARC700-xmac respectively.
15761 -multcost=num
15763 Replaced by -mmultcost.
15764 ARM Options
15766 These -m options are defined for the ARM port:
15768 -mabi=name
15770 Generate code for the specified ABI. Permissible values are: apcs-
15771 gnu, atpcs, aapcs, aapcs-linux and iwmmxt.
15772 -mapcs-frame
15774 Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the ARM Procedure
15775 Call Standard for all functions, even if this is not strictly
15776 necessary for correct execution of the code. Specifying
15777 -fomit-frame-pointer with this option causes the stack frames not
15778 to be generated for leaf functions. The default is
15779 -mno-apcs-frame. This option is deprecated.
15780 -mapcs
15782 This is a synonym for -mapcs-frame and is deprecated.
15783 -mthumb-interwork
15785 Generate code that supports calling between the ARM and Thumb
15786 instruction sets. Without this option, on pre-v5 architectures,
15787 the two instruction sets cannot be reliably used inside one
15788 program. The default is -mno-thumb-interwork, since slightly
15789 larger code is generated when -mthumb-interwork is specified. In
15790 AAPCS configurations this option is meaningless.
15791 -mno-sched-prolog
15793 Prevent the reordering of instructions in the function prologue, or
15794 the merging of those instruction with the instructions in the
15795 function's body. This means that all functions start with a
15796 recognizable set of instructions (or in fact one of a choice from a
15797 small set of different function prologues), and this information
15798 can be used to locate the start of functions inside an executable
15799 piece of code. The default is -msched-prolog.
15800 -mfloat-abi=name
15802 Specifies which floating-point ABI to use. Permissible values are:
15803 soft, softfp and hard.
15804 Specifying soft causes GCC to generate output containing library
15806 calls for floating-point operations. softfp allows the generation
15807 of code using hardware floating-point instructions, but still uses
15808 the soft-float calling conventions. hard allows generation of
15809 floating-point instructions and uses FPU-specific calling
15810 conventions.
15811 The default depends on the specific target configuration. Note
15813 that the hard-float and soft-float ABIs are not link-compatible;
15814 you must compile your entire program with the same ABI, and link
15815 with a compatible set of libraries.
15816 -mgeneral-regs-only
15818 Generate code which uses only the general-purpose registers. This
15819 will prevent the compiler from using floating-point and Advanced
15820 SIMD registers but will not impose any restrictions on the
15821 assembler.
15822 -mlittle-endian
15824 Generate code for a processor running in little-endian mode. This
15825 is the default for all standard configurations.
15826 -mbig-endian
15828 Generate code for a processor running in big-endian mode; the
15829 default is to compile code for a little-endian processor.
15830 -mbe8
15832 -mbe32
15833 When linking a big-endian image select between BE8 and BE32
15834 formats. The option has no effect for little-endian images and is
15835 ignored. The default is dependent on the selected target
15836 architecture. For ARMv6 and later architectures the default is
15837 BE8, for older architectures the default is BE32. BE32 format has
15838 been deprecated by ARM.
15839 -march=name[+extension...]
15841 This specifies the name of the target ARM architecture. GCC uses
15842 this name to determine what kind of instructions it can emit when
15843 generating assembly code. This option can be used in conjunction
15844 with or instead of the -mcpu= option.
15845 Permissible names are: armv4t, armv5t, armv5te, armv6, armv6j,
15847 armv6k, armv6kz, armv6t2, armv6z, armv6zk, armv7, armv7-a, armv7ve,
15848 armv8-a, armv8.1-a, armv8.2-a, armv8.3-a, armv8.4-a, armv8.5-a,
15849 armv8.6-a, armv7-r, armv8-r, armv6-m, armv6s-m, armv7-m, armv7e-m,
15850 armv8-m.base, armv8-m.main, armv8.1-m.main, iwmmxt and iwmmxt2.
15851 Additionally, the following architectures, which lack support for
15853 the Thumb execution state, are recognized but support is
15854 deprecated: armv4.
15855 Many of the architectures support extensions. These can be added
15857 by appending +extension to the architecture name. Extension
15858 options are processed in order and capabilities accumulate. An
15859 extension will also enable any necessary base extensions upon which
15860 it depends. For example, the +crypto extension will always enable
15861 the +simd extension. The exception to the additive construction is
15862 for extensions that are prefixed with +no...: these extensions
15863 disable the specified option and any other extensions that may
15864 depend on the presence of that extension.
15865 For example, -march=armv7-a+simd+nofp+vfpv4 is equivalent to
15867 writing -march=armv7-a+vfpv4 since the +simd option is entirely
15868 disabled by the +nofp option that follows it.
15869 Most extension names are generically named, but have an effect that
15871 is dependent upon the architecture to which it is applied. For
15872 example, the +simd option can be applied to both armv7-a and
15873 armv8-a architectures, but will enable the original ARMv7-A
15874 Advanced SIMD (Neon) extensions for armv7-a and the ARMv8-A variant
15875 for armv8-a.
15876 The table below lists the supported extensions for each
15878 architecture. Architectures not mentioned do not support any
15879 extensions.
15880 armv5te
15882 armv6
15883 armv6j
15884 armv6k
15885 armv6kz
15886 armv6t2
15887 armv6z
15888 armv6zk
15889 +fp The VFPv2 floating-point instructions. The extension
15890 +vfpv2 can be used as an alias for this extension.
15891 +nofp
15893 Disable the floating-point instructions.
15894 armv7
15896 The common subset of the ARMv7-A, ARMv7-R and ARMv7-M
15897 architectures.
15898 +fp The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
15900 precision registers. The extension +vfpv3-d16 can be used
15901 as an alias for this extension. Note that floating-point
15902 is not supported by the base ARMv7-M architecture, but is
15903 compatible with both the ARMv7-A and ARMv7-R architectures.
15904 +nofp
15906 Disable the floating-point instructions.
15907 armv7-a
15909 +mp The multiprocessing extension.
15910 +sec
15912 The security extension.
15913 +fp The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
15915 precision registers. The extension +vfpv3-d16 can be used
15916 as an alias for this extension.
15917 +simd
15919 The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v1 and the VFPv3 floating-point
15920 instructions. The extensions +neon and +neon-vfpv3 can be
15921 used as aliases for this extension.
15922 +vfpv3
15924 The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 32 double-
15925 precision registers.
15926 +vfpv3-d16-fp16
15928 The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
15929 precision registers and the half-precision floating-point
15930 conversion operations.
15931 +vfpv3-fp16
15933 The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 32 double-
15934 precision registers and the half-precision floating-point
15935 conversion operations.
15936 +vfpv4-d16
15938 The VFPv4 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
15939 precision registers.
15940 +vfpv4
15942 The VFPv4 floating-point instructions, with 32 double-
15943 precision registers.
15944 +neon-fp16
15946 The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v1 and the VFPv3 floating-point
15947 instructions, with the half-precision floating-point
15948 conversion operations.
15949 +neon-vfpv4
15951 The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v2 and the VFPv4 floating-point
15952 instructions.
15953 +nosimd
15955 Disable the Advanced SIMD instructions (does not disable
15956 floating point).
15957 +nofp
15959 Disable the floating-point and Advanced SIMD instructions.
15960 armv7ve
15962 The extended version of the ARMv7-A architecture with support
15963 for virtualization.
15964 +fp The VFPv4 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
15966 precision registers. The extension +vfpv4-d16 can be used
15967 as an alias for this extension.
15968 +simd
15970 The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v2 and the VFPv4 floating-point
15971 instructions. The extension +neon-vfpv4 can be used as an
15972 alias for this extension.
15973 +vfpv3-d16
15975 The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
15976 precision registers.
15977 +vfpv3
15979 The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 32 double-
15980 precision registers.
15981 +vfpv3-d16-fp16
15983 The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
15984 precision registers and the half-precision floating-point
15985 conversion operations.
15986 +vfpv3-fp16
15988 The VFPv3 floating-point instructions, with 32 double-
15989 precision registers and the half-precision floating-point
15990 conversion operations.
15991 +vfpv4-d16
15993 The VFPv4 floating-point instructions, with 16 double-
15994 precision registers.
15995 +vfpv4
15997 The VFPv4 floating-point instructions, with 32 double-
15998 precision registers.
15999 +neon
16001 The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v1 and the VFPv3 floating-point
16002 instructions. The extension +neon-vfpv3 can be used as an
16003 alias for this extension.
16004 +neon-fp16
16006 The Advanced SIMD (Neon) v1 and the VFPv3 floating-point
16007 instructions, with the half-precision floating-point
16008 conversion operations.
16009 +nosimd
16011 Disable the Advanced SIMD instructions (does not disable
16012 floating point).
16013 +nofp
16015 Disable the floating-point and Advanced SIMD instructions.
16016 armv8-a
16018 +crc
16019 The Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) instructions.
16020 +simd
16022 The ARMv8-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
16023 +crypto
16025 The cryptographic instructions.
16026 +nocrypto
16028 Disable the cryptographic instructions.
16029 +nofp
16031 Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and cryptographic
16032 instructions.
16033 +sb Speculation Barrier Instruction.
16035 +predres
16037 Execution and Data Prediction Restriction Instructions.
16038 armv8.1-a
16040 +simd
16041 The ARMv8.1-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point
16042 instructions.
16043 +crypto
16045 The cryptographic instructions. This also enables the
16046 Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
16047 +nocrypto
16049 Disable the cryptographic instructions.
16050 +nofp
16052 Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and cryptographic
16053 instructions.
16054 +sb Speculation Barrier Instruction.
16056 +predres
16058 Execution and Data Prediction Restriction Instructions.
16059 armv8.2-a
16061 armv8.3-a
16062 +fp16
16063 The half-precision floating-point data processing
16064 instructions. This also enables the Advanced SIMD and
16065 floating-point instructions.
16066 +fp16fml
16068 The half-precision floating-point fmla extension. This
16069 also enables the half-precision floating-point extension
16070 and Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
16071 +simd
16073 The ARMv8.1-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point
16074 instructions.
16075 +crypto
16077 The cryptographic instructions. This also enables the
16078 Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
16079 +dotprod
16081 Enable the Dot Product extension. This also enables
16082 Advanced SIMD instructions.
16083 +nocrypto
16085 Disable the cryptographic extension.
16086 +nofp
16088 Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and cryptographic
16089 instructions.
16090 +sb Speculation Barrier Instruction.
16092 +predres
16094 Execution and Data Prediction Restriction Instructions.
16095 +i8mm
16097 8-bit Integer Matrix Multiply instructions. This also
16098 enables Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
16099 +bf16
16101 Brain half-precision floating-point instructions. This
16102 also enables Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
16103 armv8.4-a
16105 +fp16
16106 The half-precision floating-point data processing
16107 instructions. This also enables the Advanced SIMD and
16108 floating-point instructions as well as the Dot Product
16109 extension and the half-precision floating-point fmla
16110 extension.
16111 +simd
16113 The ARMv8.3-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions
16114 as well as the Dot Product extension.
16115 +crypto
16117 The cryptographic instructions. This also enables the
16118 Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions as well as
16119 the Dot Product extension.
16120 +nocrypto
16122 Disable the cryptographic extension.
16123 +nofp
16125 Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and cryptographic
16126 instructions.
16127 +sb Speculation Barrier Instruction.
16129 +predres
16131 Execution and Data Prediction Restriction Instructions.
16132 +i8mm
16134 8-bit Integer Matrix Multiply instructions. This also
16135 enables Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
16136 +bf16
16138 Brain half-precision floating-point instructions. This
16139 also enables Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
16140 armv8.5-a
16142 +fp16
16143 The half-precision floating-point data processing
16144 instructions. This also enables the Advanced SIMD and
16145 floating-point instructions as well as the Dot Product
16146 extension and the half-precision floating-point fmla
16147 extension.
16148 +simd
16150 The ARMv8.3-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions
16151 as well as the Dot Product extension.
16152 +crypto
16154 The cryptographic instructions. This also enables the
16155 Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions as well as
16156 the Dot Product extension.
16157 +nocrypto
16159 Disable the cryptographic extension.
16160 +nofp
16162 Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and cryptographic
16163 instructions.
16164 +i8mm
16166 8-bit Integer Matrix Multiply instructions. This also
16167 enables Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
16168 +bf16
16170 Brain half-precision floating-point instructions. This
16171 also enables Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
16172 armv8.6-a
16174 +fp16
16175 The half-precision floating-point data processing
16176 instructions. This also enables the Advanced SIMD and
16177 floating-point instructions as well as the Dot Product
16178 extension and the half-precision floating-point fmla
16179 extension.
16180 +simd
16182 The ARMv8.3-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions
16183 as well as the Dot Product extension.
16184 +crypto
16186 The cryptographic instructions. This also enables the
16187 Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions as well as
16188 the Dot Product extension.
16189 +nocrypto
16191 Disable the cryptographic extension.
16192 +nofp
16194 Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and cryptographic
16195 instructions.
16196 +i8mm
16198 8-bit Integer Matrix Multiply instructions. This also
16199 enables Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
16200 +bf16
16202 Brain half-precision floating-point instructions. This
16203 also enables Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
16204 armv7-r
16206 +fp.sp
16207 The single-precision VFPv3 floating-point instructions.
16208 The extension +vfpv3xd can be used as an alias for this
16209 extension.
16210 +fp The VFPv3 floating-point instructions with 16 double-
16212 precision registers. The extension +vfpv3-d16 can be used
16213 as an alias for this extension.
16214 +vfpv3xd-d16-fp16
16216 The single-precision VFPv3 floating-point instructions with
16217 16 double-precision registers and the half-precision
16218 floating-point conversion operations.
16219 +vfpv3-d16-fp16
16221 The VFPv3 floating-point instructions with 16 double-
16222 precision registers and the half-precision floating-point
16223 conversion operations.
16224 +nofp
16226 Disable the floating-point extension.
16227 +idiv
16229 The ARM-state integer division instructions.
16230 +noidiv
16232 Disable the ARM-state integer division extension.
16233 armv7e-m
16235 +fp The single-precision VFPv4 floating-point instructions.
16236 +fpv5
16238 The single-precision FPv5 floating-point instructions.
16239 +fp.dp
16241 The single- and double-precision FPv5 floating-point
16242 instructions.
16243 +nofp
16245 Disable the floating-point extensions.
16246 armv8.1-m.main
16248 +dsp
16249 The DSP instructions.
16250 +mve
16252 The M-Profile Vector Extension (MVE) integer instructions.
16253 +mve.fp
16255 The M-Profile Vector Extension (MVE) integer and single
16256 precision floating-point instructions.
16257 +fp The single-precision floating-point instructions.
16259 +fp.dp
16261 The single- and double-precision floating-point
16262 instructions.
16263 +nofp
16265 Disable the floating-point extension.
16266 +cdecp0, +cdecp1, ... , +cdecp7
16268 Enable the Custom Datapath Extension (CDE) on selected
16269 coprocessors according to the numbers given in the options
16270 in the range 0 to 7.
16271 armv8-m.main
16273 +dsp
16274 The DSP instructions.
16275 +nodsp
16277 Disable the DSP extension.
16278 +fp The single-precision floating-point instructions.
16280 +fp.dp
16282 The single- and double-precision floating-point
16283 instructions.
16284 +nofp
16286 Disable the floating-point extension.
16287 +cdecp0, +cdecp1, ... , +cdecp7
16289 Enable the Custom Datapath Extension (CDE) on selected
16290 coprocessors according to the numbers given in the options
16291 in the range 0 to 7.
16292 armv8-r
16294 +crc
16295 The Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) instructions.
16296 +fp.sp
16298 The single-precision FPv5 floating-point instructions.
16299 +simd
16301 The ARMv8-A Advanced SIMD and floating-point instructions.
16302 +crypto
16304 The cryptographic instructions.
16305 +nocrypto
16307 Disable the cryptographic instructions.
16308 +nofp
16310 Disable the floating-point, Advanced SIMD and cryptographic
16311 instructions.
16312 -march=native causes the compiler to auto-detect the architecture
16314 of the build computer. At present, this feature is only supported
16315 on GNU/Linux, and not all architectures are recognized. If the
16316 auto-detect is unsuccessful the option has no effect.
16317 -mtune=name
16319 This option specifies the name of the target ARM processor for
16320 which GCC should tune the performance of the code. For some ARM
16321 implementations better performance can be obtained by using this
16322 option. Permissible names are: arm7tdmi, arm7tdmi-s, arm710t,
16323 arm720t, arm740t, strongarm, strongarm110, strongarm1100,
16324 0strongarm1110, arm8, arm810, arm9, arm9e, arm920, arm920t,
16325 arm922t, arm946e-s, arm966e-s, arm968e-s, arm926ej-s, arm940t,
16326 arm9tdmi, arm10tdmi, arm1020t, arm1026ej-s, arm10e, arm1020e,
16327 arm1022e, arm1136j-s, arm1136jf-s, mpcore, mpcorenovfp,
16328 arm1156t2-s, arm1156t2f-s, arm1176jz-s, arm1176jzf-s,
16329 generic-armv7-a, cortex-a5, cortex-a7, cortex-a8, cortex-a9,
16330 cortex-a12, cortex-a15, cortex-a17, cortex-a32, cortex-a35,
16331 cortex-a53, cortex-a55, cortex-a57, cortex-a72, cortex-a73,
16332 cortex-a75, cortex-a76, cortex-a76ae, cortex-a77, ares, cortex-r4,
16333 cortex-r4f, cortex-r5, cortex-r7, cortex-r8, cortex-r52, cortex-m0,
16334 cortex-m0plus, cortex-m1, cortex-m3, cortex-m4, cortex-m7,
16335 cortex-m23, cortex-m33, cortex-m35p, cortex-m55,
16336 cortex-m1.small-multiply, cortex-m0.small-multiply,
16337 cortex-m0plus.small-multiply, exynos-m1, marvell-pj4, neoverse-n1,
16338 xscale, iwmmxt, iwmmxt2, ep9312, fa526, fa626, fa606te, fa626te,
16339 fmp626, fa726te, xgene1.
16340 Additionally, this option can specify that GCC should tune the
16342 performance of the code for a big.LITTLE system. Permissible names
16343 are: cortex-a15.cortex-a7, cortex-a17.cortex-a7,
16344 cortex-a57.cortex-a53, cortex-a72.cortex-a53,
16345 cortex-a72.cortex-a35, cortex-a73.cortex-a53,
16346 cortex-a75.cortex-a55, cortex-a76.cortex-a55.
16347 -mtune=generic-arch specifies that GCC should tune the performance
16349 for a blend of processors within architecture arch. The aim is to
16350 generate code that run well on the current most popular processors,
16351 balancing between optimizations that benefit some CPUs in the
16352 range, and avoiding performance pitfalls of other CPUs. The
16353 effects of this option may change in future GCC versions as CPU
16354 models come and go.
16355 -mtune permits the same extension options as -mcpu, but the
16357 extension options do not affect the tuning of the generated code.
16358 -mtune=native causes the compiler to auto-detect the CPU of the
16360 build computer. At present, this feature is only supported on
16361 GNU/Linux, and not all architectures are recognized. If the auto-
16362 detect is unsuccessful the option has no effect.
16363 -mcpu=name[+extension...]
16365 This specifies the name of the target ARM processor. GCC uses this
16366 name to derive the name of the target ARM architecture (as if
16367 specified by -march) and the ARM processor type for which to tune
16368 for performance (as if specified by -mtune). Where this option is
16369 used in conjunction with -march or -mtune, those options take
16370 precedence over the appropriate part of this option.
16371 Many of the supported CPUs implement optional architectural
16373 extensions. Where this is so the architectural extensions are
16374 normally enabled by default. If implementations that lack the
16375 extension exist, then the extension syntax can be used to disable
16376 those extensions that have been omitted. For floating-point and
16377 Advanced SIMD (Neon) instructions, the settings of the options
16378 -mfloat-abi and -mfpu must also be considered: floating-point and
16379 Advanced SIMD instructions will only be used if -mfloat-abi is not
16380 set to soft; and any setting of -mfpu other than auto will override
16381 the available floating-point and SIMD extension instructions.
16382 For example, cortex-a9 can be found in three major configurations:
16384 integer only, with just a floating-point unit or with floating-
16385 point and Advanced SIMD. The default is to enable all the
16386 instructions, but the extensions +nosimd and +nofp can be used to
16387 disable just the SIMD or both the SIMD and floating-point
16388 instructions respectively.
16389 Permissible names for this option are the same as those for -mtune.
16391 The following extension options are common to the listed CPUs:
16393 +nodsp
16395 Disable the DSP instructions on cortex-m33, cortex-m35p.
16396 +nofp
16398 Disables the floating-point instructions on arm9e, arm946e-s,
16399 arm966e-s, arm968e-s, arm10e, arm1020e, arm1022e, arm926ej-s,
16400 arm1026ej-s, cortex-r5, cortex-r7, cortex-r8, cortex-m4,
16401 cortex-m7, cortex-m33 and cortex-m35p. Disables the floating-
16402 point and SIMD instructions on generic-armv7-a, cortex-a5,
16403 cortex-a7, cortex-a8, cortex-a9, cortex-a12, cortex-a15,
16404 cortex-a17, cortex-a15.cortex-a7, cortex-a17.cortex-a7,
16405 cortex-a32, cortex-a35, cortex-a53 and cortex-a55.
16406 +nofp.dp
16408 Disables the double-precision component of the floating-point
16409 instructions on cortex-r5, cortex-r7, cortex-r8, cortex-r52 and
16410 cortex-m7.
16411 +nosimd
16413 Disables the SIMD (but not floating-point) instructions on
16414 generic-armv7-a, cortex-a5, cortex-a7 and cortex-a9.
16415 +crypto
16417 Enables the cryptographic instructions on cortex-a32,
16418 cortex-a35, cortex-a53, cortex-a55, cortex-a57, cortex-a72,
16419 cortex-a73, cortex-a75, exynos-m1, xgene1,
16420 cortex-a57.cortex-a53, cortex-a72.cortex-a53,
16421 cortex-a73.cortex-a35, cortex-a73.cortex-a53 and
16422 cortex-a75.cortex-a55.
16423 Additionally the generic-armv7-a pseudo target defaults to VFPv3
16425 with 16 double-precision registers. It supports the following
16426 extension options: mp, sec, vfpv3-d16, vfpv3, vfpv3-d16-fp16,
16427 vfpv3-fp16, vfpv4-d16, vfpv4, neon, neon-vfpv3, neon-fp16,
16428 neon-vfpv4. The meanings are the same as for the extensions to
16429 -march=armv7-a.
16430 -mcpu=generic-arch is also permissible, and is equivalent to
16432 -march=arch -mtune=generic-arch. See -mtune for more information.
16433 -mcpu=native causes the compiler to auto-detect the CPU of the
16435 build computer. At present, this feature is only supported on
16436 GNU/Linux, and not all architectures are recognized. If the auto-
16437 detect is unsuccessful the option has no effect.
16438 -mfpu=name
16440 This specifies what floating-point hardware (or hardware emulation)
16441 is available on the target. Permissible names are: auto, vfpv2,
16442 vfpv3, vfpv3-fp16, vfpv3-d16, vfpv3-d16-fp16, vfpv3xd,
16443 vfpv3xd-fp16, neon-vfpv3, neon-fp16, vfpv4, vfpv4-d16, fpv4-sp-d16,
16444 neon-vfpv4, fpv5-d16, fpv5-sp-d16, fp-armv8, neon-fp-armv8 and
16445 crypto-neon-fp-armv8. Note that neon is an alias for neon-vfpv3
16446 and vfp is an alias for vfpv2.
16447 The setting auto is the default and is special. It causes the
16449 compiler to select the floating-point and Advanced SIMD
16450 instructions based on the settings of -mcpu and -march.
16451 If the selected floating-point hardware includes the NEON extension
16453 (e.g. -mfpu=neon), note that floating-point operations are not
16454 generated by GCC's auto-vectorization pass unless
16455 -funsafe-math-optimizations is also specified. This is because
16456 NEON hardware does not fully implement the IEEE 754 standard for
16457 floating-point arithmetic (in particular denormal values are
16458 treated as zero), so the use of NEON instructions may lead to a
16459 loss of precision.
16460 You can also set the fpu name at function level by using the
16462 "target("fpu=")" function attributes or pragmas.
16463 -mfp16-format=name
16465 Specify the format of the "__fp16" half-precision floating-point
16466 type. Permissible names are none, ieee, and alternative; the
16467 default is none, in which case the "__fp16" type is not defined.
16468 -mstructure-size-boundary=n
16470 The sizes of all structures and unions are rounded up to a multiple
16471 of the number of bits set by this option. Permissible values are
16472 8, 32 and 64. The default value varies for different toolchains.
16473 For the COFF targeted toolchain the default value is 8. A value of
16474 64 is only allowed if the underlying ABI supports it.
16475 Specifying a larger number can produce faster, more efficient code,
16477 but can also increase the size of the program. Different values
16478 are potentially incompatible. Code compiled with one value cannot
16479 necessarily expect to work with code or libraries compiled with
16480 another value, if they exchange information using structures or
16481 unions.
16482 This option is deprecated.
16484 -mabort-on-noreturn
16486 Generate a call to the function "abort" at the end of a "noreturn"
16487 function. It is executed if the function tries to return.
16488 -mlong-calls
16490 -mno-long-calls
16491 Tells the compiler to perform function calls by first loading the
16492 address of the function into a register and then performing a
16493 subroutine call on this register. This switch is needed if the
16494 target function lies outside of the 64-megabyte addressing range of
16495 the offset-based version of subroutine call instruction.
16496 Even if this switch is enabled, not all function calls are turned
16498 into long calls. The heuristic is that static functions, functions
16499 that have the "short_call" attribute, functions that are inside the
16500 scope of a "#pragma no_long_calls" directive, and functions whose
16501 definitions have already been compiled within the current
16502 compilation unit are not turned into long calls. The exceptions to
16503 this rule are that weak function definitions, functions with the
16504 "long_call" attribute or the "section" attribute, and functions
16505 that are within the scope of a "#pragma long_calls" directive are
16506 always turned into long calls.
16507 This feature is not enabled by default. Specifying -mno-long-calls
16509 restores the default behavior, as does placing the function calls
16510 within the scope of a "#pragma long_calls_off" directive. Note
16511 these switches have no effect on how the compiler generates code to
16512 handle function calls via function pointers.
16513 -msingle-pic-base
16515 Treat the register used for PIC addressing as read-only, rather
16516 than loading it in the prologue for each function. The runtime
16517 system is responsible for initializing this register with an
16518 appropriate value before execution begins.
16519 -mpic-register=reg
16521 Specify the register to be used for PIC addressing. For standard
16522 PIC base case, the default is any suitable register determined by
16523 compiler. For single PIC base case, the default is R9 if target is
16524 EABI based or stack-checking is enabled, otherwise the default is
16525 R10.
16526 -mpic-data-is-text-relative
16528 Assume that the displacement between the text and data segments is
16529 fixed at static link time. This permits using PC-relative
16530 addressing operations to access data known to be in the data
16531 segment. For non-VxWorks RTP targets, this option is enabled by
16532 default. When disabled on such targets, it will enable
16533 -msingle-pic-base by default.
16534 -mpoke-function-name
16536 Write the name of each function into the text section, directly
16537 preceding the function prologue. The generated code is similar to
16538 this:
16539 t0
16541 .ascii "arm_poke_function_name", 0
16542 .align
16543 t1
16544 .word 0xff000000 + (t1 - t0)
16545 arm_poke_function_name
16546 mov ip, sp
16547 stmfd sp!, {fp, ip, lr, pc}
16548 sub fp, ip, #4
16549 When performing a stack backtrace, code can inspect the value of
16551 "pc" stored at "fp + 0". If the trace function then looks at
16552 location "pc - 12" and the top 8 bits are set, then we know that
16553 there is a function name embedded immediately preceding this
16554 location and has length "((pc[-3]) & 0xff000000)".
16555 -mthumb
16557 -marm
16558 Select between generating code that executes in ARM and Thumb
16559 states. The default for most configurations is to generate code
16560 that executes in ARM state, but the default can be changed by
16561 configuring GCC with the --with-mode=state configure option.
16562 You can also override the ARM and Thumb mode for each function by
16564 using the "target("thumb")" and "target("arm")" function attributes
16565 or pragmas.
16566 -mflip-thumb
16568 Switch ARM/Thumb modes on alternating functions. This option is
16569 provided for regression testing of mixed Thumb/ARM code generation,
16570 and is not intended for ordinary use in compiling code.
16571 -mtpcs-frame
16573 Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the Thumb Procedure
16574 Call Standard for all non-leaf functions. (A leaf function is one
16575 that does not call any other functions.) The default is
16576 -mno-tpcs-frame.
16577 -mtpcs-leaf-frame
16579 Generate a stack frame that is compliant with the Thumb Procedure
16580 Call Standard for all leaf functions. (A leaf function is one that
16581 does not call any other functions.) The default is
16582 -mno-apcs-leaf-frame.
16583 -mcallee-super-interworking
16585 Gives all externally visible functions in the file being compiled
16586 an ARM instruction set header which switches to Thumb mode before
16587 executing the rest of the function. This allows these functions to
16588 be called from non-interworking code. This option is not valid in
16589 AAPCS configurations because interworking is enabled by default.
16590 -mcaller-super-interworking
16592 Allows calls via function pointers (including virtual functions) to
16593 execute correctly regardless of whether the target code has been
16594 compiled for interworking or not. There is a small overhead in the
16595 cost of executing a function pointer if this option is enabled.
16596 This option is not valid in AAPCS configurations because
16597 interworking is enabled by default.
16598 -mtp=name
16600 Specify the access model for the thread local storage pointer. The
16601 valid models are soft, which generates calls to "__aeabi_read_tp",
16602 cp15, which fetches the thread pointer from "cp15" directly
16603 (supported in the arm6k architecture), and auto, which uses the
16604 best available method for the selected processor. The default
16605 setting is auto.
16606 -mtls-dialect=dialect
16608 Specify the dialect to use for accessing thread local storage. Two
16609 dialects are supported---gnu and gnu2. The gnu dialect selects the
16610 original GNU scheme for supporting local and global dynamic TLS
16611 models. The gnu2 dialect selects the GNU descriptor scheme, which
16612 provides better performance for shared libraries. The GNU
16613 descriptor scheme is compatible with the original scheme, but does
16614 require new assembler, linker and library support. Initial and
16615 local exec TLS models are unaffected by this option and always use
16616 the original scheme.
16617 -mword-relocations
16619 Only generate absolute relocations on word-sized values (i.e.
16620 R_ARM_ABS32). This is enabled by default on targets (uClinux,
16621 SymbianOS) where the runtime loader imposes this restriction, and
16622 when -fpic or -fPIC is specified. This option conflicts with
16623 -mslow-flash-data.
16624 -mfix-cortex-m3-ldrd
16626 Some Cortex-M3 cores can cause data corruption when "ldrd"
16627 instructions with overlapping destination and base registers are
16628 used. This option avoids generating these instructions. This
16629 option is enabled by default when -mcpu=cortex-m3 is specified.
16630 -munaligned-access
16632 -mno-unaligned-access
16633 Enables (or disables) reading and writing of 16- and 32- bit values
16634 from addresses that are not 16- or 32- bit aligned. By default
16635 unaligned access is disabled for all pre-ARMv6, all ARMv6-M and for
16636 ARMv8-M Baseline architectures, and enabled for all other
16637 architectures. If unaligned access is not enabled then words in
16638 packed data structures are accessed a byte at a time.
16639 The ARM attribute "Tag_CPU_unaligned_access" is set in the
16641 generated object file to either true or false, depending upon the
16642 setting of this option. If unaligned access is enabled then the
16643 preprocessor symbol "__ARM_FEATURE_UNALIGNED" is also defined.
16644 -mneon-for-64bits
16646 This option is deprecated and has no effect.
16647 -mslow-flash-data
16649 Assume loading data from flash is slower than fetching instruction.
16650 Therefore literal load is minimized for better performance. This
16651 option is only supported when compiling for ARMv7 M-profile and off
16652 by default. It conflicts with -mword-relocations.
16653 -masm-syntax-unified
16655 Assume inline assembler is using unified asm syntax. The default
16656 is currently off which implies divided syntax. This option has no
16657 impact on Thumb2. However, this may change in future releases of
16658 GCC. Divided syntax should be considered deprecated.
16659 -mrestrict-it
16661 Restricts generation of IT blocks to conform to the rules of
16662 ARMv8-A. IT blocks can only contain a single 16-bit instruction
16663 from a select set of instructions. This option is on by default for
16664 ARMv8-A Thumb mode.
16665 -mprint-tune-info
16667 Print CPU tuning information as comment in assembler file. This is
16668 an option used only for regression testing of the compiler and not
16669 intended for ordinary use in compiling code. This option is
16670 disabled by default.
16671 -mverbose-cost-dump
16673 Enable verbose cost model dumping in the debug dump files. This
16674 option is provided for use in debugging the compiler.
16675 -mpure-code
16677 Do not allow constant data to be placed in code sections.
16678 Additionally, when compiling for ELF object format give all text
16679 sections the ELF processor-specific section attribute
16680 "SHF_ARM_PURECODE". This option is only available when generating
16681 non-pic code for M-profile targets.
16682 -mcmse
16684 Generate secure code as per the "ARMv8-M Security Extensions:
16685 Requirements on Development Tools Engineering Specification", which
16686 can be found on
16687 <http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ecm0359818/ECM0359818_armv8m_security_extensions_reqs_on_dev_tools_1_0.pdf>.
16688 -mfdpic
16690 -mno-fdpic
16691 Select the FDPIC ABI, which uses 64-bit function descriptors to
16692 represent pointers to functions. When the compiler is configured
16693 for "arm-*-uclinuxfdpiceabi" targets, this option is on by default
16694 and implies -fPIE if none of the PIC/PIE-related options is
16695 provided. On other targets, it only enables the FDPIC-specific
16696 code generation features, and the user should explicitly provide
16697 the PIC/PIE-related options as needed.
16698 Note that static linking is not supported because it would still
16700 involve the dynamic linker when the program self-relocates. If
16701 such behavior is acceptable, use -static and -Wl,-dynamic-linker
16702 options.
16703 The opposite -mno-fdpic option is useful (and required) to build
16705 the Linux kernel using the same ("arm-*-uclinuxfdpiceabi")
16706 toolchain as the one used to build the userland programs.
16707 AVR Options
16709 These options are defined for AVR implementations:
16711 -mmcu=mcu
16713 Specify Atmel AVR instruction set architectures (ISA) or MCU type.
16714 The default for this option is@tie{}avr2.
16716 GCC supports the following AVR devices and ISAs:
16718 "avr2"
16720 "Classic" devices with up to 8@tie{}KiB of program memory.
16721 mcu@tie{}= "attiny22", "attiny26", "at90s2313", "at90s2323",
16722 "at90s2333", "at90s2343", "at90s4414", "at90s4433",
16723 "at90s4434", "at90c8534", "at90s8515", "at90s8535".
16724 "avr25"
16726 "Classic" devices with up to 8@tie{}KiB of program memory and
16727 with the "MOVW" instruction. mcu@tie{}= "attiny13",
16728 "attiny13a", "attiny24", "attiny24a", "attiny25", "attiny261",
16729 "attiny261a", "attiny2313", "attiny2313a", "attiny43u",
16730 "attiny44", "attiny44a", "attiny45", "attiny48", "attiny441",
16731 "attiny461", "attiny461a", "attiny4313", "attiny84",
16732 "attiny84a", "attiny85", "attiny87", "attiny88", "attiny828",
16733 "attiny841", "attiny861", "attiny861a", "ata5272", "ata6616c",
16734 "at86rf401".
16735 "avr3"
16737 "Classic" devices with 16@tie{}KiB up to 64@tie{}KiB of program
16738 memory. mcu@tie{}= "at76c711", "at43usb355".
16739 "avr31"
16741 "Classic" devices with 128@tie{}KiB of program memory.
16742 mcu@tie{}= "atmega103", "at43usb320".
16743 "avr35"
16745 "Classic" devices with 16@tie{}KiB up to 64@tie{}KiB of program
16746 memory and with the "MOVW" instruction. mcu@tie{}=
16747 "attiny167", "attiny1634", "atmega8u2", "atmega16u2",
16748 "atmega32u2", "ata5505", "ata6617c", "ata664251", "at90usb82",
16749 "at90usb162".
16750 "avr4"
16752 "Enhanced" devices with up to 8@tie{}KiB of program memory.
16753 mcu@tie{}= "atmega48", "atmega48a", "atmega48p", "atmega48pa",
16754 "atmega48pb", "atmega8", "atmega8a", "atmega8hva", "atmega88",
16755 "atmega88a", "atmega88p", "atmega88pa", "atmega88pb",
16756 "atmega8515", "atmega8535", "ata6285", "ata6286", "ata6289",
16757 "ata6612c", "at90pwm1", "at90pwm2", "at90pwm2b", "at90pwm3",
16758 "at90pwm3b", "at90pwm81".
16759 "avr5"
16761 "Enhanced" devices with 16@tie{}KiB up to 64@tie{}KiB of
16762 program memory. mcu@tie{}= "atmega16", "atmega16a",
16763 "atmega16hva", "atmega16hva2", "atmega16hvb",
16764 "atmega16hvbrevb", "atmega16m1", "atmega16u4", "atmega161",
16765 "atmega162", "atmega163", "atmega164a", "atmega164p",
16766 "atmega164pa", "atmega165", "atmega165a", "atmega165p",
16767 "atmega165pa", "atmega168", "atmega168a", "atmega168p",
16768 "atmega168pa", "atmega168pb", "atmega169", "atmega169a",
16769 "atmega169p", "atmega169pa", "atmega32", "atmega32a",
16770 "atmega32c1", "atmega32hvb", "atmega32hvbrevb", "atmega32m1",
16771 "atmega32u4", "atmega32u6", "atmega323", "atmega324a",
16772 "atmega324p", "atmega324pa", "atmega325", "atmega325a",
16773 "atmega325p", "atmega325pa", "atmega328", "atmega328p",
16774 "atmega328pb", "atmega329", "atmega329a", "atmega329p",
16775 "atmega329pa", "atmega3250", "atmega3250a", "atmega3250p",
16776 "atmega3250pa", "atmega3290", "atmega3290a", "atmega3290p",
16777 "atmega3290pa", "atmega406", "atmega64", "atmega64a",
16778 "atmega64c1", "atmega64hve", "atmega64hve2", "atmega64m1",
16779 "atmega64rfr2", "atmega640", "atmega644", "atmega644a",
16780 "atmega644p", "atmega644pa", "atmega644rfr2", "atmega645",
16781 "atmega645a", "atmega645p", "atmega649", "atmega649a",
16782 "atmega649p", "atmega6450", "atmega6450a", "atmega6450p",
16783 "atmega6490", "atmega6490a", "atmega6490p", "ata5795",
16784 "ata5790", "ata5790n", "ata5791", "ata6613c", "ata6614q",
16785 "ata5782", "ata5831", "ata8210", "ata8510", "ata5702m322",
16786 "at90pwm161", "at90pwm216", "at90pwm316", "at90can32",
16787 "at90can64", "at90scr100", "at90usb646", "at90usb647", "at94k",
16788 "m3000".
16789 "avr51"
16791 "Enhanced" devices with 128@tie{}KiB of program memory.
16792 mcu@tie{}= "atmega128", "atmega128a", "atmega128rfa1",
16793 "atmega128rfr2", "atmega1280", "atmega1281", "atmega1284",
16794 "atmega1284p", "atmega1284rfr2", "at90can128", "at90usb1286",
16795 "at90usb1287".
16796 "avr6"
16798 "Enhanced" devices with 3-byte PC, i.e. with more than
16799 128@tie{}KiB of program memory. mcu@tie{}= "atmega256rfr2",
16800 "atmega2560", "atmega2561", "atmega2564rfr2".
16801 "avrxmega2"
16803 "XMEGA" devices with more than 8@tie{}KiB and up to 64@tie{}KiB
16804 of program memory. mcu@tie{}= "atxmega8e5", "atxmega16a4",
16805 "atxmega16a4u", "atxmega16c4", "atxmega16d4", "atxmega16e5",
16806 "atxmega32a4", "atxmega32a4u", "atxmega32c3", "atxmega32c4",
16807 "atxmega32d3", "atxmega32d4", "atxmega32e5".
16808 "avrxmega3"
16810 "XMEGA" devices with up to 64@tie{}KiB of combined program
16811 memory and RAM, and with program memory visible in the RAM
16812 address space. mcu@tie{}= "attiny202", "attiny204",
16813 "attiny212", "attiny214", "attiny402", "attiny404",
16814 "attiny406", "attiny412", "attiny414", "attiny416",
16815 "attiny417", "attiny804", "attiny806", "attiny807",
16816 "attiny814", "attiny816", "attiny817", "attiny1604",
16817 "attiny1606", "attiny1607", "attiny1614", "attiny1616",
16818 "attiny1617", "attiny3214", "attiny3216", "attiny3217",
16819 "atmega808", "atmega809", "atmega1608", "atmega1609",
16820 "atmega3208", "atmega3209", "atmega4808", "atmega4809".
16821 "avrxmega4"
16823 "XMEGA" devices with more than 64@tie{}KiB and up to
16824 128@tie{}KiB of program memory. mcu@tie{}= "atxmega64a3",
16825 "atxmega64a3u", "atxmega64a4u", "atxmega64b1", "atxmega64b3",
16826 "atxmega64c3", "atxmega64d3", "atxmega64d4".
16827 "avrxmega5"
16829 "XMEGA" devices with more than 64@tie{}KiB and up to
16830 128@tie{}KiB of program memory and more than 64@tie{}KiB of
16831 RAM. mcu@tie{}= "atxmega64a1", "atxmega64a1u".
16832 "avrxmega6"
16834 "XMEGA" devices with more than 128@tie{}KiB of program memory.
16835 mcu@tie{}= "atxmega128a3", "atxmega128a3u", "atxmega128b1",
16836 "atxmega128b3", "atxmega128c3", "atxmega128d3", "atxmega128d4",
16837 "atxmega192a3", "atxmega192a3u", "atxmega192c3",
16838 "atxmega192d3", "atxmega256a3", "atxmega256a3b",
16839 "atxmega256a3bu", "atxmega256a3u", "atxmega256c3",
16840 "atxmega256d3", "atxmega384c3", "atxmega384d3".
16841 "avrxmega7"
16843 "XMEGA" devices with more than 128@tie{}KiB of program memory
16844 and more than 64@tie{}KiB of RAM. mcu@tie{}= "atxmega128a1",
16845 "atxmega128a1u", "atxmega128a4u".
16846 "avrtiny"
16848 "TINY" Tiny core devices with 512@tie{}B up to 4@tie{}KiB of
16849 program memory. mcu@tie{}= "attiny4", "attiny5", "attiny9",
16850 "attiny10", "attiny20", "attiny40".
16851 "avr1"
16853 This ISA is implemented by the minimal AVR core and supported
16854 for assembler only. mcu@tie{}= "attiny11", "attiny12",
16855 "attiny15", "attiny28", "at90s1200".
16856 -mabsdata
16858 Assume that all data in static storage can be accessed by LDS / STS
16859 instructions. This option has only an effect on reduced Tiny
16860 devices like ATtiny40. See also the "absdata" AVR Variable
16861 Attributes,variable attribute.
16862 -maccumulate-args
16864 Accumulate outgoing function arguments and acquire/release the
16865 needed stack space for outgoing function arguments once in function
16866 prologue/epilogue. Without this option, outgoing arguments are
16867 pushed before calling a function and popped afterwards.
16868 Popping the arguments after the function call can be expensive on
16870 AVR so that accumulating the stack space might lead to smaller
16871 executables because arguments need not be removed from the stack
16872 after such a function call.
16873 This option can lead to reduced code size for functions that
16875 perform several calls to functions that get their arguments on the
16876 stack like calls to printf-like functions.
16877 -mbranch-cost=cost
16879 Set the branch costs for conditional branch instructions to cost.
16880 Reasonable values for cost are small, non-negative integers. The
16881 default branch cost is 0.
16882 -mcall-prologues
16884 Functions prologues/epilogues are expanded as calls to appropriate
16885 subroutines. Code size is smaller.
16886 -mdouble=bits
16888 -mlong-double=bits
16889 Set the size (in bits) of the "double" or "long double" type,
16890 respectively. Possible values for bits are 32 and 64. Whether or
16891 not a specific value for bits is allowed depends on the
16892 "--with-double=" and "--with-long-double=" configure options
16893 ("https://gcc.gnu.org/install/configure.html#avr"), and the same
16894 applies for the default values of the options.
16895 -mgas-isr-prologues
16897 Interrupt service routines (ISRs) may use the "__gcc_isr" pseudo
16898 instruction supported by GNU Binutils. If this option is on, the
16899 feature can still be disabled for individual ISRs by means of the
16900 AVR Function Attributes,,"no_gccisr" function attribute. This
16901 feature is activated per default if optimization is on (but not
16902 with -Og, @pxref{Optimize Options}), and if GNU Binutils support
16903 PR21683 ("https://sourceware.org/PR21683").
16904 -mint8
16906 Assume "int" to be 8-bit integer. This affects the sizes of all
16907 types: a "char" is 1 byte, an "int" is 1 byte, a "long" is 2 bytes,
16908 and "long long" is 4 bytes. Please note that this option does not
16909 conform to the C standards, but it results in smaller code size.
16910 -mmain-is-OS_task
16912 Do not save registers in "main". The effect is the same like
16913 attaching attribute AVR Function Attributes,,"OS_task" to "main".
16914 It is activated per default if optimization is on.
16915 -mn-flash=num
16917 Assume that the flash memory has a size of num times 64@tie{}KiB.
16918 -mno-interrupts
16920 Generated code is not compatible with hardware interrupts. Code
16921 size is smaller.
16922 -mrelax
16924 Try to replace "CALL" resp. "JMP" instruction by the shorter
16925 "RCALL" resp. "RJMP" instruction if applicable. Setting -mrelax
16926 just adds the --mlink-relax option to the assembler's command line
16927 and the --relax option to the linker's command line.
16928 Jump relaxing is performed by the linker because jump offsets are
16930 not known before code is located. Therefore, the assembler code
16931 generated by the compiler is the same, but the instructions in the
16932 executable may differ from instructions in the assembler code.
16933 Relaxing must be turned on if linker stubs are needed, see the
16935 section on "EIND" and linker stubs below.
16936 -mrmw
16938 Assume that the device supports the Read-Modify-Write instructions
16939 "XCH", "LAC", "LAS" and "LAT".
16940 -mshort-calls
16942 Assume that "RJMP" and "RCALL" can target the whole program memory.
16943 This option is used internally for multilib selection. It is not
16945 an optimization option, and you don't need to set it by hand.
16946 -msp8
16948 Treat the stack pointer register as an 8-bit register, i.e. assume
16949 the high byte of the stack pointer is zero. In general, you don't
16950 need to set this option by hand.
16951 This option is used internally by the compiler to select and build
16953 multilibs for architectures "avr2" and "avr25". These
16954 architectures mix devices with and without "SPH". For any setting
16955 other than -mmcu=avr2 or -mmcu=avr25 the compiler driver adds or
16956 removes this option from the compiler proper's command line,
16957 because the compiler then knows if the device or architecture has
16958 an 8-bit stack pointer and thus no "SPH" register or not.
16959 -mstrict-X
16961 Use address register "X" in a way proposed by the hardware. This
16962 means that "X" is only used in indirect, post-increment or pre-
16963 decrement addressing.
16964 Without this option, the "X" register may be used in the same way
16966 as "Y" or "Z" which then is emulated by additional instructions.
16967 For example, loading a value with "X+const" addressing with a small
16968 non-negative "const < 64" to a register Rn is performed as
16969 adiw r26, const ; X += const
16971 ld <Rn>, X ; <Rn> = *X
16972 sbiw r26, const ; X -= const
16973 -mtiny-stack
16975 Only change the lower 8@tie{}bits of the stack pointer.
16976 -mfract-convert-truncate
16978 Allow to use truncation instead of rounding towards zero for
16979 fractional fixed-point types.
16980 -nodevicelib
16982 Don't link against AVR-LibC's device specific library "lib<mcu>.a".
16983 -nodevicespecs
16985 Don't add -specs=device-specs/specs-mcu to the compiler driver's
16986 command line. The user takes responsibility for supplying the sub-
16987 processes like compiler proper, assembler and linker with
16988 appropriate command line options. This means that the user has to
16989 supply her private device specs file by means of -specs=path-to-
16990 specs-file. There is no more need for option -mmcu=mcu.
16991 This option can also serve as a replacement for the older way of
16993 specifying custom device-specs files that needed -B some-path to
16994 point to a directory which contains a folder named "device-specs"
16995 which contains a specs file named "specs-mcu", where mcu was
16996 specified by -mmcu=mcu.
16997 -Waddr-space-convert
16999 Warn about conversions between address spaces in the case where the
17000 resulting address space is not contained in the incoming address
17001 space.
17002 -Wmisspelled-isr
17004 Warn if the ISR is misspelled, i.e. without __vector prefix.
17005 Enabled by default.
17006 "EIND" and Devices with More Than 128 Ki Bytes of Flash
17008 Pointers in the implementation are 16@tie{}bits wide. The address of a
17010 function or label is represented as word address so that indirect jumps
17011 and calls can target any code address in the range of 64@tie{}Ki words.
17012 In order to facilitate indirect jump on devices with more than
17014 128@tie{}Ki bytes of program memory space, there is a special function
17015 register called "EIND" that serves as most significant part of the
17016 target address when "EICALL" or "EIJMP" instructions are used.
17017 Indirect jumps and calls on these devices are handled as follows by the
17019 compiler and are subject to some limitations:
17020 * The compiler never sets "EIND".
17022 * The compiler uses "EIND" implicitly in "EICALL"/"EIJMP"
17024 instructions or might read "EIND" directly in order to emulate an
17025 indirect call/jump by means of a "RET" instruction.
17026 * The compiler assumes that "EIND" never changes during the startup
17028 code or during the application. In particular, "EIND" is not
17029 saved/restored in function or interrupt service routine
17030 prologue/epilogue.
17031 * For indirect calls to functions and computed goto, the linker
17033 generates stubs. Stubs are jump pads sometimes also called
17034 trampolines. Thus, the indirect call/jump jumps to such a stub.
17035 The stub contains a direct jump to the desired address.
17036 * Linker relaxation must be turned on so that the linker generates
17038 the stubs correctly in all situations. See the compiler option
17039 -mrelax and the linker option --relax. There are corner cases
17040 where the linker is supposed to generate stubs but aborts without
17041 relaxation and without a helpful error message.
17042 * The default linker script is arranged for code with "EIND = 0". If
17044 code is supposed to work for a setup with "EIND != 0", a custom
17045 linker script has to be used in order to place the sections whose
17046 name start with ".trampolines" into the segment where "EIND" points
17047 to.
17048 * The startup code from libgcc never sets "EIND". Notice that
17050 startup code is a blend of code from libgcc and AVR-LibC. For the
17051 impact of AVR-LibC on "EIND", see the AVR-LibC user manual
17052 ("http://nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/").
17053 * It is legitimate for user-specific startup code to set up "EIND"
17055 early, for example by means of initialization code located in
17056 section ".init3". Such code runs prior to general startup code that
17057 initializes RAM and calls constructors, but after the bit of
17058 startup code from AVR-LibC that sets "EIND" to the segment where
17059 the vector table is located.
17060 #include <avr/io.h>
17062 static void
17064 __attribute__((section(".init3"),naked,used,no_instrument_function))
17065 init3_set_eind (void)
17066 {
17067 __asm volatile ("ldi r24,pm_hh8(__trampolines_start)\n\t"
17068 "out %i0,r24" :: "n" (&EIND) : "r24","memory");
17069 }
17070 The "__trampolines_start" symbol is defined in the linker script.
17072 * Stubs are generated automatically by the linker if the following
17074 two conditions are met:
17075 -<The address of a label is taken by means of the "gs" modifier>
17077 (short for generate stubs) like so:
17078 LDI r24, lo8(gs(<func>))
17080 LDI r25, hi8(gs(<func>))
17081 -<The final location of that label is in a code segment>
17083 outside the segment where the stubs are located.
17084 * The compiler emits such "gs" modifiers for code labels in the
17086 following situations:
17087 -<Taking address of a function or code label.>
17089 -<Computed goto.>
17090 -<If prologue-save function is used, see -mcall-prologues>
17091 command-line option.
17092 -<Switch/case dispatch tables. If you do not want such dispatch>
17094 tables you can specify the -fno-jump-tables command-line
17095 option.
17096 -<C and C++ constructors/destructors called during
17098 startup/shutdown.>
17099 -<If the tools hit a "gs()" modifier explained above.>
17100 * Jumping to non-symbolic addresses like so is not supported:
17101 int main (void)
17103 {
17104 /* Call function at word address 0x2 */
17105 return ((int(*)(void)) 0x2)();
17106 }
17107 Instead, a stub has to be set up, i.e. the function has to be
17109 called through a symbol ("func_4" in the example):
17110 int main (void)
17112 {
17113 extern int func_4 (void);
17114 /* Call function at byte address 0x4 */
17116 return func_4();
17117 }
17118 and the application be linked with -Wl,--defsym,func_4=0x4.
17120 Alternatively, "func_4" can be defined in the linker script.
17121 Handling of the "RAMPD", "RAMPX", "RAMPY" and "RAMPZ" Special Function
17123 Registers
17124 Some AVR devices support memories larger than the 64@tie{}KiB range
17126 that can be accessed with 16-bit pointers. To access memory locations
17127 outside this 64@tie{}KiB range, the content of a "RAMP" register is
17128 used as high part of the address: The "X", "Y", "Z" address register is
17129 concatenated with the "RAMPX", "RAMPY", "RAMPZ" special function
17130 register, respectively, to get a wide address. Similarly, "RAMPD" is
17131 used together with direct addressing.
17132 * The startup code initializes the "RAMP" special function registers
17134 with zero.
17135 * If a AVR Named Address Spaces,named address space other than
17137 generic or "__flash" is used, then "RAMPZ" is set as needed before
17138 the operation.
17139 * If the device supports RAM larger than 64@tie{}KiB and the compiler
17141 needs to change "RAMPZ" to accomplish an operation, "RAMPZ" is
17142 reset to zero after the operation.
17143 * If the device comes with a specific "RAMP" register, the ISR
17145 prologue/epilogue saves/restores that SFR and initializes it with
17146 zero in case the ISR code might (implicitly) use it.
17147 * RAM larger than 64@tie{}KiB is not supported by GCC for AVR
17149 targets. If you use inline assembler to read from locations
17150 outside the 16-bit address range and change one of the "RAMP"
17151 registers, you must reset it to zero after the access.
17152 AVR Built-in Macros
17154 GCC defines several built-in macros so that the user code can test for
17156 the presence or absence of features. Almost any of the following
17157 built-in macros are deduced from device capabilities and thus triggered
17158 by the -mmcu= command-line option.
17159 For even more AVR-specific built-in macros see AVR Named Address Spaces
17161 and AVR Built-in Functions.
17162 "__AVR_ARCH__"
17164 Build-in macro that resolves to a decimal number that identifies
17165 the architecture and depends on the -mmcu=mcu option. Possible
17166 values are:
17167 2, 25, 3, 31, 35, 4, 5, 51, 6
17169 for mcu="avr2", "avr25", "avr3", "avr31", "avr35", "avr4", "avr5",
17171 "avr51", "avr6",
17172 respectively and
17174 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107
17176 for mcu="avrtiny", "avrxmega2", "avrxmega3", "avrxmega4",
17178 "avrxmega5", "avrxmega6", "avrxmega7", respectively. If mcu
17179 specifies a device, this built-in macro is set accordingly. For
17180 example, with -mmcu=atmega8 the macro is defined to 4.
17181 "__AVR_Device__"
17183 Setting -mmcu=device defines this built-in macro which reflects the
17184 device's name. For example, -mmcu=atmega8 defines the built-in
17185 macro "__AVR_ATmega8__", -mmcu=attiny261a defines
17186 "__AVR_ATtiny261A__", etc.
17187 The built-in macros' names follow the scheme "__AVR_Device__" where
17189 Device is the device name as from the AVR user manual. The
17190 difference between Device in the built-in macro and device in
17191 -mmcu=device is that the latter is always lowercase.
17192 If device is not a device but only a core architecture like avr51,
17194 this macro is not defined.
17195 "__AVR_DEVICE_NAME__"
17197 Setting -mmcu=device defines this built-in macro to the device's
17198 name. For example, with -mmcu=atmega8 the macro is defined to
17199 "atmega8".
17200 If device is not a device but only a core architecture like avr51,
17202 this macro is not defined.
17203 "__AVR_XMEGA__"
17205 The device / architecture belongs to the XMEGA family of devices.
17206 "__AVR_HAVE_ELPM__"
17208 The device has the "ELPM" instruction.
17209 "__AVR_HAVE_ELPMX__"
17211 The device has the "ELPM Rn,Z" and "ELPM Rn,Z+" instructions.
17212 "__AVR_HAVE_MOVW__"
17214 The device has the "MOVW" instruction to perform 16-bit register-
17215 register moves.
17216 "__AVR_HAVE_LPMX__"
17218 The device has the "LPM Rn,Z" and "LPM Rn,Z+" instructions.
17219 "__AVR_HAVE_MUL__"
17221 The device has a hardware multiplier.
17222 "__AVR_HAVE_JMP_CALL__"
17224 The device has the "JMP" and "CALL" instructions. This is the case
17225 for devices with more than 8@tie{}KiB of program memory.
17226 "__AVR_HAVE_EIJMP_EICALL__"
17228 "__AVR_3_BYTE_PC__"
17229 The device has the "EIJMP" and "EICALL" instructions. This is the
17230 case for devices with more than 128@tie{}KiB of program memory.
17231 This also means that the program counter (PC) is 3@tie{}bytes wide.
17232 "__AVR_2_BYTE_PC__"
17234 The program counter (PC) is 2@tie{}bytes wide. This is the case for
17235 devices with up to 128@tie{}KiB of program memory.
17236 "__AVR_HAVE_8BIT_SP__"
17238 "__AVR_HAVE_16BIT_SP__"
17239 The stack pointer (SP) register is treated as 8-bit respectively
17240 16-bit register by the compiler. The definition of these macros is
17241 affected by -mtiny-stack.
17242 "__AVR_HAVE_SPH__"
17244 "__AVR_SP8__"
17245 The device has the SPH (high part of stack pointer) special
17246 function register or has an 8-bit stack pointer, respectively. The
17247 definition of these macros is affected by -mmcu= and in the cases
17248 of -mmcu=avr2 and -mmcu=avr25 also by -msp8.
17249 "__AVR_HAVE_RAMPD__"
17251 "__AVR_HAVE_RAMPX__"
17252 "__AVR_HAVE_RAMPY__"
17253 "__AVR_HAVE_RAMPZ__"
17254 The device has the "RAMPD", "RAMPX", "RAMPY", "RAMPZ" special
17255 function register, respectively.
17256 "__NO_INTERRUPTS__"
17258 This macro reflects the -mno-interrupts command-line option.
17259 "__AVR_ERRATA_SKIP__"
17261 "__AVR_ERRATA_SKIP_JMP_CALL__"
17262 Some AVR devices (AT90S8515, ATmega103) must not skip 32-bit
17263 instructions because of a hardware erratum. Skip instructions are
17264 "SBRS", "SBRC", "SBIS", "SBIC" and "CPSE". The second macro is
17265 only defined if "__AVR_HAVE_JMP_CALL__" is also set.
17266 "__AVR_ISA_RMW__"
17268 The device has Read-Modify-Write instructions (XCH, LAC, LAS and
17269 LAT).
17270 "__AVR_SFR_OFFSET__=offset"
17272 Instructions that can address I/O special function registers
17273 directly like "IN", "OUT", "SBI", etc. may use a different address
17274 as if addressed by an instruction to access RAM like "LD" or "STS".
17275 This offset depends on the device architecture and has to be
17276 subtracted from the RAM address in order to get the respective
17277 I/O@tie{}address.
17278 "__AVR_SHORT_CALLS__"
17280 The -mshort-calls command line option is set.
17281 "__AVR_PM_BASE_ADDRESS__=addr"
17283 Some devices support reading from flash memory by means of "LD*"
17284 instructions. The flash memory is seen in the data address space
17285 at an offset of "__AVR_PM_BASE_ADDRESS__". If this macro is not
17286 defined, this feature is not available. If defined, the address
17287 space is linear and there is no need to put ".rodata" into RAM.
17288 This is handled by the default linker description file, and is
17289 currently available for "avrtiny" and "avrxmega3". Even more
17290 convenient, there is no need to use address spaces like "__flash"
17291 or features like attribute "progmem" and "pgm_read_*".
17292 "__WITH_AVRLIBC__"
17294 The compiler is configured to be used together with AVR-Libc. See
17295 the --with-avrlibc configure option.
17296 "__HAVE_DOUBLE_MULTILIB__"
17298 Defined if -mdouble= acts as a multilib option.
17299 "__HAVE_DOUBLE32__"
17301 "__HAVE_DOUBLE64__"
17302 Defined if the compiler supports 32-bit double resp. 64-bit double.
17303 The actual layout is specified by option -mdouble=.
17304 "__DEFAULT_DOUBLE__"
17306 The size in bits of "double" if -mdouble= is not set. To test the
17307 layout of "double" in a program, use the built-in macro
17308 "__SIZEOF_DOUBLE__".
17309 "__HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE32__"
17311 "__HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE64__"
17312 "__HAVE_LONG_DOUBLE_MULTILIB__"
17313 "__DEFAULT_LONG_DOUBLE__"
17314 Same as above, but for "long double" instead of "double".
17315 "__WITH_DOUBLE_COMPARISON__"
17317 Reflects the "--with-double-comparison={tristate|bool|libf7}"
17318 configure option ("https://gcc.gnu.org/install/configure.html#avr")
17319 and is defined to 2 or 3.
17320 "__WITH_LIBF7_LIBGCC__"
17322 "__WITH_LIBF7_MATH__"
17323 "__WITH_LIBF7_MATH_SYMBOLS__"
17324 Reflects the "--with-libf7={libgcc|math|math-symbols}"
17325 configure option
17326 ("https://gcc.gnu.org/install/configure.html#avr").
17327 Blackfin Options
17329 -mcpu=cpu[-sirevision]
17331 Specifies the name of the target Blackfin processor. Currently,
17332 cpu can be one of bf512, bf514, bf516, bf518, bf522, bf523, bf524,
17333 bf525, bf526, bf527, bf531, bf532, bf533, bf534, bf536, bf537,
17334 bf538, bf539, bf542, bf544, bf547, bf548, bf549, bf542m, bf544m,
17335 bf547m, bf548m, bf549m, bf561, bf592.
17336 The optional sirevision specifies the silicon revision of the
17338 target Blackfin processor. Any workarounds available for the
17339 targeted silicon revision are enabled. If sirevision is none, no
17340 workarounds are enabled. If sirevision is any, all workarounds for
17341 the targeted processor are enabled. The "__SILICON_REVISION__"
17342 macro is defined to two hexadecimal digits representing the major
17343 and minor numbers in the silicon revision. If sirevision is none,
17344 the "__SILICON_REVISION__" is not defined. If sirevision is any,
17345 the "__SILICON_REVISION__" is defined to be 0xffff. If this
17346 optional sirevision is not used, GCC assumes the latest known
17347 silicon revision of the targeted Blackfin processor.
17348 GCC defines a preprocessor macro for the specified cpu. For the
17350 bfin-elf toolchain, this option causes the hardware BSP provided by
17351 libgloss to be linked in if -msim is not given.
17352 Without this option, bf532 is used as the processor by default.
17354 Note that support for bf561 is incomplete. For bf561, only the
17356 preprocessor macro is defined.
17357 -msim
17359 Specifies that the program will be run on the simulator. This
17360 causes the simulator BSP provided by libgloss to be linked in.
17361 This option has effect only for bfin-elf toolchain. Certain other
17362 options, such as -mid-shared-library and -mfdpic, imply -msim.
17363 -momit-leaf-frame-pointer
17365 Don't keep the frame pointer in a register for leaf functions.
17366 This avoids the instructions to save, set up and restore frame
17367 pointers and makes an extra register available in leaf functions.
17368 -mspecld-anomaly
17370 When enabled, the compiler ensures that the generated code does not
17371 contain speculative loads after jump instructions. If this option
17372 is used, "__WORKAROUND_SPECULATIVE_LOADS" is defined.
17373 -mno-specld-anomaly
17375 Don't generate extra code to prevent speculative loads from
17376 occurring.
17377 -mcsync-anomaly
17379 When enabled, the compiler ensures that the generated code does not
17380 contain CSYNC or SSYNC instructions too soon after conditional
17381 branches. If this option is used, "__WORKAROUND_SPECULATIVE_SYNCS"
17382 is defined.
17383 -mno-csync-anomaly
17385 Don't generate extra code to prevent CSYNC or SSYNC instructions
17386 from occurring too soon after a conditional branch.
17387 -mlow64k
17389 When enabled, the compiler is free to take advantage of the
17390 knowledge that the entire program fits into the low 64k of memory.
17391 -mno-low64k
17393 Assume that the program is arbitrarily large. This is the default.
17394 -mstack-check-l1
17396 Do stack checking using information placed into L1 scratchpad
17397 memory by the uClinux kernel.
17398 -mid-shared-library
17400 Generate code that supports shared libraries via the library ID
17401 method. This allows for execute in place and shared libraries in
17402 an environment without virtual memory management. This option
17403 implies -fPIC. With a bfin-elf target, this option implies -msim.
17404 -mno-id-shared-library
17406 Generate code that doesn't assume ID-based shared libraries are
17407 being used. This is the default.
17408 -mleaf-id-shared-library
17410 Generate code that supports shared libraries via the library ID
17411 method, but assumes that this library or executable won't link
17412 against any other ID shared libraries. That allows the compiler to
17413 use faster code for jumps and calls.
17414 -mno-leaf-id-shared-library
17416 Do not assume that the code being compiled won't link against any
17417 ID shared libraries. Slower code is generated for jump and call
17418 insns.
17419 -mshared-library-id=n
17421 Specifies the identification number of the ID-based shared library
17422 being compiled. Specifying a value of 0 generates more compact
17423 code; specifying other values forces the allocation of that number
17424 to the current library but is no more space- or time-efficient than
17425 omitting this option.
17426 -msep-data
17428 Generate code that allows the data segment to be located in a
17429 different area of memory from the text segment. This allows for
17430 execute in place in an environment without virtual memory
17431 management by eliminating relocations against the text section.
17432 -mno-sep-data
17434 Generate code that assumes that the data segment follows the text
17435 segment. This is the default.
17436 -mlong-calls
17438 -mno-long-calls
17439 Tells the compiler to perform function calls by first loading the
17440 address of the function into a register and then performing a
17441 subroutine call on this register. This switch is needed if the
17442 target function lies outside of the 24-bit addressing range of the
17443 offset-based version of subroutine call instruction.
17444 This feature is not enabled by default. Specifying -mno-long-calls
17446 restores the default behavior. Note these switches have no effect
17447 on how the compiler generates code to handle function calls via
17448 function pointers.
17449 -mfast-fp
17451 Link with the fast floating-point library. This library relaxes
17452 some of the IEEE floating-point standard's rules for checking
17453 inputs against Not-a-Number (NAN), in the interest of performance.
17454 -minline-plt
17456 Enable inlining of PLT entries in function calls to functions that
17457 are not known to bind locally. It has no effect without -mfdpic.
17458 -mmulticore
17460 Build a standalone application for multicore Blackfin processors.
17461 This option causes proper start files and link scripts supporting
17462 multicore to be used, and defines the macro "__BFIN_MULTICORE". It
17463 can only be used with -mcpu=bf561[-sirevision].
17464 This option can be used with -mcorea or -mcoreb, which selects the
17466 one-application-per-core programming model. Without -mcorea or
17467 -mcoreb, the single-application/dual-core programming model is
17468 used. In this model, the main function of Core B should be named as
17469 "coreb_main".
17470 If this option is not used, the single-core application programming
17472 model is used.
17473 -mcorea
17475 Build a standalone application for Core A of BF561 when using the
17476 one-application-per-core programming model. Proper start files and
17477 link scripts are used to support Core A, and the macro
17478 "__BFIN_COREA" is defined. This option can only be used in
17479 conjunction with -mmulticore.
17480 -mcoreb
17482 Build a standalone application for Core B of BF561 when using the
17483 one-application-per-core programming model. Proper start files and
17484 link scripts are used to support Core B, and the macro
17485 "__BFIN_COREB" is defined. When this option is used, "coreb_main"
17486 should be used instead of "main". This option can only be used in
17487 conjunction with -mmulticore.
17488 -msdram
17490 Build a standalone application for SDRAM. Proper start files and
17491 link scripts are used to put the application into SDRAM, and the
17492 macro "__BFIN_SDRAM" is defined. The loader should initialize
17493 SDRAM before loading the application.
17494 -micplb
17496 Assume that ICPLBs are enabled at run time. This has an effect on
17497 certain anomaly workarounds. For Linux targets, the default is to
17498 assume ICPLBs are enabled; for standalone applications the default
17499 is off.
17500 C6X Options
17502 -march=name
17504 This specifies the name of the target architecture. GCC uses this
17505 name to determine what kind of instructions it can emit when
17506 generating assembly code. Permissible names are: c62x, c64x,
17507 c64x+, c67x, c67x+, c674x.
17508 -mbig-endian
17510 Generate code for a big-endian target.
17511 -mlittle-endian
17513 Generate code for a little-endian target. This is the default.
17514 -msim
17516 Choose startup files and linker script suitable for the simulator.
17517 -msdata=default
17519 Put small global and static data in the ".neardata" section, which
17520 is pointed to by register "B14". Put small uninitialized global
17521 and static data in the ".bss" section, which is adjacent to the
17522 ".neardata" section. Put small read-only data into the ".rodata"
17523 section. The corresponding sections used for large pieces of data
17524 are ".fardata", ".far" and ".const".
17525 -msdata=all
17527 Put all data, not just small objects, into the sections reserved
17528 for small data, and use addressing relative to the "B14" register
17529 to access them.
17530 -msdata=none
17532 Make no use of the sections reserved for small data, and use
17533 absolute addresses to access all data. Put all initialized global
17534 and static data in the ".fardata" section, and all uninitialized
17535 data in the ".far" section. Put all constant data into the
17536 ".const" section.
17537 CRIS Options
17539 These options are defined specifically for the CRIS ports.
17541 -march=architecture-type
17543 -mcpu=architecture-type
17544 Generate code for the specified architecture. The choices for
17545 architecture-type are v3, v8 and v10 for respectively ETRAX 4,
17546 ETRAX 100, and ETRAX 100 LX. Default is v0 except for cris-axis-
17547 linux-gnu, where the default is v10.
17548 -mtune=architecture-type
17550 Tune to architecture-type everything applicable about the generated
17551 code, except for the ABI and the set of available instructions.
17552 The choices for architecture-type are the same as for
17553 -march=architecture-type.
17554 -mmax-stack-frame=n
17556 Warn when the stack frame of a function exceeds n bytes.
17557 -metrax4
17559 -metrax100
17560 The options -metrax4 and -metrax100 are synonyms for -march=v3 and
17561 -march=v8 respectively.
17562 -mmul-bug-workaround
17564 -mno-mul-bug-workaround
17565 Work around a bug in the "muls" and "mulu" instructions for CPU
17566 models where it applies. This option is active by default.
17567 -mpdebug
17569 Enable CRIS-specific verbose debug-related information in the
17570 assembly code. This option also has the effect of turning off the
17571 #NO_APP formatted-code indicator to the assembler at the beginning
17572 of the assembly file.
17573 -mcc-init
17575 Do not use condition-code results from previous instruction; always
17576 emit compare and test instructions before use of condition codes.
17577 -mno-side-effects
17579 Do not emit instructions with side effects in addressing modes
17580 other than post-increment.
17581 -mstack-align
17583 -mno-stack-align
17584 -mdata-align
17585 -mno-data-align
17586 -mconst-align
17587 -mno-const-align
17588 These options (no- options) arrange (eliminate arrangements) for
17589 the stack frame, individual data and constants to be aligned for
17590 the maximum single data access size for the chosen CPU model. The
17591 default is to arrange for 32-bit alignment. ABI details such as
17592 structure layout are not affected by these options.
17593 -m32-bit
17595 -m16-bit
17596 -m8-bit
17597 Similar to the stack- data- and const-align options above, these
17598 options arrange for stack frame, writable data and constants to all
17599 be 32-bit, 16-bit or 8-bit aligned. The default is 32-bit
17600 alignment.
17601 -mno-prologue-epilogue
17603 -mprologue-epilogue
17604 With -mno-prologue-epilogue, the normal function prologue and
17605 epilogue which set up the stack frame are omitted and no return
17606 instructions or return sequences are generated in the code. Use
17607 this option only together with visual inspection of the compiled
17608 code: no warnings or errors are generated when call-saved registers
17609 must be saved, or storage for local variables needs to be
17610 allocated.
17611 -mno-gotplt
17613 -mgotplt
17614 With -fpic and -fPIC, don't generate (do generate) instruction
17615 sequences that load addresses for functions from the PLT part of
17616 the GOT rather than (traditional on other architectures) calls to
17617 the PLT. The default is -mgotplt.
17618 -melf
17620 Legacy no-op option only recognized with the cris-axis-elf and
17621 cris-axis-linux-gnu targets.
17622 -mlinux
17624 Legacy no-op option only recognized with the cris-axis-linux-gnu
17625 target.
17626 -sim
17628 This option, recognized for the cris-axis-elf, arranges to link
17629 with input-output functions from a simulator library. Code,
17630 initialized data and zero-initialized data are allocated
17631 consecutively.
17632 -sim2
17634 Like -sim, but pass linker options to locate initialized data at
17635 0x40000000 and zero-initialized data at 0x80000000.
17636 CR16 Options
17638 These options are defined specifically for the CR16 ports.
17640 -mmac
17642 Enable the use of multiply-accumulate instructions. Disabled by
17643 default.
17644 -mcr16cplus
17646 -mcr16c
17647 Generate code for CR16C or CR16C+ architecture. CR16C+ architecture
17648 is default.
17649 -msim
17651 Links the library libsim.a which is in compatible with simulator.
17652 Applicable to ELF compiler only.
17653 -mint32
17655 Choose integer type as 32-bit wide.
17656 -mbit-ops
17658 Generates "sbit"/"cbit" instructions for bit manipulations.
17659 -mdata-model=model
17661 Choose a data model. The choices for model are near, far or medium.
17662 medium is default. However, far is not valid with -mcr16c, as the
17663 CR16C architecture does not support the far data model.
17664 C-SKY Options
17666 GCC supports these options when compiling for C-SKY V2 processors.
17668 -march=arch
17670 Specify the C-SKY target architecture. Valid values for arch are:
17671 ck801, ck802, ck803, ck807, and ck810. The default is ck810.
17672 -mcpu=cpu
17674 Specify the C-SKY target processor. Valid values for cpu are:
17675 ck801, ck801t, ck802, ck802t, ck802j, ck803, ck803h, ck803t,
17676 ck803ht, ck803f, ck803fh, ck803e, ck803eh, ck803et, ck803eht,
17677 ck803ef, ck803efh, ck803ft, ck803eft, ck803efht, ck803r1, ck803hr1,
17678 ck803tr1, ck803htr1, ck803fr1, ck803fhr1, ck803er1, ck803ehr1,
17679 ck803etr1, ck803ehtr1, ck803efr1, ck803efhr1, ck803ftr1,
17680 ck803eftr1, ck803efhtr1, ck803s, ck803st, ck803se, ck803sf,
17681 ck803sef, ck803seft, ck807e, ck807ef, ck807, ck807f, ck810e,
17682 ck810et, ck810ef, ck810eft, ck810, ck810v, ck810f, ck810t, ck810fv,
17683 ck810tv, ck810ft, and ck810ftv.
17684 -mbig-endian
17686 -EB
17687 -mlittle-endian
17688 -EL Select big- or little-endian code. The default is little-endian.
17689 -mhard-float
17691 -msoft-float
17692 Select hardware or software floating-point implementations. The
17693 default is soft float.
17694 -mdouble-float
17696 -mno-double-float
17697 When -mhard-float is in effect, enable generation of double-
17698 precision float instructions. This is the default except when
17699 compiling for CK803.
17700 -mfdivdu
17702 -mno-fdivdu
17703 When -mhard-float is in effect, enable generation of "frecipd",
17704 "fsqrtd", and "fdivd" instructions. This is the default except
17705 when compiling for CK803.
17706 -mfpu=fpu
17708 Select the floating-point processor. This option can only be used
17709 with -mhard-float. Values for fpu are fpv2_sf (equivalent to
17710 -mno-double-float -mno-fdivdu), fpv2 (-mdouble-float -mno-divdu),
17711 and fpv2_divd (-mdouble-float -mdivdu).
17712 -melrw
17714 -mno-elrw
17715 Enable the extended "lrw" instruction. This option defaults to on
17716 for CK801 and off otherwise.
17717 -mistack
17719 -mno-istack
17720 Enable interrupt stack instructions; the default is off.
17721 The -mistack option is required to handle the "interrupt" and "isr"
17723 function attributes.
17724 -mmp
17726 Enable multiprocessor instructions; the default is off.
17727 -mcp
17729 Enable coprocessor instructions; the default is off.
17730 -mcache
17732 Enable coprocessor instructions; the default is off.
17733 -msecurity
17735 Enable C-SKY security instructions; the default is off.
17736 -mtrust
17738 Enable C-SKY trust instructions; the default is off.
17739 -mdsp
17741 -medsp
17742 -mvdsp
17743 Enable C-SKY DSP, Enhanced DSP, or Vector DSP instructions,
17744 respectively. All of these options default to off.
17745 -mdiv
17747 -mno-div
17748 Generate divide instructions. Default is off.
17749 -msmart
17751 -mno-smart
17752 Generate code for Smart Mode, using only registers numbered 0-7 to
17753 allow use of 16-bit instructions. This option is ignored for CK801
17754 where this is the required behavior, and it defaults to on for
17755 CK802. For other targets, the default is off.
17756 -mhigh-registers
17758 -mno-high-registers
17759 Generate code using the high registers numbered 16-31. This option
17760 is not supported on CK801, CK802, or CK803, and is enabled by
17761 default for other processors.
17762 -manchor
17764 -mno-anchor
17765 Generate code using global anchor symbol addresses.
17766 -mpushpop
17768 -mno-pushpop
17769 Generate code using "push" and "pop" instructions. This option
17770 defaults to on.
17771 -mmultiple-stld
17773 -mstm
17774 -mno-multiple-stld
17775 -mno-stm
17776 Generate code using "stm" and "ldm" instructions. This option
17777 isn't supported on CK801 but is enabled by default on other
17778 processors.
17779 -mconstpool
17781 -mno-constpool
17782 Create constant pools in the compiler instead of deferring it to
17783 the assembler. This option is the default and required for correct
17784 code generation on CK801 and CK802, and is optional on other
17785 processors.
17786 -mstack-size
17788 -mno-stack-size
17789 Emit ".stack_size" directives for each function in the assembly
17790 output. This option defaults to off.
17791 -mccrt
17793 -mno-ccrt
17794 Generate code for the C-SKY compiler runtime instead of libgcc.
17795 This option defaults to off.
17796 -mbranch-cost=n
17798 Set the branch costs to roughly "n" instructions. The default is
17799 1.
17800 -msched-prolog
17802 -mno-sched-prolog
17803 Permit scheduling of function prologue and epilogue sequences.
17804 Using this option can result in code that is not compliant with the
17805 C-SKY V2 ABI prologue requirements and that cannot be debugged or
17806 backtraced. It is disabled by default.
17807 Darwin Options
17809 These options are defined for all architectures running the Darwin
17811 operating system.
17812 FSF GCC on Darwin does not create "fat" object files; it creates an
17814 object file for the single architecture that GCC was built to target.
17815 Apple's GCC on Darwin does create "fat" files if multiple -arch options
17816 are used; it does so by running the compiler or linker multiple times
17817 and joining the results together with lipo.
17818 The subtype of the file created (like ppc7400 or ppc970 or i686) is
17820 determined by the flags that specify the ISA that GCC is targeting,
17821 like -mcpu or -march. The -force_cpusubtype_ALL option can be used to
17822 override this.
17823 The Darwin tools vary in their behavior when presented with an ISA
17825 mismatch. The assembler, as, only permits instructions to be used that
17826 are valid for the subtype of the file it is generating, so you cannot
17827 put 64-bit instructions in a ppc750 object file. The linker for shared
17828 libraries, /usr/bin/libtool, fails and prints an error if asked to
17829 create a shared library with a less restrictive subtype than its input
17830 files (for instance, trying to put a ppc970 object file in a ppc7400
17831 library). The linker for executables, ld, quietly gives the executable
17832 the most restrictive subtype of any of its input files.
17833 -Fdir
17835 Add the framework directory dir to the head of the list of
17836 directories to be searched for header files. These directories are
17837 interleaved with those specified by -I options and are scanned in a
17838 left-to-right order.
17839 A framework directory is a directory with frameworks in it. A
17841 framework is a directory with a Headers and/or PrivateHeaders
17842 directory contained directly in it that ends in .framework. The
17843 name of a framework is the name of this directory excluding the
17844 .framework. Headers associated with the framework are found in one
17845 of those two directories, with Headers being searched first. A
17846 subframework is a framework directory that is in a framework's
17847 Frameworks directory. Includes of subframework headers can only
17848 appear in a header of a framework that contains the subframework,
17849 or in a sibling subframework header. Two subframeworks are
17850 siblings if they occur in the same framework. A subframework
17851 should not have the same name as a framework; a warning is issued
17852 if this is violated. Currently a subframework cannot have
17853 subframeworks; in the future, the mechanism may be extended to
17854 support this. The standard frameworks can be found in
17855 /System/Library/Frameworks and /Library/Frameworks. An example
17856 include looks like "#include <Framework/header.h>", where Framework
17857 denotes the name of the framework and header.h is found in the
17858 PrivateHeaders or Headers directory.
17859 -iframeworkdir
17861 Like -F except the directory is a treated as a system directory.
17862 The main difference between this -iframework and -F is that with
17863 -iframework the compiler does not warn about constructs contained
17864 within header files found via dir. This option is valid only for
17865 the C family of languages.
17866 -gused
17868 Emit debugging information for symbols that are used. For stabs
17869 debugging format, this enables -feliminate-unused-debug-symbols.
17870 This is by default ON.
17871 -gfull
17873 Emit debugging information for all symbols and types.
17874 -mmacosx-version-min=version
17876 The earliest version of MacOS X that this executable will run on is
17877 version. Typical values of version include 10.1, 10.2, and 10.3.9.
17878 If the compiler was built to use the system's headers by default,
17880 then the default for this option is the system version on which the
17881 compiler is running, otherwise the default is to make choices that
17882 are compatible with as many systems and code bases as possible.
17883 -mkernel
17885 Enable kernel development mode. The -mkernel option sets -static,
17886 -fno-common, -fno-use-cxa-atexit, -fno-exceptions,
17887 -fno-non-call-exceptions, -fapple-kext, -fno-weak and -fno-rtti
17888 where applicable. This mode also sets -mno-altivec, -msoft-float,
17889 -fno-builtin and -mlong-branch for PowerPC targets.
17890 -mone-byte-bool
17892 Override the defaults for "bool" so that "sizeof(bool)==1". By
17893 default "sizeof(bool)" is 4 when compiling for Darwin/PowerPC and 1
17894 when compiling for Darwin/x86, so this option has no effect on x86.
17895 Warning: The -mone-byte-bool switch causes GCC to generate code
17897 that is not binary compatible with code generated without that
17898 switch. Using this switch may require recompiling all other
17899 modules in a program, including system libraries. Use this switch
17900 to conform to a non-default data model.
17901 -mfix-and-continue
17903 -ffix-and-continue
17904 -findirect-data
17905 Generate code suitable for fast turnaround development, such as to
17906 allow GDB to dynamically load .o files into already-running
17907 programs. -findirect-data and -ffix-and-continue are provided for
17908 backwards compatibility.
17909 -all_load
17911 Loads all members of static archive libraries. See man ld(1) for
17912 more information.
17913 -arch_errors_fatal
17915 Cause the errors having to do with files that have the wrong
17916 architecture to be fatal.
17917 -bind_at_load
17919 Causes the output file to be marked such that the dynamic linker
17920 will bind all undefined references when the file is loaded or
17921 launched.
17922 -bundle
17924 Produce a Mach-o bundle format file. See man ld(1) for more
17925 information.
17926 -bundle_loader executable
17928 This option specifies the executable that will load the build
17929 output file being linked. See man ld(1) for more information.
17930 -dynamiclib
17932 When passed this option, GCC produces a dynamic library instead of
17933 an executable when linking, using the Darwin libtool command.
17934 -force_cpusubtype_ALL
17936 This causes GCC's output file to have the ALL subtype, instead of
17937 one controlled by the -mcpu or -march option.
17938 -allowable_client client_name
17940 -client_name
17941 -compatibility_version
17942 -current_version
17943 -dead_strip
17944 -dependency-file
17945 -dylib_file
17946 -dylinker_install_name
17947 -dynamic
17948 -exported_symbols_list
17949 -filelist
17950 -flat_namespace
17951 -force_flat_namespace
17952 -headerpad_max_install_names
17953 -image_base
17954 -init
17955 -install_name
17956 -keep_private_externs
17957 -multi_module
17958 -multiply_defined
17959 -multiply_defined_unused
17960 -noall_load
17961 -no_dead_strip_inits_and_terms
17962 -nofixprebinding
17963 -nomultidefs
17964 -noprebind
17965 -noseglinkedit
17966 -pagezero_size
17967 -prebind
17968 -prebind_all_twolevel_modules
17969 -private_bundle
17970 -read_only_relocs
17971 -sectalign
17972 -sectobjectsymbols
17973 -whyload
17974 -seg1addr
17975 -sectcreate
17976 -sectobjectsymbols
17977 -sectorder
17978 -segaddr
17979 -segs_read_only_addr
17980 -segs_read_write_addr
17981 -seg_addr_table
17982 -seg_addr_table_filename
17983 -seglinkedit
17984 -segprot
17985 -segs_read_only_addr
17986 -segs_read_write_addr
17987 -single_module
17988 -static
17989 -sub_library
17990 -sub_umbrella
17991 -twolevel_namespace
17992 -umbrella
17993 -undefined
17994 -unexported_symbols_list
17995 -weak_reference_mismatches
17996 -whatsloaded
17997 These options are passed to the Darwin linker. The Darwin linker
17998 man page describes them in detail.
17999 DEC Alpha Options
18001 These -m options are defined for the DEC Alpha implementations:
18003 -mno-soft-float
18005 -msoft-float
18006 Use (do not use) the hardware floating-point instructions for
18007 floating-point operations. When -msoft-float is specified,
18008 functions in libgcc.a are used to perform floating-point
18009 operations. Unless they are replaced by routines that emulate the
18010 floating-point operations, or compiled in such a way as to call
18011 such emulations routines, these routines issue floating-point
18012 operations. If you are compiling for an Alpha without floating-
18013 point operations, you must ensure that the library is built so as
18014 not to call them.
18015 Note that Alpha implementations without floating-point operations
18017 are required to have floating-point registers.
18018 -mfp-reg
18020 -mno-fp-regs
18021 Generate code that uses (does not use) the floating-point register
18022 set. -mno-fp-regs implies -msoft-float. If the floating-point
18023 register set is not used, floating-point operands are passed in
18024 integer registers as if they were integers and floating-point
18025 results are passed in $0 instead of $f0. This is a non-standard
18026 calling sequence, so any function with a floating-point argument or
18027 return value called by code compiled with -mno-fp-regs must also be
18028 compiled with that option.
18029 A typical use of this option is building a kernel that does not
18031 use, and hence need not save and restore, any floating-point
18032 registers.
18033 -mieee
18035 The Alpha architecture implements floating-point hardware optimized
18036 for maximum performance. It is mostly compliant with the IEEE
18037 floating-point standard. However, for full compliance, software
18038 assistance is required. This option generates code fully IEEE-
18039 compliant code except that the inexact-flag is not maintained (see
18040 below). If this option is turned on, the preprocessor macro
18041 "_IEEE_FP" is defined during compilation. The resulting code is
18042 less efficient but is able to correctly support denormalized
18043 numbers and exceptional IEEE values such as not-a-number and
18044 plus/minus infinity. Other Alpha compilers call this option
18045 -ieee_with_no_inexact.
18046 -mieee-with-inexact
18048 This is like -mieee except the generated code also maintains the
18049 IEEE inexact-flag. Turning on this option causes the generated
18050 code to implement fully-compliant IEEE math. In addition to
18051 "_IEEE_FP", "_IEEE_FP_EXACT" is defined as a preprocessor macro.
18052 On some Alpha implementations the resulting code may execute
18053 significantly slower than the code generated by default. Since
18054 there is very little code that depends on the inexact-flag, you
18055 should normally not specify this option. Other Alpha compilers
18056 call this option -ieee_with_inexact.
18057 -mfp-trap-mode=trap-mode
18059 This option controls what floating-point related traps are enabled.
18060 Other Alpha compilers call this option -fptm trap-mode. The trap
18061 mode can be set to one of four values:
18062 n This is the default (normal) setting. The only traps that are
18064 enabled are the ones that cannot be disabled in software (e.g.,
18065 division by zero trap).
18066 u In addition to the traps enabled by n, underflow traps are
18068 enabled as well.
18069 su Like u, but the instructions are marked to be safe for software
18071 completion (see Alpha architecture manual for details).
18072 sui Like su, but inexact traps are enabled as well.
18074 -mfp-rounding-mode=rounding-mode
18076 Selects the IEEE rounding mode. Other Alpha compilers call this
18077 option -fprm rounding-mode. The rounding-mode can be one of:
18078 n Normal IEEE rounding mode. Floating-point numbers are rounded
18080 towards the nearest machine number or towards the even machine
18081 number in case of a tie.
18082 m Round towards minus infinity.
18084 c Chopped rounding mode. Floating-point numbers are rounded
18086 towards zero.
18087 d Dynamic rounding mode. A field in the floating-point control
18089 register (fpcr, see Alpha architecture reference manual)
18090 controls the rounding mode in effect. The C library
18091 initializes this register for rounding towards plus infinity.
18092 Thus, unless your program modifies the fpcr, d corresponds to
18093 round towards plus infinity.
18094 -mtrap-precision=trap-precision
18096 In the Alpha architecture, floating-point traps are imprecise.
18097 This means without software assistance it is impossible to recover
18098 from a floating trap and program execution normally needs to be
18099 terminated. GCC can generate code that can assist operating system
18100 trap handlers in determining the exact location that caused a
18101 floating-point trap. Depending on the requirements of an
18102 application, different levels of precisions can be selected:
18103 p Program precision. This option is the default and means a trap
18105 handler can only identify which program caused a floating-point
18106 exception.
18107 f Function precision. The trap handler can determine the
18109 function that caused a floating-point exception.
18110 i Instruction precision. The trap handler can determine the
18112 exact instruction that caused a floating-point exception.
18113 Other Alpha compilers provide the equivalent options called
18115 -scope_safe and -resumption_safe.
18116 -mieee-conformant
18118 This option marks the generated code as IEEE conformant. You must
18119 not use this option unless you also specify -mtrap-precision=i and
18120 either -mfp-trap-mode=su or -mfp-trap-mode=sui. Its only effect is
18121 to emit the line .eflag 48 in the function prologue of the
18122 generated assembly file.
18123 -mbuild-constants
18125 Normally GCC examines a 32- or 64-bit integer constant to see if it
18126 can construct it from smaller constants in two or three
18127 instructions. If it cannot, it outputs the constant as a literal
18128 and generates code to load it from the data segment at run time.
18129 Use this option to require GCC to construct all integer constants
18131 using code, even if it takes more instructions (the maximum is
18132 six).
18133 You typically use this option to build a shared library dynamic
18135 loader. Itself a shared library, it must relocate itself in memory
18136 before it can find the variables and constants in its own data
18137 segment.
18138 -mbwx
18140 -mno-bwx
18141 -mcix
18142 -mno-cix
18143 -mfix
18144 -mno-fix
18145 -mmax
18146 -mno-max
18147 Indicate whether GCC should generate code to use the optional BWX,
18148 CIX, FIX and MAX instruction sets. The default is to use the
18149 instruction sets supported by the CPU type specified via -mcpu=
18150 option or that of the CPU on which GCC was built if none is
18151 specified.
18152 -mfloat-vax
18154 -mfloat-ieee
18155 Generate code that uses (does not use) VAX F and G floating-point
18156 arithmetic instead of IEEE single and double precision.
18157 -mexplicit-relocs
18159 -mno-explicit-relocs
18160 Older Alpha assemblers provided no way to generate symbol
18161 relocations except via assembler macros. Use of these macros does
18162 not allow optimal instruction scheduling. GNU binutils as of
18163 version 2.12 supports a new syntax that allows the compiler to
18164 explicitly mark which relocations should apply to which
18165 instructions. This option is mostly useful for debugging, as GCC
18166 detects the capabilities of the assembler when it is built and sets
18167 the default accordingly.
18168 -msmall-data
18170 -mlarge-data
18171 When -mexplicit-relocs is in effect, static data is accessed via
18172 gp-relative relocations. When -msmall-data is used, objects 8
18173 bytes long or smaller are placed in a small data area (the ".sdata"
18174 and ".sbss" sections) and are accessed via 16-bit relocations off
18175 of the $gp register. This limits the size of the small data area
18176 to 64KB, but allows the variables to be directly accessed via a
18177 single instruction.
18178 The default is -mlarge-data. With this option the data area is
18180 limited to just below 2GB. Programs that require more than 2GB of
18181 data must use "malloc" or "mmap" to allocate the data in the heap
18182 instead of in the program's data segment.
18183 When generating code for shared libraries, -fpic implies
18185 -msmall-data and -fPIC implies -mlarge-data.
18186 -msmall-text
18188 -mlarge-text
18189 When -msmall-text is used, the compiler assumes that the code of
18190 the entire program (or shared library) fits in 4MB, and is thus
18191 reachable with a branch instruction. When -msmall-data is used,
18192 the compiler can assume that all local symbols share the same $gp
18193 value, and thus reduce the number of instructions required for a
18194 function call from 4 to 1.
18195 The default is -mlarge-text.
18197 -mcpu=cpu_type
18199 Set the instruction set and instruction scheduling parameters for
18200 machine type cpu_type. You can specify either the EV style name or
18201 the corresponding chip number. GCC supports scheduling parameters
18202 for the EV4, EV5 and EV6 family of processors and chooses the
18203 default values for the instruction set from the processor you
18204 specify. If you do not specify a processor type, GCC defaults to
18205 the processor on which the compiler was built.
18206 Supported values for cpu_type are
18208 ev4
18210 ev45
18211 21064
18212 Schedules as an EV4 and has no instruction set extensions.
18213 ev5
18215 21164
18216 Schedules as an EV5 and has no instruction set extensions.
18217 ev56
18219 21164a
18220 Schedules as an EV5 and supports the BWX extension.
18221 pca56
18223 21164pc
18224 21164PC
18225 Schedules as an EV5 and supports the BWX and MAX extensions.
18226 ev6
18228 21264
18229 Schedules as an EV6 and supports the BWX, FIX, and MAX
18230 extensions.
18231 ev67
18233 21264a
18234 Schedules as an EV6 and supports the BWX, CIX, FIX, and MAX
18235 extensions.
18236 Native toolchains also support the value native, which selects the
18238 best architecture option for the host processor. -mcpu=native has
18239 no effect if GCC does not recognize the processor.
18240 -mtune=cpu_type
18242 Set only the instruction scheduling parameters for machine type
18243 cpu_type. The instruction set is not changed.
18244 Native toolchains also support the value native, which selects the
18246 best architecture option for the host processor. -mtune=native has
18247 no effect if GCC does not recognize the processor.
18248 -mmemory-latency=time
18250 Sets the latency the scheduler should assume for typical memory
18251 references as seen by the application. This number is highly
18252 dependent on the memory access patterns used by the application and
18253 the size of the external cache on the machine.
18254 Valid options for time are
18256 number
18258 A decimal number representing clock cycles.
18259 L1
18261 L2
18262 L3
18263 main
18264 The compiler contains estimates of the number of clock cycles
18265 for "typical" EV4 & EV5 hardware for the Level 1, 2 & 3 caches
18266 (also called Dcache, Scache, and Bcache), as well as to main
18267 memory. Note that L3 is only valid for EV5.
18268 eBPF Options
18270 -mframe-limit=bytes
18272 This specifies the hard limit for frame sizes, in bytes.
18273 Currently, the value that can be specified should be less than or
18274 equal to 32767. Defaults to whatever limit is imposed by the
18275 version of the Linux kernel targeted.
18276 -mkernel=version
18278 This specifies the minimum version of the kernel that will run the
18279 compiled program. GCC uses this version to determine which
18280 instructions to use, what kernel helpers to allow, etc. Currently,
18281 version can be one of 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8,
18282 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.14, 4.15, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.19,
18283 4.20, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, latest and native.
18284 -mbig-endian
18286 Generate code for a big-endian target.
18287 -mlittle-endian
18289 Generate code for a little-endian target. This is the default.
18290 FR30 Options
18292 These options are defined specifically for the FR30 port.
18294 -msmall-model
18296 Use the small address space model. This can produce smaller code,
18297 but it does assume that all symbolic values and addresses fit into
18298 a 20-bit range.
18299 -mno-lsim
18301 Assume that runtime support has been provided and so there is no
18302 need to include the simulator library (libsim.a) on the linker
18303 command line.
18304 FT32 Options
18306 These options are defined specifically for the FT32 port.
18308 -msim
18310 Specifies that the program will be run on the simulator. This
18311 causes an alternate runtime startup and library to be linked. You
18312 must not use this option when generating programs that will run on
18313 real hardware; you must provide your own runtime library for
18314 whatever I/O functions are needed.
18315 -mlra
18317 Enable Local Register Allocation. This is still experimental for
18318 FT32, so by default the compiler uses standard reload.
18319 -mnodiv
18321 Do not use div and mod instructions.
18322 -mft32b
18324 Enable use of the extended instructions of the FT32B processor.
18325 -mcompress
18327 Compress all code using the Ft32B code compression scheme.
18328 -mnopm
18330 Do not generate code that reads program memory.
18331 FRV Options
18333 -mgpr-32
18335 Only use the first 32 general-purpose registers.
18336 -mgpr-64
18338 Use all 64 general-purpose registers.
18339 -mfpr-32
18341 Use only the first 32 floating-point registers.
18342 -mfpr-64
18344 Use all 64 floating-point registers.
18345 -mhard-float
18347 Use hardware instructions for floating-point operations.
18348 -msoft-float
18350 Use library routines for floating-point operations.
18351 -malloc-cc
18353 Dynamically allocate condition code registers.
18354 -mfixed-cc
18356 Do not try to dynamically allocate condition code registers, only
18357 use "icc0" and "fcc0".
18358 -mdword
18360 Change ABI to use double word insns.
18361 -mno-dword
18363 Do not use double word instructions.
18364 -mdouble
18366 Use floating-point double instructions.
18367 -mno-double
18369 Do not use floating-point double instructions.
18370 -mmedia
18372 Use media instructions.
18373 -mno-media
18375 Do not use media instructions.
18376 -mmuladd
18378 Use multiply and add/subtract instructions.
18379 -mno-muladd
18381 Do not use multiply and add/subtract instructions.
18382 -mfdpic
18384 Select the FDPIC ABI, which uses function descriptors to represent
18385 pointers to functions. Without any PIC/PIE-related options, it
18386 implies -fPIE. With -fpic or -fpie, it assumes GOT entries and
18387 small data are within a 12-bit range from the GOT base address;
18388 with -fPIC or -fPIE, GOT offsets are computed with 32 bits. With a
18389 bfin-elf target, this option implies -msim.
18390 -minline-plt
18392 Enable inlining of PLT entries in function calls to functions that
18393 are not known to bind locally. It has no effect without -mfdpic.
18394 It's enabled by default if optimizing for speed and compiling for
18395 shared libraries (i.e., -fPIC or -fpic), or when an optimization
18396 option such as -O3 or above is present in the command line.
18397 -mTLS
18399 Assume a large TLS segment when generating thread-local code.
18400 -mtls
18402 Do not assume a large TLS segment when generating thread-local
18403 code.
18404 -mgprel-ro
18406 Enable the use of "GPREL" relocations in the FDPIC ABI for data
18407 that is known to be in read-only sections. It's enabled by
18408 default, except for -fpic or -fpie: even though it may help make
18409 the global offset table smaller, it trades 1 instruction for 4.
18410 With -fPIC or -fPIE, it trades 3 instructions for 4, one of which
18411 may be shared by multiple symbols, and it avoids the need for a GOT
18412 entry for the referenced symbol, so it's more likely to be a win.
18413 If it is not, -mno-gprel-ro can be used to disable it.
18414 -multilib-library-pic
18416 Link with the (library, not FD) pic libraries. It's implied by
18417 -mlibrary-pic, as well as by -fPIC and -fpic without -mfdpic. You
18418 should never have to use it explicitly.
18419 -mlinked-fp
18421 Follow the EABI requirement of always creating a frame pointer
18422 whenever a stack frame is allocated. This option is enabled by
18423 default and can be disabled with -mno-linked-fp.
18424 -mlong-calls
18426 Use indirect addressing to call functions outside the current
18427 compilation unit. This allows the functions to be placed anywhere
18428 within the 32-bit address space.
18429 -malign-labels
18431 Try to align labels to an 8-byte boundary by inserting NOPs into
18432 the previous packet. This option only has an effect when VLIW
18433 packing is enabled. It doesn't create new packets; it merely adds
18434 NOPs to existing ones.
18435 -mlibrary-pic
18437 Generate position-independent EABI code.
18438 -macc-4
18440 Use only the first four media accumulator registers.
18441 -macc-8
18443 Use all eight media accumulator registers.
18444 -mpack
18446 Pack VLIW instructions.
18447 -mno-pack
18449 Do not pack VLIW instructions.
18450 -mno-eflags
18452 Do not mark ABI switches in e_flags.
18453 -mcond-move
18455 Enable the use of conditional-move instructions (default).
18456 This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
18458 removed in a future version.
18459 -mno-cond-move
18461 Disable the use of conditional-move instructions.
18462 This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
18464 removed in a future version.
18465 -mscc
18467 Enable the use of conditional set instructions (default).
18468 This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
18470 removed in a future version.
18471 -mno-scc
18473 Disable the use of conditional set instructions.
18474 This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
18476 removed in a future version.
18477 -mcond-exec
18479 Enable the use of conditional execution (default).
18480 This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
18482 removed in a future version.
18483 -mno-cond-exec
18485 Disable the use of conditional execution.
18486 This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
18488 removed in a future version.
18489 -mvliw-branch
18491 Run a pass to pack branches into VLIW instructions (default).
18492 This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
18494 removed in a future version.
18495 -mno-vliw-branch
18497 Do not run a pass to pack branches into VLIW instructions.
18498 This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
18500 removed in a future version.
18501 -mmulti-cond-exec
18503 Enable optimization of "&&" and "||" in conditional execution
18504 (default).
18505 This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
18507 removed in a future version.
18508 -mno-multi-cond-exec
18510 Disable optimization of "&&" and "||" in conditional execution.
18511 This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
18513 removed in a future version.
18514 -mnested-cond-exec
18516 Enable nested conditional execution optimizations (default).
18517 This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
18519 removed in a future version.
18520 -mno-nested-cond-exec
18522 Disable nested conditional execution optimizations.
18523 This switch is mainly for debugging the compiler and will likely be
18525 removed in a future version.
18526 -moptimize-membar
18528 This switch removes redundant "membar" instructions from the
18529 compiler-generated code. It is enabled by default.
18530 -mno-optimize-membar
18532 This switch disables the automatic removal of redundant "membar"
18533 instructions from the generated code.
18534 -mtomcat-stats
18536 Cause gas to print out tomcat statistics.
18537 -mcpu=cpu
18539 Select the processor type for which to generate code. Possible
18540 values are frv, fr550, tomcat, fr500, fr450, fr405, fr400, fr300
18541 and simple.
18542 GNU/Linux Options
18544 These -m options are defined for GNU/Linux targets:
18546 -mglibc
18548 Use the GNU C library. This is the default except on
18549 *-*-linux-*uclibc*, *-*-linux-*musl* and *-*-linux-*android*
18550 targets.
18551 -muclibc
18553 Use uClibc C library. This is the default on *-*-linux-*uclibc*
18554 targets.
18555 -mmusl
18557 Use the musl C library. This is the default on *-*-linux-*musl*
18558 targets.
18559 -mbionic
18561 Use Bionic C library. This is the default on *-*-linux-*android*
18562 targets.
18563 -mandroid
18565 Compile code compatible with Android platform. This is the default
18566 on *-*-linux-*android* targets.
18567 When compiling, this option enables -mbionic, -fPIC,
18569 -fno-exceptions and -fno-rtti by default. When linking, this
18570 option makes the GCC driver pass Android-specific options to the
18571 linker. Finally, this option causes the preprocessor macro
18572 "__ANDROID__" to be defined.
18573 -tno-android-cc
18575 Disable compilation effects of -mandroid, i.e., do not enable
18576 -mbionic, -fPIC, -fno-exceptions and -fno-rtti by default.
18577 -tno-android-ld
18579 Disable linking effects of -mandroid, i.e., pass standard Linux
18580 linking options to the linker.
18581 H8/300 Options
18583 These -m options are defined for the H8/300 implementations:
18585 -mrelax
18587 Shorten some address references at link time, when possible; uses
18588 the linker option -relax.
18589 -mh Generate code for the H8/300H.
18591 -ms Generate code for the H8S.
18593 -mn Generate code for the H8S and H8/300H in the normal mode. This
18595 switch must be used either with -mh or -ms.
18596 -ms2600
18598 Generate code for the H8S/2600. This switch must be used with -ms.
18599 -mexr
18601 Extended registers are stored on stack before execution of function
18602 with monitor attribute. Default option is -mexr. This option is
18603 valid only for H8S targets.
18604 -mno-exr
18606 Extended registers are not stored on stack before execution of
18607 function with monitor attribute. Default option is -mno-exr. This
18608 option is valid only for H8S targets.
18609 -mint32
18611 Make "int" data 32 bits by default.
18612 -malign-300
18614 On the H8/300H and H8S, use the same alignment rules as for the
18615 H8/300. The default for the H8/300H and H8S is to align longs and
18616 floats on 4-byte boundaries. -malign-300 causes them to be aligned
18617 on 2-byte boundaries. This option has no effect on the H8/300.
18618 HPPA Options
18620 These -m options are defined for the HPPA family of computers:
18622 -march=architecture-type
18624 Generate code for the specified architecture. The choices for
18625 architecture-type are 1.0 for PA 1.0, 1.1 for PA 1.1, and 2.0 for
18626 PA 2.0 processors. Refer to /usr/lib/sched.models on an HP-UX
18627 system to determine the proper architecture option for your
18628 machine. Code compiled for lower numbered architectures runs on
18629 higher numbered architectures, but not the other way around.
18630 -mpa-risc-1-0
18632 -mpa-risc-1-1
18633 -mpa-risc-2-0
18634 Synonyms for -march=1.0, -march=1.1, and -march=2.0 respectively.
18635 -mcaller-copies
18637 The caller copies function arguments passed by hidden reference.
18638 This option should be used with care as it is not compatible with
18639 the default 32-bit runtime. However, only aggregates larger than
18640 eight bytes are passed by hidden reference and the option provides
18641 better compatibility with OpenMP.
18642 -mjump-in-delay
18644 This option is ignored and provided for compatibility purposes
18645 only.
18646 -mdisable-fpregs
18648 Prevent floating-point registers from being used in any manner.
18649 This is necessary for compiling kernels that perform lazy context
18650 switching of floating-point registers. If you use this option and
18651 attempt to perform floating-point operations, the compiler aborts.
18652 -mdisable-indexing
18654 Prevent the compiler from using indexing address modes. This
18655 avoids some rather obscure problems when compiling MIG generated
18656 code under MACH.
18657 -mno-space-regs
18659 Generate code that assumes the target has no space registers. This
18660 allows GCC to generate faster indirect calls and use unscaled index
18661 address modes.
18662 Such code is suitable for level 0 PA systems and kernels.
18664 -mfast-indirect-calls
18666 Generate code that assumes calls never cross space boundaries.
18667 This allows GCC to emit code that performs faster indirect calls.
18668 This option does not work in the presence of shared libraries or
18670 nested functions.
18671 -mfixed-range=register-range
18673 Generate code treating the given register range as fixed registers.
18674 A fixed register is one that the register allocator cannot use.
18675 This is useful when compiling kernel code. A register range is
18676 specified as two registers separated by a dash. Multiple register
18677 ranges can be specified separated by a comma.
18678 -mlong-load-store
18680 Generate 3-instruction load and store sequences as sometimes
18681 required by the HP-UX 10 linker. This is equivalent to the +k
18682 option to the HP compilers.
18683 -mportable-runtime
18685 Use the portable calling conventions proposed by HP for ELF
18686 systems.
18687 -mgas
18689 Enable the use of assembler directives only GAS understands.
18690 -mschedule=cpu-type
18692 Schedule code according to the constraints for the machine type
18693 cpu-type. The choices for cpu-type are 700 7100, 7100LC, 7200,
18694 7300 and 8000. Refer to /usr/lib/sched.models on an HP-UX system
18695 to determine the proper scheduling option for your machine. The
18696 default scheduling is 8000.
18697 -mlinker-opt
18699 Enable the optimization pass in the HP-UX linker. Note this makes
18700 symbolic debugging impossible. It also triggers a bug in the HP-UX
18701 8 and HP-UX 9 linkers in which they give bogus error messages when
18702 linking some programs.
18703 -msoft-float
18705 Generate output containing library calls for floating point.
18706 Warning: the requisite libraries are not available for all HPPA
18707 targets. Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C compiler
18708 are used, but this cannot be done directly in cross-compilation.
18709 You must make your own arrangements to provide suitable library
18710 functions for cross-compilation.
18711 -msoft-float changes the calling convention in the output file;
18713 therefore, it is only useful if you compile all of a program with
18714 this option. In particular, you need to compile libgcc.a, the
18715 library that comes with GCC, with -msoft-float in order for this to
18716 work.
18717 -msio
18719 Generate the predefine, "_SIO", for server IO. The default is
18720 -mwsio. This generates the predefines, "__hp9000s700",
18721 "__hp9000s700__" and "_WSIO", for workstation IO. These options
18722 are available under HP-UX and HI-UX.
18723 -mgnu-ld
18725 Use options specific to GNU ld. This passes -shared to ld when
18726 building a shared library. It is the default when GCC is
18727 configured, explicitly or implicitly, with the GNU linker. This
18728 option does not affect which ld is called; it only changes what
18729 parameters are passed to that ld. The ld that is called is
18730 determined by the --with-ld configure option, GCC's program search
18731 path, and finally by the user's PATH. The linker used by GCC can
18732 be printed using which `gcc -print-prog-name=ld`. This option is
18733 only available on the 64-bit HP-UX GCC, i.e. configured with
18734 hppa*64*-*-hpux*.
18735 -mhp-ld
18737 Use options specific to HP ld. This passes -b to ld when building
18738 a shared library and passes +Accept TypeMismatch to ld on all
18739 links. It is the default when GCC is configured, explicitly or
18740 implicitly, with the HP linker. This option does not affect which
18741 ld is called; it only changes what parameters are passed to that
18742 ld. The ld that is called is determined by the --with-ld configure
18743 option, GCC's program search path, and finally by the user's PATH.
18744 The linker used by GCC can be printed using which `gcc
18745 -print-prog-name=ld`. This option is only available on the 64-bit
18746 HP-UX GCC, i.e. configured with hppa*64*-*-hpux*.
18747 -mlong-calls
18749 Generate code that uses long call sequences. This ensures that a
18750 call is always able to reach linker generated stubs. The default
18751 is to generate long calls only when the distance from the call site
18752 to the beginning of the function or translation unit, as the case
18753 may be, exceeds a predefined limit set by the branch type being
18754 used. The limits for normal calls are 7,600,000 and 240,000 bytes,
18755 respectively for the PA 2.0 and PA 1.X architectures. Sibcalls are
18756 always limited at 240,000 bytes.
18757 Distances are measured from the beginning of functions when using
18759 the -ffunction-sections option, or when using the -mgas and
18760 -mno-portable-runtime options together under HP-UX with the SOM
18761 linker.
18762 It is normally not desirable to use this option as it degrades
18764 performance. However, it may be useful in large applications,
18765 particularly when partial linking is used to build the application.
18766 The types of long calls used depends on the capabilities of the
18768 assembler and linker, and the type of code being generated. The
18769 impact on systems that support long absolute calls, and long pic
18770 symbol-difference or pc-relative calls should be relatively small.
18771 However, an indirect call is used on 32-bit ELF systems in pic code
18772 and it is quite long.
18773 -munix=unix-std
18775 Generate compiler predefines and select a startfile for the
18776 specified UNIX standard. The choices for unix-std are 93, 95 and
18777 98. 93 is supported on all HP-UX versions. 95 is available on HP-
18778 UX 10.10 and later. 98 is available on HP-UX 11.11 and later. The
18779 default values are 93 for HP-UX 10.00, 95 for HP-UX 10.10 though to
18780 11.00, and 98 for HP-UX 11.11 and later.
18781 -munix=93 provides the same predefines as GCC 3.3 and 3.4.
18783 -munix=95 provides additional predefines for "XOPEN_UNIX" and
18784 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED", and the startfile unix95.o. -munix=98
18785 provides additional predefines for "_XOPEN_UNIX",
18786 "_XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED", "_INCLUDE__STDC_A1_SOURCE" and
18787 "_INCLUDE_XOPEN_SOURCE_500", and the startfile unix98.o.
18788 It is important to note that this option changes the interfaces for
18790 various library routines. It also affects the operational behavior
18791 of the C library. Thus, extreme care is needed in using this
18792 option.
18793 Library code that is intended to operate with more than one UNIX
18795 standard must test, set and restore the variable
18796 "__xpg4_extended_mask" as appropriate. Most GNU software doesn't
18797 provide this capability.
18798 -nolibdld
18800 Suppress the generation of link options to search libdld.sl when
18801 the -static option is specified on HP-UX 10 and later.
18802 -static
18804 The HP-UX implementation of setlocale in libc has a dependency on
18805 libdld.sl. There isn't an archive version of libdld.sl. Thus,
18806 when the -static option is specified, special link options are
18807 needed to resolve this dependency.
18808 On HP-UX 10 and later, the GCC driver adds the necessary options to
18810 link with libdld.sl when the -static option is specified. This
18811 causes the resulting binary to be dynamic. On the 64-bit port, the
18812 linkers generate dynamic binaries by default in any case. The
18813 -nolibdld option can be used to prevent the GCC driver from adding
18814 these link options.
18815 -threads
18817 Add support for multithreading with the dce thread library under
18818 HP-UX. This option sets flags for both the preprocessor and
18819 linker.
18820 IA-64 Options
18822 These are the -m options defined for the Intel IA-64 architecture.
18824 -mbig-endian
18826 Generate code for a big-endian target. This is the default for HP-
18827 UX.
18828 -mlittle-endian
18830 Generate code for a little-endian target. This is the default for
18831 AIX5 and GNU/Linux.
18832 -mgnu-as
18834 -mno-gnu-as
18835 Generate (or don't) code for the GNU assembler. This is the
18836 default.
18837 -mgnu-ld
18839 -mno-gnu-ld
18840 Generate (or don't) code for the GNU linker. This is the default.
18841 -mno-pic
18843 Generate code that does not use a global pointer register. The
18844 result is not position independent code, and violates the IA-64
18845 ABI.
18846 -mvolatile-asm-stop
18848 -mno-volatile-asm-stop
18849 Generate (or don't) a stop bit immediately before and after
18850 volatile asm statements.
18851 -mregister-names
18853 -mno-register-names
18854 Generate (or don't) in, loc, and out register names for the stacked
18855 registers. This may make assembler output more readable.
18856 -mno-sdata
18858 -msdata
18859 Disable (or enable) optimizations that use the small data section.
18860 This may be useful for working around optimizer bugs.
18861 -mconstant-gp
18863 Generate code that uses a single constant global pointer value.
18864 This is useful when compiling kernel code.
18865 -mauto-pic
18867 Generate code that is self-relocatable. This implies
18868 -mconstant-gp. This is useful when compiling firmware code.
18869 -minline-float-divide-min-latency
18871 Generate code for inline divides of floating-point values using the
18872 minimum latency algorithm.
18873 -minline-float-divide-max-throughput
18875 Generate code for inline divides of floating-point values using the
18876 maximum throughput algorithm.
18877 -mno-inline-float-divide
18879 Do not generate inline code for divides of floating-point values.
18880 -minline-int-divide-min-latency
18882 Generate code for inline divides of integer values using the
18883 minimum latency algorithm.
18884 -minline-int-divide-max-throughput
18886 Generate code for inline divides of integer values using the
18887 maximum throughput algorithm.
18888 -mno-inline-int-divide
18890 Do not generate inline code for divides of integer values.
18891 -minline-sqrt-min-latency
18893 Generate code for inline square roots using the minimum latency
18894 algorithm.
18895 -minline-sqrt-max-throughput
18897 Generate code for inline square roots using the maximum throughput
18898 algorithm.
18899 -mno-inline-sqrt
18901 Do not generate inline code for "sqrt".
18902 -mfused-madd
18904 -mno-fused-madd
18905 Do (don't) generate code that uses the fused multiply/add or
18906 multiply/subtract instructions. The default is to use these
18907 instructions.
18908 -mno-dwarf2-asm
18910 -mdwarf2-asm
18911 Don't (or do) generate assembler code for the DWARF line number
18912 debugging info. This may be useful when not using the GNU
18913 assembler.
18914 -mearly-stop-bits
18916 -mno-early-stop-bits
18917 Allow stop bits to be placed earlier than immediately preceding the
18918 instruction that triggered the stop bit. This can improve
18919 instruction scheduling, but does not always do so.
18920 -mfixed-range=register-range
18922 Generate code treating the given register range as fixed registers.
18923 A fixed register is one that the register allocator cannot use.
18924 This is useful when compiling kernel code. A register range is
18925 specified as two registers separated by a dash. Multiple register
18926 ranges can be specified separated by a comma.
18927 -mtls-size=tls-size
18929 Specify bit size of immediate TLS offsets. Valid values are 14,
18930 22, and 64.
18931 -mtune=cpu-type
18933 Tune the instruction scheduling for a particular CPU, Valid values
18934 are itanium, itanium1, merced, itanium2, and mckinley.
18935 -milp32
18937 -mlp64
18938 Generate code for a 32-bit or 64-bit environment. The 32-bit
18939 environment sets int, long and pointer to 32 bits. The 64-bit
18940 environment sets int to 32 bits and long and pointer to 64 bits.
18941 These are HP-UX specific flags.
18942 -mno-sched-br-data-spec
18944 -msched-br-data-spec
18945 (Dis/En)able data speculative scheduling before reload. This
18946 results in generation of "ld.a" instructions and the corresponding
18947 check instructions ("ld.c" / "chk.a"). The default setting is
18948 disabled.
18949 -msched-ar-data-spec
18951 -mno-sched-ar-data-spec
18952 (En/Dis)able data speculative scheduling after reload. This
18953 results in generation of "ld.a" instructions and the corresponding
18954 check instructions ("ld.c" / "chk.a"). The default setting is
18955 enabled.
18956 -mno-sched-control-spec
18958 -msched-control-spec
18959 (Dis/En)able control speculative scheduling. This feature is
18960 available only during region scheduling (i.e. before reload). This
18961 results in generation of the "ld.s" instructions and the
18962 corresponding check instructions "chk.s". The default setting is
18963 disabled.
18964 -msched-br-in-data-spec
18966 -mno-sched-br-in-data-spec
18967 (En/Dis)able speculative scheduling of the instructions that are
18968 dependent on the data speculative loads before reload. This is
18969 effective only with -msched-br-data-spec enabled. The default
18970 setting is enabled.
18971 -msched-ar-in-data-spec
18973 -mno-sched-ar-in-data-spec
18974 (En/Dis)able speculative scheduling of the instructions that are
18975 dependent on the data speculative loads after reload. This is
18976 effective only with -msched-ar-data-spec enabled. The default
18977 setting is enabled.
18978 -msched-in-control-spec
18980 -mno-sched-in-control-spec
18981 (En/Dis)able speculative scheduling of the instructions that are
18982 dependent on the control speculative loads. This is effective only
18983 with -msched-control-spec enabled. The default setting is enabled.
18984 -mno-sched-prefer-non-data-spec-insns
18986 -msched-prefer-non-data-spec-insns
18987 If enabled, data-speculative instructions are chosen for schedule
18988 only if there are no other choices at the moment. This makes the
18989 use of the data speculation much more conservative. The default
18990 setting is disabled.
18991 -mno-sched-prefer-non-control-spec-insns
18993 -msched-prefer-non-control-spec-insns
18994 If enabled, control-speculative instructions are chosen for
18995 schedule only if there are no other choices at the moment. This
18996 makes the use of the control speculation much more conservative.
18997 The default setting is disabled.
18998 -mno-sched-count-spec-in-critical-path
19000 -msched-count-spec-in-critical-path
19001 If enabled, speculative dependencies are considered during
19002 computation of the instructions priorities. This makes the use of
19003 the speculation a bit more conservative. The default setting is
19004 disabled.
19005 -msched-spec-ldc
19007 Use a simple data speculation check. This option is on by default.
19008 -msched-control-spec-ldc
19010 Use a simple check for control speculation. This option is on by
19011 default.
19012 -msched-stop-bits-after-every-cycle
19014 Place a stop bit after every cycle when scheduling. This option is
19015 on by default.
19016 -msched-fp-mem-deps-zero-cost
19018 Assume that floating-point stores and loads are not likely to cause
19019 a conflict when placed into the same instruction group. This
19020 option is disabled by default.
19021 -msel-sched-dont-check-control-spec
19023 Generate checks for control speculation in selective scheduling.
19024 This flag is disabled by default.
19025 -msched-max-memory-insns=max-insns
19027 Limit on the number of memory insns per instruction group, giving
19028 lower priority to subsequent memory insns attempting to schedule in
19029 the same instruction group. Frequently useful to prevent cache bank
19030 conflicts. The default value is 1.
19031 -msched-max-memory-insns-hard-limit
19033 Makes the limit specified by msched-max-memory-insns a hard limit,
19034 disallowing more than that number in an instruction group.
19035 Otherwise, the limit is "soft", meaning that non-memory operations
19036 are preferred when the limit is reached, but memory operations may
19037 still be scheduled.
19038 LM32 Options
19040 These -m options are defined for the LatticeMico32 architecture:
19042 -mbarrel-shift-enabled
19044 Enable barrel-shift instructions.
19045 -mdivide-enabled
19047 Enable divide and modulus instructions.
19048 -mmultiply-enabled
19050 Enable multiply instructions.
19051 -msign-extend-enabled
19053 Enable sign extend instructions.
19054 -muser-enabled
19056 Enable user-defined instructions.
19057 M32C Options
19059 -mcpu=name
19061 Select the CPU for which code is generated. name may be one of r8c
19062 for the R8C/Tiny series, m16c for the M16C (up to /60) series,
19063 m32cm for the M16C/80 series, or m32c for the M32C/80 series.
19064 -msim
19066 Specifies that the program will be run on the simulator. This
19067 causes an alternate runtime library to be linked in which supports,
19068 for example, file I/O. You must not use this option when
19069 generating programs that will run on real hardware; you must
19070 provide your own runtime library for whatever I/O functions are
19071 needed.
19072 -memregs=number
19074 Specifies the number of memory-based pseudo-registers GCC uses
19075 during code generation. These pseudo-registers are used like real
19076 registers, so there is a tradeoff between GCC's ability to fit the
19077 code into available registers, and the performance penalty of using
19078 memory instead of registers. Note that all modules in a program
19079 must be compiled with the same value for this option. Because of
19080 that, you must not use this option with GCC's default runtime
19081 libraries.
19082 M32R/D Options
19084 These -m options are defined for Renesas M32R/D architectures:
19086 -m32r2
19088 Generate code for the M32R/2.
19089 -m32rx
19091 Generate code for the M32R/X.
19092 -m32r
19094 Generate code for the M32R. This is the default.
19095 -mmodel=small
19097 Assume all objects live in the lower 16MB of memory (so that their
19098 addresses can be loaded with the "ld24" instruction), and assume
19099 all subroutines are reachable with the "bl" instruction. This is
19100 the default.
19101 The addressability of a particular object can be set with the
19103 "model" attribute.
19104 -mmodel=medium
19106 Assume objects may be anywhere in the 32-bit address space (the
19107 compiler generates "seth/add3" instructions to load their
19108 addresses), and assume all subroutines are reachable with the "bl"
19109 instruction.
19110 -mmodel=large
19112 Assume objects may be anywhere in the 32-bit address space (the
19113 compiler generates "seth/add3" instructions to load their
19114 addresses), and assume subroutines may not be reachable with the
19115 "bl" instruction (the compiler generates the much slower
19116 "seth/add3/jl" instruction sequence).
19117 -msdata=none
19119 Disable use of the small data area. Variables are put into one of
19120 ".data", ".bss", or ".rodata" (unless the "section" attribute has
19121 been specified). This is the default.
19122 The small data area consists of sections ".sdata" and ".sbss".
19124 Objects may be explicitly put in the small data area with the
19125 "section" attribute using one of these sections.
19126 -msdata=sdata
19128 Put small global and static data in the small data area, but do not
19129 generate special code to reference them.
19130 -msdata=use
19132 Put small global and static data in the small data area, and
19133 generate special instructions to reference them.
19134 -G num
19136 Put global and static objects less than or equal to num bytes into
19137 the small data or BSS sections instead of the normal data or BSS
19138 sections. The default value of num is 8. The -msdata option must
19139 be set to one of sdata or use for this option to have any effect.
19140 All modules should be compiled with the same -G num value.
19142 Compiling with different values of num may or may not work; if it
19143 doesn't the linker gives an error message---incorrect code is not
19144 generated.
19145 -mdebug
19147 Makes the M32R-specific code in the compiler display some
19148 statistics that might help in debugging programs.
19149 -malign-loops
19151 Align all loops to a 32-byte boundary.
19152 -mno-align-loops
19154 Do not enforce a 32-byte alignment for loops. This is the default.
19155 -missue-rate=number
19157 Issue number instructions per cycle. number can only be 1 or 2.
19158 -mbranch-cost=number
19160 number can only be 1 or 2. If it is 1 then branches are preferred
19161 over conditional code, if it is 2, then the opposite applies.
19162 -mflush-trap=number
19164 Specifies the trap number to use to flush the cache. The default
19165 is 12. Valid numbers are between 0 and 15 inclusive.
19166 -mno-flush-trap
19168 Specifies that the cache cannot be flushed by using a trap.
19169 -mflush-func=name
19171 Specifies the name of the operating system function to call to
19172 flush the cache. The default is _flush_cache, but a function call
19173 is only used if a trap is not available.
19174 -mno-flush-func
19176 Indicates that there is no OS function for flushing the cache.
19177 M680x0 Options
19179 These are the -m options defined for M680x0 and ColdFire processors.
19181 The default settings depend on which architecture was selected when the
19182 compiler was configured; the defaults for the most common choices are
19183 given below.
19184 -march=arch
19186 Generate code for a specific M680x0 or ColdFire instruction set
19187 architecture. Permissible values of arch for M680x0 architectures
19188 are: 68000, 68010, 68020, 68030, 68040, 68060 and cpu32. ColdFire
19189 architectures are selected according to Freescale's ISA
19190 classification and the permissible values are: isaa, isaaplus, isab
19191 and isac.
19192 GCC defines a macro "__mcfarch__" whenever it is generating code
19194 for a ColdFire target. The arch in this macro is one of the -march
19195 arguments given above.
19196 When used together, -march and -mtune select code that runs on a
19198 family of similar processors but that is optimized for a particular
19199 microarchitecture.
19200 -mcpu=cpu
19202 Generate code for a specific M680x0 or ColdFire processor. The
19203 M680x0 cpus are: 68000, 68010, 68020, 68030, 68040, 68060, 68302,
19204 68332 and cpu32. The ColdFire cpus are given by the table below,
19205 which also classifies the CPUs into families:
19206 Family : -mcpu arguments
19208 51 : 51 51ac 51ag 51cn 51em 51je 51jf 51jg 51jm 51mm 51qe 51qm
19209 5206 : 5202 5204 5206
19210 5206e : 5206e
19211 5208 : 5207 5208
19212 5211a : 5210a 5211a
19213 5213 : 5211 5212 5213
19214 5216 : 5214 5216
19215 52235 : 52230 52231 52232 52233 52234 52235
19216 5225 : 5224 5225
19217 52259 : 52252 52254 52255 52256 52258 52259
19218 5235 : 5232 5233 5234 5235 523x
19219 5249 : 5249
19220 5250 : 5250
19221 5271 : 5270 5271
19222 5272 : 5272
19223 5275 : 5274 5275
19224 5282 : 5280 5281 5282 528x
19225 53017 : 53011 53012 53013 53014 53015 53016 53017
19226 5307 : 5307
19227 5329 : 5327 5328 5329 532x
19228 5373 : 5372 5373 537x
19229 5407 : 5407
19230 5475 : 5470 5471 5472 5473 5474 5475 547x 5480 5481 5482 5483 5484
19231 5485
19232 -mcpu=cpu overrides -march=arch if arch is compatible with cpu.
19234 Other combinations of -mcpu and -march are rejected.
19235 GCC defines the macro "__mcf_cpu_cpu" when ColdFire target cpu is
19237 selected. It also defines "__mcf_family_family", where the value
19238 of family is given by the table above.
19239 -mtune=tune
19241 Tune the code for a particular microarchitecture within the
19242 constraints set by -march and -mcpu. The M680x0 microarchitectures
19243 are: 68000, 68010, 68020, 68030, 68040, 68060 and cpu32. The
19244 ColdFire microarchitectures are: cfv1, cfv2, cfv3, cfv4 and cfv4e.
19245 You can also use -mtune=68020-40 for code that needs to run
19247 relatively well on 68020, 68030 and 68040 targets. -mtune=68020-60
19248 is similar but includes 68060 targets as well. These two options
19249 select the same tuning decisions as -m68020-40 and -m68020-60
19250 respectively.
19251 GCC defines the macros "__mcarch" and "__mcarch__" when tuning for
19253 680x0 architecture arch. It also defines "mcarch" unless either
19254 -ansi or a non-GNU -std option is used. If GCC is tuning for a
19255 range of architectures, as selected by -mtune=68020-40 or
19256 -mtune=68020-60, it defines the macros for every architecture in
19257 the range.
19258 GCC also defines the macro "__muarch__" when tuning for ColdFire
19260 microarchitecture uarch, where uarch is one of the arguments given
19261 above.
19262 -m68000
19264 -mc68000
19265 Generate output for a 68000. This is the default when the compiler
19266 is configured for 68000-based systems. It is equivalent to
19267 -march=68000.
19268 Use this option for microcontrollers with a 68000 or EC000 core,
19270 including the 68008, 68302, 68306, 68307, 68322, 68328 and 68356.
19271 -m68010
19273 Generate output for a 68010. This is the default when the compiler
19274 is configured for 68010-based systems. It is equivalent to
19275 -march=68010.
19276 -m68020
19278 -mc68020
19279 Generate output for a 68020. This is the default when the compiler
19280 is configured for 68020-based systems. It is equivalent to
19281 -march=68020.
19282 -m68030
19284 Generate output for a 68030. This is the default when the compiler
19285 is configured for 68030-based systems. It is equivalent to
19286 -march=68030.
19287 -m68040
19289 Generate output for a 68040. This is the default when the compiler
19290 is configured for 68040-based systems. It is equivalent to
19291 -march=68040.
19292 This option inhibits the use of 68881/68882 instructions that have
19294 to be emulated by software on the 68040. Use this option if your
19295 68040 does not have code to emulate those instructions.
19296 -m68060
19298 Generate output for a 68060. This is the default when the compiler
19299 is configured for 68060-based systems. It is equivalent to
19300 -march=68060.
19301 This option inhibits the use of 68020 and 68881/68882 instructions
19303 that have to be emulated by software on the 68060. Use this option
19304 if your 68060 does not have code to emulate those instructions.
19305 -mcpu32
19307 Generate output for a CPU32. This is the default when the compiler
19308 is configured for CPU32-based systems. It is equivalent to
19309 -march=cpu32.
19310 Use this option for microcontrollers with a CPU32 or CPU32+ core,
19312 including the 68330, 68331, 68332, 68333, 68334, 68336, 68340,
19313 68341, 68349 and 68360.
19314 -m5200
19316 Generate output for a 520X ColdFire CPU. This is the default when
19317 the compiler is configured for 520X-based systems. It is
19318 equivalent to -mcpu=5206, and is now deprecated in favor of that
19319 option.
19320 Use this option for microcontroller with a 5200 core, including the
19322 MCF5202, MCF5203, MCF5204 and MCF5206.
19323 -m5206e
19325 Generate output for a 5206e ColdFire CPU. The option is now
19326 deprecated in favor of the equivalent -mcpu=5206e.
19327 -m528x
19329 Generate output for a member of the ColdFire 528X family. The
19330 option is now deprecated in favor of the equivalent -mcpu=528x.
19331 -m5307
19333 Generate output for a ColdFire 5307 CPU. The option is now
19334 deprecated in favor of the equivalent -mcpu=5307.
19335 -m5407
19337 Generate output for a ColdFire 5407 CPU. The option is now
19338 deprecated in favor of the equivalent -mcpu=5407.
19339 -mcfv4e
19341 Generate output for a ColdFire V4e family CPU (e.g. 547x/548x).
19342 This includes use of hardware floating-point instructions. The
19343 option is equivalent to -mcpu=547x, and is now deprecated in favor
19344 of that option.
19345 -m68020-40
19347 Generate output for a 68040, without using any of the new
19348 instructions. This results in code that can run relatively
19349 efficiently on either a 68020/68881 or a 68030 or a 68040. The
19350 generated code does use the 68881 instructions that are emulated on
19351 the 68040.
19352 The option is equivalent to -march=68020 -mtune=68020-40.
19354 -m68020-60
19356 Generate output for a 68060, without using any of the new
19357 instructions. This results in code that can run relatively
19358 efficiently on either a 68020/68881 or a 68030 or a 68040. The
19359 generated code does use the 68881 instructions that are emulated on
19360 the 68060.
19361 The option is equivalent to -march=68020 -mtune=68020-60.
19363 -mhard-float
19365 -m68881
19366 Generate floating-point instructions. This is the default for
19367 68020 and above, and for ColdFire devices that have an FPU. It
19368 defines the macro "__HAVE_68881__" on M680x0 targets and
19369 "__mcffpu__" on ColdFire targets.
19370 -msoft-float
19372 Do not generate floating-point instructions; use library calls
19373 instead. This is the default for 68000, 68010, and 68832 targets.
19374 It is also the default for ColdFire devices that have no FPU.
19375 -mdiv
19377 -mno-div
19378 Generate (do not generate) ColdFire hardware divide and remainder
19379 instructions. If -march is used without -mcpu, the default is "on"
19380 for ColdFire architectures and "off" for M680x0 architectures.
19381 Otherwise, the default is taken from the target CPU (either the
19382 default CPU, or the one specified by -mcpu). For example, the
19383 default is "off" for -mcpu=5206 and "on" for -mcpu=5206e.
19384 GCC defines the macro "__mcfhwdiv__" when this option is enabled.
19386 -mshort
19388 Consider type "int" to be 16 bits wide, like "short int".
19389 Additionally, parameters passed on the stack are also aligned to a
19390 16-bit boundary even on targets whose API mandates promotion to
19391 32-bit.
19392 -mno-short
19394 Do not consider type "int" to be 16 bits wide. This is the
19395 default.
19396 -mnobitfield
19398 -mno-bitfield
19399 Do not use the bit-field instructions. The -m68000, -mcpu32 and
19400 -m5200 options imply -mnobitfield.
19401 -mbitfield
19403 Do use the bit-field instructions. The -m68020 option implies
19404 -mbitfield. This is the default if you use a configuration
19405 designed for a 68020.
19406 -mrtd
19408 Use a different function-calling convention, in which functions
19409 that take a fixed number of arguments return with the "rtd"
19410 instruction, which pops their arguments while returning. This
19411 saves one instruction in the caller since there is no need to pop
19412 the arguments there.
19413 This calling convention is incompatible with the one normally used
19415 on Unix, so you cannot use it if you need to call libraries
19416 compiled with the Unix compiler.
19417 Also, you must provide function prototypes for all functions that
19419 take variable numbers of arguments (including "printf"); otherwise
19420 incorrect code is generated for calls to those functions.
19421 In addition, seriously incorrect code results if you call a
19423 function with too many arguments. (Normally, extra arguments are
19424 harmlessly ignored.)
19425 The "rtd" instruction is supported by the 68010, 68020, 68030,
19427 68040, 68060 and CPU32 processors, but not by the 68000 or 5200.
19428 The default is -mno-rtd.
19430 -malign-int
19432 -mno-align-int
19433 Control whether GCC aligns "int", "long", "long long", "float",
19434 "double", and "long double" variables on a 32-bit boundary
19435 (-malign-int) or a 16-bit boundary (-mno-align-int). Aligning
19436 variables on 32-bit boundaries produces code that runs somewhat
19437 faster on processors with 32-bit busses at the expense of more
19438 memory.
19439 Warning: if you use the -malign-int switch, GCC aligns structures
19441 containing the above types differently than most published
19442 application binary interface specifications for the m68k.
19443 Use the pc-relative addressing mode of the 68000 directly, instead
19445 of using a global offset table. At present, this option implies
19446 -fpic, allowing at most a 16-bit offset for pc-relative addressing.
19447 -fPIC is not presently supported with -mpcrel, though this could be
19448 supported for 68020 and higher processors.
19449 -mno-strict-align
19451 -mstrict-align
19452 Do not (do) assume that unaligned memory references are handled by
19453 the system.
19454 -msep-data
19456 Generate code that allows the data segment to be located in a
19457 different area of memory from the text segment. This allows for
19458 execute-in-place in an environment without virtual memory
19459 management. This option implies -fPIC.
19460 -mno-sep-data
19462 Generate code that assumes that the data segment follows the text
19463 segment. This is the default.
19464 -mid-shared-library
19466 Generate code that supports shared libraries via the library ID
19467 method. This allows for execute-in-place and shared libraries in
19468 an environment without virtual memory management. This option
19469 implies -fPIC.
19470 -mno-id-shared-library
19472 Generate code that doesn't assume ID-based shared libraries are
19473 being used. This is the default.
19474 -mshared-library-id=n
19476 Specifies the identification number of the ID-based shared library
19477 being compiled. Specifying a value of 0 generates more compact
19478 code; specifying other values forces the allocation of that number
19479 to the current library, but is no more space- or time-efficient
19480 than omitting this option.
19481 -mxgot
19483 -mno-xgot
19484 When generating position-independent code for ColdFire, generate
19485 code that works if the GOT has more than 8192 entries. This code
19486 is larger and slower than code generated without this option. On
19487 M680x0 processors, this option is not needed; -fPIC suffices.
19488 GCC normally uses a single instruction to load values from the GOT.
19490 While this is relatively efficient, it only works if the GOT is
19491 smaller than about 64k. Anything larger causes the linker to
19492 report an error such as:
19493 relocation truncated to fit: R_68K_GOT16O foobar
19495 If this happens, you should recompile your code with -mxgot. It
19497 should then work with very large GOTs. However, code generated
19498 with -mxgot is less efficient, since it takes 4 instructions to
19499 fetch the value of a global symbol.
19500 Note that some linkers, including newer versions of the GNU linker,
19502 can create multiple GOTs and sort GOT entries. If you have such a
19503 linker, you should only need to use -mxgot when compiling a single
19504 object file that accesses more than 8192 GOT entries. Very few do.
19505 These options have no effect unless GCC is generating position-
19507 independent code.
19508 -mlong-jump-table-offsets
19510 Use 32-bit offsets in "switch" tables. The default is to use
19511 16-bit offsets.
19512 MCore Options
19514 These are the -m options defined for the Motorola M*Core processors.
19516 -mhardlit
19518 -mno-hardlit
19519 Inline constants into the code stream if it can be done in two
19520 instructions or less.
19521 -mdiv
19523 -mno-div
19524 Use the divide instruction. (Enabled by default).
19525 -mrelax-immediate
19527 -mno-relax-immediate
19528 Allow arbitrary-sized immediates in bit operations.
19529 -mwide-bitfields
19531 -mno-wide-bitfields
19532 Always treat bit-fields as "int"-sized.
19533 -m4byte-functions
19535 -mno-4byte-functions
19536 Force all functions to be aligned to a 4-byte boundary.
19537 -mcallgraph-data
19539 -mno-callgraph-data
19540 Emit callgraph information.
19541 -mslow-bytes
19543 -mno-slow-bytes
19544 Prefer word access when reading byte quantities.
19545 -mlittle-endian
19547 -mbig-endian
19548 Generate code for a little-endian target.
19549 -m210
19551 -m340
19552 Generate code for the 210 processor.
19553 -mno-lsim
19555 Assume that runtime support has been provided and so omit the
19556 simulator library (libsim.a) from the linker command line.
19557 -mstack-increment=size
19559 Set the maximum amount for a single stack increment operation.
19560 Large values can increase the speed of programs that contain
19561 functions that need a large amount of stack space, but they can
19562 also trigger a segmentation fault if the stack is extended too
19563 much. The default value is 0x1000.
19564 MeP Options
19566 -mabsdiff
19568 Enables the "abs" instruction, which is the absolute difference
19569 between two registers.
19570 -mall-opts
19572 Enables all the optional instructions---average, multiply, divide,
19573 bit operations, leading zero, absolute difference, min/max, clip,
19574 and saturation.
19575 -maverage
19577 Enables the "ave" instruction, which computes the average of two
19578 registers.
19579 -mbased=n
19581 Variables of size n bytes or smaller are placed in the ".based"
19582 section by default. Based variables use the $tp register as a base
19583 register, and there is a 128-byte limit to the ".based" section.
19584 -mbitops
19586 Enables the bit operation instructions---bit test ("btstm"), set
19587 ("bsetm"), clear ("bclrm"), invert ("bnotm"), and test-and-set
19588 ("tas").
19589 -mc=name
19591 Selects which section constant data is placed in. name may be
19592 tiny, near, or far.
19593 -mclip
19595 Enables the "clip" instruction. Note that -mclip is not useful
19596 unless you also provide -mminmax.
19597 -mconfig=name
19599 Selects one of the built-in core configurations. Each MeP chip has
19600 one or more modules in it; each module has a core CPU and a variety
19601 of coprocessors, optional instructions, and peripherals. The
19602 "MeP-Integrator" tool, not part of GCC, provides these
19603 configurations through this option; using this option is the same
19604 as using all the corresponding command-line options. The default
19605 configuration is default.
19606 -mcop
19608 Enables the coprocessor instructions. By default, this is a 32-bit
19609 coprocessor. Note that the coprocessor is normally enabled via the
19610 -mconfig= option.
19611 -mcop32
19613 Enables the 32-bit coprocessor's instructions.
19614 -mcop64
19616 Enables the 64-bit coprocessor's instructions.
19617 -mivc2
19619 Enables IVC2 scheduling. IVC2 is a 64-bit VLIW coprocessor.
19620 -mdc
19622 Causes constant variables to be placed in the ".near" section.
19623 -mdiv
19625 Enables the "div" and "divu" instructions.
19626 -meb
19628 Generate big-endian code.
19629 -mel
19631 Generate little-endian code.
19632 -mio-volatile
19634 Tells the compiler that any variable marked with the "io" attribute
19635 is to be considered volatile.
19636 -ml Causes variables to be assigned to the ".far" section by default.
19638 -mleadz
19640 Enables the "leadz" (leading zero) instruction.
19641 -mm Causes variables to be assigned to the ".near" section by default.
19643 -mminmax
19645 Enables the "min" and "max" instructions.
19646 -mmult
19648 Enables the multiplication and multiply-accumulate instructions.
19649 -mno-opts
19651 Disables all the optional instructions enabled by -mall-opts.
19652 -mrepeat
19654 Enables the "repeat" and "erepeat" instructions, used for low-
19655 overhead looping.
19656 -ms Causes all variables to default to the ".tiny" section. Note that
19658 there is a 65536-byte limit to this section. Accesses to these
19659 variables use the %gp base register.
19660 -msatur
19662 Enables the saturation instructions. Note that the compiler does
19663 not currently generate these itself, but this option is included
19664 for compatibility with other tools, like "as".
19665 -msdram
19667 Link the SDRAM-based runtime instead of the default ROM-based
19668 runtime.
19669 -msim
19671 Link the simulator run-time libraries.
19672 -msimnovec
19674 Link the simulator runtime libraries, excluding built-in support
19675 for reset and exception vectors and tables.
19676 -mtf
19678 Causes all functions to default to the ".far" section. Without
19679 this option, functions default to the ".near" section.
19680 -mtiny=n
19682 Variables that are n bytes or smaller are allocated to the ".tiny"
19683 section. These variables use the $gp base register. The default
19684 for this option is 4, but note that there's a 65536-byte limit to
19685 the ".tiny" section.
19686 MicroBlaze Options
19688 -msoft-float
19690 Use software emulation for floating point (default).
19691 -mhard-float
19693 Use hardware floating-point instructions.
19694 -mmemcpy
19696 Do not optimize block moves, use "memcpy".
19697 -mno-clearbss
19699 This option is deprecated. Use -fno-zero-initialized-in-bss
19700 instead.
19701 -mcpu=cpu-type
19703 Use features of, and schedule code for, the given CPU. Supported
19704 values are in the format vX.YY.Z, where X is a major version, YY is
19705 the minor version, and Z is compatibility code. Example values are
19706 v3.00.a, v4.00.b, v5.00.a, v5.00.b, v6.00.a.
19707 -mxl-soft-mul
19709 Use software multiply emulation (default).
19710 -mxl-soft-div
19712 Use software emulation for divides (default).
19713 -mxl-barrel-shift
19715 Use the hardware barrel shifter.
19716 -mxl-pattern-compare
19718 Use pattern compare instructions.
19719 -msmall-divides
19721 Use table lookup optimization for small signed integer divisions.
19722 -mxl-stack-check
19724 This option is deprecated. Use -fstack-check instead.
19725 -mxl-gp-opt
19727 Use GP-relative ".sdata"/".sbss" sections.
19728 -mxl-multiply-high
19730 Use multiply high instructions for high part of 32x32 multiply.
19731 -mxl-float-convert
19733 Use hardware floating-point conversion instructions.
19734 -mxl-float-sqrt
19736 Use hardware floating-point square root instruction.
19737 -mbig-endian
19739 Generate code for a big-endian target.
19740 -mlittle-endian
19742 Generate code for a little-endian target.
19743 -mxl-reorder
19745 Use reorder instructions (swap and byte reversed load/store).
19746 -mxl-mode-app-model
19748 Select application model app-model. Valid models are
19749 executable
19751 normal executable (default), uses startup code crt0.o.
19752 -mpic-data-is-text-relative
19754 Assume that the displacement between the text and data segments
19755 is fixed at static link time. This allows data to be
19756 referenced by offset from start of text address instead of GOT
19757 since PC-relative addressing is not supported.
19758 xmdstub
19760 for use with Xilinx Microprocessor Debugger (XMD) based
19761 software intrusive debug agent called xmdstub. This uses
19762 startup file crt1.o and sets the start address of the program
19763 to 0x800.
19764 bootstrap
19766 for applications that are loaded using a bootloader. This
19767 model uses startup file crt2.o which does not contain a
19768 processor reset vector handler. This is suitable for
19769 transferring control on a processor reset to the bootloader
19770 rather than the application.
19771 novectors
19773 for applications that do not require any of the MicroBlaze
19774 vectors. This option may be useful for applications running
19775 within a monitoring application. This model uses crt3.o as a
19776 startup file.
19777 Option -xl-mode-app-model is a deprecated alias for -mxl-mode-app-
19779 model.
19780 MIPS Options
19782 -EB Generate big-endian code.
19784 -EL Generate little-endian code. This is the default for mips*el-*-*
19786 configurations.
19787 -march=arch
19789 Generate code that runs on arch, which can be the name of a generic
19790 MIPS ISA, or the name of a particular processor. The ISA names
19791 are: mips1, mips2, mips3, mips4, mips32, mips32r2, mips32r3,
19792 mips32r5, mips32r6, mips64, mips64r2, mips64r3, mips64r5 and
19793 mips64r6. The processor names are: 4kc, 4km, 4kp, 4ksc, 4kec,
19794 4kem, 4kep, 4ksd, 5kc, 5kf, 20kc, 24kc, 24kf2_1, 24kf1_1, 24kec,
19795 24kef2_1, 24kef1_1, 34kc, 34kf2_1, 34kf1_1, 34kn, 74kc, 74kf2_1,
19796 74kf1_1, 74kf3_2, 1004kc, 1004kf2_1, 1004kf1_1, i6400, i6500,
19797 interaptiv, loongson2e, loongson2f, loongson3a, gs464, gs464e,
19798 gs264e, m4k, m14k, m14kc, m14ke, m14kec, m5100, m5101, octeon,
19799 octeon+, octeon2, octeon3, orion, p5600, p6600, r2000, r3000,
19800 r3900, r4000, r4400, r4600, r4650, r4700, r5900, r6000, r8000,
19801 rm7000, rm9000, r10000, r12000, r14000, r16000, sb1, sr71000,
19802 vr4100, vr4111, vr4120, vr4130, vr4300, vr5000, vr5400, vr5500, xlr
19803 and xlp. The special value from-abi selects the most compatible
19804 architecture for the selected ABI (that is, mips1 for 32-bit ABIs
19805 and mips3 for 64-bit ABIs).
19806 The native Linux/GNU toolchain also supports the value native,
19808 which selects the best architecture option for the host processor.
19809 -march=native has no effect if GCC does not recognize the
19810 processor.
19811 In processor names, a final 000 can be abbreviated as k (for
19813 example, -march=r2k). Prefixes are optional, and vr may be written
19814 r.
19815 Names of the form nf2_1 refer to processors with FPUs clocked at
19817 half the rate of the core, names of the form nf1_1 refer to
19818 processors with FPUs clocked at the same rate as the core, and
19819 names of the form nf3_2 refer to processors with FPUs clocked a
19820 ratio of 3:2 with respect to the core. For compatibility reasons,
19821 nf is accepted as a synonym for nf2_1 while nx and bfx are accepted
19822 as synonyms for nf1_1.
19823 GCC defines two macros based on the value of this option. The
19825 first is "_MIPS_ARCH", which gives the name of target architecture,
19826 as a string. The second has the form "_MIPS_ARCH_foo", where foo
19827 is the capitalized value of "_MIPS_ARCH". For example,
19828 -march=r2000 sets "_MIPS_ARCH" to "r2000" and defines the macro
19829 "_MIPS_ARCH_R2000".
19830 Note that the "_MIPS_ARCH" macro uses the processor names given
19832 above. In other words, it has the full prefix and does not
19833 abbreviate 000 as k. In the case of from-abi, the macro names the
19834 resolved architecture (either "mips1" or "mips3"). It names the
19835 default architecture when no -march option is given.
19836 -mtune=arch
19838 Optimize for arch. Among other things, this option controls the
19839 way instructions are scheduled, and the perceived cost of
19840 arithmetic operations. The list of arch values is the same as for
19841 -march.
19842 When this option is not used, GCC optimizes for the processor
19844 specified by -march. By using -march and -mtune together, it is
19845 possible to generate code that runs on a family of processors, but
19846 optimize the code for one particular member of that family.
19847 -mtune defines the macros "_MIPS_TUNE" and "_MIPS_TUNE_foo", which
19849 work in the same way as the -march ones described above.
19850 -mips1
19852 Equivalent to -march=mips1.
19853 -mips2
19855 Equivalent to -march=mips2.
19856 -mips3
19858 Equivalent to -march=mips3.
19859 -mips4
19861 Equivalent to -march=mips4.
19862 -mips32
19864 Equivalent to -march=mips32.
19865 -mips32r3
19867 Equivalent to -march=mips32r3.
19868 -mips32r5
19870 Equivalent to -march=mips32r5.
19871 -mips32r6
19873 Equivalent to -march=mips32r6.
19874 -mips64
19876 Equivalent to -march=mips64.
19877 -mips64r2
19879 Equivalent to -march=mips64r2.
19880 -mips64r3
19882 Equivalent to -march=mips64r3.
19883 -mips64r5
19885 Equivalent to -march=mips64r5.
19886 -mips64r6
19888 Equivalent to -march=mips64r6.
19889 -mips16
19891 -mno-mips16
19892 Generate (do not generate) MIPS16 code. If GCC is targeting a
19893 MIPS32 or MIPS64 architecture, it makes use of the MIPS16e ASE.
19894 MIPS16 code generation can also be controlled on a per-function
19896 basis by means of "mips16" and "nomips16" attributes.
19897 -mflip-mips16
19899 Generate MIPS16 code on alternating functions. This option is
19900 provided for regression testing of mixed MIPS16/non-MIPS16 code
19901 generation, and is not intended for ordinary use in compiling user
19902 code.
19903 -minterlink-compressed
19905 -mno-interlink-compressed
19906 Require (do not require) that code using the standard
19907 (uncompressed) MIPS ISA be link-compatible with MIPS16 and
19908 microMIPS code, and vice versa.
19909 For example, code using the standard ISA encoding cannot jump
19911 directly to MIPS16 or microMIPS code; it must either use a call or
19912 an indirect jump. -minterlink-compressed therefore disables direct
19913 jumps unless GCC knows that the target of the jump is not
19914 compressed.
19915 -minterlink-mips16
19917 -mno-interlink-mips16
19918 Aliases of -minterlink-compressed and -mno-interlink-compressed.
19919 These options predate the microMIPS ASE and are retained for
19920 backwards compatibility.
19921 -mabi=32
19923 -mabi=o64
19924 -mabi=n32
19925 -mabi=64
19926 -mabi=eabi
19927 Generate code for the given ABI.
19928 Note that the EABI has a 32-bit and a 64-bit variant. GCC normally
19930 generates 64-bit code when you select a 64-bit architecture, but
19931 you can use -mgp32 to get 32-bit code instead.
19932 For information about the O64 ABI, see
19934 <http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/mipso64-abi.html>.
19935 GCC supports a variant of the o32 ABI in which floating-point
19937 registers are 64 rather than 32 bits wide. You can select this
19938 combination with -mabi=32 -mfp64. This ABI relies on the "mthc1"
19939 and "mfhc1" instructions and is therefore only supported for
19940 MIPS32R2, MIPS32R3 and MIPS32R5 processors.
19941 The register assignments for arguments and return values remain the
19943 same, but each scalar value is passed in a single 64-bit register
19944 rather than a pair of 32-bit registers. For example, scalar
19945 floating-point values are returned in $f0 only, not a $f0/$f1 pair.
19946 The set of call-saved registers also remains the same in that the
19947 even-numbered double-precision registers are saved.
19948 Two additional variants of the o32 ABI are supported to enable a
19950 transition from 32-bit to 64-bit registers. These are FPXX
19951 (-mfpxx) and FP64A (-mfp64 -mno-odd-spreg). The FPXX extension
19952 mandates that all code must execute correctly when run using 32-bit
19953 or 64-bit registers. The code can be interlinked with either FP32
19954 or FP64, but not both. The FP64A extension is similar to the FP64
19955 extension but forbids the use of odd-numbered single-precision
19956 registers. This can be used in conjunction with the "FRE" mode of
19957 FPUs in MIPS32R5 processors and allows both FP32 and FP64A code to
19958 interlink and run in the same process without changing FPU modes.
19959 -mabicalls
19961 -mno-abicalls
19962 Generate (do not generate) code that is suitable for SVR4-style
19963 dynamic objects. -mabicalls is the default for SVR4-based systems.
19964 -mshared
19966 -mno-shared
19967 Generate (do not generate) code that is fully position-independent,
19968 and that can therefore be linked into shared libraries. This
19969 option only affects -mabicalls.
19970 All -mabicalls code has traditionally been position-independent,
19972 regardless of options like -fPIC and -fpic. However, as an
19973 extension, the GNU toolchain allows executables to use absolute
19974 accesses for locally-binding symbols. It can also use shorter GP
19975 initialization sequences and generate direct calls to locally-
19976 defined functions. This mode is selected by -mno-shared.
19977 -mno-shared depends on binutils 2.16 or higher and generates
19979 objects that can only be linked by the GNU linker. However, the
19980 option does not affect the ABI of the final executable; it only
19981 affects the ABI of relocatable objects. Using -mno-shared
19982 generally makes executables both smaller and quicker.
19983 -mshared is the default.
19985 -mplt
19987 -mno-plt
19988 Assume (do not assume) that the static and dynamic linkers support
19989 PLTs and copy relocations. This option only affects -mno-shared
19990 -mabicalls. For the n64 ABI, this option has no effect without
19991 -msym32.
19992 You can make -mplt the default by configuring GCC with
19994 --with-mips-plt. The default is -mno-plt otherwise.
19995 -mxgot
19997 -mno-xgot
19998 Lift (do not lift) the usual restrictions on the size of the global
19999 offset table.
20000 GCC normally uses a single instruction to load values from the GOT.
20002 While this is relatively efficient, it only works if the GOT is
20003 smaller than about 64k. Anything larger causes the linker to
20004 report an error such as:
20005 relocation truncated to fit: R_MIPS_GOT16 foobar
20007 If this happens, you should recompile your code with -mxgot. This
20009 works with very large GOTs, although the code is also less
20010 efficient, since it takes three instructions to fetch the value of
20011 a global symbol.
20012 Note that some linkers can create multiple GOTs. If you have such
20014 a linker, you should only need to use -mxgot when a single object
20015 file accesses more than 64k's worth of GOT entries. Very few do.
20016 These options have no effect unless GCC is generating position
20018 independent code.
20019 -mgp32
20021 Assume that general-purpose registers are 32 bits wide.
20022 -mgp64
20024 Assume that general-purpose registers are 64 bits wide.
20025 -mfp32
20027 Assume that floating-point registers are 32 bits wide.
20028 -mfp64
20030 Assume that floating-point registers are 64 bits wide.
20031 -mfpxx
20033 Do not assume the width of floating-point registers.
20034 -mhard-float
20036 Use floating-point coprocessor instructions.
20037 -msoft-float
20039 Do not use floating-point coprocessor instructions. Implement
20040 floating-point calculations using library calls instead.
20041 -mno-float
20043 Equivalent to -msoft-float, but additionally asserts that the
20044 program being compiled does not perform any floating-point
20045 operations. This option is presently supported only by some bare-
20046 metal MIPS configurations, where it may select a special set of
20047 libraries that lack all floating-point support (including, for
20048 example, the floating-point "printf" formats). If code compiled
20049 with -mno-float accidentally contains floating-point operations, it
20050 is likely to suffer a link-time or run-time failure.
20051 -msingle-float
20053 Assume that the floating-point coprocessor only supports single-
20054 precision operations.
20055 -mdouble-float
20057 Assume that the floating-point coprocessor supports double-
20058 precision operations. This is the default.
20059 -modd-spreg
20061 -mno-odd-spreg
20062 Enable the use of odd-numbered single-precision floating-point
20063 registers for the o32 ABI. This is the default for processors that
20064 are known to support these registers. When using the o32 FPXX ABI,
20065 -mno-odd-spreg is set by default.
20066 -mabs=2008
20068 -mabs=legacy
20069 These options control the treatment of the special not-a-number
20070 (NaN) IEEE 754 floating-point data with the "abs.fmt" and "neg.fmt"
20071 machine instructions.
20072 By default or when -mabs=legacy is used the legacy treatment is
20074 selected. In this case these instructions are considered
20075 arithmetic and avoided where correct operation is required and the
20076 input operand might be a NaN. A longer sequence of instructions
20077 that manipulate the sign bit of floating-point datum manually is
20078 used instead unless the -ffinite-math-only option has also been
20079 specified.
20080 The -mabs=2008 option selects the IEEE 754-2008 treatment. In this
20082 case these instructions are considered non-arithmetic and therefore
20083 operating correctly in all cases, including in particular where the
20084 input operand is a NaN. These instructions are therefore always
20085 used for the respective operations.
20086 -mnan=2008
20088 -mnan=legacy
20089 These options control the encoding of the special not-a-number
20090 (NaN) IEEE 754 floating-point data.
20091 The -mnan=legacy option selects the legacy encoding. In this case
20093 quiet NaNs (qNaNs) are denoted by the first bit of their trailing
20094 significand field being 0, whereas signaling NaNs (sNaNs) are
20095 denoted by the first bit of their trailing significand field being
20096 1.
20097 The -mnan=2008 option selects the IEEE 754-2008 encoding. In this
20099 case qNaNs are denoted by the first bit of their trailing
20100 significand field being 1, whereas sNaNs are denoted by the first
20101 bit of their trailing significand field being 0.
20102 The default is -mnan=legacy unless GCC has been configured with
20104 --with-nan=2008.
20105 -mllsc
20107 -mno-llsc
20108 Use (do not use) ll, sc, and sync instructions to implement atomic
20109 memory built-in functions. When neither option is specified, GCC
20110 uses the instructions if the target architecture supports them.
20111 -mllsc is useful if the runtime environment can emulate the
20113 instructions and -mno-llsc can be useful when compiling for
20114 nonstandard ISAs. You can make either option the default by
20115 configuring GCC with --with-llsc and --without-llsc respectively.
20116 --with-llsc is the default for some configurations; see the
20117 installation documentation for details.
20118 -mdsp
20120 -mno-dsp
20121 Use (do not use) revision 1 of the MIPS DSP ASE.
20122 This option defines the preprocessor macro "__mips_dsp". It also
20123 defines "__mips_dsp_rev" to 1.
20124 -mdspr2
20126 -mno-dspr2
20127 Use (do not use) revision 2 of the MIPS DSP ASE.
20128 This option defines the preprocessor macros "__mips_dsp" and
20129 "__mips_dspr2". It also defines "__mips_dsp_rev" to 2.
20130 -msmartmips
20132 -mno-smartmips
20133 Use (do not use) the MIPS SmartMIPS ASE.
20134 -mpaired-single
20136 -mno-paired-single
20137 Use (do not use) paired-single floating-point instructions.
20138 This option requires hardware floating-point support to be
20139 enabled.
20140 -mdmx
20142 -mno-mdmx
20143 Use (do not use) MIPS Digital Media Extension instructions. This
20144 option can only be used when generating 64-bit code and requires
20145 hardware floating-point support to be enabled.
20146 -mips3d
20148 -mno-mips3d
20149 Use (do not use) the MIPS-3D ASE. The option -mips3d implies
20150 -mpaired-single.
20151 -mmicromips
20153 -mno-micromips
20154 Generate (do not generate) microMIPS code.
20155 MicroMIPS code generation can also be controlled on a per-function
20157 basis by means of "micromips" and "nomicromips" attributes.
20158 -mmt
20160 -mno-mt
20161 Use (do not use) MT Multithreading instructions.
20162 -mmcu
20164 -mno-mcu
20165 Use (do not use) the MIPS MCU ASE instructions.
20166 -meva
20168 -mno-eva
20169 Use (do not use) the MIPS Enhanced Virtual Addressing instructions.
20170 -mvirt
20172 -mno-virt
20173 Use (do not use) the MIPS Virtualization (VZ) instructions.
20174 -mxpa
20176 -mno-xpa
20177 Use (do not use) the MIPS eXtended Physical Address (XPA)
20178 instructions.
20179 -mcrc
20181 -mno-crc
20182 Use (do not use) the MIPS Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
20183 instructions.
20184 -mginv
20186 -mno-ginv
20187 Use (do not use) the MIPS Global INValidate (GINV) instructions.
20188 -mloongson-mmi
20190 -mno-loongson-mmi
20191 Use (do not use) the MIPS Loongson MultiMedia extensions
20192 Instructions (MMI).
20193 -mloongson-ext
20195 -mno-loongson-ext
20196 Use (do not use) the MIPS Loongson EXTensions (EXT) instructions.
20197 -mloongson-ext2
20199 -mno-loongson-ext2
20200 Use (do not use) the MIPS Loongson EXTensions r2 (EXT2)
20201 instructions.
20202 -mlong64
20204 Force "long" types to be 64 bits wide. See -mlong32 for an
20205 explanation of the default and the way that the pointer size is
20206 determined.
20207 -mlong32
20209 Force "long", "int", and pointer types to be 32 bits wide.
20210 The default size of "int"s, "long"s and pointers depends on the
20212 ABI. All the supported ABIs use 32-bit "int"s. The n64 ABI uses
20213 64-bit "long"s, as does the 64-bit EABI; the others use 32-bit
20214 "long"s. Pointers are the same size as "long"s, or the same size
20215 as integer registers, whichever is smaller.
20216 -msym32
20218 -mno-sym32
20219 Assume (do not assume) that all symbols have 32-bit values,
20220 regardless of the selected ABI. This option is useful in
20221 combination with -mabi=64 and -mno-abicalls because it allows GCC
20222 to generate shorter and faster references to symbolic addresses.
20223 -G num
20225 Put definitions of externally-visible data in a small data section
20226 if that data is no bigger than num bytes. GCC can then generate
20227 more efficient accesses to the data; see -mgpopt for details.
20228 The default -G option depends on the configuration.
20230 -mlocal-sdata
20232 -mno-local-sdata
20233 Extend (do not extend) the -G behavior to local data too, such as
20234 to static variables in C. -mlocal-sdata is the default for all
20235 configurations.
20236 If the linker complains that an application is using too much small
20238 data, you might want to try rebuilding the less performance-
20239 critical parts with -mno-local-sdata. You might also want to build
20240 large libraries with -mno-local-sdata, so that the libraries leave
20241 more room for the main program.
20242 -mextern-sdata
20244 -mno-extern-sdata
20245 Assume (do not assume) that externally-defined data is in a small
20246 data section if the size of that data is within the -G limit.
20247 -mextern-sdata is the default for all configurations.
20248 If you compile a module Mod with -mextern-sdata -G num -mgpopt, and
20250 Mod references a variable Var that is no bigger than num bytes, you
20251 must make sure that Var is placed in a small data section. If Var
20252 is defined by another module, you must either compile that module
20253 with a high-enough -G setting or attach a "section" attribute to
20254 Var's definition. If Var is common, you must link the application
20255 with a high-enough -G setting.
20256 The easiest way of satisfying these restrictions is to compile and
20258 link every module with the same -G option. However, you may wish
20259 to build a library that supports several different small data
20260 limits. You can do this by compiling the library with the highest
20261 supported -G setting and additionally using -mno-extern-sdata to
20262 stop the library from making assumptions about externally-defined
20263 data.
20264 -mgpopt
20266 -mno-gpopt
20267 Use (do not use) GP-relative accesses for symbols that are known to
20268 be in a small data section; see -G, -mlocal-sdata and
20269 -mextern-sdata. -mgpopt is the default for all configurations.
20270 -mno-gpopt is useful for cases where the $gp register might not
20272 hold the value of "_gp". For example, if the code is part of a
20273 library that might be used in a boot monitor, programs that call
20274 boot monitor routines pass an unknown value in $gp. (In such
20275 situations, the boot monitor itself is usually compiled with -G0.)
20276 -mno-gpopt implies -mno-local-sdata and -mno-extern-sdata.
20278 -membedded-data
20280 -mno-embedded-data
20281 Allocate variables to the read-only data section first if possible,
20282 then next in the small data section if possible, otherwise in data.
20283 This gives slightly slower code than the default, but reduces the
20284 amount of RAM required when executing, and thus may be preferred
20285 for some embedded systems.
20286 -muninit-const-in-rodata
20288 -mno-uninit-const-in-rodata
20289 Put uninitialized "const" variables in the read-only data section.
20290 This option is only meaningful in conjunction with -membedded-data.
20291 -mcode-readable=setting
20293 Specify whether GCC may generate code that reads from executable
20294 sections. There are three possible settings:
20295 -mcode-readable=yes
20297 Instructions may freely access executable sections. This is
20298 the default setting.
20299 -mcode-readable=pcrel
20301 MIPS16 PC-relative load instructions can access executable
20302 sections, but other instructions must not do so. This option
20303 is useful on 4KSc and 4KSd processors when the code TLBs have
20304 the Read Inhibit bit set. It is also useful on processors that
20305 can be configured to have a dual instruction/data SRAM
20306 interface and that, like the M4K, automatically redirect PC-
20307 relative loads to the instruction RAM.
20308 -mcode-readable=no
20310 Instructions must not access executable sections. This option
20311 can be useful on targets that are configured to have a dual
20312 instruction/data SRAM interface but that (unlike the M4K) do
20313 not automatically redirect PC-relative loads to the instruction
20314 RAM.
20315 -msplit-addresses
20317 -mno-split-addresses
20318 Enable (disable) use of the "%hi()" and "%lo()" assembler
20319 relocation operators. This option has been superseded by
20320 -mexplicit-relocs but is retained for backwards compatibility.
20321 -mexplicit-relocs
20323 -mno-explicit-relocs
20324 Use (do not use) assembler relocation operators when dealing with
20325 symbolic addresses. The alternative, selected by
20326 -mno-explicit-relocs, is to use assembler macros instead.
20327 -mexplicit-relocs is the default if GCC was configured to use an
20329 assembler that supports relocation operators.
20330 -mcheck-zero-division
20332 -mno-check-zero-division
20333 Trap (do not trap) on integer division by zero.
20334 The default is -mcheck-zero-division.
20336 -mdivide-traps
20338 -mdivide-breaks
20339 MIPS systems check for division by zero by generating either a
20340 conditional trap or a break instruction. Using traps results in
20341 smaller code, but is only supported on MIPS II and later. Also,
20342 some versions of the Linux kernel have a bug that prevents trap
20343 from generating the proper signal ("SIGFPE"). Use -mdivide-traps
20344 to allow conditional traps on architectures that support them and
20345 -mdivide-breaks to force the use of breaks.
20346 The default is usually -mdivide-traps, but this can be overridden
20348 at configure time using --with-divide=breaks. Divide-by-zero
20349 checks can be completely disabled using -mno-check-zero-division.
20350 -mload-store-pairs
20352 -mno-load-store-pairs
20353 Enable (disable) an optimization that pairs consecutive load or
20354 store instructions to enable load/store bonding. This option is
20355 enabled by default but only takes effect when the selected
20356 architecture is known to support bonding.
20357 -mmemcpy
20359 -mno-memcpy
20360 Force (do not force) the use of "memcpy" for non-trivial block
20361 moves. The default is -mno-memcpy, which allows GCC to inline most
20362 constant-sized copies.
20363 -mlong-calls
20365 -mno-long-calls
20366 Disable (do not disable) use of the "jal" instruction. Calling
20367 functions using "jal" is more efficient but requires the caller and
20368 callee to be in the same 256 megabyte segment.
20369 This option has no effect on abicalls code. The default is
20371 -mno-long-calls.
20372 -mmad
20374 -mno-mad
20375 Enable (disable) use of the "mad", "madu" and "mul" instructions,
20376 as provided by the R4650 ISA.
20377 -mimadd
20379 -mno-imadd
20380 Enable (disable) use of the "madd" and "msub" integer instructions.
20381 The default is -mimadd on architectures that support "madd" and
20382 "msub" except for the 74k architecture where it was found to
20383 generate slower code.
20384 -mfused-madd
20386 -mno-fused-madd
20387 Enable (disable) use of the floating-point multiply-accumulate
20388 instructions, when they are available. The default is
20389 -mfused-madd.
20390 On the R8000 CPU when multiply-accumulate instructions are used,
20392 the intermediate product is calculated to infinite precision and is
20393 not subject to the FCSR Flush to Zero bit. This may be undesirable
20394 in some circumstances. On other processors the result is
20395 numerically identical to the equivalent computation using separate
20396 multiply, add, subtract and negate instructions.
20397 -nocpp
20399 Tell the MIPS assembler to not run its preprocessor over user
20400 assembler files (with a .s suffix) when assembling them.
20401 -mfix-24k
20403 -mno-fix-24k
20404 Work around the 24K E48 (lost data on stores during refill) errata.
20405 The workarounds are implemented by the assembler rather than by
20406 GCC.
20407 -mfix-r4000
20409 -mno-fix-r4000
20410 Work around certain R4000 CPU errata:
20411 - A double-word or a variable shift may give an incorrect result
20413 if executed immediately after starting an integer division.
20414 - A double-word or a variable shift may give an incorrect result
20416 if executed while an integer multiplication is in progress.
20417 - An integer division may give an incorrect result if started in
20419 a delay slot of a taken branch or a jump.
20420 -mfix-r4400
20422 -mno-fix-r4400
20423 Work around certain R4400 CPU errata:
20424 - A double-word or a variable shift may give an incorrect result
20426 if executed immediately after starting an integer division.
20427 -mfix-r10000
20429 -mno-fix-r10000
20430 Work around certain R10000 errata:
20431 - "ll"/"sc" sequences may not behave atomically on revisions
20433 prior to 3.0. They may deadlock on revisions 2.6 and earlier.
20434 This option can only be used if the target architecture supports
20436 branch-likely instructions. -mfix-r10000 is the default when
20437 -march=r10000 is used; -mno-fix-r10000 is the default otherwise.
20438 -mfix-r5900
20440 -mno-fix-r5900
20441 Do not attempt to schedule the preceding instruction into the delay
20442 slot of a branch instruction placed at the end of a short loop of
20443 six instructions or fewer and always schedule a "nop" instruction
20444 there instead. The short loop bug under certain conditions causes
20445 loops to execute only once or twice, due to a hardware bug in the
20446 R5900 chip. The workaround is implemented by the assembler rather
20447 than by GCC.
20448 -mfix-rm7000
20450 -mno-fix-rm7000
20451 Work around the RM7000 "dmult"/"dmultu" errata. The workarounds
20452 are implemented by the assembler rather than by GCC.
20453 -mfix-vr4120
20455 -mno-fix-vr4120
20456 Work around certain VR4120 errata:
20457 - "dmultu" does not always produce the correct result.
20459 - "div" and "ddiv" do not always produce the correct result if
20461 one of the operands is negative.
20462 The workarounds for the division errata rely on special functions
20464 in libgcc.a. At present, these functions are only provided by the
20465 "mips64vr*-elf" configurations.
20466 Other VR4120 errata require a NOP to be inserted between certain
20468 pairs of instructions. These errata are handled by the assembler,
20469 not by GCC itself.
20470 -mfix-vr4130
20472 Work around the VR4130 "mflo"/"mfhi" errata. The workarounds are
20473 implemented by the assembler rather than by GCC, although GCC
20474 avoids using "mflo" and "mfhi" if the VR4130 "macc", "macchi",
20475 "dmacc" and "dmacchi" instructions are available instead.
20476 -mfix-sb1
20478 -mno-fix-sb1
20479 Work around certain SB-1 CPU core errata. (This flag currently
20480 works around the SB-1 revision 2 "F1" and "F2" floating-point
20481 errata.)
20482 -mr10k-cache-barrier=setting
20484 Specify whether GCC should insert cache barriers to avoid the side
20485 effects of speculation on R10K processors.
20486 In common with many processors, the R10K tries to predict the
20488 outcome of a conditional branch and speculatively executes
20489 instructions from the "taken" branch. It later aborts these
20490 instructions if the predicted outcome is wrong. However, on the
20491 R10K, even aborted instructions can have side effects.
20492 This problem only affects kernel stores and, depending on the
20494 system, kernel loads. As an example, a speculatively-executed
20495 store may load the target memory into cache and mark the cache line
20496 as dirty, even if the store itself is later aborted. If a DMA
20497 operation writes to the same area of memory before the "dirty" line
20498 is flushed, the cached data overwrites the DMA-ed data. See the
20499 R10K processor manual for a full description, including other
20500 potential problems.
20501 One workaround is to insert cache barrier instructions before every
20503 memory access that might be speculatively executed and that might
20504 have side effects even if aborted. -mr10k-cache-barrier=setting
20505 controls GCC's implementation of this workaround. It assumes that
20506 aborted accesses to any byte in the following regions does not have
20507 side effects:
20508 1. the memory occupied by the current function's stack frame;
20510 2. the memory occupied by an incoming stack argument;
20512 3. the memory occupied by an object with a link-time-constant
20514 address.
20515 It is the kernel's responsibility to ensure that speculative
20517 accesses to these regions are indeed safe.
20518 If the input program contains a function declaration such as:
20520 void foo (void);
20522 then the implementation of "foo" must allow "j foo" and "jal foo"
20524 to be executed speculatively. GCC honors this restriction for
20525 functions it compiles itself. It expects non-GCC functions (such
20526 as hand-written assembly code) to do the same.
20527 The option has three forms:
20529 -mr10k-cache-barrier=load-store
20531 Insert a cache barrier before a load or store that might be
20532 speculatively executed and that might have side effects even if
20533 aborted.
20534 -mr10k-cache-barrier=store
20536 Insert a cache barrier before a store that might be
20537 speculatively executed and that might have side effects even if
20538 aborted.
20539 -mr10k-cache-barrier=none
20541 Disable the insertion of cache barriers. This is the default
20542 setting.
20543 -mflush-func=func
20545 -mno-flush-func
20546 Specifies the function to call to flush the I and D caches, or to
20547 not call any such function. If called, the function must take the
20548 same arguments as the common "_flush_func", that is, the address of
20549 the memory range for which the cache is being flushed, the size of
20550 the memory range, and the number 3 (to flush both caches). The
20551 default depends on the target GCC was configured for, but commonly
20552 is either "_flush_func" or "__cpu_flush".
20553 mbranch-cost=num
20555 Set the cost of branches to roughly num "simple" instructions.
20556 This cost is only a heuristic and is not guaranteed to produce
20557 consistent results across releases. A zero cost redundantly
20558 selects the default, which is based on the -mtune setting.
20559 -mbranch-likely
20561 -mno-branch-likely
20562 Enable or disable use of Branch Likely instructions, regardless of
20563 the default for the selected architecture. By default, Branch
20564 Likely instructions may be generated if they are supported by the
20565 selected architecture. An exception is for the MIPS32 and MIPS64
20566 architectures and processors that implement those architectures;
20567 for those, Branch Likely instructions are not be generated by
20568 default because the MIPS32 and MIPS64 architectures specifically
20569 deprecate their use.
20570 -mcompact-branches=never
20572 -mcompact-branches=optimal
20573 -mcompact-branches=always
20574 These options control which form of branches will be generated.
20575 The default is -mcompact-branches=optimal.
20576 The -mcompact-branches=never option ensures that compact branch
20578 instructions will never be generated.
20579 The -mcompact-branches=always option ensures that a compact branch
20581 instruction will be generated if available. If a compact branch
20582 instruction is not available, a delay slot form of the branch will
20583 be used instead.
20584 This option is supported from MIPS Release 6 onwards.
20586 The -mcompact-branches=optimal option will cause a delay slot
20588 branch to be used if one is available in the current ISA and the
20589 delay slot is successfully filled. If the delay slot is not
20590 filled, a compact branch will be chosen if one is available.
20591 -mfp-exceptions
20593 -mno-fp-exceptions
20594 Specifies whether FP exceptions are enabled. This affects how FP
20595 instructions are scheduled for some processors. The default is
20596 that FP exceptions are enabled.
20597 For instance, on the SB-1, if FP exceptions are disabled, and we
20599 are emitting 64-bit code, then we can use both FP pipes.
20600 Otherwise, we can only use one FP pipe.
20601 -mvr4130-align
20603 -mno-vr4130-align
20604 The VR4130 pipeline is two-way superscalar, but can only issue two
20605 instructions together if the first one is 8-byte aligned. When
20606 this option is enabled, GCC aligns pairs of instructions that it
20607 thinks should execute in parallel.
20608 This option only has an effect when optimizing for the VR4130. It
20610 normally makes code faster, but at the expense of making it bigger.
20611 It is enabled by default at optimization level -O3.
20612 -msynci
20614 -mno-synci
20615 Enable (disable) generation of "synci" instructions on
20616 architectures that support it. The "synci" instructions (if
20617 enabled) are generated when "__builtin___clear_cache" is compiled.
20618 This option defaults to -mno-synci, but the default can be
20620 overridden by configuring GCC with --with-synci.
20621 When compiling code for single processor systems, it is generally
20623 safe to use "synci". However, on many multi-core (SMP) systems, it
20624 does not invalidate the instruction caches on all cores and may
20625 lead to undefined behavior.
20626 -mrelax-pic-calls
20628 -mno-relax-pic-calls
20629 Try to turn PIC calls that are normally dispatched via register $25
20630 into direct calls. This is only possible if the linker can resolve
20631 the destination at link time and if the destination is within range
20632 for a direct call.
20633 -mrelax-pic-calls is the default if GCC was configured to use an
20635 assembler and a linker that support the ".reloc" assembly directive
20636 and -mexplicit-relocs is in effect. With -mno-explicit-relocs,
20637 this optimization can be performed by the assembler and the linker
20638 alone without help from the compiler.
20639 -mmcount-ra-address
20641 -mno-mcount-ra-address
20642 Emit (do not emit) code that allows "_mcount" to modify the calling
20643 function's return address. When enabled, this option extends the
20644 usual "_mcount" interface with a new ra-address parameter, which
20645 has type "intptr_t *" and is passed in register $12. "_mcount" can
20646 then modify the return address by doing both of the following:
20647 * Returning the new address in register $31.
20649 * Storing the new address in "*ra-address", if ra-address is
20651 nonnull.
20652 The default is -mno-mcount-ra-address.
20654 -mframe-header-opt
20656 -mno-frame-header-opt
20657 Enable (disable) frame header optimization in the o32 ABI. When
20658 using the o32 ABI, calling functions will allocate 16 bytes on the
20659 stack for the called function to write out register arguments.
20660 When enabled, this optimization will suppress the allocation of the
20661 frame header if it can be determined that it is unused.
20662 This optimization is off by default at all optimization levels.
20664 -mlxc1-sxc1
20666 -mno-lxc1-sxc1
20667 When applicable, enable (disable) the generation of "lwxc1",
20668 "swxc1", "ldxc1", "sdxc1" instructions. Enabled by default.
20669 -mmadd4
20671 -mno-madd4
20672 When applicable, enable (disable) the generation of 4-operand
20673 "madd.s", "madd.d" and related instructions. Enabled by default.
20674 MMIX Options
20676 These options are defined for the MMIX:
20678 -mlibfuncs
20680 -mno-libfuncs
20681 Specify that intrinsic library functions are being compiled,
20682 passing all values in registers, no matter the size.
20683 -mepsilon
20685 -mno-epsilon
20686 Generate floating-point comparison instructions that compare with
20687 respect to the "rE" epsilon register.
20688 -mabi=mmixware
20690 -mabi=gnu
20691 Generate code that passes function parameters and return values
20692 that (in the called function) are seen as registers $0 and up, as
20693 opposed to the GNU ABI which uses global registers $231 and up.
20694 -mzero-extend
20696 -mno-zero-extend
20697 When reading data from memory in sizes shorter than 64 bits, use
20698 (do not use) zero-extending load instructions by default, rather
20699 than sign-extending ones.
20700 -mknuthdiv
20702 -mno-knuthdiv
20703 Make the result of a division yielding a remainder have the same
20704 sign as the divisor. With the default, -mno-knuthdiv, the sign of
20705 the remainder follows the sign of the dividend. Both methods are
20706 arithmetically valid, the latter being almost exclusively used.
20707 -mtoplevel-symbols
20709 -mno-toplevel-symbols
20710 Prepend (do not prepend) a : to all global symbols, so the assembly
20711 code can be used with the "PREFIX" assembly directive.
20712 -melf
20714 Generate an executable in the ELF format, rather than the default
20715 mmo format used by the mmix simulator.
20716 -mbranch-predict
20718 -mno-branch-predict
20719 Use (do not use) the probable-branch instructions, when static
20720 branch prediction indicates a probable branch.
20721 -mbase-addresses
20723 -mno-base-addresses
20724 Generate (do not generate) code that uses base addresses. Using a
20725 base address automatically generates a request (handled by the
20726 assembler and the linker) for a constant to be set up in a global
20727 register. The register is used for one or more base address
20728 requests within the range 0 to 255 from the value held in the
20729 register. The generally leads to short and fast code, but the
20730 number of different data items that can be addressed is limited.
20731 This means that a program that uses lots of static data may require
20732 -mno-base-addresses.
20733 -msingle-exit
20735 -mno-single-exit
20736 Force (do not force) generated code to have a single exit point in
20737 each function.
20738 MN10300 Options
20740 These -m options are defined for Matsushita MN10300 architectures:
20742 -mmult-bug
20744 Generate code to avoid bugs in the multiply instructions for the
20745 MN10300 processors. This is the default.
20746 -mno-mult-bug
20748 Do not generate code to avoid bugs in the multiply instructions for
20749 the MN10300 processors.
20750 -mam33
20752 Generate code using features specific to the AM33 processor.
20753 -mno-am33
20755 Do not generate code using features specific to the AM33 processor.
20756 This is the default.
20757 -mam33-2
20759 Generate code using features specific to the AM33/2.0 processor.
20760 -mam34
20762 Generate code using features specific to the AM34 processor.
20763 -mtune=cpu-type
20765 Use the timing characteristics of the indicated CPU type when
20766 scheduling instructions. This does not change the targeted
20767 processor type. The CPU type must be one of mn10300, am33, am33-2
20768 or am34.
20769 -mreturn-pointer-on-d0
20771 When generating a function that returns a pointer, return the
20772 pointer in both "a0" and "d0". Otherwise, the pointer is returned
20773 only in "a0", and attempts to call such functions without a
20774 prototype result in errors. Note that this option is on by
20775 default; use -mno-return-pointer-on-d0 to disable it.
20776 -mno-crt0
20778 Do not link in the C run-time initialization object file.
20779 -mrelax
20781 Indicate to the linker that it should perform a relaxation
20782 optimization pass to shorten branches, calls and absolute memory
20783 addresses. This option only has an effect when used on the command
20784 line for the final link step.
20785 This option makes symbolic debugging impossible.
20787 -mliw
20789 Allow the compiler to generate Long Instruction Word instructions
20790 if the target is the AM33 or later. This is the default. This
20791 option defines the preprocessor macro "__LIW__".
20792 -mno-liw
20794 Do not allow the compiler to generate Long Instruction Word
20795 instructions. This option defines the preprocessor macro
20796 "__NO_LIW__".
20797 -msetlb
20799 Allow the compiler to generate the SETLB and Lcc instructions if
20800 the target is the AM33 or later. This is the default. This option
20801 defines the preprocessor macro "__SETLB__".
20802 -mno-setlb
20804 Do not allow the compiler to generate SETLB or Lcc instructions.
20805 This option defines the preprocessor macro "__NO_SETLB__".
20806 Moxie Options
20808 -meb
20810 Generate big-endian code. This is the default for moxie-*-*
20811 configurations.
20812 -mel
20814 Generate little-endian code.
20815 -mmul.x
20817 Generate mul.x and umul.x instructions. This is the default for
20818 moxiebox-*-* configurations.
20819 -mno-crt0
20821 Do not link in the C run-time initialization object file.
20822 MSP430 Options
20824 These options are defined for the MSP430:
20826 -masm-hex
20828 Force assembly output to always use hex constants. Normally such
20829 constants are signed decimals, but this option is available for
20830 testsuite and/or aesthetic purposes.
20831 -mmcu=
20833 Select the MCU to target. This is used to create a C preprocessor
20834 symbol based upon the MCU name, converted to upper case and pre-
20835 and post-fixed with __. This in turn is used by the msp430.h
20836 header file to select an MCU-specific supplementary header file.
20837 The option also sets the ISA to use. If the MCU name is one that
20839 is known to only support the 430 ISA then that is selected,
20840 otherwise the 430X ISA is selected. A generic MCU name of msp430
20841 can also be used to select the 430 ISA. Similarly the generic
20842 msp430x MCU name selects the 430X ISA.
20843 In addition an MCU-specific linker script is added to the linker
20845 command line. The script's name is the name of the MCU with .ld
20846 appended. Thus specifying -mmcu=xxx on the gcc command line
20847 defines the C preprocessor symbol "__XXX__" and cause the linker to
20848 search for a script called xxx.ld.
20849 The ISA and hardware multiply supported for the different MCUs is
20851 hard-coded into GCC. However, an external devices.csv file can be
20852 used to extend device support beyond those that have been hard-
20853 coded.
20854 GCC searches for the devices.csv file using the following methods
20856 in the given precedence order, where the first method takes
20857 precendence over the second which takes precedence over the third.
20858 Include path specified with "-I" and "-L"
20860 devices.csv will be searched for in each of the directories
20861 specified by include paths and linker library search paths.
20862 Path specified by the environment variable MSP430_GCC_INCLUDE_DIR
20864 Define the value of the global environment variable
20865 MSP430_GCC_INCLUDE_DIR to the full path to the directory
20866 containing devices.csv, and GCC will search this directory for
20867 devices.csv. If devices.csv is found, this directory will also
20868 be registered as an include path, and linker library path.
20869 Header files and linker scripts in this directory can therefore
20870 be used without manually specifying "-I" and "-L" on the
20871 command line.
20872 The msp430-elf{,bare}/include/devices directory
20874 Finally, GCC will examine msp430-elf{,bare}/include/devices
20875 from the toolchain root directory. This directory does not
20876 exist in a default installation, but if the user has created it
20877 and copied devices.csv there, then the MCU data will be read.
20878 As above, this directory will also be registered as an include
20879 path, and linker library path.
20880 If none of the above search methods find devices.csv, then the
20882 hard-coded MCU data is used.
20883 -mwarn-mcu
20885 -mno-warn-mcu
20886 This option enables or disables warnings about conflicts between
20887 the MCU name specified by the -mmcu option and the ISA set by the
20888 -mcpu option and/or the hardware multiply support set by the
20889 -mhwmult option. It also toggles warnings about unrecognized MCU
20890 names. This option is on by default.
20891 -mcpu=
20893 Specifies the ISA to use. Accepted values are msp430, msp430x and
20894 msp430xv2. This option is deprecated. The -mmcu= option should be
20895 used to select the ISA.
20896 -msim
20898 Link to the simulator runtime libraries and linker script.
20899 Overrides any scripts that would be selected by the -mmcu= option.
20900 -mlarge
20902 Use large-model addressing (20-bit pointers, 32-bit "size_t").
20903 -msmall
20905 Use small-model addressing (16-bit pointers, 16-bit "size_t").
20906 -mrelax
20908 This option is passed to the assembler and linker, and allows the
20909 linker to perform certain optimizations that cannot be done until
20910 the final link.
20911 mhwmult=
20913 Describes the type of hardware multiply supported by the target.
20914 Accepted values are none for no hardware multiply, 16bit for the
20915 original 16-bit-only multiply supported by early MCUs. 32bit for
20916 the 16/32-bit multiply supported by later MCUs and f5series for the
20917 16/32-bit multiply supported by F5-series MCUs. A value of auto
20918 can also be given. This tells GCC to deduce the hardware multiply
20919 support based upon the MCU name provided by the -mmcu option. If
20920 no -mmcu option is specified or if the MCU name is not recognized
20921 then no hardware multiply support is assumed. "auto" is the
20922 default setting.
20923 Hardware multiplies are normally performed by calling a library
20925 routine. This saves space in the generated code. When compiling
20926 at -O3 or higher however the hardware multiplier is invoked inline.
20927 This makes for bigger, but faster code.
20928 The hardware multiply routines disable interrupts whilst running
20930 and restore the previous interrupt state when they finish. This
20931 makes them safe to use inside interrupt handlers as well as in
20932 normal code.
20933 -minrt
20935 Enable the use of a minimum runtime environment - no static
20936 initializers or constructors. This is intended for memory-
20937 constrained devices. The compiler includes special symbols in some
20938 objects that tell the linker and runtime which code fragments are
20939 required.
20940 -mtiny-printf
20942 Enable reduced code size "printf" and "puts" library functions.
20943 The tiny implementations of these functions are not reentrant, so
20944 must be used with caution in multi-threaded applications.
20945 Support for streams has been removed and the string to be printed
20947 will always be sent to stdout via the "write" syscall. The string
20948 is not buffered before it is sent to write.
20949 This option requires Newlib Nano IO, so GCC must be configured with
20951 --enable-newlib-nano-formatted-io.
20952 -mcode-region=
20954 -mdata-region=
20955 These options tell the compiler where to place functions and data
20956 that do not have one of the "lower", "upper", "either" or "section"
20957 attributes. Possible values are "lower", "upper", "either" or
20958 "any". The first three behave like the corresponding attribute.
20959 The fourth possible value - "any" - is the default. It leaves
20960 placement entirely up to the linker script and how it assigns the
20961 standard sections (".text", ".data", etc) to the memory regions.
20962 -msilicon-errata=
20964 This option passes on a request to assembler to enable the fixes
20965 for the named silicon errata.
20966 -msilicon-errata-warn=
20968 This option passes on a request to the assembler to enable warning
20969 messages when a silicon errata might need to be applied.
20970 -mwarn-devices-csv
20972 -mno-warn-devices-csv
20973 Warn if devices.csv is not found or there are problem parsing it
20974 (default: on).
20975 NDS32 Options
20977 These options are defined for NDS32 implementations:
20979 -mbig-endian
20981 Generate code in big-endian mode.
20982 -mlittle-endian
20984 Generate code in little-endian mode.
20985 -mreduced-regs
20987 Use reduced-set registers for register allocation.
20988 -mfull-regs
20990 Use full-set registers for register allocation.
20991 -mcmov
20993 Generate conditional move instructions.
20994 -mno-cmov
20996 Do not generate conditional move instructions.
20997 -mext-perf
20999 Generate performance extension instructions.
21000 -mno-ext-perf
21002 Do not generate performance extension instructions.
21003 -mext-perf2
21005 Generate performance extension 2 instructions.
21006 -mno-ext-perf2
21008 Do not generate performance extension 2 instructions.
21009 -mext-string
21011 Generate string extension instructions.
21012 -mno-ext-string
21014 Do not generate string extension instructions.
21015 -mv3push
21017 Generate v3 push25/pop25 instructions.
21018 -mno-v3push
21020 Do not generate v3 push25/pop25 instructions.
21021 -m16-bit
21023 Generate 16-bit instructions.
21024 -mno-16-bit
21026 Do not generate 16-bit instructions.
21027 -misr-vector-size=num
21029 Specify the size of each interrupt vector, which must be 4 or 16.
21030 -mcache-block-size=num
21032 Specify the size of each cache block, which must be a power of 2
21033 between 4 and 512.
21034 -march=arch
21036 Specify the name of the target architecture.
21037 -mcmodel=code-model
21039 Set the code model to one of
21040 small
21042 All the data and read-only data segments must be within 512KB
21043 addressing space. The text segment must be within 16MB
21044 addressing space.
21045 medium
21047 The data segment must be within 512KB while the read-only data
21048 segment can be within 4GB addressing space. The text segment
21049 should be still within 16MB addressing space.
21050 large
21052 All the text and data segments can be within 4GB addressing
21053 space.
21054 -mctor-dtor
21056 Enable constructor/destructor feature.
21057 -mrelax
21059 Guide linker to relax instructions.
21060 Nios II Options
21062 These are the options defined for the Altera Nios II processor.
21064 -G num
21066 Put global and static objects less than or equal to num bytes into
21067 the small data or BSS sections instead of the normal data or BSS
21068 sections. The default value of num is 8.
21069 -mgpopt=option
21071 -mgpopt
21072 -mno-gpopt
21073 Generate (do not generate) GP-relative accesses. The following
21074 option names are recognized:
21075 none
21077 Do not generate GP-relative accesses.
21078 local
21080 Generate GP-relative accesses for small data objects that are
21081 not external, weak, or uninitialized common symbols. Also use
21082 GP-relative addressing for objects that have been explicitly
21083 placed in a small data section via a "section" attribute.
21084 global
21086 As for local, but also generate GP-relative accesses for small
21087 data objects that are external, weak, or common. If you use
21088 this option, you must ensure that all parts of your program
21089 (including libraries) are compiled with the same -G setting.
21090 data
21092 Generate GP-relative accesses for all data objects in the
21093 program. If you use this option, the entire data and BSS
21094 segments of your program must fit in 64K of memory and you must
21095 use an appropriate linker script to allocate them within the
21096 addressable range of the global pointer.
21097 all Generate GP-relative addresses for function pointers as well as
21099 data pointers. If you use this option, the entire text, data,
21100 and BSS segments of your program must fit in 64K of memory and
21101 you must use an appropriate linker script to allocate them
21102 within the addressable range of the global pointer.
21103 -mgpopt is equivalent to -mgpopt=local, and -mno-gpopt is
21105 equivalent to -mgpopt=none.
21106 The default is -mgpopt except when -fpic or -fPIC is specified to
21108 generate position-independent code. Note that the Nios II ABI does
21109 not permit GP-relative accesses from shared libraries.
21110 You may need to specify -mno-gpopt explicitly when building
21112 programs that include large amounts of small data, including large
21113 GOT data sections. In this case, the 16-bit offset for GP-relative
21114 addressing may not be large enough to allow access to the entire
21115 small data section.
21116 -mgprel-sec=regexp
21118 This option specifies additional section names that can be accessed
21119 via GP-relative addressing. It is most useful in conjunction with
21120 "section" attributes on variable declarations and a custom linker
21121 script. The regexp is a POSIX Extended Regular Expression.
21122 This option does not affect the behavior of the -G option, and the
21124 specified sections are in addition to the standard ".sdata" and
21125 ".sbss" small-data sections that are recognized by -mgpopt.
21126 -mr0rel-sec=regexp
21128 This option specifies names of sections that can be accessed via a
21129 16-bit offset from "r0"; that is, in the low 32K or high 32K of the
21130 32-bit address space. It is most useful in conjunction with
21131 "section" attributes on variable declarations and a custom linker
21132 script. The regexp is a POSIX Extended Regular Expression.
21133 In contrast to the use of GP-relative addressing for small data,
21135 zero-based addressing is never generated by default and there are
21136 no conventional section names used in standard linker scripts for
21137 sections in the low or high areas of memory.
21138 -mel
21140 -meb
21141 Generate little-endian (default) or big-endian (experimental) code,
21142 respectively.
21143 -march=arch
21145 This specifies the name of the target Nios II architecture. GCC
21146 uses this name to determine what kind of instructions it can emit
21147 when generating assembly code. Permissible names are: r1, r2.
21148 The preprocessor macro "__nios2_arch__" is available to programs,
21150 with value 1 or 2, indicating the targeted ISA level.
21151 -mbypass-cache
21153 -mno-bypass-cache
21154 Force all load and store instructions to always bypass cache by
21155 using I/O variants of the instructions. The default is not to
21156 bypass the cache.
21157 -mno-cache-volatile
21159 -mcache-volatile
21160 Volatile memory access bypass the cache using the I/O variants of
21161 the load and store instructions. The default is not to bypass the
21162 cache.
21163 -mno-fast-sw-div
21165 -mfast-sw-div
21166 Do not use table-based fast divide for small numbers. The default
21167 is to use the fast divide at -O3 and above.
21168 -mno-hw-mul
21170 -mhw-mul
21171 -mno-hw-mulx
21172 -mhw-mulx
21173 -mno-hw-div
21174 -mhw-div
21175 Enable or disable emitting "mul", "mulx" and "div" family of
21176 instructions by the compiler. The default is to emit "mul" and not
21177 emit "div" and "mulx".
21178 -mbmx
21180 -mno-bmx
21181 -mcdx
21182 -mno-cdx
21183 Enable or disable generation of Nios II R2 BMX (bit manipulation)
21184 and CDX (code density) instructions. Enabling these instructions
21185 also requires -march=r2. Since these instructions are optional
21186 extensions to the R2 architecture, the default is not to emit them.
21187 -mcustom-insn=N
21189 -mno-custom-insn
21190 Each -mcustom-insn=N option enables use of a custom instruction
21191 with encoding N when generating code that uses insn. For example,
21192 -mcustom-fadds=253 generates custom instruction 253 for single-
21193 precision floating-point add operations instead of the default
21194 behavior of using a library call.
21195 The following values of insn are supported. Except as otherwise
21197 noted, floating-point operations are expected to be implemented
21198 with normal IEEE 754 semantics and correspond directly to the C
21199 operators or the equivalent GCC built-in functions.
21200 Single-precision floating point:
21202 fadds, fsubs, fdivs, fmuls
21204 Binary arithmetic operations.
21205 fnegs
21207 Unary negation.
21208 fabss
21210 Unary absolute value.
21211 fcmpeqs, fcmpges, fcmpgts, fcmples, fcmplts, fcmpnes
21213 Comparison operations.
21214 fmins, fmaxs
21216 Floating-point minimum and maximum. These instructions are
21217 only generated if -ffinite-math-only is specified.
21218 fsqrts
21220 Unary square root operation.
21221 fcoss, fsins, ftans, fatans, fexps, flogs
21223 Floating-point trigonometric and exponential functions. These
21224 instructions are only generated if -funsafe-math-optimizations
21225 is also specified.
21226 Double-precision floating point:
21228 faddd, fsubd, fdivd, fmuld
21230 Binary arithmetic operations.
21231 fnegd
21233 Unary negation.
21234 fabsd
21236 Unary absolute value.
21237 fcmpeqd, fcmpged, fcmpgtd, fcmpled, fcmpltd, fcmpned
21239 Comparison operations.
21240 fmind, fmaxd
21242 Double-precision minimum and maximum. These instructions are
21243 only generated if -ffinite-math-only is specified.
21244 fsqrtd
21246 Unary square root operation.
21247 fcosd, fsind, ftand, fatand, fexpd, flogd
21249 Double-precision trigonometric and exponential functions.
21250 These instructions are only generated if
21251 -funsafe-math-optimizations is also specified.
21252 Conversions:
21254 fextsd
21256 Conversion from single precision to double precision.
21257 ftruncds
21259 Conversion from double precision to single precision.
21260 fixsi, fixsu, fixdi, fixdu
21262 Conversion from floating point to signed or unsigned integer
21263 types, with truncation towards zero.
21264 round
21266 Conversion from single-precision floating point to signed
21267 integer, rounding to the nearest integer and ties away from
21268 zero. This corresponds to the "__builtin_lroundf" function
21269 when -fno-math-errno is used.
21270 floatis, floatus, floatid, floatud
21272 Conversion from signed or unsigned integer types to floating-
21273 point types.
21274 In addition, all of the following transfer instructions for
21276 internal registers X and Y must be provided to use any of the
21277 double-precision floating-point instructions. Custom instructions
21278 taking two double-precision source operands expect the first
21279 operand in the 64-bit register X. The other operand (or only
21280 operand of a unary operation) is given to the custom arithmetic
21281 instruction with the least significant half in source register src1
21282 and the most significant half in src2. A custom instruction that
21283 returns a double-precision result returns the most significant 32
21284 bits in the destination register and the other half in 32-bit
21285 register Y. GCC automatically generates the necessary code
21286 sequences to write register X and/or read register Y when double-
21287 precision floating-point instructions are used.
21288 fwrx
21290 Write src1 into the least significant half of X and src2 into
21291 the most significant half of X.
21292 fwry
21294 Write src1 into Y.
21295 frdxhi, frdxlo
21297 Read the most or least (respectively) significant half of X and
21298 store it in dest.
21299 frdy
21301 Read the value of Y and store it into dest.
21302 Note that you can gain more local control over generation of Nios
21304 II custom instructions by using the "target("custom-insn=N")" and
21305 "target("no-custom-insn")" function attributes or pragmas.
21306 -mcustom-fpu-cfg=name
21308 This option enables a predefined, named set of custom instruction
21309 encodings (see -mcustom-insn above). Currently, the following sets
21310 are defined:
21311 -mcustom-fpu-cfg=60-1 is equivalent to: -mcustom-fmuls=252
21313 -mcustom-fadds=253 -mcustom-fsubs=254 -fsingle-precision-constant
21314 -mcustom-fpu-cfg=60-2 is equivalent to: -mcustom-fmuls=252
21316 -mcustom-fadds=253 -mcustom-fsubs=254 -mcustom-fdivs=255
21317 -fsingle-precision-constant
21318 -mcustom-fpu-cfg=72-3 is equivalent to: -mcustom-floatus=243
21320 -mcustom-fixsi=244 -mcustom-floatis=245 -mcustom-fcmpgts=246
21321 -mcustom-fcmples=249 -mcustom-fcmpeqs=250 -mcustom-fcmpnes=251
21322 -mcustom-fmuls=252 -mcustom-fadds=253 -mcustom-fsubs=254
21323 -mcustom-fdivs=255 -fsingle-precision-constant
21324 Custom instruction assignments given by individual -mcustom-insn=
21326 options override those given by -mcustom-fpu-cfg=, regardless of
21327 the order of the options on the command line.
21328 Note that you can gain more local control over selection of a FPU
21330 configuration by using the "target("custom-fpu-cfg=name")" function
21331 attribute or pragma.
21332 These additional -m options are available for the Altera Nios II ELF
21334 (bare-metal) target:
21335 -mhal
21337 Link with HAL BSP. This suppresses linking with the GCC-provided C
21338 runtime startup and termination code, and is typically used in
21339 conjunction with -msys-crt0= to specify the location of the
21340 alternate startup code provided by the HAL BSP.
21341 -msmallc
21343 Link with a limited version of the C library, -lsmallc, rather than
21344 Newlib.
21345 -msys-crt0=startfile
21347 startfile is the file name of the startfile (crt0) to use when
21348 linking. This option is only useful in conjunction with -mhal.
21349 -msys-lib=systemlib
21351 systemlib is the library name of the library that provides low-
21352 level system calls required by the C library, e.g. "read" and
21353 "write". This option is typically used to link with a library
21354 provided by a HAL BSP.
21355 Nvidia PTX Options
21357 These options are defined for Nvidia PTX:
21359 -m32
21361 -m64
21362 Generate code for 32-bit or 64-bit ABI.
21363 -misa=ISA-string
21365 Generate code for given the specified PTX ISA (e.g. sm_35). ISA
21366 strings must be lower-case. Valid ISA strings include sm_30 and
21367 sm_35. The default ISA is sm_30.
21368 -mmainkernel
21370 Link in code for a __main kernel. This is for stand-alone instead
21371 of offloading execution.
21372 -moptimize
21374 Apply partitioned execution optimizations. This is the default
21375 when any level of optimization is selected.
21376 -msoft-stack
21378 Generate code that does not use ".local" memory directly for stack
21379 storage. Instead, a per-warp stack pointer is maintained
21380 explicitly. This enables variable-length stack allocation (with
21381 variable-length arrays or "alloca"), and when global memory is used
21382 for underlying storage, makes it possible to access automatic
21383 variables from other threads, or with atomic instructions. This
21384 code generation variant is used for OpenMP offloading, but the
21385 option is exposed on its own for the purpose of testing the
21386 compiler; to generate code suitable for linking into programs using
21387 OpenMP offloading, use option -mgomp.
21388 -muniform-simt
21390 Switch to code generation variant that allows to execute all
21391 threads in each warp, while maintaining memory state and side
21392 effects as if only one thread in each warp was active outside of
21393 OpenMP SIMD regions. All atomic operations and calls to runtime
21394 (malloc, free, vprintf) are conditionally executed (iff current
21395 lane index equals the master lane index), and the register being
21396 assigned is copied via a shuffle instruction from the master lane.
21397 Outside of SIMD regions lane 0 is the master; inside, each thread
21398 sees itself as the master. Shared memory array "int __nvptx_uni[]"
21399 stores all-zeros or all-ones bitmasks for each warp, indicating
21400 current mode (0 outside of SIMD regions). Each thread can bitwise-
21401 and the bitmask at position "tid.y" with current lane index to
21402 compute the master lane index.
21403 -mgomp
21405 Generate code for use in OpenMP offloading: enables -msoft-stack
21406 and -muniform-simt options, and selects corresponding multilib
21407 variant.
21408 OpenRISC Options
21410 These options are defined for OpenRISC:
21412 -mboard=name
21414 Configure a board specific runtime. This will be passed to the
21415 linker for newlib board library linking. The default is "or1ksim".
21416 -mnewlib
21418 This option is ignored; it is for compatibility purposes only.
21419 This used to select linker and preprocessor options for use with
21420 newlib.
21421 -msoft-div
21423 -mhard-div
21424 Select software or hardware divide ("l.div", "l.divu")
21425 instructions. This default is hardware divide.
21426 -msoft-mul
21428 -mhard-mul
21429 Select software or hardware multiply ("l.mul", "l.muli")
21430 instructions. This default is hardware multiply.
21431 -msoft-float
21433 -mhard-float
21434 Select software or hardware for floating point operations. The
21435 default is software.
21436 -mdouble-float
21438 When -mhard-float is selected, enables generation of double-
21439 precision floating point instructions. By default functions from
21440 libgcc are used to perform double-precision floating point
21441 operations.
21442 -munordered-float
21444 When -mhard-float is selected, enables generation of unordered
21445 floating point compare and set flag ("lf.sfun*") instructions. By
21446 default functions from libgcc are used to perform unordered
21447 floating point compare and set flag operations.
21448 -mcmov
21450 Enable generation of conditional move ("l.cmov") instructions. By
21451 default the equivalent will be generated using set and branch.
21452 -mror
21454 Enable generation of rotate right ("l.ror") instructions. By
21455 default functions from libgcc are used to perform rotate right
21456 operations.
21457 -mrori
21459 Enable generation of rotate right with immediate ("l.rori")
21460 instructions. By default functions from libgcc are used to perform
21461 rotate right with immediate operations.
21462 -msext
21464 Enable generation of sign extension ("l.ext*") instructions. By
21465 default memory loads are used to perform sign extension.
21466 -msfimm
21468 Enable generation of compare and set flag with immediate ("l.sf*i")
21469 instructions. By default extra instructions will be generated to
21470 store the immediate to a register first.
21471 -mshftimm
21473 Enable generation of shift with immediate ("l.srai", "l.srli",
21474 "l.slli") instructions. By default extra instructions will be
21475 generated to store the immediate to a register first.
21476 PDP-11 Options
21478 These options are defined for the PDP-11:
21480 -mfpu
21482 Use hardware FPP floating point. This is the default. (FIS
21483 floating point on the PDP-11/40 is not supported.) Implies -m45.
21484 -msoft-float
21486 Do not use hardware floating point.
21487 -mac0
21489 Return floating-point results in ac0 (fr0 in Unix assembler
21490 syntax).
21491 -mno-ac0
21493 Return floating-point results in memory. This is the default.
21494 -m40
21496 Generate code for a PDP-11/40. Implies -msoft-float -mno-split.
21497 -m45
21499 Generate code for a PDP-11/45. This is the default.
21500 -m10
21502 Generate code for a PDP-11/10. Implies -msoft-float -mno-split.
21503 -mint16
21505 -mno-int32
21506 Use 16-bit "int". This is the default.
21507 -mint32
21509 -mno-int16
21510 Use 32-bit "int".
21511 -msplit
21513 Target has split instruction and data space. Implies -m45.
21514 -munix-asm
21516 Use Unix assembler syntax.
21517 -mdec-asm
21519 Use DEC assembler syntax.
21520 -mgnu-asm
21522 Use GNU assembler syntax. This is the default.
21523 -mlra
21525 Use the new LRA register allocator. By default, the old "reload"
21526 allocator is used.
21527 picoChip Options
21529 These -m options are defined for picoChip implementations:
21531 -mae=ae_type
21533 Set the instruction set, register set, and instruction scheduling
21534 parameters for array element type ae_type. Supported values for
21535 ae_type are ANY, MUL, and MAC.
21536 -mae=ANY selects a completely generic AE type. Code generated with
21538 this option runs on any of the other AE types. The code is not as
21539 efficient as it would be if compiled for a specific AE type, and
21540 some types of operation (e.g., multiplication) do not work properly
21541 on all types of AE.
21542 -mae=MUL selects a MUL AE type. This is the most useful AE type
21544 for compiled code, and is the default.
21545 -mae=MAC selects a DSP-style MAC AE. Code compiled with this
21547 option may suffer from poor performance of byte (char)
21548 manipulation, since the DSP AE does not provide hardware support
21549 for byte load/stores.
21550 -msymbol-as-address
21552 Enable the compiler to directly use a symbol name as an address in
21553 a load/store instruction, without first loading it into a register.
21554 Typically, the use of this option generates larger programs, which
21555 run faster than when the option isn't used. However, the results
21556 vary from program to program, so it is left as a user option,
21557 rather than being permanently enabled.
21558 -mno-inefficient-warnings
21560 Disables warnings about the generation of inefficient code. These
21561 warnings can be generated, for example, when compiling code that
21562 performs byte-level memory operations on the MAC AE type. The MAC
21563 AE has no hardware support for byte-level memory operations, so all
21564 byte load/stores must be synthesized from word load/store
21565 operations. This is inefficient and a warning is generated to
21566 indicate that you should rewrite the code to avoid byte operations,
21567 or to target an AE type that has the necessary hardware support.
21568 This option disables these warnings.
21569 PowerPC Options
21571 These are listed under
21573 PRU Options
21575 These command-line options are defined for PRU target:
21577 -minrt
21579 Link with a minimum runtime environment, with no support for static
21580 initializers and constructors. Using this option can significantly
21581 reduce the size of the final ELF binary. Beware that the compiler
21582 could still generate code with static initializers and
21583 constructors. It is up to the programmer to ensure that the source
21584 program will not use those features.
21585 -mmcu=mcu
21587 Specify the PRU MCU variant to use. Check Newlib for the exact
21588 list of supported MCUs.
21589 -mno-relax
21591 Make GCC pass the --no-relax command-line option to the linker
21592 instead of the --relax option.
21593 -mloop
21595 Allow (or do not allow) GCC to use the LOOP instruction.
21596 -mabi=variant
21598 Specify the ABI variant to output code for. -mabi=ti selects the
21599 unmodified TI ABI while -mabi=gnu selects a GNU variant that copes
21600 more naturally with certain GCC assumptions. These are the
21601 differences:
21602 Function Pointer Size
21604 TI ABI specifies that function (code) pointers are 16-bit,
21605 whereas GNU supports only 32-bit data and code pointers.
21606 Optional Return Value Pointer
21608 Function return values larger than 64 bits are passed by using
21609 a hidden pointer as the first argument of the function. TI
21610 ABI, though, mandates that the pointer can be NULL in case the
21611 caller is not using the returned value. GNU always passes and
21612 expects a valid return value pointer.
21613 The current -mabi=ti implementation simply raises a compile error
21615 when any of the above code constructs is detected. As a
21616 consequence the standard C library cannot be built and it is
21617 omitted when linking with -mabi=ti.
21618 Relaxation is a GNU feature and for safety reasons is disabled when
21620 using -mabi=ti. The TI toolchain does not emit relocations for
21621 QBBx instructions, so the GNU linker cannot adjust them when
21622 shortening adjacent LDI32 pseudo instructions.
21623 RISC-V Options
21625 These command-line options are defined for RISC-V targets:
21627 -mbranch-cost=n
21629 Set the cost of branches to roughly n instructions.
21630 -mplt
21632 -mno-plt
21633 When generating PIC code, do or don't allow the use of PLTs.
21634 Ignored for non-PIC. The default is -mplt.
21635 -mabi=ABI-string
21637 Specify integer and floating-point calling convention. ABI-string
21638 contains two parts: the size of integer types and the registers
21639 used for floating-point types. For example -march=rv64ifd
21640 -mabi=lp64d means that long and pointers are 64-bit (implicitly
21641 defining int to be 32-bit), and that floating-point values up to 64
21642 bits wide are passed in F registers. Contrast this with
21643 -march=rv64ifd -mabi=lp64f, which still allows the compiler to
21644 generate code that uses the F and D extensions but only allows
21645 floating-point values up to 32 bits long to be passed in registers;
21646 or -march=rv64ifd -mabi=lp64, in which no floating-point arguments
21647 will be passed in registers.
21648 The default for this argument is system dependent, users who want a
21650 specific calling convention should specify one explicitly. The
21651 valid calling conventions are: ilp32, ilp32f, ilp32d, lp64, lp64f,
21652 and lp64d. Some calling conventions are impossible to implement on
21653 some ISAs: for example, -march=rv32if -mabi=ilp32d is invalid
21654 because the ABI requires 64-bit values be passed in F registers,
21655 but F registers are only 32 bits wide. There is also the ilp32e
21656 ABI that can only be used with the rv32e architecture. This ABI is
21657 not well specified at present, and is subject to change.
21658 -mfdiv
21660 -mno-fdiv
21661 Do or don't use hardware floating-point divide and square root
21662 instructions. This requires the F or D extensions for floating-
21663 point registers. The default is to use them if the specified
21664 architecture has these instructions.
21665 -mdiv
21667 -mno-div
21668 Do or don't use hardware instructions for integer division. This
21669 requires the M extension. The default is to use them if the
21670 specified architecture has these instructions.
21671 -march=ISA-string
21673 Generate code for given RISC-V ISA (e.g. rv64im). ISA strings must
21674 be lower-case. Examples include rv64i, rv32g, rv32e, and rv32imaf.
21675 -mtune=processor-string
21677 Optimize the output for the given processor, specified by
21678 microarchitecture name. Permissible values for this option are:
21679 rocket, sifive-3-series, sifive-5-series, sifive-7-series, and
21680 size.
21681 When -mtune= is not specified, the default is rocket.
21683 The size choice is not intended for use by end-users. This is used
21685 when -Os is specified. It overrides the instruction cost info
21686 provided by -mtune=, but does not override the pipeline info. This
21687 helps reduce code size while still giving good performance.
21688 -mpreferred-stack-boundary=num
21690 Attempt to keep the stack boundary aligned to a 2 raised to num
21691 byte boundary. If -mpreferred-stack-boundary is not specified, the
21692 default is 4 (16 bytes or 128-bits).
21693 Warning: If you use this switch, then you must build all modules
21695 with the same value, including any libraries. This includes the
21696 system libraries and startup modules.
21697 -msmall-data-limit=n
21699 Put global and static data smaller than n bytes into a special
21700 section (on some targets).
21701 -msave-restore
21703 -mno-save-restore
21704 Do or don't use smaller but slower prologue and epilogue code that
21705 uses library function calls. The default is to use fast inline
21706 prologues and epilogues.
21707 -mstrict-align
21709 -mno-strict-align
21710 Do not or do generate unaligned memory accesses. The default is
21711 set depending on whether the processor we are optimizing for
21712 supports fast unaligned access or not.
21713 -mcmodel=medlow
21715 Generate code for the medium-low code model. The program and its
21716 statically defined symbols must lie within a single 2 GiB address
21717 range and must lie between absolute addresses -2 GiB and +2 GiB.
21718 Programs can be statically or dynamically linked. This is the
21719 default code model.
21720 -mcmodel=medany
21722 Generate code for the medium-any code model. The program and its
21723 statically defined symbols must be within any single 2 GiB address
21724 range. Programs can be statically or dynamically linked.
21725 -mexplicit-relocs
21727 -mno-exlicit-relocs
21728 Use or do not use assembler relocation operators when dealing with
21729 symbolic addresses. The alternative is to use assembler macros
21730 instead, which may limit optimization.
21731 -mrelax
21733 -mno-relax
21734 Take advantage of linker relaxations to reduce the number of
21735 instructions required to materialize symbol addresses. The default
21736 is to take advantage of linker relaxations.
21737 -memit-attribute
21739 -mno-emit-attribute
21740 Emit (do not emit) RISC-V attribute to record extra information
21741 into ELF objects. This feature requires at least binutils 2.32.
21742 -malign-data=type
21744 Control how GCC aligns variables and constants of array, structure,
21745 or union types. Supported values for type are xlen which uses x
21746 register width as the alignment value, and natural which uses
21747 natural alignment. xlen is the default.
21748 RL78 Options
21750 -msim
21752 Links in additional target libraries to support operation within a
21753 simulator.
21754 -mmul=none
21756 -mmul=g10
21757 -mmul=g13
21758 -mmul=g14
21759 -mmul=rl78
21760 Specifies the type of hardware multiplication and division support
21761 to be used. The simplest is "none", which uses software for both
21762 multiplication and division. This is the default. The "g13" value
21763 is for the hardware multiply/divide peripheral found on the
21764 RL78/G13 (S2 core) targets. The "g14" value selects the use of the
21765 multiplication and division instructions supported by the RL78/G14
21766 (S3 core) parts. The value "rl78" is an alias for "g14" and the
21767 value "mg10" is an alias for "none".
21768 In addition a C preprocessor macro is defined, based upon the
21770 setting of this option. Possible values are: "__RL78_MUL_NONE__",
21771 "__RL78_MUL_G13__" or "__RL78_MUL_G14__".
21772 -mcpu=g10
21774 -mcpu=g13
21775 -mcpu=g14
21776 -mcpu=rl78
21777 Specifies the RL78 core to target. The default is the G14 core,
21778 also known as an S3 core or just RL78. The G13 or S2 core does not
21779 have multiply or divide instructions, instead it uses a hardware
21780 peripheral for these operations. The G10 or S1 core does not have
21781 register banks, so it uses a different calling convention.
21782 If this option is set it also selects the type of hardware multiply
21784 support to use, unless this is overridden by an explicit -mmul=none
21785 option on the command line. Thus specifying -mcpu=g13 enables the
21786 use of the G13 hardware multiply peripheral and specifying
21787 -mcpu=g10 disables the use of hardware multiplications altogether.
21788 Note, although the RL78/G14 core is the default target, specifying
21790 -mcpu=g14 or -mcpu=rl78 on the command line does change the
21791 behavior of the toolchain since it also enables G14 hardware
21792 multiply support. If these options are not specified on the
21793 command line then software multiplication routines will be used
21794 even though the code targets the RL78 core. This is for backwards
21795 compatibility with older toolchains which did not have hardware
21796 multiply and divide support.
21797 In addition a C preprocessor macro is defined, based upon the
21799 setting of this option. Possible values are: "__RL78_G10__",
21800 "__RL78_G13__" or "__RL78_G14__".
21801 -mg10
21803 -mg13
21804 -mg14
21805 -mrl78
21806 These are aliases for the corresponding -mcpu= option. They are
21807 provided for backwards compatibility.
21808 -mallregs
21810 Allow the compiler to use all of the available registers. By
21811 default registers "r24..r31" are reserved for use in interrupt
21812 handlers. With this option enabled these registers can be used in
21813 ordinary functions as well.
21814 -m64bit-doubles
21816 -m32bit-doubles
21817 Make the "double" data type be 64 bits (-m64bit-doubles) or 32 bits
21818 (-m32bit-doubles) in size. The default is -m32bit-doubles.
21819 -msave-mduc-in-interrupts
21821 -mno-save-mduc-in-interrupts
21822 Specifies that interrupt handler functions should preserve the MDUC
21823 registers. This is only necessary if normal code might use the
21824 MDUC registers, for example because it performs multiplication and
21825 division operations. The default is to ignore the MDUC registers
21826 as this makes the interrupt handlers faster. The target option
21827 -mg13 needs to be passed for this to work as this feature is only
21828 available on the G13 target (S2 core). The MDUC registers will
21829 only be saved if the interrupt handler performs a multiplication or
21830 division operation or it calls another function.
21831 IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC Options
21833 These -m options are defined for the IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC:
21835 -mpowerpc-gpopt
21837 -mno-powerpc-gpopt
21838 -mpowerpc-gfxopt
21839 -mno-powerpc-gfxopt
21840 -mpowerpc64
21841 -mno-powerpc64
21842 -mmfcrf
21843 -mno-mfcrf
21844 -mpopcntb
21845 -mno-popcntb
21846 -mpopcntd
21847 -mno-popcntd
21848 -mfprnd
21849 -mno-fprnd
21850 -mcmpb
21851 -mno-cmpb
21852 -mhard-dfp
21853 -mno-hard-dfp
21854 You use these options to specify which instructions are available
21855 on the processor you are using. The default value of these options
21856 is determined when configuring GCC. Specifying the -mcpu=cpu_type
21857 overrides the specification of these options. We recommend you use
21858 the -mcpu=cpu_type option rather than the options listed above.
21859 Specifying -mpowerpc-gpopt allows GCC to use the optional PowerPC
21861 architecture instructions in the General Purpose group, including
21862 floating-point square root. Specifying -mpowerpc-gfxopt allows GCC
21863 to use the optional PowerPC architecture instructions in the
21864 Graphics group, including floating-point select.
21865 The -mmfcrf option allows GCC to generate the move from condition
21867 register field instruction implemented on the POWER4 processor and
21868 other processors that support the PowerPC V2.01 architecture. The
21869 -mpopcntb option allows GCC to generate the popcount and double-
21870 precision FP reciprocal estimate instruction implemented on the
21871 POWER5 processor and other processors that support the PowerPC
21872 V2.02 architecture. The -mpopcntd option allows GCC to generate
21873 the popcount instruction implemented on the POWER7 processor and
21874 other processors that support the PowerPC V2.06 architecture. The
21875 -mfprnd option allows GCC to generate the FP round to integer
21876 instructions implemented on the POWER5+ processor and other
21877 processors that support the PowerPC V2.03 architecture. The -mcmpb
21878 option allows GCC to generate the compare bytes instruction
21879 implemented on the POWER6 processor and other processors that
21880 support the PowerPC V2.05 architecture. The -mhard-dfp option
21881 allows GCC to generate the decimal floating-point instructions
21882 implemented on some POWER processors.
21883 The -mpowerpc64 option allows GCC to generate the additional 64-bit
21885 instructions that are found in the full PowerPC64 architecture and
21886 to treat GPRs as 64-bit, doubleword quantities. GCC defaults to
21887 -mno-powerpc64.
21888 -mcpu=cpu_type
21890 Set architecture type, register usage, and instruction scheduling
21891 parameters for machine type cpu_type. Supported values for
21892 cpu_type are 401, 403, 405, 405fp, 440, 440fp, 464, 464fp, 476,
21893 476fp, 505, 601, 602, 603, 603e, 604, 604e, 620, 630, 740, 7400,
21894 7450, 750, 801, 821, 823, 860, 970, 8540, a2, e300c2, e300c3,
21895 e500mc, e500mc64, e5500, e6500, ec603e, G3, G4, G5, titan, power3,
21896 power4, power5, power5+, power6, power6x, power7, power8, power9,
21897 future, powerpc, powerpc64, powerpc64le, rs64, and native.
21898 -mcpu=powerpc, -mcpu=powerpc64, and -mcpu=powerpc64le specify pure
21900 32-bit PowerPC (either endian), 64-bit big endian PowerPC and
21901 64-bit little endian PowerPC architecture machine types, with an
21902 appropriate, generic processor model assumed for scheduling
21903 purposes.
21904 Specifying native as cpu type detects and selects the architecture
21906 option that corresponds to the host processor of the system
21907 performing the compilation. -mcpu=native has no effect if GCC does
21908 not recognize the processor.
21909 The other options specify a specific processor. Code generated
21911 under those options runs best on that processor, and may not run at
21912 all on others.
21913 The -mcpu options automatically enable or disable the following
21915 options:
21916 -maltivec -mfprnd -mhard-float -mmfcrf -mmultiple -mpopcntb
21918 -mpopcntd -mpowerpc64 -mpowerpc-gpopt -mpowerpc-gfxopt -mmulhw
21919 -mdlmzb -mmfpgpr -mvsx -mcrypto -mhtm -mpower8-fusion
21920 -mpower8-vector -mquad-memory -mquad-memory-atomic -mfloat128
21921 -mfloat128-hardware -mprefixed -mpcrel -mmma
21922 The particular options set for any particular CPU varies between
21924 compiler versions, depending on what setting seems to produce
21925 optimal code for that CPU; it doesn't necessarily reflect the
21926 actual hardware's capabilities. If you wish to set an individual
21927 option to a particular value, you may specify it after the -mcpu
21928 option, like -mcpu=970 -mno-altivec.
21929 On AIX, the -maltivec and -mpowerpc64 options are not enabled or
21931 disabled by the -mcpu option at present because AIX does not have
21932 full support for these options. You may still enable or disable
21933 them individually if you're sure it'll work in your environment.
21934 -mtune=cpu_type
21936 Set the instruction scheduling parameters for machine type
21937 cpu_type, but do not set the architecture type or register usage,
21938 as -mcpu=cpu_type does. The same values for cpu_type are used for
21939 -mtune as for -mcpu. If both are specified, the code generated
21940 uses the architecture and registers set by -mcpu, but the
21941 scheduling parameters set by -mtune.
21942 -mcmodel=small
21944 Generate PowerPC64 code for the small model: The TOC is limited to
21945 64k.
21946 -mcmodel=medium
21948 Generate PowerPC64 code for the medium model: The TOC and other
21949 static data may be up to a total of 4G in size. This is the
21950 default for 64-bit Linux.
21951 -mcmodel=large
21953 Generate PowerPC64 code for the large model: The TOC may be up to
21954 4G in size. Other data and code is only limited by the 64-bit
21955 address space.
21956 -maltivec
21958 -mno-altivec
21959 Generate code that uses (does not use) AltiVec instructions, and
21960 also enable the use of built-in functions that allow more direct
21961 access to the AltiVec instruction set. You may also need to set
21962 -mabi=altivec to adjust the current ABI with AltiVec ABI
21963 enhancements.
21964 When -maltivec is used, the element order for AltiVec intrinsics
21966 such as "vec_splat", "vec_extract", and "vec_insert" match array
21967 element order corresponding to the endianness of the target. That
21968 is, element zero identifies the leftmost element in a vector
21969 register when targeting a big-endian platform, and identifies the
21970 rightmost element in a vector register when targeting a little-
21971 endian platform.
21972 -mvrsave
21974 -mno-vrsave
21975 Generate VRSAVE instructions when generating AltiVec code.
21976 -msecure-plt
21978 Generate code that allows ld and ld.so to build executables and
21979 shared libraries with non-executable ".plt" and ".got" sections.
21980 This is a PowerPC 32-bit SYSV ABI option.
21981 -mbss-plt
21983 Generate code that uses a BSS ".plt" section that ld.so fills in,
21984 and requires ".plt" and ".got" sections that are both writable and
21985 executable. This is a PowerPC 32-bit SYSV ABI option.
21986 -misel
21988 -mno-isel
21989 This switch enables or disables the generation of ISEL
21990 instructions.
21991 -mvsx
21993 -mno-vsx
21994 Generate code that uses (does not use) vector/scalar (VSX)
21995 instructions, and also enable the use of built-in functions that
21996 allow more direct access to the VSX instruction set.
21997 -mcrypto
21999 -mno-crypto
22000 Enable the use (disable) of the built-in functions that allow
22001 direct access to the cryptographic instructions that were added in
22002 version 2.07 of the PowerPC ISA.
22003 -mhtm
22005 -mno-htm
22006 Enable (disable) the use of the built-in functions that allow
22007 direct access to the Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM)
22008 instructions that were added in version 2.07 of the PowerPC ISA.
22009 -mpower8-fusion
22011 -mno-power8-fusion
22012 Generate code that keeps (does not keeps) some integer operations
22013 adjacent so that the instructions can be fused together on power8
22014 and later processors.
22015 -mpower8-vector
22017 -mno-power8-vector
22018 Generate code that uses (does not use) the vector and scalar
22019 instructions that were added in version 2.07 of the PowerPC ISA.
22020 Also enable the use of built-in functions that allow more direct
22021 access to the vector instructions.
22022 -mquad-memory
22024 -mno-quad-memory
22025 Generate code that uses (does not use) the non-atomic quad word
22026 memory instructions. The -mquad-memory option requires use of
22027 64-bit mode.
22028 -mquad-memory-atomic
22030 -mno-quad-memory-atomic
22031 Generate code that uses (does not use) the atomic quad word memory
22032 instructions. The -mquad-memory-atomic option requires use of
22033 64-bit mode.
22034 -mfloat128
22036 -mno-float128
22037 Enable/disable the __float128 keyword for IEEE 128-bit floating
22038 point and use either software emulation for IEEE 128-bit floating
22039 point or hardware instructions.
22040 The VSX instruction set (-mvsx, -mcpu=power7, -mcpu=power8), or
22042 -mcpu=power9 must be enabled to use the IEEE 128-bit floating point
22043 support. The IEEE 128-bit floating point support only works on
22044 PowerPC Linux systems.
22045 The default for -mfloat128 is enabled on PowerPC Linux systems
22047 using the VSX instruction set, and disabled on other systems.
22048 If you use the ISA 3.0 instruction set (-mpower9-vector or
22050 -mcpu=power9) on a 64-bit system, the IEEE 128-bit floating point
22051 support will also enable the generation of ISA 3.0 IEEE 128-bit
22052 floating point instructions. Otherwise, if you do not specify to
22053 generate ISA 3.0 instructions or you are targeting a 32-bit big
22054 endian system, IEEE 128-bit floating point will be done with
22055 software emulation.
22056 -mfloat128-hardware
22058 -mno-float128-hardware
22059 Enable/disable using ISA 3.0 hardware instructions to support the
22060 __float128 data type.
22061 The default for -mfloat128-hardware is enabled on PowerPC Linux
22063 systems using the ISA 3.0 instruction set, and disabled on other
22064 systems.
22065 -m32
22067 -m64
22068 Generate code for 32-bit or 64-bit environments of Darwin and SVR4
22069 targets (including GNU/Linux). The 32-bit environment sets int,
22070 long and pointer to 32 bits and generates code that runs on any
22071 PowerPC variant. The 64-bit environment sets int to 32 bits and
22072 long and pointer to 64 bits, and generates code for PowerPC64, as
22073 for -mpowerpc64.
22074 -mfull-toc
22076 -mno-fp-in-toc
22077 -mno-sum-in-toc
22078 -mminimal-toc
22079 Modify generation of the TOC (Table Of Contents), which is created
22080 for every executable file. The -mfull-toc option is selected by
22081 default. In that case, GCC allocates at least one TOC entry for
22082 each unique non-automatic variable reference in your program. GCC
22083 also places floating-point constants in the TOC. However, only
22084 16,384 entries are available in the TOC.
22085 If you receive a linker error message that saying you have
22087 overflowed the available TOC space, you can reduce the amount of
22088 TOC space used with the -mno-fp-in-toc and -mno-sum-in-toc options.
22089 -mno-fp-in-toc prevents GCC from putting floating-point constants
22090 in the TOC and -mno-sum-in-toc forces GCC to generate code to
22091 calculate the sum of an address and a constant at run time instead
22092 of putting that sum into the TOC. You may specify one or both of
22093 these options. Each causes GCC to produce very slightly slower and
22094 larger code at the expense of conserving TOC space.
22095 If you still run out of space in the TOC even when you specify both
22097 of these options, specify -mminimal-toc instead. This option
22098 causes GCC to make only one TOC entry for every file. When you
22099 specify this option, GCC produces code that is slower and larger
22100 but which uses extremely little TOC space. You may wish to use
22101 this option only on files that contain less frequently-executed
22102 code.
22103 -maix64
22105 -maix32
22106 Enable 64-bit AIX ABI and calling convention: 64-bit pointers,
22107 64-bit "long" type, and the infrastructure needed to support them.
22108 Specifying -maix64 implies -mpowerpc64, while -maix32 disables the
22109 64-bit ABI and implies -mno-powerpc64. GCC defaults to -maix32.
22110 -mxl-compat
22112 -mno-xl-compat
22113 Produce code that conforms more closely to IBM XL compiler
22114 semantics when using AIX-compatible ABI. Pass floating-point
22115 arguments to prototyped functions beyond the register save area
22116 (RSA) on the stack in addition to argument FPRs. Do not assume
22117 that most significant double in 128-bit long double value is
22118 properly rounded when comparing values and converting to double.
22119 Use XL symbol names for long double support routines.
22120 The AIX calling convention was extended but not initially
22122 documented to handle an obscure K&R C case of calling a function
22123 that takes the address of its arguments with fewer arguments than
22124 declared. IBM XL compilers access floating-point arguments that do
22125 not fit in the RSA from the stack when a subroutine is compiled
22126 without optimization. Because always storing floating-point
22127 arguments on the stack is inefficient and rarely needed, this
22128 option is not enabled by default and only is necessary when calling
22129 subroutines compiled by IBM XL compilers without optimization.
22130 -mpe
22132 Support IBM RS/6000 SP Parallel Environment (PE). Link an
22133 application written to use message passing with special startup
22134 code to enable the application to run. The system must have PE
22135 installed in the standard location (/usr/lpp/ppe.poe/), or the
22136 specs file must be overridden with the -specs= option to specify
22137 the appropriate directory location. The Parallel Environment does
22138 not support threads, so the -mpe option and the -pthread option are
22139 incompatible.
22140 -malign-natural
22142 -malign-power
22143 On AIX, 32-bit Darwin, and 64-bit PowerPC GNU/Linux, the option
22144 -malign-natural overrides the ABI-defined alignment of larger
22145 types, such as floating-point doubles, on their natural size-based
22146 boundary. The option -malign-power instructs GCC to follow the
22147 ABI-specified alignment rules. GCC defaults to the standard
22148 alignment defined in the ABI.
22149 On 64-bit Darwin, natural alignment is the default, and
22151 -malign-power is not supported.
22152 -msoft-float
22154 -mhard-float
22155 Generate code that does not use (uses) the floating-point register
22156 set. Software floating-point emulation is provided if you use the
22157 -msoft-float option, and pass the option to GCC when linking.
22158 -mmultiple
22160 -mno-multiple
22161 Generate code that uses (does not use) the load multiple word
22162 instructions and the store multiple word instructions. These
22163 instructions are generated by default on POWER systems, and not
22164 generated on PowerPC systems. Do not use -mmultiple on little-
22165 endian PowerPC systems, since those instructions do not work when
22166 the processor is in little-endian mode. The exceptions are PPC740
22167 and PPC750 which permit these instructions in little-endian mode.
22168 -mupdate
22170 -mno-update
22171 Generate code that uses (does not use) the load or store
22172 instructions that update the base register to the address of the
22173 calculated memory location. These instructions are generated by
22174 default. If you use -mno-update, there is a small window between
22175 the time that the stack pointer is updated and the address of the
22176 previous frame is stored, which means code that walks the stack
22177 frame across interrupts or signals may get corrupted data.
22178 -mavoid-indexed-addresses
22180 -mno-avoid-indexed-addresses
22181 Generate code that tries to avoid (not avoid) the use of indexed
22182 load or store instructions. These instructions can incur a
22183 performance penalty on Power6 processors in certain situations,
22184 such as when stepping through large arrays that cross a 16M
22185 boundary. This option is enabled by default when targeting Power6
22186 and disabled otherwise.
22187 -mfused-madd
22189 -mno-fused-madd
22190 Generate code that uses (does not use) the floating-point multiply
22191 and accumulate instructions. These instructions are generated by
22192 default if hardware floating point is used. The machine-dependent
22193 -mfused-madd option is now mapped to the machine-independent
22194 -ffp-contract=fast option, and -mno-fused-madd is mapped to
22195 -ffp-contract=off.
22196 -mmulhw
22198 -mno-mulhw
22199 Generate code that uses (does not use) the half-word multiply and
22200 multiply-accumulate instructions on the IBM 405, 440, 464 and 476
22201 processors. These instructions are generated by default when
22202 targeting those processors.
22203 -mdlmzb
22205 -mno-dlmzb
22206 Generate code that uses (does not use) the string-search dlmzb
22207 instruction on the IBM 405, 440, 464 and 476 processors. This
22208 instruction is generated by default when targeting those
22209 processors.
22210 -mno-bit-align
22212 -mbit-align
22213 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) force
22214 structures and unions that contain bit-fields to be aligned to the
22215 base type of the bit-field.
22216 For example, by default a structure containing nothing but 8
22218 "unsigned" bit-fields of length 1 is aligned to a 4-byte boundary
22219 and has a size of 4 bytes. By using -mno-bit-align, the structure
22220 is aligned to a 1-byte boundary and is 1 byte in size.
22221 -mno-strict-align
22223 -mstrict-align
22224 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) assume that
22225 unaligned memory references are handled by the system.
22226 -mrelocatable
22228 -mno-relocatable
22229 Generate code that allows (does not allow) a static executable to
22230 be relocated to a different address at run time. A simple embedded
22231 PowerPC system loader should relocate the entire contents of
22232 ".got2" and 4-byte locations listed in the ".fixup" section, a
22233 table of 32-bit addresses generated by this option. For this to
22234 work, all objects linked together must be compiled with
22235 -mrelocatable or -mrelocatable-lib. -mrelocatable code aligns the
22236 stack to an 8-byte boundary.
22237 -mrelocatable-lib
22239 -mno-relocatable-lib
22240 Like -mrelocatable, -mrelocatable-lib generates a ".fixup" section
22241 to allow static executables to be relocated at run time, but
22242 -mrelocatable-lib does not use the smaller stack alignment of
22243 -mrelocatable. Objects compiled with -mrelocatable-lib may be
22244 linked with objects compiled with any combination of the
22245 -mrelocatable options.
22246 -mno-toc
22248 -mtoc
22249 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do not (do) assume that
22250 register 2 contains a pointer to a global area pointing to the
22251 addresses used in the program.
22252 -mlittle
22254 -mlittle-endian
22255 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
22256 processor in little-endian mode. The -mlittle-endian option is the
22257 same as -mlittle.
22258 -mbig
22260 -mbig-endian
22261 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
22262 processor in big-endian mode. The -mbig-endian option is the same
22263 as -mbig.
22264 -mdynamic-no-pic
22266 On Darwin and Mac OS X systems, compile code so that it is not
22267 relocatable, but that its external references are relocatable. The
22268 resulting code is suitable for applications, but not shared
22269 libraries.
22270 -msingle-pic-base
22272 Treat the register used for PIC addressing as read-only, rather
22273 than loading it in the prologue for each function. The runtime
22274 system is responsible for initializing this register with an
22275 appropriate value before execution begins.
22276 -mprioritize-restricted-insns=priority
22278 This option controls the priority that is assigned to dispatch-slot
22279 restricted instructions during the second scheduling pass. The
22280 argument priority takes the value 0, 1, or 2 to assign no, highest,
22281 or second-highest (respectively) priority to dispatch-slot
22282 restricted instructions.
22283 -msched-costly-dep=dependence_type
22285 This option controls which dependences are considered costly by the
22286 target during instruction scheduling. The argument dependence_type
22287 takes one of the following values:
22288 no No dependence is costly.
22290 all All dependences are costly.
22292 true_store_to_load
22294 A true dependence from store to load is costly.
22295 store_to_load
22297 Any dependence from store to load is costly.
22298 number
22300 Any dependence for which the latency is greater than or equal
22301 to number is costly.
22302 -minsert-sched-nops=scheme
22304 This option controls which NOP insertion scheme is used during the
22305 second scheduling pass. The argument scheme takes one of the
22306 following values:
22307 no Don't insert NOPs.
22309 pad Pad with NOPs any dispatch group that has vacant issue slots,
22311 according to the scheduler's grouping.
22312 regroup_exact
22314 Insert NOPs to force costly dependent insns into separate
22315 groups. Insert exactly as many NOPs as needed to force an insn
22316 to a new group, according to the estimated processor grouping.
22317 number
22319 Insert NOPs to force costly dependent insns into separate
22320 groups. Insert number NOPs to force an insn to a new group.
22321 -mcall-sysv
22323 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code using
22324 calling conventions that adhere to the March 1995 draft of the
22325 System V Application Binary Interface, PowerPC processor
22326 supplement. This is the default unless you configured GCC using
22327 powerpc-*-eabiaix.
22328 -mcall-sysv-eabi
22330 -mcall-eabi
22331 Specify both -mcall-sysv and -meabi options.
22332 -mcall-sysv-noeabi
22334 Specify both -mcall-sysv and -mno-eabi options.
22335 -mcall-aixdesc
22337 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the AIX
22338 operating system.
22339 -mcall-linux
22341 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
22342 Linux-based GNU system.
22343 -mcall-freebsd
22345 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
22346 FreeBSD operating system.
22347 -mcall-netbsd
22349 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
22350 NetBSD operating system.
22351 -mcall-openbsd
22353 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems compile code for the
22354 OpenBSD operating system.
22355 -mtraceback=traceback_type
22357 Select the type of traceback table. Valid values for traceback_type
22358 are full, part, and no.
22359 -maix-struct-return
22361 Return all structures in memory (as specified by the AIX ABI).
22362 -msvr4-struct-return
22364 Return structures smaller than 8 bytes in registers (as specified
22365 by the SVR4 ABI).
22366 -mabi=abi-type
22368 Extend the current ABI with a particular extension, or remove such
22369 extension. Valid values are altivec, no-altivec, ibmlongdouble,
22370 ieeelongdouble, elfv1, elfv2.
22371 -mabi=ibmlongdouble
22373 Change the current ABI to use IBM extended-precision long double.
22374 This is not likely to work if your system defaults to using IEEE
22375 extended-precision long double. If you change the long double type
22376 from IEEE extended-precision, the compiler will issue a warning
22377 unless you use the -Wno-psabi option. Requires -mlong-double-128
22378 to be enabled.
22379 -mabi=ieeelongdouble
22381 Change the current ABI to use IEEE extended-precision long double.
22382 This is not likely to work if your system defaults to using IBM
22383 extended-precision long double. If you change the long double type
22384 from IBM extended-precision, the compiler will issue a warning
22385 unless you use the -Wno-psabi option. Requires -mlong-double-128
22386 to be enabled.
22387 -mabi=elfv1
22389 Change the current ABI to use the ELFv1 ABI. This is the default
22390 ABI for big-endian PowerPC 64-bit Linux. Overriding the default
22391 ABI requires special system support and is likely to fail in
22392 spectacular ways.
22393 -mabi=elfv2
22395 Change the current ABI to use the ELFv2 ABI. This is the default
22396 ABI for little-endian PowerPC 64-bit Linux. Overriding the default
22397 ABI requires special system support and is likely to fail in
22398 spectacular ways.
22399 -mgnu-attribute
22401 -mno-gnu-attribute
22402 Emit .gnu_attribute assembly directives to set tag/value pairs in a
22403 .gnu.attributes section that specify ABI variations in function
22404 parameters or return values.
22405 -mprototype
22407 -mno-prototype
22408 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems assume that all calls to
22409 variable argument functions are properly prototyped. Otherwise,
22410 the compiler must insert an instruction before every non-prototyped
22411 call to set or clear bit 6 of the condition code register ("CR") to
22412 indicate whether floating-point values are passed in the floating-
22413 point registers in case the function takes variable arguments.
22414 With -mprototype, only calls to prototyped variable argument
22415 functions set or clear the bit.
22416 -msim
22418 On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
22419 called sim-crt0.o and that the standard C libraries are libsim.a
22420 and libc.a. This is the default for powerpc-*-eabisim
22421 configurations.
22422 -mmvme
22424 On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
22425 called crt0.o and the standard C libraries are libmvme.a and
22426 libc.a.
22427 -mads
22429 On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
22430 called crt0.o and the standard C libraries are libads.a and libc.a.
22431 -myellowknife
22433 On embedded PowerPC systems, assume that the startup module is
22434 called crt0.o and the standard C libraries are libyk.a and libc.a.
22435 -mvxworks
22437 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, specify that you are
22438 compiling for a VxWorks system.
22439 -memb
22441 On embedded PowerPC systems, set the "PPC_EMB" bit in the ELF flags
22442 header to indicate that eabi extended relocations are used.
22443 -meabi
22445 -mno-eabi
22446 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do (do not) adhere to
22447 the Embedded Applications Binary Interface (EABI), which is a set
22448 of modifications to the System V.4 specifications. Selecting
22449 -meabi means that the stack is aligned to an 8-byte boundary, a
22450 function "__eabi" is called from "main" to set up the EABI
22451 environment, and the -msdata option can use both "r2" and "r13" to
22452 point to two separate small data areas. Selecting -mno-eabi means
22453 that the stack is aligned to a 16-byte boundary, no EABI
22454 initialization function is called from "main", and the -msdata
22455 option only uses "r13" to point to a single small data area. The
22456 -meabi option is on by default if you configured GCC using one of
22457 the powerpc*-*-eabi* options.
22458 -msdata=eabi
22460 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, put small initialized
22461 "const" global and static data in the ".sdata2" section, which is
22462 pointed to by register "r2". Put small initialized non-"const"
22463 global and static data in the ".sdata" section, which is pointed to
22464 by register "r13". Put small uninitialized global and static data
22465 in the ".sbss" section, which is adjacent to the ".sdata" section.
22466 The -msdata=eabi option is incompatible with the -mrelocatable
22467 option. The -msdata=eabi option also sets the -memb option.
22468 -msdata=sysv
22470 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, put small global and
22471 static data in the ".sdata" section, which is pointed to by
22472 register "r13". Put small uninitialized global and static data in
22473 the ".sbss" section, which is adjacent to the ".sdata" section.
22474 The -msdata=sysv option is incompatible with the -mrelocatable
22475 option.
22476 -msdata=default
22478 -msdata
22479 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, if -meabi is used,
22480 compile code the same as -msdata=eabi, otherwise compile code the
22481 same as -msdata=sysv.
22482 -msdata=data
22484 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems, put small global data
22485 in the ".sdata" section. Put small uninitialized global data in
22486 the ".sbss" section. Do not use register "r13" to address small
22487 data however. This is the default behavior unless other -msdata
22488 options are used.
22489 -msdata=none
22491 -mno-sdata
22492 On embedded PowerPC systems, put all initialized global and static
22493 data in the ".data" section, and all uninitialized data in the
22494 ".bss" section.
22495 -mreadonly-in-sdata
22497 Put read-only objects in the ".sdata" section as well. This is the
22498 default.
22499 -mblock-move-inline-limit=num
22501 Inline all block moves (such as calls to "memcpy" or structure
22502 copies) less than or equal to num bytes. The minimum value for num
22503 is 32 bytes on 32-bit targets and 64 bytes on 64-bit targets. The
22504 default value is target-specific.
22505 -mblock-compare-inline-limit=num
22507 Generate non-looping inline code for all block compares (such as
22508 calls to "memcmp" or structure compares) less than or equal to num
22509 bytes. If num is 0, all inline expansion (non-loop and loop) of
22510 block compare is disabled. The default value is target-specific.
22511 -mblock-compare-inline-loop-limit=num
22513 Generate an inline expansion using loop code for all block compares
22514 that are less than or equal to num bytes, but greater than the
22515 limit for non-loop inline block compare expansion. If the block
22516 length is not constant, at most num bytes will be compared before
22517 "memcmp" is called to compare the remainder of the block. The
22518 default value is target-specific.
22519 -mstring-compare-inline-limit=num
22521 Compare at most num string bytes with inline code. If the
22522 difference or end of string is not found at the end of the inline
22523 compare a call to "strcmp" or "strncmp" will take care of the rest
22524 of the comparison. The default is 64 bytes.
22525 -G num
22527 On embedded PowerPC systems, put global and static items less than
22528 or equal to num bytes into the small data or BSS sections instead
22529 of the normal data or BSS section. By default, num is 8. The -G
22530 num switch is also passed to the linker. All modules should be
22531 compiled with the same -G num value.
22532 -mregnames
22534 -mno-regnames
22535 On System V.4 and embedded PowerPC systems do (do not) emit
22536 register names in the assembly language output using symbolic
22537 forms.
22538 -mlongcall
22540 -mno-longcall
22541 By default assume that all calls are far away so that a longer and
22542 more expensive calling sequence is required. This is required for
22543 calls farther than 32 megabytes (33,554,432 bytes) from the current
22544 location. A short call is generated if the compiler knows the call
22545 cannot be that far away. This setting can be overridden by the
22546 "shortcall" function attribute, or by "#pragma longcall(0)".
22547 Some linkers are capable of detecting out-of-range calls and
22549 generating glue code on the fly. On these systems, long calls are
22550 unnecessary and generate slower code. As of this writing, the AIX
22551 linker can do this, as can the GNU linker for PowerPC/64. It is
22552 planned to add this feature to the GNU linker for 32-bit PowerPC
22553 systems as well.
22554 On PowerPC64 ELFv2 and 32-bit PowerPC systems with newer GNU
22556 linkers, GCC can generate long calls using an inline PLT call
22557 sequence (see -mpltseq). PowerPC with -mbss-plt and PowerPC64
22558 ELFv1 (big-endian) do not support inline PLT calls.
22559 On Darwin/PPC systems, "#pragma longcall" generates "jbsr callee,
22561 L42", plus a branch island (glue code). The two target addresses
22562 represent the callee and the branch island. The Darwin/PPC linker
22563 prefers the first address and generates a "bl callee" if the PPC
22564 "bl" instruction reaches the callee directly; otherwise, the linker
22565 generates "bl L42" to call the branch island. The branch island is
22566 appended to the body of the calling function; it computes the full
22567 32-bit address of the callee and jumps to it.
22568 On Mach-O (Darwin) systems, this option directs the compiler emit
22570 to the glue for every direct call, and the Darwin linker decides
22571 whether to use or discard it.
22572 In the future, GCC may ignore all longcall specifications when the
22574 linker is known to generate glue.
22575 -mpltseq
22577 -mno-pltseq
22578 Implement (do not implement) -fno-plt and long calls using an
22579 inline PLT call sequence that supports lazy linking and long calls
22580 to functions in dlopen'd shared libraries. Inline PLT calls are
22581 only supported on PowerPC64 ELFv2 and 32-bit PowerPC systems with
22582 newer GNU linkers, and are enabled by default if the support is
22583 detected when configuring GCC, and, in the case of 32-bit PowerPC,
22584 if GCC is configured with --enable-secureplt. -mpltseq code and
22585 -mbss-plt 32-bit PowerPC relocatable objects may not be linked
22586 together.
22587 -mtls-markers
22589 -mno-tls-markers
22590 Mark (do not mark) calls to "__tls_get_addr" with a relocation
22591 specifying the function argument. The relocation allows the linker
22592 to reliably associate function call with argument setup
22593 instructions for TLS optimization, which in turn allows GCC to
22594 better schedule the sequence.
22595 -mrecip
22597 -mno-recip
22598 This option enables use of the reciprocal estimate and reciprocal
22599 square root estimate instructions with additional Newton-Raphson
22600 steps to increase precision instead of doing a divide or square
22601 root and divide for floating-point arguments. You should use the
22602 -ffast-math option when using -mrecip (or at least
22603 -funsafe-math-optimizations, -ffinite-math-only, -freciprocal-math
22604 and -fno-trapping-math). Note that while the throughput of the
22605 sequence is generally higher than the throughput of the non-
22606 reciprocal instruction, the precision of the sequence can be
22607 decreased by up to 2 ulp (i.e. the inverse of 1.0 equals
22608 0.99999994) for reciprocal square roots.
22609 -mrecip=opt
22611 This option controls which reciprocal estimate instructions may be
22612 used. opt is a comma-separated list of options, which may be
22613 preceded by a "!" to invert the option:
22614 all Enable all estimate instructions.
22616 default
22618 Enable the default instructions, equivalent to -mrecip.
22619 none
22621 Disable all estimate instructions, equivalent to -mno-recip.
22622 div Enable the reciprocal approximation instructions for both
22624 single and double precision.
22625 divf
22627 Enable the single-precision reciprocal approximation
22628 instructions.
22629 divd
22631 Enable the double-precision reciprocal approximation
22632 instructions.
22633 rsqrt
22635 Enable the reciprocal square root approximation instructions
22636 for both single and double precision.
22637 rsqrtf
22639 Enable the single-precision reciprocal square root
22640 approximation instructions.
22641 rsqrtd
22643 Enable the double-precision reciprocal square root
22644 approximation instructions.
22645 So, for example, -mrecip=all,!rsqrtd enables all of the reciprocal
22647 estimate instructions, except for the "FRSQRTE", "XSRSQRTEDP", and
22648 "XVRSQRTEDP" instructions which handle the double-precision
22649 reciprocal square root calculations.
22650 -mrecip-precision
22652 -mno-recip-precision
22653 Assume (do not assume) that the reciprocal estimate instructions
22654 provide higher-precision estimates than is mandated by the PowerPC
22655 ABI. Selecting -mcpu=power6, -mcpu=power7 or -mcpu=power8
22656 automatically selects -mrecip-precision. The double-precision
22657 square root estimate instructions are not generated by default on
22658 low-precision machines, since they do not provide an estimate that
22659 converges after three steps.
22660 -mveclibabi=type
22662 Specifies the ABI type to use for vectorizing intrinsics using an
22663 external library. The only type supported at present is mass,
22664 which specifies to use IBM's Mathematical Acceleration Subsystem
22665 (MASS) libraries for vectorizing intrinsics using external
22666 libraries. GCC currently emits calls to "acosd2", "acosf4",
22667 "acoshd2", "acoshf4", "asind2", "asinf4", "asinhd2", "asinhf4",
22668 "atan2d2", "atan2f4", "atand2", "atanf4", "atanhd2", "atanhf4",
22669 "cbrtd2", "cbrtf4", "cosd2", "cosf4", "coshd2", "coshf4", "erfcd2",
22670 "erfcf4", "erfd2", "erff4", "exp2d2", "exp2f4", "expd2", "expf4",
22671 "expm1d2", "expm1f4", "hypotd2", "hypotf4", "lgammad2", "lgammaf4",
22672 "log10d2", "log10f4", "log1pd2", "log1pf4", "log2d2", "log2f4",
22673 "logd2", "logf4", "powd2", "powf4", "sind2", "sinf4", "sinhd2",
22674 "sinhf4", "sqrtd2", "sqrtf4", "tand2", "tanf4", "tanhd2", and
22675 "tanhf4" when generating code for power7. Both -ftree-vectorize
22676 and -funsafe-math-optimizations must also be enabled. The MASS
22677 libraries must be specified at link time.
22678 -mfriz
22680 -mno-friz
22681 Generate (do not generate) the "friz" instruction when the
22682 -funsafe-math-optimizations option is used to optimize rounding of
22683 floating-point values to 64-bit integer and back to floating point.
22684 The "friz" instruction does not return the same value if the
22685 floating-point number is too large to fit in an integer.
22686 -mpointers-to-nested-functions
22688 -mno-pointers-to-nested-functions
22689 Generate (do not generate) code to load up the static chain
22690 register ("r11") when calling through a pointer on AIX and 64-bit
22691 Linux systems where a function pointer points to a 3-word
22692 descriptor giving the function address, TOC value to be loaded in
22693 register "r2", and static chain value to be loaded in register
22694 "r11". The -mpointers-to-nested-functions is on by default. You
22695 cannot call through pointers to nested functions or pointers to
22696 functions compiled in other languages that use the static chain if
22697 you use -mno-pointers-to-nested-functions.
22698 -msave-toc-indirect
22700 -mno-save-toc-indirect
22701 Generate (do not generate) code to save the TOC value in the
22702 reserved stack location in the function prologue if the function
22703 calls through a pointer on AIX and 64-bit Linux systems. If the
22704 TOC value is not saved in the prologue, it is saved just before the
22705 call through the pointer. The -mno-save-toc-indirect option is the
22706 default.
22707 -mcompat-align-parm
22709 -mno-compat-align-parm
22710 Generate (do not generate) code to pass structure parameters with a
22711 maximum alignment of 64 bits, for compatibility with older versions
22712 of GCC.
22713 Older versions of GCC (prior to 4.9.0) incorrectly did not align a
22715 structure parameter on a 128-bit boundary when that structure
22716 contained a member requiring 128-bit alignment. This is corrected
22717 in more recent versions of GCC. This option may be used to
22718 generate code that is compatible with functions compiled with older
22719 versions of GCC.
22720 The -mno-compat-align-parm option is the default.
22722 -mstack-protector-guard=guard
22724 -mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
22725 -mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset
22726 -mstack-protector-guard-symbol=symbol
22727 Generate stack protection code using canary at guard. Supported
22728 locations are global for global canary or tls for per-thread canary
22729 in the TLS block (the default with GNU libc version 2.4 or later).
22730 With the latter choice the options -mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
22732 and -mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset furthermore specify which
22733 register to use as base register for reading the canary, and from
22734 what offset from that base register. The default for those is as
22735 specified in the relevant ABI.
22736 -mstack-protector-guard-symbol=symbol overrides the offset with a
22737 symbol reference to a canary in the TLS block.
22738 -mpcrel
22740 -mno-pcrel
22741 Generate (do not generate) pc-relative addressing when the option
22742 -mcpu=future is used. The -mpcrel option requires that the medium
22743 code model (-mcmodel=medium) and prefixed addressing (-mprefixed)
22744 options are enabled.
22745 -mprefixed
22747 -mno-prefixed
22748 Generate (do not generate) addressing modes using prefixed load and
22749 store instructions when the option -mcpu=future is used.
22750 -mmma
22752 -mno-mma
22753 Generate (do not generate) the MMA instructions when the option
22754 -mcpu=future is used.
22755 RX Options
22757 These command-line options are defined for RX targets:
22759 -m64bit-doubles
22761 -m32bit-doubles
22762 Make the "double" data type be 64 bits (-m64bit-doubles) or 32 bits
22763 (-m32bit-doubles) in size. The default is -m32bit-doubles. Note
22764 RX floating-point hardware only works on 32-bit values, which is
22765 why the default is -m32bit-doubles.
22766 -fpu
22768 -nofpu
22769 Enables (-fpu) or disables (-nofpu) the use of RX floating-point
22770 hardware. The default is enabled for the RX600 series and disabled
22771 for the RX200 series.
22772 Floating-point instructions are only generated for 32-bit floating-
22774 point values, however, so the FPU hardware is not used for doubles
22775 if the -m64bit-doubles option is used.
22776 Note If the -fpu option is enabled then -funsafe-math-optimizations
22778 is also enabled automatically. This is because the RX FPU
22779 instructions are themselves unsafe.
22780 -mcpu=name
22782 Selects the type of RX CPU to be targeted. Currently three types
22783 are supported, the generic RX600 and RX200 series hardware and the
22784 specific RX610 CPU. The default is RX600.
22785 The only difference between RX600 and RX610 is that the RX610 does
22787 not support the "MVTIPL" instruction.
22788 The RX200 series does not have a hardware floating-point unit and
22790 so -nofpu is enabled by default when this type is selected.
22791 -mbig-endian-data
22793 -mlittle-endian-data
22794 Store data (but not code) in the big-endian format. The default is
22795 -mlittle-endian-data, i.e. to store data in the little-endian
22796 format.
22797 -msmall-data-limit=N
22799 Specifies the maximum size in bytes of global and static variables
22800 which can be placed into the small data area. Using the small data
22801 area can lead to smaller and faster code, but the size of area is
22802 limited and it is up to the programmer to ensure that the area does
22803 not overflow. Also when the small data area is used one of the
22804 RX's registers (usually "r13") is reserved for use pointing to this
22805 area, so it is no longer available for use by the compiler. This
22806 could result in slower and/or larger code if variables are pushed
22807 onto the stack instead of being held in this register.
22808 Note, common variables (variables that have not been initialized)
22810 and constants are not placed into the small data area as they are
22811 assigned to other sections in the output executable.
22812 The default value is zero, which disables this feature. Note, this
22814 feature is not enabled by default with higher optimization levels
22815 (-O2 etc) because of the potentially detrimental effects of
22816 reserving a register. It is up to the programmer to experiment and
22817 discover whether this feature is of benefit to their program. See
22818 the description of the -mpid option for a description of how the
22819 actual register to hold the small data area pointer is chosen.
22820 -msim
22822 -mno-sim
22823 Use the simulator runtime. The default is to use the libgloss
22824 board-specific runtime.
22825 -mas100-syntax
22827 -mno-as100-syntax
22828 When generating assembler output use a syntax that is compatible
22829 with Renesas's AS100 assembler. This syntax can also be handled by
22830 the GAS assembler, but it has some restrictions so it is not
22831 generated by default.
22832 -mmax-constant-size=N
22834 Specifies the maximum size, in bytes, of a constant that can be
22835 used as an operand in a RX instruction. Although the RX
22836 instruction set does allow constants of up to 4 bytes in length to
22837 be used in instructions, a longer value equates to a longer
22838 instruction. Thus in some circumstances it can be beneficial to
22839 restrict the size of constants that are used in instructions.
22840 Constants that are too big are instead placed into a constant pool
22841 and referenced via register indirection.
22842 The value N can be between 0 and 4. A value of 0 (the default) or
22844 4 means that constants of any size are allowed.
22845 -mrelax
22847 Enable linker relaxation. Linker relaxation is a process whereby
22848 the linker attempts to reduce the size of a program by finding
22849 shorter versions of various instructions. Disabled by default.
22850 -mint-register=N
22852 Specify the number of registers to reserve for fast interrupt
22853 handler functions. The value N can be between 0 and 4. A value of
22854 1 means that register "r13" is reserved for the exclusive use of
22855 fast interrupt handlers. A value of 2 reserves "r13" and "r12". A
22856 value of 3 reserves "r13", "r12" and "r11", and a value of 4
22857 reserves "r13" through "r10". A value of 0, the default, does not
22858 reserve any registers.
22859 -msave-acc-in-interrupts
22861 Specifies that interrupt handler functions should preserve the
22862 accumulator register. This is only necessary if normal code might
22863 use the accumulator register, for example because it performs
22864 64-bit multiplications. The default is to ignore the accumulator
22865 as this makes the interrupt handlers faster.
22866 -mpid
22868 -mno-pid
22869 Enables the generation of position independent data. When enabled
22870 any access to constant data is done via an offset from a base
22871 address held in a register. This allows the location of constant
22872 data to be determined at run time without requiring the executable
22873 to be relocated, which is a benefit to embedded applications with
22874 tight memory constraints. Data that can be modified is not
22875 affected by this option.
22876 Note, using this feature reserves a register, usually "r13", for
22878 the constant data base address. This can result in slower and/or
22879 larger code, especially in complicated functions.
22880 The actual register chosen to hold the constant data base address
22882 depends upon whether the -msmall-data-limit and/or the
22883 -mint-register command-line options are enabled. Starting with
22884 register "r13" and proceeding downwards, registers are allocated
22885 first to satisfy the requirements of -mint-register, then -mpid and
22886 finally -msmall-data-limit. Thus it is possible for the small data
22887 area register to be "r8" if both -mint-register=4 and -mpid are
22888 specified on the command line.
22889 By default this feature is not enabled. The default can be
22891 restored via the -mno-pid command-line option.
22892 -mno-warn-multiple-fast-interrupts
22894 -mwarn-multiple-fast-interrupts
22895 Prevents GCC from issuing a warning message if it finds more than
22896 one fast interrupt handler when it is compiling a file. The
22897 default is to issue a warning for each extra fast interrupt handler
22898 found, as the RX only supports one such interrupt.
22899 -mallow-string-insns
22901 -mno-allow-string-insns
22902 Enables or disables the use of the string manipulation instructions
22903 "SMOVF", "SCMPU", "SMOVB", "SMOVU", "SUNTIL" "SWHILE" and also the
22904 "RMPA" instruction. These instructions may prefetch data, which is
22905 not safe to do if accessing an I/O register. (See section 12.2.7
22906 of the RX62N Group User's Manual for more information).
22907 The default is to allow these instructions, but it is not possible
22909 for GCC to reliably detect all circumstances where a string
22910 instruction might be used to access an I/O register, so their use
22911 cannot be disabled automatically. Instead it is reliant upon the
22912 programmer to use the -mno-allow-string-insns option if their
22913 program accesses I/O space.
22914 When the instructions are enabled GCC defines the C preprocessor
22916 symbol "__RX_ALLOW_STRING_INSNS__", otherwise it defines the symbol
22917 "__RX_DISALLOW_STRING_INSNS__".
22918 -mjsr
22920 -mno-jsr
22921 Use only (or not only) "JSR" instructions to access functions.
22922 This option can be used when code size exceeds the range of "BSR"
22923 instructions. Note that -mno-jsr does not mean to not use "JSR"
22924 but instead means that any type of branch may be used.
22925 Note: The generic GCC command-line option -ffixed-reg has special
22927 significance to the RX port when used with the "interrupt" function
22928 attribute. This attribute indicates a function intended to process
22929 fast interrupts. GCC ensures that it only uses the registers "r10",
22930 "r11", "r12" and/or "r13" and only provided that the normal use of the
22931 corresponding registers have been restricted via the -ffixed-reg or
22932 -mint-register command-line options.
22933 S/390 and zSeries Options
22935 These are the -m options defined for the S/390 and zSeries
22937 architecture.
22938 -mhard-float
22940 -msoft-float
22941 Use (do not use) the hardware floating-point instructions and
22942 registers for floating-point operations. When -msoft-float is
22943 specified, functions in libgcc.a are used to perform floating-point
22944 operations. When -mhard-float is specified, the compiler generates
22945 IEEE floating-point instructions. This is the default.
22946 -mhard-dfp
22948 -mno-hard-dfp
22949 Use (do not use) the hardware decimal-floating-point instructions
22950 for decimal-floating-point operations. When -mno-hard-dfp is
22951 specified, functions in libgcc.a are used to perform decimal-
22952 floating-point operations. When -mhard-dfp is specified, the
22953 compiler generates decimal-floating-point hardware instructions.
22954 This is the default for -march=z9-ec or higher.
22955 -mlong-double-64
22957 -mlong-double-128
22958 These switches control the size of "long double" type. A size of 64
22959 bits makes the "long double" type equivalent to the "double" type.
22960 This is the default.
22961 -mbackchain
22963 -mno-backchain
22964 Store (do not store) the address of the caller's frame as backchain
22965 pointer into the callee's stack frame. A backchain may be needed
22966 to allow debugging using tools that do not understand DWARF call
22967 frame information. When -mno-packed-stack is in effect, the
22968 backchain pointer is stored at the bottom of the stack frame; when
22969 -mpacked-stack is in effect, the backchain is placed into the
22970 topmost word of the 96/160 byte register save area.
22971 In general, code compiled with -mbackchain is call-compatible with
22973 code compiled with -mmo-backchain; however, use of the backchain
22974 for debugging purposes usually requires that the whole binary is
22975 built with -mbackchain. Note that the combination of -mbackchain,
22976 -mpacked-stack and -mhard-float is not supported. In order to
22977 build a linux kernel use -msoft-float.
22978 The default is to not maintain the backchain.
22980 -mpacked-stack
22982 -mno-packed-stack
22983 Use (do not use) the packed stack layout. When -mno-packed-stack
22984 is specified, the compiler uses the all fields of the 96/160 byte
22985 register save area only for their default purpose; unused fields
22986 still take up stack space. When -mpacked-stack is specified,
22987 register save slots are densely packed at the top of the register
22988 save area; unused space is reused for other purposes, allowing for
22989 more efficient use of the available stack space. However, when
22990 -mbackchain is also in effect, the topmost word of the save area is
22991 always used to store the backchain, and the return address register
22992 is always saved two words below the backchain.
22993 As long as the stack frame backchain is not used, code generated
22995 with -mpacked-stack is call-compatible with code generated with
22996 -mno-packed-stack. Note that some non-FSF releases of GCC 2.95 for
22997 S/390 or zSeries generated code that uses the stack frame backchain
22998 at run time, not just for debugging purposes. Such code is not
22999 call-compatible with code compiled with -mpacked-stack. Also, note
23000 that the combination of -mbackchain, -mpacked-stack and
23001 -mhard-float is not supported. In order to build a linux kernel
23002 use -msoft-float.
23003 The default is to not use the packed stack layout.
23005 -msmall-exec
23007 -mno-small-exec
23008 Generate (or do not generate) code using the "bras" instruction to
23009 do subroutine calls. This only works reliably if the total
23010 executable size does not exceed 64k. The default is to use the
23011 "basr" instruction instead, which does not have this limitation.
23012 -m64
23014 -m31
23015 When -m31 is specified, generate code compliant to the GNU/Linux
23016 for S/390 ABI. When -m64 is specified, generate code compliant to
23017 the GNU/Linux for zSeries ABI. This allows GCC in particular to
23018 generate 64-bit instructions. For the s390 targets, the default is
23019 -m31, while the s390x targets default to -m64.
23020 -mzarch
23022 -mesa
23023 When -mzarch is specified, generate code using the instructions
23024 available on z/Architecture. When -mesa is specified, generate
23025 code using the instructions available on ESA/390. Note that -mesa
23026 is not possible with -m64. When generating code compliant to the
23027 GNU/Linux for S/390 ABI, the default is -mesa. When generating
23028 code compliant to the GNU/Linux for zSeries ABI, the default is
23029 -mzarch.
23030 -mhtm
23032 -mno-htm
23033 The -mhtm option enables a set of builtins making use of
23034 instructions available with the transactional execution facility
23035 introduced with the IBM zEnterprise EC12 machine generation S/390
23036 System z Built-in Functions. -mhtm is enabled by default when
23037 using -march=zEC12.
23038 -mvx
23040 -mno-vx
23041 When -mvx is specified, generate code using the instructions
23042 available with the vector extension facility introduced with the
23043 IBM z13 machine generation. This option changes the ABI for some
23044 vector type values with regard to alignment and calling
23045 conventions. In case vector type values are being used in an ABI-
23046 relevant context a GAS .gnu_attribute command will be added to mark
23047 the resulting binary with the ABI used. -mvx is enabled by default
23048 when using -march=z13.
23049 -mzvector
23051 -mno-zvector
23052 The -mzvector option enables vector language extensions and
23053 builtins using instructions available with the vector extension
23054 facility introduced with the IBM z13 machine generation. This
23055 option adds support for vector to be used as a keyword to define
23056 vector type variables and arguments. vector is only available when
23057 GNU extensions are enabled. It will not be expanded when
23058 requesting strict standard compliance e.g. with -std=c99. In
23059 addition to the GCC low-level builtins -mzvector enables a set of
23060 builtins added for compatibility with AltiVec-style implementations
23061 like Power and Cell. In order to make use of these builtins the
23062 header file vecintrin.h needs to be included. -mzvector is
23063 disabled by default.
23064 -mmvcle
23066 -mno-mvcle
23067 Generate (or do not generate) code using the "mvcle" instruction to
23068 perform block moves. When -mno-mvcle is specified, use a "mvc"
23069 loop instead. This is the default unless optimizing for size.
23070 -mdebug
23072 -mno-debug
23073 Print (or do not print) additional debug information when
23074 compiling. The default is to not print debug information.
23075 -march=cpu-type
23077 Generate code that runs on cpu-type, which is the name of a system
23078 representing a certain processor type. Possible values for cpu-
23079 type are z900/arch5, z990/arch6, z9-109, z9-ec/arch7, z10/arch8,
23080 z196/arch9, zEC12, z13/arch11, z14/arch12, and native.
23081 The default is -march=z900.
23083 Specifying native as cpu type can be used to select the best
23085 architecture option for the host processor. -march=native has no
23086 effect if GCC does not recognize the processor.
23087 -mtune=cpu-type
23089 Tune to cpu-type everything applicable about the generated code,
23090 except for the ABI and the set of available instructions. The list
23091 of cpu-type values is the same as for -march. The default is the
23092 value used for -march.
23093 -mtpf-trace
23095 -mno-tpf-trace
23096 Generate code that adds (does not add) in TPF OS specific branches
23097 to trace routines in the operating system. This option is off by
23098 default, even when compiling for the TPF OS.
23099 -mtpf-trace-skip
23101 -mno-tpf-trace-skip
23102 Generate code that changes (does not change) the default branch
23103 targets enabled by -mtpf-trace to point to specialized trace
23104 routines providing the ability of selectively skipping function
23105 trace entries for the TPF OS. This option is off by default, even
23106 when compiling for the TPF OS and specifying -mtpf-trace.
23107 -mfused-madd
23109 -mno-fused-madd
23110 Generate code that uses (does not use) the floating-point multiply
23111 and accumulate instructions. These instructions are generated by
23112 default if hardware floating point is used.
23113 -mwarn-framesize=framesize
23115 Emit a warning if the current function exceeds the given frame
23116 size. Because this is a compile-time check it doesn't need to be a
23117 real problem when the program runs. It is intended to identify
23118 functions that most probably cause a stack overflow. It is useful
23119 to be used in an environment with limited stack size e.g. the linux
23120 kernel.
23121 -mwarn-dynamicstack
23123 Emit a warning if the function calls "alloca" or uses dynamically-
23124 sized arrays. This is generally a bad idea with a limited stack
23125 size.
23126 -mstack-guard=stack-guard
23128 -mstack-size=stack-size
23129 If these options are provided the S/390 back end emits additional
23130 instructions in the function prologue that trigger a trap if the
23131 stack size is stack-guard bytes above the stack-size (remember that
23132 the stack on S/390 grows downward). If the stack-guard option is
23133 omitted the smallest power of 2 larger than the frame size of the
23134 compiled function is chosen. These options are intended to be used
23135 to help debugging stack overflow problems. The additionally
23136 emitted code causes only little overhead and hence can also be used
23137 in production-like systems without greater performance degradation.
23138 The given values have to be exact powers of 2 and stack-size has to
23139 be greater than stack-guard without exceeding 64k. In order to be
23140 efficient the extra code makes the assumption that the stack starts
23141 at an address aligned to the value given by stack-size. The stack-
23142 guard option can only be used in conjunction with stack-size.
23143 -mhotpatch=pre-halfwords,post-halfwords
23145 If the hotpatch option is enabled, a "hot-patching" function
23146 prologue is generated for all functions in the compilation unit.
23147 The funtion label is prepended with the given number of two-byte
23148 NOP instructions (pre-halfwords, maximum 1000000). After the
23149 label, 2 * post-halfwords bytes are appended, using the largest NOP
23150 like instructions the architecture allows (maximum 1000000).
23151 If both arguments are zero, hotpatching is disabled.
23153 This option can be overridden for individual functions with the
23155 "hotpatch" attribute.
23156 Score Options
23158 These options are defined for Score implementations:
23160 -meb
23162 Compile code for big-endian mode. This is the default.
23163 -mel
23165 Compile code for little-endian mode.
23166 -mnhwloop
23168 Disable generation of "bcnz" instructions.
23169 -muls
23171 Enable generation of unaligned load and store instructions.
23172 -mmac
23174 Enable the use of multiply-accumulate instructions. Disabled by
23175 default.
23176 -mscore5
23178 Specify the SCORE5 as the target architecture.
23179 -mscore5u
23181 Specify the SCORE5U of the target architecture.
23182 -mscore7
23184 Specify the SCORE7 as the target architecture. This is the default.
23185 -mscore7d
23187 Specify the SCORE7D as the target architecture.
23188 SH Options
23190 These -m options are defined for the SH implementations:
23192 -m1 Generate code for the SH1.
23194 -m2 Generate code for the SH2.
23196 -m2e
23198 Generate code for the SH2e.
23199 -m2a-nofpu
23201 Generate code for the SH2a without FPU, or for a SH2a-FPU in such a
23202 way that the floating-point unit is not used.
23203 -m2a-single-only
23205 Generate code for the SH2a-FPU, in such a way that no double-
23206 precision floating-point operations are used.
23207 -m2a-single
23209 Generate code for the SH2a-FPU assuming the floating-point unit is
23210 in single-precision mode by default.
23211 -m2a
23213 Generate code for the SH2a-FPU assuming the floating-point unit is
23214 in double-precision mode by default.
23215 -m3 Generate code for the SH3.
23217 -m3e
23219 Generate code for the SH3e.
23220 -m4-nofpu
23222 Generate code for the SH4 without a floating-point unit.
23223 -m4-single-only
23225 Generate code for the SH4 with a floating-point unit that only
23226 supports single-precision arithmetic.
23227 -m4-single
23229 Generate code for the SH4 assuming the floating-point unit is in
23230 single-precision mode by default.
23231 -m4 Generate code for the SH4.
23233 -m4-100
23235 Generate code for SH4-100.
23236 -m4-100-nofpu
23238 Generate code for SH4-100 in such a way that the floating-point
23239 unit is not used.
23240 -m4-100-single
23242 Generate code for SH4-100 assuming the floating-point unit is in
23243 single-precision mode by default.
23244 -m4-100-single-only
23246 Generate code for SH4-100 in such a way that no double-precision
23247 floating-point operations are used.
23248 -m4-200
23250 Generate code for SH4-200.
23251 -m4-200-nofpu
23253 Generate code for SH4-200 without in such a way that the floating-
23254 point unit is not used.
23255 -m4-200-single
23257 Generate code for SH4-200 assuming the floating-point unit is in
23258 single-precision mode by default.
23259 -m4-200-single-only
23261 Generate code for SH4-200 in such a way that no double-precision
23262 floating-point operations are used.
23263 -m4-300
23265 Generate code for SH4-300.
23266 -m4-300-nofpu
23268 Generate code for SH4-300 without in such a way that the floating-
23269 point unit is not used.
23270 -m4-300-single
23272 Generate code for SH4-300 in such a way that no double-precision
23273 floating-point operations are used.
23274 -m4-300-single-only
23276 Generate code for SH4-300 in such a way that no double-precision
23277 floating-point operations are used.
23278 -m4-340
23280 Generate code for SH4-340 (no MMU, no FPU).
23281 -m4-500
23283 Generate code for SH4-500 (no FPU). Passes -isa=sh4-nofpu to the
23284 assembler.
23285 -m4a-nofpu
23287 Generate code for the SH4al-dsp, or for a SH4a in such a way that
23288 the floating-point unit is not used.
23289 -m4a-single-only
23291 Generate code for the SH4a, in such a way that no double-precision
23292 floating-point operations are used.
23293 -m4a-single
23295 Generate code for the SH4a assuming the floating-point unit is in
23296 single-precision mode by default.
23297 -m4a
23299 Generate code for the SH4a.
23300 -m4al
23302 Same as -m4a-nofpu, except that it implicitly passes -dsp to the
23303 assembler. GCC doesn't generate any DSP instructions at the
23304 moment.
23305 -mb Compile code for the processor in big-endian mode.
23307 -ml Compile code for the processor in little-endian mode.
23309 -mdalign
23311 Align doubles at 64-bit boundaries. Note that this changes the
23312 calling conventions, and thus some functions from the standard C
23313 library do not work unless you recompile it first with -mdalign.
23314 -mrelax
23316 Shorten some address references at link time, when possible; uses
23317 the linker option -relax.
23318 -mbigtable
23320 Use 32-bit offsets in "switch" tables. The default is to use
23321 16-bit offsets.
23322 -mbitops
23324 Enable the use of bit manipulation instructions on SH2A.
23325 -mfmovd
23327 Enable the use of the instruction "fmovd". Check -mdalign for
23328 alignment constraints.
23329 -mrenesas
23331 Comply with the calling conventions defined by Renesas.
23332 -mno-renesas
23334 Comply with the calling conventions defined for GCC before the
23335 Renesas conventions were available. This option is the default for
23336 all targets of the SH toolchain.
23337 -mnomacsave
23339 Mark the "MAC" register as call-clobbered, even if -mrenesas is
23340 given.
23341 -mieee
23343 -mno-ieee
23344 Control the IEEE compliance of floating-point comparisons, which
23345 affects the handling of cases where the result of a comparison is
23346 unordered. By default -mieee is implicitly enabled. If
23347 -ffinite-math-only is enabled -mno-ieee is implicitly set, which
23348 results in faster floating-point greater-equal and less-equal
23349 comparisons. The implicit settings can be overridden by specifying
23350 either -mieee or -mno-ieee.
23351 -minline-ic_invalidate
23353 Inline code to invalidate instruction cache entries after setting
23354 up nested function trampolines. This option has no effect if
23355 -musermode is in effect and the selected code generation option
23356 (e.g. -m4) does not allow the use of the "icbi" instruction. If
23357 the selected code generation option does not allow the use of the
23358 "icbi" instruction, and -musermode is not in effect, the inlined
23359 code manipulates the instruction cache address array directly with
23360 an associative write. This not only requires privileged mode at
23361 run time, but it also fails if the cache line had been mapped via
23362 the TLB and has become unmapped.
23363 -misize
23365 Dump instruction size and location in the assembly code.
23366 -mpadstruct
23368 This option is deprecated. It pads structures to multiple of 4
23369 bytes, which is incompatible with the SH ABI.
23370 -matomic-model=model
23372 Sets the model of atomic operations and additional parameters as a
23373 comma separated list. For details on the atomic built-in functions
23374 see __atomic Builtins. The following models and parameters are
23375 supported:
23376 none
23378 Disable compiler generated atomic sequences and emit library
23379 calls for atomic operations. This is the default if the target
23380 is not "sh*-*-linux*".
23381 soft-gusa
23383 Generate GNU/Linux compatible gUSA software atomic sequences
23384 for the atomic built-in functions. The generated atomic
23385 sequences require additional support from the
23386 interrupt/exception handling code of the system and are only
23387 suitable for SH3* and SH4* single-core systems. This option is
23388 enabled by default when the target is "sh*-*-linux*" and SH3*
23389 or SH4*. When the target is SH4A, this option also partially
23390 utilizes the hardware atomic instructions "movli.l" and
23391 "movco.l" to create more efficient code, unless strict is
23392 specified.
23393 soft-tcb
23395 Generate software atomic sequences that use a variable in the
23396 thread control block. This is a variation of the gUSA
23397 sequences which can also be used on SH1* and SH2* targets. The
23398 generated atomic sequences require additional support from the
23399 interrupt/exception handling code of the system and are only
23400 suitable for single-core systems. When using this model, the
23401 gbr-offset= parameter has to be specified as well.
23402 soft-imask
23404 Generate software atomic sequences that temporarily disable
23405 interrupts by setting "SR.IMASK = 1111". This model works only
23406 when the program runs in privileged mode and is only suitable
23407 for single-core systems. Additional support from the
23408 interrupt/exception handling code of the system is not
23409 required. This model is enabled by default when the target is
23410 "sh*-*-linux*" and SH1* or SH2*.
23411 hard-llcs
23413 Generate hardware atomic sequences using the "movli.l" and
23414 "movco.l" instructions only. This is only available on SH4A
23415 and is suitable for multi-core systems. Since the hardware
23416 instructions support only 32 bit atomic variables access to 8
23417 or 16 bit variables is emulated with 32 bit accesses. Code
23418 compiled with this option is also compatible with other
23419 software atomic model interrupt/exception handling systems if
23420 executed on an SH4A system. Additional support from the
23421 interrupt/exception handling code of the system is not required
23422 for this model.
23423 gbr-offset=
23425 This parameter specifies the offset in bytes of the variable in
23426 the thread control block structure that should be used by the
23427 generated atomic sequences when the soft-tcb model has been
23428 selected. For other models this parameter is ignored. The
23429 specified value must be an integer multiple of four and in the
23430 range 0-1020.
23431 strict
23433 This parameter prevents mixed usage of multiple atomic models,
23434 even if they are compatible, and makes the compiler generate
23435 atomic sequences of the specified model only.
23436 -mtas
23438 Generate the "tas.b" opcode for "__atomic_test_and_set". Notice
23439 that depending on the particular hardware and software
23440 configuration this can degrade overall performance due to the
23441 operand cache line flushes that are implied by the "tas.b"
23442 instruction. On multi-core SH4A processors the "tas.b" instruction
23443 must be used with caution since it can result in data corruption
23444 for certain cache configurations.
23445 -mprefergot
23447 When generating position-independent code, emit function calls
23448 using the Global Offset Table instead of the Procedure Linkage
23449 Table.
23450 -musermode
23452 -mno-usermode
23453 Don't allow (allow) the compiler generating privileged mode code.
23454 Specifying -musermode also implies -mno-inline-ic_invalidate if the
23455 inlined code would not work in user mode. -musermode is the
23456 default when the target is "sh*-*-linux*". If the target is SH1*
23457 or SH2* -musermode has no effect, since there is no user mode.
23458 -multcost=number
23460 Set the cost to assume for a multiply insn.
23461 -mdiv=strategy
23463 Set the division strategy to be used for integer division
23464 operations. strategy can be one of:
23465 call-div1
23467 Calls a library function that uses the single-step division
23468 instruction "div1" to perform the operation. Division by zero
23469 calculates an unspecified result and does not trap. This is
23470 the default except for SH4, SH2A and SHcompact.
23471 call-fp
23473 Calls a library function that performs the operation in double
23474 precision floating point. Division by zero causes a floating-
23475 point exception. This is the default for SHcompact with FPU.
23476 Specifying this for targets that do not have a double precision
23477 FPU defaults to "call-div1".
23478 call-table
23480 Calls a library function that uses a lookup table for small
23481 divisors and the "div1" instruction with case distinction for
23482 larger divisors. Division by zero calculates an unspecified
23483 result and does not trap. This is the default for SH4.
23484 Specifying this for targets that do not have dynamic shift
23485 instructions defaults to "call-div1".
23486 When a division strategy has not been specified the default
23488 strategy is selected based on the current target. For SH2A the
23489 default strategy is to use the "divs" and "divu" instructions
23490 instead of library function calls.
23491 -maccumulate-outgoing-args
23493 Reserve space once for outgoing arguments in the function prologue
23494 rather than around each call. Generally beneficial for performance
23495 and size. Also needed for unwinding to avoid changing the stack
23496 frame around conditional code.
23497 -mdivsi3_libfunc=name
23499 Set the name of the library function used for 32-bit signed
23500 division to name. This only affects the name used in the call
23501 division strategies, and the compiler still expects the same sets
23502 of input/output/clobbered registers as if this option were not
23503 present.
23504 -mfixed-range=register-range
23506 Generate code treating the given register range as fixed registers.
23507 A fixed register is one that the register allocator cannot use.
23508 This is useful when compiling kernel code. A register range is
23509 specified as two registers separated by a dash. Multiple register
23510 ranges can be specified separated by a comma.
23511 -mbranch-cost=num
23513 Assume num to be the cost for a branch instruction. Higher numbers
23514 make the compiler try to generate more branch-free code if
23515 possible. If not specified the value is selected depending on the
23516 processor type that is being compiled for.
23517 -mzdcbranch
23519 -mno-zdcbranch
23520 Assume (do not assume) that zero displacement conditional branch
23521 instructions "bt" and "bf" are fast. If -mzdcbranch is specified,
23522 the compiler prefers zero displacement branch code sequences. This
23523 is enabled by default when generating code for SH4 and SH4A. It
23524 can be explicitly disabled by specifying -mno-zdcbranch.
23525 -mcbranch-force-delay-slot
23527 Force the usage of delay slots for conditional branches, which
23528 stuffs the delay slot with a "nop" if a suitable instruction cannot
23529 be found. By default this option is disabled. It can be enabled
23530 to work around hardware bugs as found in the original SH7055.
23531 -mfused-madd
23533 -mno-fused-madd
23534 Generate code that uses (does not use) the floating-point multiply
23535 and accumulate instructions. These instructions are generated by
23536 default if hardware floating point is used. The machine-dependent
23537 -mfused-madd option is now mapped to the machine-independent
23538 -ffp-contract=fast option, and -mno-fused-madd is mapped to
23539 -ffp-contract=off.
23540 -mfsca
23542 -mno-fsca
23543 Allow or disallow the compiler to emit the "fsca" instruction for
23544 sine and cosine approximations. The option -mfsca must be used in
23545 combination with -funsafe-math-optimizations. It is enabled by
23546 default when generating code for SH4A. Using -mno-fsca disables
23547 sine and cosine approximations even if -funsafe-math-optimizations
23548 is in effect.
23549 -mfsrra
23551 -mno-fsrra
23552 Allow or disallow the compiler to emit the "fsrra" instruction for
23553 reciprocal square root approximations. The option -mfsrra must be
23554 used in combination with -funsafe-math-optimizations and
23555 -ffinite-math-only. It is enabled by default when generating code
23556 for SH4A. Using -mno-fsrra disables reciprocal square root
23557 approximations even if -funsafe-math-optimizations and
23558 -ffinite-math-only are in effect.
23559 -mpretend-cmove
23561 Prefer zero-displacement conditional branches for conditional move
23562 instruction patterns. This can result in faster code on the SH4
23563 processor.
23564 -mfdpic
23566 Generate code using the FDPIC ABI.
23567 Solaris 2 Options
23569 These -m options are supported on Solaris 2:
23571 -mclear-hwcap
23573 -mclear-hwcap tells the compiler to remove the hardware
23574 capabilities generated by the Solaris assembler. This is only
23575 necessary when object files use ISA extensions not supported by the
23576 current machine, but check at runtime whether or not to use them.
23577 -mimpure-text
23579 -mimpure-text, used in addition to -shared, tells the compiler to
23580 not pass -z text to the linker when linking a shared object. Using
23581 this option, you can link position-dependent code into a shared
23582 object.
23583 -mimpure-text suppresses the "relocations remain against
23585 allocatable but non-writable sections" linker error message.
23586 However, the necessary relocations trigger copy-on-write, and the
23587 shared object is not actually shared across processes. Instead of
23588 using -mimpure-text, you should compile all source code with -fpic
23589 or -fPIC.
23590 These switches are supported in addition to the above on Solaris 2:
23592 -pthreads
23594 This is a synonym for -pthread.
23595 SPARC Options
23597 These -m options are supported on the SPARC:
23599 -mno-app-regs
23601 -mapp-regs
23602 Specify -mapp-regs to generate output using the global registers 2
23603 through 4, which the SPARC SVR4 ABI reserves for applications.
23604 Like the global register 1, each global register 2 through 4 is
23605 then treated as an allocable register that is clobbered by function
23606 calls. This is the default.
23607 To be fully SVR4 ABI-compliant at the cost of some performance
23609 loss, specify -mno-app-regs. You should compile libraries and
23610 system software with this option.
23611 -mflat
23613 -mno-flat
23614 With -mflat, the compiler does not generate save/restore
23615 instructions and uses a "flat" or single register window model.
23616 This model is compatible with the regular register window model.
23617 The local registers and the input registers (0--5) are still
23618 treated as "call-saved" registers and are saved on the stack as
23619 needed.
23620 With -mno-flat (the default), the compiler generates save/restore
23622 instructions (except for leaf functions). This is the normal
23623 operating mode.
23624 -mfpu
23626 -mhard-float
23627 Generate output containing floating-point instructions. This is
23628 the default.
23629 -mno-fpu
23631 -msoft-float
23632 Generate output containing library calls for floating point.
23633 Warning: the requisite libraries are not available for all SPARC
23634 targets. Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C compiler
23635 are used, but this cannot be done directly in cross-compilation.
23636 You must make your own arrangements to provide suitable library
23637 functions for cross-compilation. The embedded targets sparc-*-aout
23638 and sparclite-*-* do provide software floating-point support.
23639 -msoft-float changes the calling convention in the output file;
23641 therefore, it is only useful if you compile all of a program with
23642 this option. In particular, you need to compile libgcc.a, the
23643 library that comes with GCC, with -msoft-float in order for this to
23644 work.
23645 -mhard-quad-float
23647 Generate output containing quad-word (long double) floating-point
23648 instructions.
23649 -msoft-quad-float
23651 Generate output containing library calls for quad-word (long
23652 double) floating-point instructions. The functions called are
23653 those specified in the SPARC ABI. This is the default.
23654 As of this writing, there are no SPARC implementations that have
23656 hardware support for the quad-word floating-point instructions.
23657 They all invoke a trap handler for one of these instructions, and
23658 then the trap handler emulates the effect of the instruction.
23659 Because of the trap handler overhead, this is much slower than
23660 calling the ABI library routines. Thus the -msoft-quad-float
23661 option is the default.
23662 -mno-unaligned-doubles
23664 -munaligned-doubles
23665 Assume that doubles have 8-byte alignment. This is the default.
23666 With -munaligned-doubles, GCC assumes that doubles have 8-byte
23668 alignment only if they are contained in another type, or if they
23669 have an absolute address. Otherwise, it assumes they have 4-byte
23670 alignment. Specifying this option avoids some rare compatibility
23671 problems with code generated by other compilers. It is not the
23672 default because it results in a performance loss, especially for
23673 floating-point code.
23674 -muser-mode
23676 -mno-user-mode
23677 Do not generate code that can only run in supervisor mode. This is
23678 relevant only for the "casa" instruction emitted for the LEON3
23679 processor. This is the default.
23680 -mfaster-structs
23682 -mno-faster-structs
23683 With -mfaster-structs, the compiler assumes that structures should
23684 have 8-byte alignment. This enables the use of pairs of "ldd" and
23685 "std" instructions for copies in structure assignment, in place of
23686 twice as many "ld" and "st" pairs. However, the use of this
23687 changed alignment directly violates the SPARC ABI. Thus, it's
23688 intended only for use on targets where the developer acknowledges
23689 that their resulting code is not directly in line with the rules of
23690 the ABI.
23691 -mstd-struct-return
23693 -mno-std-struct-return
23694 With -mstd-struct-return, the compiler generates checking code in
23695 functions returning structures or unions to detect size mismatches
23696 between the two sides of function calls, as per the 32-bit ABI.
23697 The default is -mno-std-struct-return. This option has no effect
23699 in 64-bit mode.
23700 -mlra
23702 -mno-lra
23703 Enable Local Register Allocation. This is the default for SPARC
23704 since GCC 7 so -mno-lra needs to be passed to get old Reload.
23705 -mcpu=cpu_type
23707 Set the instruction set, register set, and instruction scheduling
23708 parameters for machine type cpu_type. Supported values for
23709 cpu_type are v7, cypress, v8, supersparc, hypersparc, leon, leon3,
23710 leon3v7, sparclite, f930, f934, sparclite86x, sparclet, tsc701, v9,
23711 ultrasparc, ultrasparc3, niagara, niagara2, niagara3, niagara4,
23712 niagara7 and m8.
23713 Native Solaris and GNU/Linux toolchains also support the value
23715 native, which selects the best architecture option for the host
23716 processor. -mcpu=native has no effect if GCC does not recognize
23717 the processor.
23718 Default instruction scheduling parameters are used for values that
23720 select an architecture and not an implementation. These are v7,
23721 v8, sparclite, sparclet, v9.
23722 Here is a list of each supported architecture and their supported
23724 implementations.
23725 v7 cypress, leon3v7
23727 v8 supersparc, hypersparc, leon, leon3
23729 sparclite
23731 f930, f934, sparclite86x
23732 sparclet
23734 tsc701
23735 v9 ultrasparc, ultrasparc3, niagara, niagara2, niagara3, niagara4,
23737 niagara7, m8
23738 By default (unless configured otherwise), GCC generates code for
23740 the V7 variant of the SPARC architecture. With -mcpu=cypress, the
23741 compiler additionally optimizes it for the Cypress CY7C602 chip, as
23742 used in the SPARCStation/SPARCServer 3xx series. This is also
23743 appropriate for the older SPARCStation 1, 2, IPX etc.
23744 With -mcpu=v8, GCC generates code for the V8 variant of the SPARC
23746 architecture. The only difference from V7 code is that the
23747 compiler emits the integer multiply and integer divide instructions
23748 which exist in SPARC-V8 but not in SPARC-V7. With
23749 -mcpu=supersparc, the compiler additionally optimizes it for the
23750 SuperSPARC chip, as used in the SPARCStation 10, 1000 and 2000
23751 series.
23752 With -mcpu=sparclite, GCC generates code for the SPARClite variant
23754 of the SPARC architecture. This adds the integer multiply, integer
23755 divide step and scan ("ffs") instructions which exist in SPARClite
23756 but not in SPARC-V7. With -mcpu=f930, the compiler additionally
23757 optimizes it for the Fujitsu MB86930 chip, which is the original
23758 SPARClite, with no FPU. With -mcpu=f934, the compiler additionally
23759 optimizes it for the Fujitsu MB86934 chip, which is the more recent
23760 SPARClite with FPU.
23761 With -mcpu=sparclet, GCC generates code for the SPARClet variant of
23763 the SPARC architecture. This adds the integer multiply,
23764 multiply/accumulate, integer divide step and scan ("ffs")
23765 instructions which exist in SPARClet but not in SPARC-V7. With
23766 -mcpu=tsc701, the compiler additionally optimizes it for the TEMIC
23767 SPARClet chip.
23768 With -mcpu=v9, GCC generates code for the V9 variant of the SPARC
23770 architecture. This adds 64-bit integer and floating-point move
23771 instructions, 3 additional floating-point condition code registers
23772 and conditional move instructions. With -mcpu=ultrasparc, the
23773 compiler additionally optimizes it for the Sun UltraSPARC I/II/IIi
23774 chips. With -mcpu=ultrasparc3, the compiler additionally optimizes
23775 it for the Sun UltraSPARC III/III+/IIIi/IIIi+/IV/IV+ chips. With
23776 -mcpu=niagara, the compiler additionally optimizes it for Sun
23777 UltraSPARC T1 chips. With -mcpu=niagara2, the compiler
23778 additionally optimizes it for Sun UltraSPARC T2 chips. With
23779 -mcpu=niagara3, the compiler additionally optimizes it for Sun
23780 UltraSPARC T3 chips. With -mcpu=niagara4, the compiler
23781 additionally optimizes it for Sun UltraSPARC T4 chips. With
23782 -mcpu=niagara7, the compiler additionally optimizes it for Oracle
23783 SPARC M7 chips. With -mcpu=m8, the compiler additionally optimizes
23784 it for Oracle M8 chips.
23785 -mtune=cpu_type
23787 Set the instruction scheduling parameters for machine type
23788 cpu_type, but do not set the instruction set or register set that
23789 the option -mcpu=cpu_type does.
23790 The same values for -mcpu=cpu_type can be used for -mtune=cpu_type,
23792 but the only useful values are those that select a particular CPU
23793 implementation. Those are cypress, supersparc, hypersparc, leon,
23794 leon3, leon3v7, f930, f934, sparclite86x, tsc701, ultrasparc,
23795 ultrasparc3, niagara, niagara2, niagara3, niagara4, niagara7 and
23796 m8. With native Solaris and GNU/Linux toolchains, native can also
23797 be used.
23798 -mv8plus
23800 -mno-v8plus
23801 With -mv8plus, GCC generates code for the SPARC-V8+ ABI. The
23802 difference from the V8 ABI is that the global and out registers are
23803 considered 64 bits wide. This is enabled by default on Solaris in
23804 32-bit mode for all SPARC-V9 processors.
23805 -mvis
23807 -mno-vis
23808 With -mvis, GCC generates code that takes advantage of the
23809 UltraSPARC Visual Instruction Set extensions. The default is
23810 -mno-vis.
23811 -mvis2
23813 -mno-vis2
23814 With -mvis2, GCC generates code that takes advantage of version 2.0
23815 of the UltraSPARC Visual Instruction Set extensions. The default
23816 is -mvis2 when targeting a cpu that supports such instructions,
23817 such as UltraSPARC-III and later. Setting -mvis2 also sets -mvis.
23818 -mvis3
23820 -mno-vis3
23821 With -mvis3, GCC generates code that takes advantage of version 3.0
23822 of the UltraSPARC Visual Instruction Set extensions. The default
23823 is -mvis3 when targeting a cpu that supports such instructions,
23824 such as niagara-3 and later. Setting -mvis3 also sets -mvis2 and
23825 -mvis.
23826 -mvis4
23828 -mno-vis4
23829 With -mvis4, GCC generates code that takes advantage of version 4.0
23830 of the UltraSPARC Visual Instruction Set extensions. The default
23831 is -mvis4 when targeting a cpu that supports such instructions,
23832 such as niagara-7 and later. Setting -mvis4 also sets -mvis3,
23833 -mvis2 and -mvis.
23834 -mvis4b
23836 -mno-vis4b
23837 With -mvis4b, GCC generates code that takes advantage of version
23838 4.0 of the UltraSPARC Visual Instruction Set extensions, plus the
23839 additional VIS instructions introduced in the Oracle SPARC
23840 Architecture 2017. The default is -mvis4b when targeting a cpu
23841 that supports such instructions, such as m8 and later. Setting
23842 -mvis4b also sets -mvis4, -mvis3, -mvis2 and -mvis.
23843 -mcbcond
23845 -mno-cbcond
23846 With -mcbcond, GCC generates code that takes advantage of the
23847 UltraSPARC Compare-and-Branch-on-Condition instructions. The
23848 default is -mcbcond when targeting a CPU that supports such
23849 instructions, such as Niagara-4 and later.
23850 -mfmaf
23852 -mno-fmaf
23853 With -mfmaf, GCC generates code that takes advantage of the
23854 UltraSPARC Fused Multiply-Add Floating-point instructions. The
23855 default is -mfmaf when targeting a CPU that supports such
23856 instructions, such as Niagara-3 and later.
23857 -mfsmuld
23859 -mno-fsmuld
23860 With -mfsmuld, GCC generates code that takes advantage of the
23861 Floating-point Multiply Single to Double (FsMULd) instruction. The
23862 default is -mfsmuld when targeting a CPU supporting the
23863 architecture versions V8 or V9 with FPU except -mcpu=leon.
23864 -mpopc
23866 -mno-popc
23867 With -mpopc, GCC generates code that takes advantage of the
23868 UltraSPARC Population Count instruction. The default is -mpopc
23869 when targeting a CPU that supports such an instruction, such as
23870 Niagara-2 and later.
23871 -msubxc
23873 -mno-subxc
23874 With -msubxc, GCC generates code that takes advantage of the
23875 UltraSPARC Subtract-Extended-with-Carry instruction. The default
23876 is -msubxc when targeting a CPU that supports such an instruction,
23877 such as Niagara-7 and later.
23878 -mfix-at697f
23880 Enable the documented workaround for the single erratum of the
23881 Atmel AT697F processor (which corresponds to erratum #13 of the
23882 AT697E processor).
23883 -mfix-ut699
23885 Enable the documented workarounds for the floating-point errata and
23886 the data cache nullify errata of the UT699 processor.
23887 -mfix-ut700
23889 Enable the documented workaround for the back-to-back store errata
23890 of the UT699E/UT700 processor.
23891 -mfix-gr712rc
23893 Enable the documented workaround for the back-to-back store errata
23894 of the GR712RC processor.
23895 These -m options are supported in addition to the above on SPARC-V9
23897 processors in 64-bit environments:
23898 -m32
23900 -m64
23901 Generate code for a 32-bit or 64-bit environment. The 32-bit
23902 environment sets int, long and pointer to 32 bits. The 64-bit
23903 environment sets int to 32 bits and long and pointer to 64 bits.
23904 -mcmodel=which
23906 Set the code model to one of
23907 medlow
23909 The Medium/Low code model: 64-bit addresses, programs must be
23910 linked in the low 32 bits of memory. Programs can be
23911 statically or dynamically linked.
23912 medmid
23914 The Medium/Middle code model: 64-bit addresses, programs must
23915 be linked in the low 44 bits of memory, the text and data
23916 segments must be less than 2GB in size and the data segment
23917 must be located within 2GB of the text segment.
23918 medany
23920 The Medium/Anywhere code model: 64-bit addresses, programs may
23921 be linked anywhere in memory, the text and data segments must
23922 be less than 2GB in size and the data segment must be located
23923 within 2GB of the text segment.
23924 embmedany
23926 The Medium/Anywhere code model for embedded systems: 64-bit
23927 addresses, the text and data segments must be less than 2GB in
23928 size, both starting anywhere in memory (determined at link
23929 time). The global register %g4 points to the base of the data
23930 segment. Programs are statically linked and PIC is not
23931 supported.
23932 -mmemory-model=mem-model
23934 Set the memory model in force on the processor to one of
23935 default
23937 The default memory model for the processor and operating
23938 system.
23939 rmo Relaxed Memory Order
23941 pso Partial Store Order
23943 tso Total Store Order
23945 sc Sequential Consistency
23947 These memory models are formally defined in Appendix D of the
23949 SPARC-V9 architecture manual, as set in the processor's "PSTATE.MM"
23950 field.
23951 -mstack-bias
23953 -mno-stack-bias
23954 With -mstack-bias, GCC assumes that the stack pointer, and frame
23955 pointer if present, are offset by -2047 which must be added back
23956 when making stack frame references. This is the default in 64-bit
23957 mode. Otherwise, assume no such offset is present.
23958 Options for System V
23960 These additional options are available on System V Release 4 for
23962 compatibility with other compilers on those systems:
23963 -G Create a shared object. It is recommended that -symbolic or
23965 -shared be used instead.
23966 -Qy Identify the versions of each tool used by the compiler, in a
23968 ".ident" assembler directive in the output.
23969 -Qn Refrain from adding ".ident" directives to the output file (this is
23971 the default).
23972 -YP,dirs
23974 Search the directories dirs, and no others, for libraries specified
23975 with -l.
23976 -Ym,dir
23978 Look in the directory dir to find the M4 preprocessor. The
23979 assembler uses this option.
23980 TILE-Gx Options
23982 These -m options are supported on the TILE-Gx:
23984 -mcmodel=small
23986 Generate code for the small model. The distance for direct calls
23987 is limited to 500M in either direction. PC-relative addresses are
23988 32 bits. Absolute addresses support the full address range.
23989 -mcmodel=large
23991 Generate code for the large model. There is no limitation on call
23992 distance, pc-relative addresses, or absolute addresses.
23993 -mcpu=name
23995 Selects the type of CPU to be targeted. Currently the only
23996 supported type is tilegx.
23997 -m32
23999 -m64
24000 Generate code for a 32-bit or 64-bit environment. The 32-bit
24001 environment sets int, long, and pointer to 32 bits. The 64-bit
24002 environment sets int to 32 bits and long and pointer to 64 bits.
24003 -mbig-endian
24005 -mlittle-endian
24006 Generate code in big/little endian mode, respectively.
24007 TILEPro Options
24009 These -m options are supported on the TILEPro:
24011 -mcpu=name
24013 Selects the type of CPU to be targeted. Currently the only
24014 supported type is tilepro.
24015 -m32
24017 Generate code for a 32-bit environment, which sets int, long, and
24018 pointer to 32 bits. This is the only supported behavior so the
24019 flag is essentially ignored.
24020 V850 Options
24022 These -m options are defined for V850 implementations:
24024 -mlong-calls
24026 -mno-long-calls
24027 Treat all calls as being far away (near). If calls are assumed to
24028 be far away, the compiler always loads the function's address into
24029 a register, and calls indirect through the pointer.
24030 -mno-ep
24032 -mep
24033 Do not optimize (do optimize) basic blocks that use the same index
24034 pointer 4 or more times to copy pointer into the "ep" register, and
24035 use the shorter "sld" and "sst" instructions. The -mep option is
24036 on by default if you optimize.
24037 -mno-prolog-function
24039 -mprolog-function
24040 Do not use (do use) external functions to save and restore
24041 registers at the prologue and epilogue of a function. The external
24042 functions are slower, but use less code space if more than one
24043 function saves the same number of registers. The -mprolog-function
24044 option is on by default if you optimize.
24045 -mspace
24047 Try to make the code as small as possible. At present, this just
24048 turns on the -mep and -mprolog-function options.
24049 -mtda=n
24051 Put static or global variables whose size is n bytes or less into
24052 the tiny data area that register "ep" points to. The tiny data
24053 area can hold up to 256 bytes in total (128 bytes for byte
24054 references).
24055 -msda=n
24057 Put static or global variables whose size is n bytes or less into
24058 the small data area that register "gp" points to. The small data
24059 area can hold up to 64 kilobytes.
24060 -mzda=n
24062 Put static or global variables whose size is n bytes or less into
24063 the first 32 kilobytes of memory.
24064 -mv850
24066 Specify that the target processor is the V850.
24067 -mv850e3v5
24069 Specify that the target processor is the V850E3V5. The
24070 preprocessor constant "__v850e3v5__" is defined if this option is
24071 used.
24072 -mv850e2v4
24074 Specify that the target processor is the V850E3V5. This is an
24075 alias for the -mv850e3v5 option.
24076 -mv850e2v3
24078 Specify that the target processor is the V850E2V3. The
24079 preprocessor constant "__v850e2v3__" is defined if this option is
24080 used.
24081 -mv850e2
24083 Specify that the target processor is the V850E2. The preprocessor
24084 constant "__v850e2__" is defined if this option is used.
24085 -mv850e1
24087 Specify that the target processor is the V850E1. The preprocessor
24088 constants "__v850e1__" and "__v850e__" are defined if this option
24089 is used.
24090 -mv850es
24092 Specify that the target processor is the V850ES. This is an alias
24093 for the -mv850e1 option.
24094 -mv850e
24096 Specify that the target processor is the V850E. The preprocessor
24097 constant "__v850e__" is defined if this option is used.
24098 If neither -mv850 nor -mv850e nor -mv850e1 nor -mv850e2 nor
24100 -mv850e2v3 nor -mv850e3v5 are defined then a default target
24101 processor is chosen and the relevant __v850*__ preprocessor
24102 constant is defined.
24103 The preprocessor constants "__v850" and "__v851__" are always
24105 defined, regardless of which processor variant is the target.
24106 -mdisable-callt
24108 -mno-disable-callt
24109 This option suppresses generation of the "CALLT" instruction for
24110 the v850e, v850e1, v850e2, v850e2v3 and v850e3v5 flavors of the
24111 v850 architecture.
24112 This option is enabled by default when the RH850 ABI is in use (see
24114 -mrh850-abi), and disabled by default when the GCC ABI is in use.
24115 If "CALLT" instructions are being generated then the C preprocessor
24116 symbol "__V850_CALLT__" is defined.
24117 -mrelax
24119 -mno-relax
24120 Pass on (or do not pass on) the -mrelax command-line option to the
24121 assembler.
24122 -mlong-jumps
24124 -mno-long-jumps
24125 Disable (or re-enable) the generation of PC-relative jump
24126 instructions.
24127 -msoft-float
24129 -mhard-float
24130 Disable (or re-enable) the generation of hardware floating point
24131 instructions. This option is only significant when the target
24132 architecture is V850E2V3 or higher. If hardware floating point
24133 instructions are being generated then the C preprocessor symbol
24134 "__FPU_OK__" is defined, otherwise the symbol "__NO_FPU__" is
24135 defined.
24136 -mloop
24138 Enables the use of the e3v5 LOOP instruction. The use of this
24139 instruction is not enabled by default when the e3v5 architecture is
24140 selected because its use is still experimental.
24141 -mrh850-abi
24143 -mghs
24144 Enables support for the RH850 version of the V850 ABI. This is the
24145 default. With this version of the ABI the following rules apply:
24146 * Integer sized structures and unions are returned via a memory
24148 pointer rather than a register.
24149 * Large structures and unions (more than 8 bytes in size) are
24151 passed by value.
24152 * Functions are aligned to 16-bit boundaries.
24154 * The -m8byte-align command-line option is supported.
24156 * The -mdisable-callt command-line option is enabled by default.
24158 The -mno-disable-callt command-line option is not supported.
24159 When this version of the ABI is enabled the C preprocessor symbol
24161 "__V850_RH850_ABI__" is defined.
24162 -mgcc-abi
24164 Enables support for the old GCC version of the V850 ABI. With this
24165 version of the ABI the following rules apply:
24166 * Integer sized structures and unions are returned in register
24168 "r10".
24169 * Large structures and unions (more than 8 bytes in size) are
24171 passed by reference.
24172 * Functions are aligned to 32-bit boundaries, unless optimizing
24174 for size.
24175 * The -m8byte-align command-line option is not supported.
24177 * The -mdisable-callt command-line option is supported but not
24179 enabled by default.
24180 When this version of the ABI is enabled the C preprocessor symbol
24182 "__V850_GCC_ABI__" is defined.
24183 -m8byte-align
24185 -mno-8byte-align
24186 Enables support for "double" and "long long" types to be aligned on
24187 8-byte boundaries. The default is to restrict the alignment of all
24188 objects to at most 4-bytes. When -m8byte-align is in effect the C
24189 preprocessor symbol "__V850_8BYTE_ALIGN__" is defined.
24190 -mbig-switch
24192 Generate code suitable for big switch tables. Use this option only
24193 if the assembler/linker complain about out of range branches within
24194 a switch table.
24195 -mapp-regs
24197 This option causes r2 and r5 to be used in the code generated by
24198 the compiler. This setting is the default.
24199 -mno-app-regs
24201 This option causes r2 and r5 to be treated as fixed registers.
24202 VAX Options
24204 These -m options are defined for the VAX:
24206 -munix
24208 Do not output certain jump instructions ("aobleq" and so on) that
24209 the Unix assembler for the VAX cannot handle across long ranges.
24210 -mgnu
24212 Do output those jump instructions, on the assumption that the GNU
24213 assembler is being used.
24214 -mg Output code for G-format floating-point numbers instead of
24216 D-format.
24217 Visium Options
24219 -mdebug
24221 A program which performs file I/O and is destined to run on an MCM
24222 target should be linked with this option. It causes the libraries
24223 libc.a and libdebug.a to be linked. The program should be run on
24224 the target under the control of the GDB remote debugging stub.
24225 -msim
24227 A program which performs file I/O and is destined to run on the
24228 simulator should be linked with option. This causes libraries
24229 libc.a and libsim.a to be linked.
24230 -mfpu
24232 -mhard-float
24233 Generate code containing floating-point instructions. This is the
24234 default.
24235 -mno-fpu
24237 -msoft-float
24238 Generate code containing library calls for floating-point.
24239 -msoft-float changes the calling convention in the output file;
24241 therefore, it is only useful if you compile all of a program with
24242 this option. In particular, you need to compile libgcc.a, the
24243 library that comes with GCC, with -msoft-float in order for this to
24244 work.
24245 -mcpu=cpu_type
24247 Set the instruction set, register set, and instruction scheduling
24248 parameters for machine type cpu_type. Supported values for
24249 cpu_type are mcm, gr5 and gr6.
24250 mcm is a synonym of gr5 present for backward compatibility.
24252 By default (unless configured otherwise), GCC generates code for
24254 the GR5 variant of the Visium architecture.
24255 With -mcpu=gr6, GCC generates code for the GR6 variant of the
24257 Visium architecture. The only difference from GR5 code is that the
24258 compiler will generate block move instructions.
24259 -mtune=cpu_type
24261 Set the instruction scheduling parameters for machine type
24262 cpu_type, but do not set the instruction set or register set that
24263 the option -mcpu=cpu_type would.
24264 -msv-mode
24266 Generate code for the supervisor mode, where there are no
24267 restrictions on the access to general registers. This is the
24268 default.
24269 -muser-mode
24271 Generate code for the user mode, where the access to some general
24272 registers is forbidden: on the GR5, registers r24 to r31 cannot be
24273 accessed in this mode; on the GR6, only registers r29 to r31 are
24274 affected.
24275 VMS Options
24277 These -m options are defined for the VMS implementations:
24279 -mvms-return-codes
24281 Return VMS condition codes from "main". The default is to return
24282 POSIX-style condition (e.g. error) codes.
24283 -mdebug-main=prefix
24285 Flag the first routine whose name starts with prefix as the main
24286 routine for the debugger.
24287 -mmalloc64
24289 Default to 64-bit memory allocation routines.
24290 -mpointer-size=size
24292 Set the default size of pointers. Possible options for size are 32
24293 or short for 32 bit pointers, 64 or long for 64 bit pointers, and
24294 no for supporting only 32 bit pointers. The later option disables
24295 "pragma pointer_size".
24296 VxWorks Options
24298 The options in this section are defined for all VxWorks targets.
24300 Options specific to the target hardware are listed with the other
24301 options for that target.
24302 -mrtp
24304 GCC can generate code for both VxWorks kernels and real time
24305 processes (RTPs). This option switches from the former to the
24306 latter. It also defines the preprocessor macro "__RTP__".
24307 -non-static
24309 Link an RTP executable against shared libraries rather than static
24310 libraries. The options -static and -shared can also be used for
24311 RTPs; -static is the default.
24312 -Bstatic
24314 -Bdynamic
24315 These options are passed down to the linker. They are defined for
24316 compatibility with Diab.
24317 -Xbind-lazy
24319 Enable lazy binding of function calls. This option is equivalent
24320 to -Wl,-z,now and is defined for compatibility with Diab.
24321 -Xbind-now
24323 Disable lazy binding of function calls. This option is the default
24324 and is defined for compatibility with Diab.
24325 x86 Options
24327 These -m options are defined for the x86 family of computers.
24329 -march=cpu-type
24331 Generate instructions for the machine type cpu-type. In contrast
24332 to -mtune=cpu-type, which merely tunes the generated code for the
24333 specified cpu-type, -march=cpu-type allows GCC to generate code
24334 that may not run at all on processors other than the one indicated.
24335 Specifying -march=cpu-type implies -mtune=cpu-type.
24336 The choices for cpu-type are:
24338 native
24340 This selects the CPU to generate code for at compilation time
24341 by determining the processor type of the compiling machine.
24342 Using -march=native enables all instruction subsets supported
24343 by the local machine (hence the result might not run on
24344 different machines). Using -mtune=native produces code
24345 optimized for the local machine under the constraints of the
24346 selected instruction set.
24347 x86-64
24349 A generic CPU with 64-bit extensions.
24350 i386
24352 Original Intel i386 CPU.
24353 i486
24355 Intel i486 CPU. (No scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
24356 i586
24358 pentium
24359 Intel Pentium CPU with no MMX support.
24360 lakemont
24362 Intel Lakemont MCU, based on Intel Pentium CPU.
24363 pentium-mmx
24365 Intel Pentium MMX CPU, based on Pentium core with MMX
24366 instruction set support.
24367 pentiumpro
24369 Intel Pentium Pro CPU.
24370 i686
24372 When used with -march, the Pentium Pro instruction set is used,
24373 so the code runs on all i686 family chips. When used with
24374 -mtune, it has the same meaning as generic.
24375 pentium2
24377 Intel Pentium II CPU, based on Pentium Pro core with MMX
24378 instruction set support.
24379 pentium3
24381 pentium3m
24382 Intel Pentium III CPU, based on Pentium Pro core with MMX and
24383 SSE instruction set support.
24384 pentium-m
24386 Intel Pentium M; low-power version of Intel Pentium III CPU
24387 with MMX, SSE and SSE2 instruction set support. Used by
24388 Centrino notebooks.
24389 pentium4
24391 pentium4m
24392 Intel Pentium 4 CPU with MMX, SSE and SSE2 instruction set
24393 support.
24394 prescott
24396 Improved version of Intel Pentium 4 CPU with MMX, SSE, SSE2 and
24397 SSE3 instruction set support.
24398 nocona
24400 Improved version of Intel Pentium 4 CPU with 64-bit extensions,
24401 MMX, SSE, SSE2 and SSE3 instruction set support.
24402 core2
24404 Intel Core 2 CPU with 64-bit extensions, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3
24405 and SSSE3 instruction set support.
24406 nehalem
24408 Intel Nehalem CPU with 64-bit extensions, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3,
24409 SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2 and POPCNT instruction set support.
24410 westmere
24412 Intel Westmere CPU with 64-bit extensions, MMX, SSE, SSE2,
24413 SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AES and PCLMUL instruction
24414 set support.
24415 sandybridge
24417 Intel Sandy Bridge CPU with 64-bit extensions, MMX, SSE, SSE2,
24418 SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AVX, AES and PCLMUL
24419 instruction set support.
24420 ivybridge
24422 Intel Ivy Bridge CPU with 64-bit extensions, MMX, SSE, SSE2,
24423 SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AVX, AES, PCLMUL,
24424 FSGSBASE, RDRND and F16C instruction set support.
24425 haswell
24427 Intel Haswell CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
24428 SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AVX, AVX2, AES,
24429 PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2 and F16C instruction
24430 set support.
24431 broadwell
24433 Intel Broadwell CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
24434 SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AVX, AVX2, AES,
24435 PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C, RDSEED, ADCX and
24436 PREFETCHW instruction set support.
24437 skylake
24439 Intel Skylake CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
24440 SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AVX, AVX2, AES,
24441 PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C, RDSEED, ADCX,
24442 PREFETCHW, CLFLUSHOPT, XSAVEC and XSAVES instruction set
24443 support.
24444 bonnell
24446 Intel Bonnell CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
24447 SSE2, SSE3 and SSSE3 instruction set support.
24448 silvermont
24450 Intel Silvermont CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
24451 SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AES, PCLMUL and
24452 RDRND instruction set support.
24453 goldmont
24455 Intel Goldmont CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
24456 SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AES, PCLMUL, RDRND,
24457 XSAVE, XSAVEOPT and FSGSBASE instruction set support.
24458 goldmont-plus
24460 Intel Goldmont Plus CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX,
24461 SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AES, PCLMUL,
24462 RDRND, XSAVE, XSAVEOPT, FSGSBASE, PTWRITE, RDPID, SGX and UMIP
24463 instruction set support.
24464 tremont
24466 Intel Tremont CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
24467 SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AES, PCLMUL, RDRND,
24468 XSAVE, XSAVEOPT, FSGSBASE, PTWRITE, RDPID, SGX, UMIP, GFNI-SSE,
24469 CLWB and ENCLV instruction set support.
24470 knl Intel Knight's Landing CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX,
24472 SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AVX, AVX2, AES,
24473 PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C, RDSEED, ADCX,
24474 PREFETCHW, AVX512F, AVX512PF, AVX512ER and AVX512CD instruction
24475 set support.
24476 knm Intel Knights Mill CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
24478 SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, AVX, AVX2, AES,
24479 PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C, RDSEED, ADCX,
24480 PREFETCHW, AVX512F, AVX512PF, AVX512ER, AVX512CD, AVX5124VNNIW,
24481 AVX5124FMAPS and AVX512VPOPCNTDQ instruction set support.
24482 skylake-avx512
24484 Intel Skylake Server CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX,
24485 SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, PKU, AVX, AVX2,
24486 AES, PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C, RDSEED,
24487 ADCX, PREFETCHW, CLFLUSHOPT, XSAVEC, XSAVES, AVX512F, CLWB,
24488 AVX512VL, AVX512BW, AVX512DQ and AVX512CD instruction set
24489 support.
24490 cannonlake
24492 Intel Cannonlake Server CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX,
24493 SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, PKU, AVX, AVX2,
24494 AES, PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C, RDSEED,
24495 ADCX, PREFETCHW, CLFLUSHOPT, XSAVEC, XSAVES, AVX512F, AVX512VL,
24496 AVX512BW, AVX512DQ, AVX512CD, AVX512VBMI, AVX512IFMA, SHA and
24497 UMIP instruction set support.
24498 icelake-client
24500 Intel Icelake Client CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX,
24501 SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, PKU, AVX, AVX2,
24502 AES, PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C, RDSEED,
24503 ADCX, PREFETCHW, CLFLUSHOPT, XSAVEC, XSAVES, AVX512F, AVX512VL,
24504 AVX512BW, AVX512DQ, AVX512CD, AVX512VBMI, AVX512IFMA, SHA,
24505 CLWB, UMIP, RDPID, GFNI, AVX512VBMI2, AVX512VPOPCNTDQ,
24506 AVX512BITALG, AVX512VNNI, VPCLMULQDQ, VAES instruction set
24507 support.
24508 icelake-server
24510 Intel Icelake Server CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX,
24511 SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, PKU, AVX, AVX2,
24512 AES, PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C, RDSEED,
24513 ADCX, PREFETCHW, CLFLUSHOPT, XSAVEC, XSAVES, AVX512F, AVX512VL,
24514 AVX512BW, AVX512DQ, AVX512CD, AVX512VBMI, AVX512IFMA, SHA,
24515 CLWB, UMIP, RDPID, GFNI, AVX512VBMI2, AVX512VPOPCNTDQ,
24516 AVX512BITALG, AVX512VNNI, VPCLMULQDQ, VAES, PCONFIG and
24517 WBNOINVD instruction set support.
24518 cascadelake
24520 Intel Cascadelake CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
24521 SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, PKU, AVX, AVX2, AES,
24522 PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C, RDSEED, ADCX,
24523 PREFETCHW, CLFLUSHOPT, XSAVEC, XSAVES, AVX512F, CLWB, AVX512VL,
24524 AVX512BW, AVX512DQ, AVX512CD and AVX512VNNI instruction set
24525 support.
24526 cooperlake
24528 Intel cooperlake CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
24529 SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, PKU, AVX, AVX2, AES,
24530 PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C, RDSEED, ADCX,
24531 PREFETCHW, CLFLUSHOPT, XSAVEC, XSAVES, AVX512F, CLWB, AVX512VL,
24532 AVX512BW, AVX512DQ, AVX512CD, AVX512VNNI and AVX512BF16
24533 instruction set support.
24534 tigerlake
24536 Intel Tigerlake CPU with 64-bit extensions, MOVBE, MMX, SSE,
24537 SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, POPCNT, PKU, AVX, AVX2, AES,
24538 PCLMUL, FSGSBASE, RDRND, FMA, BMI, BMI2, F16C, RDSEED, ADCX,
24539 PREFETCHW, CLFLUSHOPT, XSAVEC, XSAVES, AVX512F, AVX512VL,
24540 AVX512BW, AVX512DQ, AVX512CD, AVX512VBMI, AVX512IFMA, SHA,
24541 CLWB, UMIP, RDPID, GFNI, AVX512VBMI2, AVX512VPOPCNTDQ,
24542 AVX512BITALG, AVX512VNNI, VPCLMULQDQ, VAES, PCONFIG, WBNOINVD,
24543 MOVDIRI, MOVDIR64B and AVX512VP2INTERSECT instruction set
24544 support.
24545 k6 AMD K6 CPU with MMX instruction set support.
24547 k6-2
24549 k6-3
24550 Improved versions of AMD K6 CPU with MMX and 3DNow! instruction
24551 set support.
24552 athlon
24554 athlon-tbird
24555 AMD Athlon CPU with MMX, 3dNOW!, enhanced 3DNow! and SSE
24556 prefetch instructions support.
24557 athlon-4
24559 athlon-xp
24560 athlon-mp
24561 Improved AMD Athlon CPU with MMX, 3DNow!, enhanced 3DNow! and
24562 full SSE instruction set support.
24563 k8
24565 opteron
24566 athlon64
24567 athlon-fx
24568 Processors based on the AMD K8 core with x86-64 instruction set
24569 support, including the AMD Opteron, Athlon 64, and Athlon 64 FX
24570 processors. (This supersets MMX, SSE, SSE2, 3DNow!, enhanced
24571 3DNow! and 64-bit instruction set extensions.)
24572 k8-sse3
24574 opteron-sse3
24575 athlon64-sse3
24576 Improved versions of AMD K8 cores with SSE3 instruction set
24577 support.
24578 amdfam10
24580 barcelona
24581 CPUs based on AMD Family 10h cores with x86-64 instruction set
24582 support. (This supersets MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4A, 3DNow!,
24583 enhanced 3DNow!, ABM and 64-bit instruction set extensions.)
24584 bdver1
24586 CPUs based on AMD Family 15h cores with x86-64 instruction set
24587 support. (This supersets FMA4, AVX, XOP, LWP, AES, PCLMUL,
24588 CX16, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4A, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, ABM
24589 and 64-bit instruction set extensions.)
24590 bdver2
24592 AMD Family 15h core based CPUs with x86-64 instruction set
24593 support. (This supersets BMI, TBM, F16C, FMA, FMA4, AVX, XOP,
24594 LWP, AES, PCLMUL, CX16, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4A, SSSE3,
24595 SSE4.1, SSE4.2, ABM and 64-bit instruction set extensions.)
24596 bdver3
24598 AMD Family 15h core based CPUs with x86-64 instruction set
24599 support. (This supersets BMI, TBM, F16C, FMA, FMA4, FSGSBASE,
24600 AVX, XOP, LWP, AES, PCLMUL, CX16, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4A,
24601 SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, ABM and 64-bit instruction set
24602 extensions.)
24603 bdver4
24605 AMD Family 15h core based CPUs with x86-64 instruction set
24606 support. (This supersets BMI, BMI2, TBM, F16C, FMA, FMA4,
24607 FSGSBASE, AVX, AVX2, XOP, LWP, AES, PCLMUL, CX16, MOVBE, MMX,
24608 SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4A, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, ABM and 64-bit
24609 instruction set extensions.)
24610 znver1
24612 AMD Family 17h core based CPUs with x86-64 instruction set
24613 support. (This supersets BMI, BMI2, F16C, FMA, FSGSBASE, AVX,
24614 AVX2, ADCX, RDSEED, MWAITX, SHA, CLZERO, AES, PCLMUL, CX16,
24615 MOVBE, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4A, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, ABM,
24616 XSAVEC, XSAVES, CLFLUSHOPT, POPCNT, and 64-bit instruction set
24617 extensions.)
24618 znver2
24620 AMD Family 17h core based CPUs with x86-64 instruction set
24621 support. (This supersets BMI, BMI2, CLWB, F16C, FMA, FSGSBASE,
24622 AVX, AVX2, ADCX, RDSEED, MWAITX, SHA, CLZERO, AES, PCLMUL,
24623 CX16, MOVBE, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4A, SSSE3, SSE4.1,
24624 SSE4.2, ABM, XSAVEC, XSAVES, CLFLUSHOPT, POPCNT, RDPID,
24625 WBNOINVD, and 64-bit instruction set extensions.)
24626 btver1
24628 CPUs based on AMD Family 14h cores with x86-64 instruction set
24629 support. (This supersets MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4A,
24630 CX16, ABM and 64-bit instruction set extensions.)
24631 btver2
24633 CPUs based on AMD Family 16h cores with x86-64 instruction set
24634 support. This includes MOVBE, F16C, BMI, AVX, PCLMUL, AES,
24635 SSE4.2, SSE4.1, CX16, ABM, SSE4A, SSSE3, SSE3, SSE2, SSE, MMX
24636 and 64-bit instruction set extensions.
24637 winchip-c6
24639 IDT WinChip C6 CPU, dealt in same way as i486 with additional
24640 MMX instruction set support.
24641 winchip2
24643 IDT WinChip 2 CPU, dealt in same way as i486 with additional
24644 MMX and 3DNow! instruction set support.
24645 c3 VIA C3 CPU with MMX and 3DNow! instruction set support. (No
24647 scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
24648 c3-2
24650 VIA C3-2 (Nehemiah/C5XL) CPU with MMX and SSE instruction set
24651 support. (No scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
24652 c7 VIA C7 (Esther) CPU with MMX, SSE, SSE2 and SSE3 instruction
24654 set support. (No scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
24655 samuel-2
24657 VIA Eden Samuel 2 CPU with MMX and 3DNow! instruction set
24658 support. (No scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
24659 nehemiah
24661 VIA Eden Nehemiah CPU with MMX and SSE instruction set support.
24662 (No scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
24663 esther
24665 VIA Eden Esther CPU with MMX, SSE, SSE2 and SSE3 instruction
24666 set support. (No scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
24667 eden-x2
24669 VIA Eden X2 CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2 and SSE3
24670 instruction set support. (No scheduling is implemented for
24671 this chip.)
24672 eden-x4
24674 VIA Eden X4 CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3,
24675 SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX and AVX2 instruction set support. (No
24676 scheduling is implemented for this chip.)
24677 nano
24679 Generic VIA Nano CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3 and
24680 SSSE3 instruction set support. (No scheduling is implemented
24681 for this chip.)
24682 nano-1000
24684 VIA Nano 1xxx CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3 and SSSE3
24685 instruction set support. (No scheduling is implemented for
24686 this chip.)
24687 nano-2000
24689 VIA Nano 2xxx CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3 and SSSE3
24690 instruction set support. (No scheduling is implemented for
24691 this chip.)
24692 nano-3000
24694 VIA Nano 3xxx CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3 and
24695 SSE4.1 instruction set support. (No scheduling is implemented
24696 for this chip.)
24697 nano-x2
24699 VIA Nano Dual Core CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3
24700 and SSE4.1 instruction set support. (No scheduling is
24701 implemented for this chip.)
24702 nano-x4
24704 VIA Nano Quad Core CPU with x86-64, MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3
24705 and SSE4.1 instruction set support. (No scheduling is
24706 implemented for this chip.)
24707 geode
24709 AMD Geode embedded processor with MMX and 3DNow! instruction
24710 set support.
24711 -mtune=cpu-type
24713 Tune to cpu-type everything applicable about the generated code,
24714 except for the ABI and the set of available instructions. While
24715 picking a specific cpu-type schedules things appropriately for that
24716 particular chip, the compiler does not generate any code that
24717 cannot run on the default machine type unless you use a -march=cpu-
24718 type option. For example, if GCC is configured for
24719 i686-pc-linux-gnu then -mtune=pentium4 generates code that is tuned
24720 for Pentium 4 but still runs on i686 machines.
24721 The choices for cpu-type are the same as for -march. In addition,
24723 -mtune supports 2 extra choices for cpu-type:
24724 generic
24726 Produce code optimized for the most common IA32/AMD64/EM64T
24727 processors. If you know the CPU on which your code will run,
24728 then you should use the corresponding -mtune or -march option
24729 instead of -mtune=generic. But, if you do not know exactly
24730 what CPU users of your application will have, then you should
24731 use this option.
24732 As new processors are deployed in the marketplace, the behavior
24734 of this option will change. Therefore, if you upgrade to a
24735 newer version of GCC, code generation controlled by this option
24736 will change to reflect the processors that are most common at
24737 the time that version of GCC is released.
24738 There is no -march=generic option because -march indicates the
24740 instruction set the compiler can use, and there is no generic
24741 instruction set applicable to all processors. In contrast,
24742 -mtune indicates the processor (or, in this case, collection of
24743 processors) for which the code is optimized.
24744 intel
24746 Produce code optimized for the most current Intel processors,
24747 which are Haswell and Silvermont for this version of GCC. If
24748 you know the CPU on which your code will run, then you should
24749 use the corresponding -mtune or -march option instead of
24750 -mtune=intel. But, if you want your application performs
24751 better on both Haswell and Silvermont, then you should use this
24752 option.
24753 As new Intel processors are deployed in the marketplace, the
24755 behavior of this option will change. Therefore, if you upgrade
24756 to a newer version of GCC, code generation controlled by this
24757 option will change to reflect the most current Intel processors
24758 at the time that version of GCC is released.
24759 There is no -march=intel option because -march indicates the
24761 instruction set the compiler can use, and there is no common
24762 instruction set applicable to all processors. In contrast,
24763 -mtune indicates the processor (or, in this case, collection of
24764 processors) for which the code is optimized.
24765 -mcpu=cpu-type
24767 A deprecated synonym for -mtune.
24768 -mfpmath=unit
24770 Generate floating-point arithmetic for selected unit unit. The
24771 choices for unit are:
24772 387 Use the standard 387 floating-point coprocessor present on the
24774 majority of chips and emulated otherwise. Code compiled with
24775 this option runs almost everywhere. The temporary results are
24776 computed in 80-bit precision instead of the precision specified
24777 by the type, resulting in slightly different results compared
24778 to most of other chips. See -ffloat-store for more detailed
24779 description.
24780 This is the default choice for non-Darwin x86-32 targets.
24782 sse Use scalar floating-point instructions present in the SSE
24784 instruction set. This instruction set is supported by Pentium
24785 III and newer chips, and in the AMD line by Athlon-4, Athlon XP
24786 and Athlon MP chips. The earlier version of the SSE
24787 instruction set supports only single-precision arithmetic, thus
24788 the double and extended-precision arithmetic are still done
24789 using 387. A later version, present only in Pentium 4 and AMD
24790 x86-64 chips, supports double-precision arithmetic too.
24791 For the x86-32 compiler, you must use -march=cpu-type, -msse or
24793 -msse2 switches to enable SSE extensions and make this option
24794 effective. For the x86-64 compiler, these extensions are
24795 enabled by default.
24796 The resulting code should be considerably faster in the
24798 majority of cases and avoid the numerical instability problems
24799 of 387 code, but may break some existing code that expects
24800 temporaries to be 80 bits.
24801 This is the default choice for the x86-64 compiler, Darwin
24803 x86-32 targets, and the default choice for x86-32 targets with
24804 the SSE2 instruction set when -ffast-math is enabled.
24805 sse,387
24807 sse+387
24808 both
24809 Attempt to utilize both instruction sets at once. This
24810 effectively doubles the amount of available registers, and on
24811 chips with separate execution units for 387 and SSE the
24812 execution resources too. Use this option with care, as it is
24813 still experimental, because the GCC register allocator does not
24814 model separate functional units well, resulting in unstable
24815 performance.
24816 -masm=dialect
24818 Output assembly instructions using selected dialect. Also affects
24819 which dialect is used for basic "asm" and extended "asm". Supported
24820 choices (in dialect order) are att or intel. The default is att.
24821 Darwin does not support intel.
24822 -mieee-fp
24824 -mno-ieee-fp
24825 Control whether or not the compiler uses IEEE floating-point
24826 comparisons. These correctly handle the case where the result of a
24827 comparison is unordered.
24828 -m80387
24830 -mhard-float
24831 Generate output containing 80387 instructions for floating point.
24832 -mno-80387
24834 -msoft-float
24835 Generate output containing library calls for floating point.
24836 Warning: the requisite libraries are not part of GCC. Normally the
24838 facilities of the machine's usual C compiler are used, but this
24839 cannot be done directly in cross-compilation. You must make your
24840 own arrangements to provide suitable library functions for cross-
24841 compilation.
24842 On machines where a function returns floating-point results in the
24844 80387 register stack, some floating-point opcodes may be emitted
24845 even if -msoft-float is used.
24846 -mno-fp-ret-in-387
24848 Do not use the FPU registers for return values of functions.
24849 The usual calling convention has functions return values of types
24851 "float" and "double" in an FPU register, even if there is no FPU.
24852 The idea is that the operating system should emulate an FPU.
24853 The option -mno-fp-ret-in-387 causes such values to be returned in
24855 ordinary CPU registers instead.
24856 -mno-fancy-math-387
24858 Some 387 emulators do not support the "sin", "cos" and "sqrt"
24859 instructions for the 387. Specify this option to avoid generating
24860 those instructions. This option is overridden when -march
24861 indicates that the target CPU always has an FPU and so the
24862 instruction does not need emulation. These instructions are not
24863 generated unless you also use the -funsafe-math-optimizations
24864 switch.
24865 -malign-double
24867 -mno-align-double
24868 Control whether GCC aligns "double", "long double", and "long long"
24869 variables on a two-word boundary or a one-word boundary. Aligning
24870 "double" variables on a two-word boundary produces code that runs
24871 somewhat faster on a Pentium at the expense of more memory.
24872 On x86-64, -malign-double is enabled by default.
24874 Warning: if you use the -malign-double switch, structures
24876 containing the above types are aligned differently than the
24877 published application binary interface specifications for the
24878 x86-32 and are not binary compatible with structures in code
24879 compiled without that switch.
24880 -m96bit-long-double
24882 -m128bit-long-double
24883 These switches control the size of "long double" type. The x86-32
24884 application binary interface specifies the size to be 96 bits, so
24885 -m96bit-long-double is the default in 32-bit mode.
24886 Modern architectures (Pentium and newer) prefer "long double" to be
24888 aligned to an 8- or 16-byte boundary. In arrays or structures
24889 conforming to the ABI, this is not possible. So specifying
24890 -m128bit-long-double aligns "long double" to a 16-byte boundary by
24891 padding the "long double" with an additional 32-bit zero.
24892 In the x86-64 compiler, -m128bit-long-double is the default choice
24894 as its ABI specifies that "long double" is aligned on 16-byte
24895 boundary.
24896 Notice that neither of these options enable any extra precision
24898 over the x87 standard of 80 bits for a "long double".
24899 Warning: if you override the default value for your target ABI,
24901 this changes the size of structures and arrays containing "long
24902 double" variables, as well as modifying the function calling
24903 convention for functions taking "long double". Hence they are not
24904 binary-compatible with code compiled without that switch.
24905 -mlong-double-64
24907 -mlong-double-80
24908 -mlong-double-128
24909 These switches control the size of "long double" type. A size of 64
24910 bits makes the "long double" type equivalent to the "double" type.
24911 This is the default for 32-bit Bionic C library. A size of 128
24912 bits makes the "long double" type equivalent to the "__float128"
24913 type. This is the default for 64-bit Bionic C library.
24914 Warning: if you override the default value for your target ABI,
24916 this changes the size of structures and arrays containing "long
24917 double" variables, as well as modifying the function calling
24918 convention for functions taking "long double". Hence they are not
24919 binary-compatible with code compiled without that switch.
24920 -malign-data=type
24922 Control how GCC aligns variables. Supported values for type are
24923 compat uses increased alignment value compatible uses GCC 4.8 and
24924 earlier, abi uses alignment value as specified by the psABI, and
24925 cacheline uses increased alignment value to match the cache line
24926 size. compat is the default.
24927 -mlarge-data-threshold=threshold
24929 When -mcmodel=medium is specified, data objects larger than
24930 threshold are placed in the large data section. This value must be
24931 the same across all objects linked into the binary, and defaults to
24932 65535.
24933 -mrtd
24935 Use a different function-calling convention, in which functions
24936 that take a fixed number of arguments return with the "ret num"
24937 instruction, which pops their arguments while returning. This
24938 saves one instruction in the caller since there is no need to pop
24939 the arguments there.
24940 You can specify that an individual function is called with this
24942 calling sequence with the function attribute "stdcall". You can
24943 also override the -mrtd option by using the function attribute
24944 "cdecl".
24945 Warning: this calling convention is incompatible with the one
24947 normally used on Unix, so you cannot use it if you need to call
24948 libraries compiled with the Unix compiler.
24949 Also, you must provide function prototypes for all functions that
24951 take variable numbers of arguments (including "printf"); otherwise
24952 incorrect code is generated for calls to those functions.
24953 In addition, seriously incorrect code results if you call a
24955 function with too many arguments. (Normally, extra arguments are
24956 harmlessly ignored.)
24957 -mregparm=num
24959 Control how many registers are used to pass integer arguments. By
24960 default, no registers are used to pass arguments, and at most 3
24961 registers can be used. You can control this behavior for a
24962 specific function by using the function attribute "regparm".
24963 Warning: if you use this switch, and num is nonzero, then you must
24965 build all modules with the same value, including any libraries.
24966 This includes the system libraries and startup modules.
24967 -msseregparm
24969 Use SSE register passing conventions for float and double arguments
24970 and return values. You can control this behavior for a specific
24971 function by using the function attribute "sseregparm".
24972 Warning: if you use this switch then you must build all modules
24974 with the same value, including any libraries. This includes the
24975 system libraries and startup modules.
24976 -mvect8-ret-in-mem
24978 Return 8-byte vectors in memory instead of MMX registers. This is
24979 the default on VxWorks to match the ABI of the Sun Studio compilers
24980 until version 12. Only use this option if you need to remain
24981 compatible with existing code produced by those previous compiler
24982 versions or older versions of GCC.
24983 -mpc32
24985 -mpc64
24986 -mpc80
24987 Set 80387 floating-point precision to 32, 64 or 80 bits. When
24988 -mpc32 is specified, the significands of results of floating-point
24989 operations are rounded to 24 bits (single precision); -mpc64 rounds
24990 the significands of results of floating-point operations to 53 bits
24991 (double precision) and -mpc80 rounds the significands of results of
24992 floating-point operations to 64 bits (extended double precision),
24993 which is the default. When this option is used, floating-point
24994 operations in higher precisions are not available to the programmer
24995 without setting the FPU control word explicitly.
24996 Setting the rounding of floating-point operations to less than the
24998 default 80 bits can speed some programs by 2% or more. Note that
24999 some mathematical libraries assume that extended-precision (80-bit)
25000 floating-point operations are enabled by default; routines in such
25001 libraries could suffer significant loss of accuracy, typically
25002 through so-called "catastrophic cancellation", when this option is
25003 used to set the precision to less than extended precision.
25004 -mstackrealign
25006 Realign the stack at entry. On the x86, the -mstackrealign option
25007 generates an alternate prologue and epilogue that realigns the run-
25008 time stack if necessary. This supports mixing legacy codes that
25009 keep 4-byte stack alignment with modern codes that keep 16-byte
25010 stack alignment for SSE compatibility. See also the attribute
25011 "force_align_arg_pointer", applicable to individual functions.
25012 -mpreferred-stack-boundary=num
25014 Attempt to keep the stack boundary aligned to a 2 raised to num
25015 byte boundary. If -mpreferred-stack-boundary is not specified, the
25016 default is 4 (16 bytes or 128 bits).
25017 Warning: When generating code for the x86-64 architecture with SSE
25019 extensions disabled, -mpreferred-stack-boundary=3 can be used to
25020 keep the stack boundary aligned to 8 byte boundary. Since x86-64
25021 ABI require 16 byte stack alignment, this is ABI incompatible and
25022 intended to be used in controlled environment where stack space is
25023 important limitation. This option leads to wrong code when
25024 functions compiled with 16 byte stack alignment (such as functions
25025 from a standard library) are called with misaligned stack. In this
25026 case, SSE instructions may lead to misaligned memory access traps.
25027 In addition, variable arguments are handled incorrectly for 16 byte
25028 aligned objects (including x87 long double and __int128), leading
25029 to wrong results. You must build all modules with
25030 -mpreferred-stack-boundary=3, including any libraries. This
25031 includes the system libraries and startup modules.
25032 -mincoming-stack-boundary=num
25034 Assume the incoming stack is aligned to a 2 raised to num byte
25035 boundary. If -mincoming-stack-boundary is not specified, the one
25036 specified by -mpreferred-stack-boundary is used.
25037 On Pentium and Pentium Pro, "double" and "long double" values
25039 should be aligned to an 8-byte boundary (see -malign-double) or
25040 suffer significant run time performance penalties. On Pentium III,
25041 the Streaming SIMD Extension (SSE) data type "__m128" may not work
25042 properly if it is not 16-byte aligned.
25043 To ensure proper alignment of this values on the stack, the stack
25045 boundary must be as aligned as that required by any value stored on
25046 the stack. Further, every function must be generated such that it
25047 keeps the stack aligned. Thus calling a function compiled with a
25048 higher preferred stack boundary from a function compiled with a
25049 lower preferred stack boundary most likely misaligns the stack. It
25050 is recommended that libraries that use callbacks always use the
25051 default setting.
25052 This extra alignment does consume extra stack space, and generally
25054 increases code size. Code that is sensitive to stack space usage,
25055 such as embedded systems and operating system kernels, may want to
25056 reduce the preferred alignment to -mpreferred-stack-boundary=2.
25057 -mmmx
25059 -msse
25060 -msse2
25061 -msse3
25062 -mssse3
25063 -msse4
25064 -msse4a
25065 -msse4.1
25066 -msse4.2
25067 -mavx
25068 -mavx2
25069 -mavx512f
25070 -mavx512pf
25071 -mavx512er
25072 -mavx512cd
25073 -mavx512vl
25074 -mavx512bw
25075 -mavx512dq
25076 -mavx512ifma
25077 -mavx512vbmi
25078 -msha
25079 -maes
25080 -mpclmul
25081 -mclflushopt
25082 -mclwb
25083 -mfsgsbase
25084 -mptwrite
25085 -mrdrnd
25086 -mf16c
25087 -mfma
25088 -mpconfig
25089 -mwbnoinvd
25090 -mfma4
25091 -mprfchw
25092 -mrdpid
25093 -mprefetchwt1
25094 -mrdseed
25095 -msgx
25096 -mxop
25097 -mlwp
25098 -m3dnow
25099 -m3dnowa
25100 -mpopcnt
25101 -mabm
25102 -madx
25103 -mbmi
25104 -mbmi2
25105 -mlzcnt
25106 -mfxsr
25107 -mxsave
25108 -mxsaveopt
25109 -mxsavec
25110 -mxsaves
25111 -mrtm
25112 -mhle
25113 -mtbm
25114 -mmwaitx
25115 -mclzero
25116 -mpku
25117 -mavx512vbmi2
25118 -mavx512bf16
25119 -mgfni
25120 -mvaes
25121 -mwaitpkg
25122 -mvpclmulqdq
25123 -mavx512bitalg
25124 -mmovdiri
25125 -mmovdir64b
25126 -menqcmd
25127 -mavx512vpopcntdq
25128 -mavx512vp2intersect
25129 -mavx5124fmaps
25130 -mavx512vnni
25131 -mavx5124vnniw
25132 -mcldemote
25133 These switches enable the use of instructions in the MMX, SSE,
25134 SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4, SSE4A, SSE4.1, SSE4.2, AVX, AVX2, AVX512F,
25135 AVX512PF, AVX512ER, AVX512CD, AVX512VL, AVX512BW, AVX512DQ,
25136 AVX512IFMA, AVX512VBMI, SHA, AES, PCLMUL, CLFLUSHOPT, CLWB,
25137 FSGSBASE, PTWRITE, RDRND, F16C, FMA, PCONFIG, WBNOINVD, FMA4,
25138 PREFETCHW, RDPID, PREFETCHWT1, RDSEED, SGX, XOP, LWP, 3DNow!,
25139 enhanced 3DNow!, POPCNT, ABM, ADX, BMI, BMI2, LZCNT, FXSR, XSAVE,
25140 XSAVEOPT, XSAVEC, XSAVES, RTM, HLE, TBM, MWAITX, CLZERO, PKU,
25141 AVX512VBMI2, GFNI, VAES, WAITPKG, VPCLMULQDQ, AVX512BITALG,
25142 MOVDIRI, MOVDIR64B, AVX512BF16, ENQCMD, AVX512VPOPCNTDQ,
25143 AVX5124FMAPS, AVX512VNNI, AVX5124VNNIW, or CLDEMOTE extended
25144 instruction sets. Each has a corresponding -mno- option to disable
25145 use of these instructions.
25146 These extensions are also available as built-in functions: see x86
25148 Built-in Functions, for details of the functions enabled and
25149 disabled by these switches.
25150 To generate SSE/SSE2 instructions automatically from floating-point
25152 code (as opposed to 387 instructions), see -mfpmath=sse.
25153 GCC depresses SSEx instructions when -mavx is used. Instead, it
25155 generates new AVX instructions or AVX equivalence for all SSEx
25156 instructions when needed.
25157 These options enable GCC to use these extended instructions in
25159 generated code, even without -mfpmath=sse. Applications that
25160 perform run-time CPU detection must compile separate files for each
25161 supported architecture, using the appropriate flags. In
25162 particular, the file containing the CPU detection code should be
25163 compiled without these options.
25164 -mdump-tune-features
25166 This option instructs GCC to dump the names of the x86 performance
25167 tuning features and default settings. The names can be used in
25168 -mtune-ctrl=feature-list.
25169 -mtune-ctrl=feature-list
25171 This option is used to do fine grain control of x86 code generation
25172 features. feature-list is a comma separated list of feature names.
25173 See also -mdump-tune-features. When specified, the feature is
25174 turned on if it is not preceded with ^, otherwise, it is turned
25175 off. -mtune-ctrl=feature-list is intended to be used by GCC
25176 developers. Using it may lead to code paths not covered by testing
25177 and can potentially result in compiler ICEs or runtime errors.
25178 -mno-default
25180 This option instructs GCC to turn off all tunable features. See
25181 also -mtune-ctrl=feature-list and -mdump-tune-features.
25182 -mcld
25184 This option instructs GCC to emit a "cld" instruction in the
25185 prologue of functions that use string instructions. String
25186 instructions depend on the DF flag to select between autoincrement
25187 or autodecrement mode. While the ABI specifies the DF flag to be
25188 cleared on function entry, some operating systems violate this
25189 specification by not clearing the DF flag in their exception
25190 dispatchers. The exception handler can be invoked with the DF flag
25191 set, which leads to wrong direction mode when string instructions
25192 are used. This option can be enabled by default on 32-bit x86
25193 targets by configuring GCC with the --enable-cld configure option.
25194 Generation of "cld" instructions can be suppressed with the
25195 -mno-cld compiler option in this case.
25196 -mvzeroupper
25198 This option instructs GCC to emit a "vzeroupper" instruction before
25199 a transfer of control flow out of the function to minimize the AVX
25200 to SSE transition penalty as well as remove unnecessary "zeroupper"
25201 intrinsics.
25202 -mprefer-avx128
25204 This option instructs GCC to use 128-bit AVX instructions instead
25205 of 256-bit AVX instructions in the auto-vectorizer.
25206 -mprefer-vector-width=opt
25208 This option instructs GCC to use opt-bit vector width in
25209 instructions instead of default on the selected platform.
25210 none
25212 No extra limitations applied to GCC other than defined by the
25213 selected platform.
25214 128 Prefer 128-bit vector width for instructions.
25216 256 Prefer 256-bit vector width for instructions.
25218 512 Prefer 512-bit vector width for instructions.
25220 -mcx16
25222 This option enables GCC to generate "CMPXCHG16B" instructions in
25223 64-bit code to implement compare-and-exchange operations on 16-byte
25224 aligned 128-bit objects. This is useful for atomic updates of data
25225 structures exceeding one machine word in size. The compiler uses
25226 this instruction to implement __sync Builtins. However, for
25227 __atomic Builtins operating on 128-bit integers, a library call is
25228 always used.
25229 -msahf
25231 This option enables generation of "SAHF" instructions in 64-bit
25232 code. Early Intel Pentium 4 CPUs with Intel 64 support, prior to
25233 the introduction of Pentium 4 G1 step in December 2005, lacked the
25234 "LAHF" and "SAHF" instructions which are supported by AMD64. These
25235 are load and store instructions, respectively, for certain status
25236 flags. In 64-bit mode, the "SAHF" instruction is used to optimize
25237 "fmod", "drem", and "remainder" built-in functions; see Other
25238 Builtins for details.
25239 -mmovbe
25241 This option enables use of the "movbe" instruction to implement
25242 "__builtin_bswap32" and "__builtin_bswap64".
25243 -mshstk
25245 The -mshstk option enables shadow stack built-in functions from x86
25246 Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET).
25247 -mcrc32
25249 This option enables built-in functions "__builtin_ia32_crc32qi",
25250 "__builtin_ia32_crc32hi", "__builtin_ia32_crc32si" and
25251 "__builtin_ia32_crc32di" to generate the "crc32" machine
25252 instruction.
25253 -mrecip
25255 This option enables use of "RCPSS" and "RSQRTSS" instructions (and
25256 their vectorized variants "RCPPS" and "RSQRTPS") with an additional
25257 Newton-Raphson step to increase precision instead of "DIVSS" and
25258 "SQRTSS" (and their vectorized variants) for single-precision
25259 floating-point arguments. These instructions are generated only
25260 when -funsafe-math-optimizations is enabled together with
25261 -ffinite-math-only and -fno-trapping-math. Note that while the
25262 throughput of the sequence is higher than the throughput of the
25263 non-reciprocal instruction, the precision of the sequence can be
25264 decreased by up to 2 ulp (i.e. the inverse of 1.0 equals
25265 0.99999994).
25266 Note that GCC implements "1.0f/sqrtf(x)" in terms of "RSQRTSS" (or
25268 "RSQRTPS") already with -ffast-math (or the above option
25269 combination), and doesn't need -mrecip.
25270 Also note that GCC emits the above sequence with additional Newton-
25272 Raphson step for vectorized single-float division and vectorized
25273 "sqrtf(x)" already with -ffast-math (or the above option
25274 combination), and doesn't need -mrecip.
25275 -mrecip=opt
25277 This option controls which reciprocal estimate instructions may be
25278 used. opt is a comma-separated list of options, which may be
25279 preceded by a ! to invert the option:
25280 all Enable all estimate instructions.
25282 default
25284 Enable the default instructions, equivalent to -mrecip.
25285 none
25287 Disable all estimate instructions, equivalent to -mno-recip.
25288 div Enable the approximation for scalar division.
25290 vec-div
25292 Enable the approximation for vectorized division.
25293 sqrt
25295 Enable the approximation for scalar square root.
25296 vec-sqrt
25298 Enable the approximation for vectorized square root.
25299 So, for example, -mrecip=all,!sqrt enables all of the reciprocal
25301 approximations, except for square root.
25302 -mveclibabi=type
25304 Specifies the ABI type to use for vectorizing intrinsics using an
25305 external library. Supported values for type are svml for the Intel
25306 short vector math library and acml for the AMD math core library.
25307 To use this option, both -ftree-vectorize and
25308 -funsafe-math-optimizations have to be enabled, and an SVML or ACML
25309 ABI-compatible library must be specified at link time.
25310 GCC currently emits calls to "vmldExp2", "vmldLn2", "vmldLog102",
25312 "vmldPow2", "vmldTanh2", "vmldTan2", "vmldAtan2", "vmldAtanh2",
25313 "vmldCbrt2", "vmldSinh2", "vmldSin2", "vmldAsinh2", "vmldAsin2",
25314 "vmldCosh2", "vmldCos2", "vmldAcosh2", "vmldAcos2", "vmlsExp4",
25315 "vmlsLn4", "vmlsLog104", "vmlsPow4", "vmlsTanh4", "vmlsTan4",
25316 "vmlsAtan4", "vmlsAtanh4", "vmlsCbrt4", "vmlsSinh4", "vmlsSin4",
25317 "vmlsAsinh4", "vmlsAsin4", "vmlsCosh4", "vmlsCos4", "vmlsAcosh4"
25318 and "vmlsAcos4" for corresponding function type when
25319 -mveclibabi=svml is used, and "__vrd2_sin", "__vrd2_cos",
25320 "__vrd2_exp", "__vrd2_log", "__vrd2_log2", "__vrd2_log10",
25321 "__vrs4_sinf", "__vrs4_cosf", "__vrs4_expf", "__vrs4_logf",
25322 "__vrs4_log2f", "__vrs4_log10f" and "__vrs4_powf" for the
25323 corresponding function type when -mveclibabi=acml is used.
25324 -mabi=name
25326 Generate code for the specified calling convention. Permissible
25327 values are sysv for the ABI used on GNU/Linux and other systems,
25328 and ms for the Microsoft ABI. The default is to use the Microsoft
25329 ABI when targeting Microsoft Windows and the SysV ABI on all other
25330 systems. You can control this behavior for specific functions by
25331 using the function attributes "ms_abi" and "sysv_abi".
25332 -mforce-indirect-call
25334 Force all calls to functions to be indirect. This is useful when
25335 using Intel Processor Trace where it generates more precise timing
25336 information for function calls.
25337 -mmanual-endbr
25339 Insert ENDBR instruction at function entry only via the "cf_check"
25340 function attribute. This is useful when used with the option
25341 -fcf-protection=branch to control ENDBR insertion at the function
25342 entry.
25343 -mcall-ms2sysv-xlogues
25345 Due to differences in 64-bit ABIs, any Microsoft ABI function that
25346 calls a System V ABI function must consider RSI, RDI and XMM6-15 as
25347 clobbered. By default, the code for saving and restoring these
25348 registers is emitted inline, resulting in fairly lengthy prologues
25349 and epilogues. Using -mcall-ms2sysv-xlogues emits prologues and
25350 epilogues that use stubs in the static portion of libgcc to perform
25351 these saves and restores, thus reducing function size at the cost
25352 of a few extra instructions.
25353 -mtls-dialect=type
25355 Generate code to access thread-local storage using the gnu or gnu2
25356 conventions. gnu is the conservative default; gnu2 is more
25357 efficient, but it may add compile- and run-time requirements that
25358 cannot be satisfied on all systems.
25359 -mpush-args
25361 -mno-push-args
25362 Use PUSH operations to store outgoing parameters. This method is
25363 shorter and usually equally fast as method using SUB/MOV operations
25364 and is enabled by default. In some cases disabling it may improve
25365 performance because of improved scheduling and reduced
25366 dependencies.
25367 -maccumulate-outgoing-args
25369 If enabled, the maximum amount of space required for outgoing
25370 arguments is computed in the function prologue. This is faster on
25371 most modern CPUs because of reduced dependencies, improved
25372 scheduling and reduced stack usage when the preferred stack
25373 boundary is not equal to 2. The drawback is a notable increase in
25374 code size. This switch implies -mno-push-args.
25375 -mthreads
25377 Support thread-safe exception handling on MinGW. Programs that
25378 rely on thread-safe exception handling must compile and link all
25379 code with the -mthreads option. When compiling, -mthreads defines
25380 -D_MT; when linking, it links in a special thread helper library
25381 -lmingwthrd which cleans up per-thread exception-handling data.
25382 -mms-bitfields
25384 -mno-ms-bitfields
25385 Enable/disable bit-field layout compatible with the native
25386 Microsoft Windows compiler.
25387 If "packed" is used on a structure, or if bit-fields are used, it
25389 may be that the Microsoft ABI lays out the structure differently
25390 than the way GCC normally does. Particularly when moving packed
25391 data between functions compiled with GCC and the native Microsoft
25392 compiler (either via function call or as data in a file), it may be
25393 necessary to access either format.
25394 This option is enabled by default for Microsoft Windows targets.
25396 This behavior can also be controlled locally by use of variable or
25397 type attributes. For more information, see x86 Variable Attributes
25398 and x86 Type Attributes.
25399 The Microsoft structure layout algorithm is fairly simple with the
25401 exception of the bit-field packing. The padding and alignment of
25402 members of structures and whether a bit-field can straddle a
25403 storage-unit boundary are determine by these rules:
25404 1. Structure members are stored sequentially in the order in which
25406 they are
25407 declared: the first member has the lowest memory address and
25408 the last member the highest.
25409 2. Every data object has an alignment requirement. The alignment
25411 requirement
25412 for all data except structures, unions, and arrays is either
25413 the size of the object or the current packing size (specified
25414 with either the "aligned" attribute or the "pack" pragma),
25415 whichever is less. For structures, unions, and arrays, the
25416 alignment requirement is the largest alignment requirement of
25417 its members. Every object is allocated an offset so that:
25418 offset % alignment_requirement == 0
25420 3. Adjacent bit-fields are packed into the same 1-, 2-, or 4-byte
25422 allocation
25423 unit if the integral types are the same size and if the next
25424 bit-field fits into the current allocation unit without
25425 crossing the boundary imposed by the common alignment
25426 requirements of the bit-fields.
25427 MSVC interprets zero-length bit-fields in the following ways:
25429 1. If a zero-length bit-field is inserted between two bit-fields
25431 that
25432 are normally coalesced, the bit-fields are not coalesced.
25433 For example:
25435 struct
25437 {
25438 unsigned long bf_1 : 12;
25439 unsigned long : 0;
25440 unsigned long bf_2 : 12;
25441 } t1;
25442 The size of "t1" is 8 bytes with the zero-length bit-field. If
25444 the zero-length bit-field were removed, "t1"'s size would be 4
25445 bytes.
25446 2. If a zero-length bit-field is inserted after a bit-field, "foo",
25448 and the
25449 alignment of the zero-length bit-field is greater than the
25450 member that follows it, "bar", "bar" is aligned as the type of
25451 the zero-length bit-field.
25452 For example:
25454 struct
25456 {
25457 char foo : 4;
25458 short : 0;
25459 char bar;
25460 } t2;
25461 struct
25463 {
25464 char foo : 4;
25465 short : 0;
25466 double bar;
25467 } t3;
25468 For "t2", "bar" is placed at offset 2, rather than offset 1.
25470 Accordingly, the size of "t2" is 4. For "t3", the zero-length
25471 bit-field does not affect the alignment of "bar" or, as a
25472 result, the size of the structure.
25473 Taking this into account, it is important to note the
25475 following:
25476 1. If a zero-length bit-field follows a normal bit-field, the
25478 type of the
25479 zero-length bit-field may affect the alignment of the
25480 structure as whole. For example, "t2" has a size of 4
25481 bytes, since the zero-length bit-field follows a normal
25482 bit-field, and is of type short.
25483 2. Even if a zero-length bit-field is not followed by a normal
25485 bit-field, it may
25486 still affect the alignment of the structure:
25487 struct
25489 {
25490 char foo : 6;
25491 long : 0;
25492 } t4;
25493 Here, "t4" takes up 4 bytes.
25495 3. Zero-length bit-fields following non-bit-field members are
25497 ignored:
25498 struct
25499 {
25500 char foo;
25501 long : 0;
25502 char bar;
25503 } t5;
25504 Here, "t5" takes up 2 bytes.
25506 -mno-align-stringops
25508 Do not align the destination of inlined string operations. This
25509 switch reduces code size and improves performance in case the
25510 destination is already aligned, but GCC doesn't know about it.
25511 -minline-all-stringops
25513 By default GCC inlines string operations only when the destination
25514 is known to be aligned to least a 4-byte boundary. This enables
25515 more inlining and increases code size, but may improve performance
25516 of code that depends on fast "memcpy" and "memset" for short
25517 lengths. The option enables inline expansion of "strlen" for all
25518 pointer alignments.
25519 -minline-stringops-dynamically
25521 For string operations of unknown size, use run-time checks with
25522 inline code for small blocks and a library call for large blocks.
25523 -mstringop-strategy=alg
25525 Override the internal decision heuristic for the particular
25526 algorithm to use for inlining string operations. The allowed
25527 values for alg are:
25528 rep_byte
25530 rep_4byte
25531 rep_8byte
25532 Expand using i386 "rep" prefix of the specified size.
25533 byte_loop
25535 loop
25536 unrolled_loop
25537 Expand into an inline loop.
25538 libcall
25540 Always use a library call.
25541 -mmemcpy-strategy=strategy
25543 Override the internal decision heuristic to decide if
25544 "__builtin_memcpy" should be inlined and what inline algorithm to
25545 use when the expected size of the copy operation is known. strategy
25546 is a comma-separated list of alg:max_size:dest_align triplets. alg
25547 is specified in -mstringop-strategy, max_size specifies the max
25548 byte size with which inline algorithm alg is allowed. For the last
25549 triplet, the max_size must be "-1". The max_size of the triplets in
25550 the list must be specified in increasing order. The minimal byte
25551 size for alg is 0 for the first triplet and "max_size + 1" of the
25552 preceding range.
25553 -mmemset-strategy=strategy
25555 The option is similar to -mmemcpy-strategy= except that it is to
25556 control "__builtin_memset" expansion.
25557 -momit-leaf-frame-pointer
25559 Don't keep the frame pointer in a register for leaf functions.
25560 This avoids the instructions to save, set up, and restore frame
25561 pointers and makes an extra register available in leaf functions.
25562 The option -fomit-leaf-frame-pointer removes the frame pointer for
25563 leaf functions, which might make debugging harder.
25564 -mtls-direct-seg-refs
25566 -mno-tls-direct-seg-refs
25567 Controls whether TLS variables may be accessed with offsets from
25568 the TLS segment register (%gs for 32-bit, %fs for 64-bit), or
25569 whether the thread base pointer must be added. Whether or not this
25570 is valid depends on the operating system, and whether it maps the
25571 segment to cover the entire TLS area.
25572 For systems that use the GNU C Library, the default is on.
25574 -msse2avx
25576 -mno-sse2avx
25577 Specify that the assembler should encode SSE instructions with VEX
25578 prefix. The option -mavx turns this on by default.
25579 -mfentry
25581 -mno-fentry
25582 If profiling is active (-pg), put the profiling counter call before
25583 the prologue. Note: On x86 architectures the attribute
25584 "ms_hook_prologue" isn't possible at the moment for -mfentry and
25585 -pg.
25586 -mrecord-mcount
25588 -mno-record-mcount
25589 If profiling is active (-pg), generate a __mcount_loc section that
25590 contains pointers to each profiling call. This is useful for
25591 automatically patching and out calls.
25592 -mnop-mcount
25594 -mno-nop-mcount
25595 If profiling is active (-pg), generate the calls to the profiling
25596 functions as NOPs. This is useful when they should be patched in
25597 later dynamically. This is likely only useful together with
25598 -mrecord-mcount.
25599 -minstrument-return=type
25601 Instrument function exit in -pg -mfentry instrumented functions
25602 with call to specified function. This only instruments true returns
25603 ending with ret, but not sibling calls ending with jump. Valid
25604 types are none to not instrument, call to generate a call to
25605 __return__, or nop5 to generate a 5 byte nop.
25606 -mrecord-return
25608 -mno-record-return
25609 Generate a __return_loc section pointing to all return
25610 instrumentation code.
25611 -mfentry-name=name
25613 Set name of __fentry__ symbol called at function entry for -pg
25614 -mfentry functions.
25615 -mfentry-section=name
25617 Set name of section to record -mrecord-mcount calls (default
25618 __mcount_loc).
25619 -mskip-rax-setup
25621 -mno-skip-rax-setup
25622 When generating code for the x86-64 architecture with SSE
25623 extensions disabled, -mskip-rax-setup can be used to skip setting
25624 up RAX register when there are no variable arguments passed in
25625 vector registers.
25626 Warning: Since RAX register is used to avoid unnecessarily saving
25628 vector registers on stack when passing variable arguments, the
25629 impacts of this option are callees may waste some stack space,
25630 misbehave or jump to a random location. GCC 4.4 or newer don't
25631 have those issues, regardless the RAX register value.
25632 -m8bit-idiv
25634 -mno-8bit-idiv
25635 On some processors, like Intel Atom, 8-bit unsigned integer divide
25636 is much faster than 32-bit/64-bit integer divide. This option
25637 generates a run-time check. If both dividend and divisor are
25638 within range of 0 to 255, 8-bit unsigned integer divide is used
25639 instead of 32-bit/64-bit integer divide.
25640 -mavx256-split-unaligned-load
25642 -mavx256-split-unaligned-store
25643 Split 32-byte AVX unaligned load and store.
25644 -mstack-protector-guard=guard
25646 -mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
25647 -mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset
25648 Generate stack protection code using canary at guard. Supported
25649 locations are global for global canary or tls for per-thread canary
25650 in the TLS block (the default). This option has effect only when
25651 -fstack-protector or -fstack-protector-all is specified.
25652 With the latter choice the options -mstack-protector-guard-reg=reg
25654 and -mstack-protector-guard-offset=offset furthermore specify which
25655 segment register (%fs or %gs) to use as base register for reading
25656 the canary, and from what offset from that base register. The
25657 default for those is as specified in the relevant ABI.
25658 -mgeneral-regs-only
25660 Generate code that uses only the general-purpose registers. This
25661 prevents the compiler from using floating-point, vector, mask and
25662 bound registers.
25663 -mindirect-branch=choice
25665 Convert indirect call and jump with choice. The default is keep,
25666 which keeps indirect call and jump unmodified. thunk converts
25667 indirect call and jump to call and return thunk. thunk-inline
25668 converts indirect call and jump to inlined call and return thunk.
25669 thunk-extern converts indirect call and jump to external call and
25670 return thunk provided in a separate object file. You can control
25671 this behavior for a specific function by using the function
25672 attribute "indirect_branch".
25673 Note that -mcmodel=large is incompatible with
25675 -mindirect-branch=thunk and -mindirect-branch=thunk-extern since
25676 the thunk function may not be reachable in the large code model.
25677 Note that -mindirect-branch=thunk-extern is compatible with
25679 -fcf-protection=branch since the external thunk can be made to
25680 enable control-flow check.
25681 -mfunction-return=choice
25683 Convert function return with choice. The default is keep, which
25684 keeps function return unmodified. thunk converts function return
25685 to call and return thunk. thunk-inline converts function return to
25686 inlined call and return thunk. thunk-extern converts function
25687 return to external call and return thunk provided in a separate
25688 object file. You can control this behavior for a specific function
25689 by using the function attribute "function_return".
25690 Note that -mindirect-return=thunk-extern is compatible with
25692 -fcf-protection=branch since the external thunk can be made to
25693 enable control-flow check.
25694 Note that -mcmodel=large is incompatible with
25696 -mfunction-return=thunk and -mfunction-return=thunk-extern since
25697 the thunk function may not be reachable in the large code model.
25698 -mindirect-branch-register
25700 Force indirect call and jump via register.
25701 These -m switches are supported in addition to the above on x86-64
25703 processors in 64-bit environments.
25704 -m32
25706 -m64
25707 -mx32
25708 -m16
25709 -miamcu
25710 Generate code for a 16-bit, 32-bit or 64-bit environment. The -m32
25711 option sets "int", "long", and pointer types to 32 bits, and
25712 generates code that runs on any i386 system.
25713 The -m64 option sets "int" to 32 bits and "long" and pointer types
25715 to 64 bits, and generates code for the x86-64 architecture. For
25716 Darwin only the -m64 option also turns off the -fno-pic and
25717 -mdynamic-no-pic options.
25718 The -mx32 option sets "int", "long", and pointer types to 32 bits,
25720 and generates code for the x86-64 architecture.
25721 The -m16 option is the same as -m32, except for that it outputs the
25723 ".code16gcc" assembly directive at the beginning of the assembly
25724 output so that the binary can run in 16-bit mode.
25725 The -miamcu option generates code which conforms to Intel MCU
25727 psABI. It requires the -m32 option to be turned on.
25728 -mno-red-zone
25730 Do not use a so-called "red zone" for x86-64 code. The red zone is
25731 mandated by the x86-64 ABI; it is a 128-byte area beyond the
25732 location of the stack pointer that is not modified by signal or
25733 interrupt handlers and therefore can be used for temporary data
25734 without adjusting the stack pointer. The flag -mno-red-zone
25735 disables this red zone.
25736 -mcmodel=small
25738 Generate code for the small code model: the program and its symbols
25739 must be linked in the lower 2 GB of the address space. Pointers
25740 are 64 bits. Programs can be statically or dynamically linked.
25741 This is the default code model.
25742 -mcmodel=kernel
25744 Generate code for the kernel code model. The kernel runs in the
25745 negative 2 GB of the address space. This model has to be used for
25746 Linux kernel code.
25747 -mcmodel=medium
25749 Generate code for the medium model: the program is linked in the
25750 lower 2 GB of the address space. Small symbols are also placed
25751 there. Symbols with sizes larger than -mlarge-data-threshold are
25752 put into large data or BSS sections and can be located above 2GB.
25753 Programs can be statically or dynamically linked.
25754 -mcmodel=large
25756 Generate code for the large model. This model makes no assumptions
25757 about addresses and sizes of sections.
25758 -maddress-mode=long
25760 Generate code for long address mode. This is only supported for
25761 64-bit and x32 environments. It is the default address mode for
25762 64-bit environments.
25763 -maddress-mode=short
25765 Generate code for short address mode. This is only supported for
25766 32-bit and x32 environments. It is the default address mode for
25767 32-bit and x32 environments.
25768 x86 Windows Options
25770 These additional options are available for Microsoft Windows targets:
25772 -mconsole
25774 This option specifies that a console application is to be
25775 generated, by instructing the linker to set the PE header subsystem
25776 type required for console applications. This option is available
25777 for Cygwin and MinGW targets and is enabled by default on those
25778 targets.
25779 -mdll
25781 This option is available for Cygwin and MinGW targets. It
25782 specifies that a DLL---a dynamic link library---is to be generated,
25783 enabling the selection of the required runtime startup object and
25784 entry point.
25785 -mnop-fun-dllimport
25787 This option is available for Cygwin and MinGW targets. It
25788 specifies that the "dllimport" attribute should be ignored.
25789 -mthread
25791 This option is available for MinGW targets. It specifies that
25792 MinGW-specific thread support is to be used.
25793 -municode
25795 This option is available for MinGW-w64 targets. It causes the
25796 "UNICODE" preprocessor macro to be predefined, and chooses Unicode-
25797 capable runtime startup code.
25798 -mwin32
25800 This option is available for Cygwin and MinGW targets. It
25801 specifies that the typical Microsoft Windows predefined macros are
25802 to be set in the pre-processor, but does not influence the choice
25803 of runtime library/startup code.
25804 -mwindows
25806 This option is available for Cygwin and MinGW targets. It
25807 specifies that a GUI application is to be generated by instructing
25808 the linker to set the PE header subsystem type appropriately.
25809 -fno-set-stack-executable
25811 This option is available for MinGW targets. It specifies that the
25812 executable flag for the stack used by nested functions isn't set.
25813 This is necessary for binaries running in kernel mode of Microsoft
25814 Windows, as there the User32 API, which is used to set executable
25815 privileges, isn't available.
25816 -fwritable-relocated-rdata
25818 This option is available for MinGW and Cygwin targets. It
25819 specifies that relocated-data in read-only section is put into the
25820 ".data" section. This is a necessary for older runtimes not
25821 supporting modification of ".rdata" sections for pseudo-relocation.
25822 -mpe-aligned-commons
25824 This option is available for Cygwin and MinGW targets. It
25825 specifies that the GNU extension to the PE file format that permits
25826 the correct alignment of COMMON variables should be used when
25827 generating code. It is enabled by default if GCC detects that the
25828 target assembler found during configuration supports the feature.
25829 See also under x86 Options for standard options.
25831 Xstormy16 Options
25833 These options are defined for Xstormy16:
25835 -msim
25837 Choose startup files and linker script suitable for the simulator.
25838 Xtensa Options
25840 These options are supported for Xtensa targets:
25842 -mconst16
25844 -mno-const16
25845 Enable or disable use of "CONST16" instructions for loading
25846 constant values. The "CONST16" instruction is currently not a
25847 standard option from Tensilica. When enabled, "CONST16"
25848 instructions are always used in place of the standard "L32R"
25849 instructions. The use of "CONST16" is enabled by default only if
25850 the "L32R" instruction is not available.
25851 -mfused-madd
25853 -mno-fused-madd
25854 Enable or disable use of fused multiply/add and multiply/subtract
25855 instructions in the floating-point option. This has no effect if
25856 the floating-point option is not also enabled. Disabling fused
25857 multiply/add and multiply/subtract instructions forces the compiler
25858 to use separate instructions for the multiply and add/subtract
25859 operations. This may be desirable in some cases where strict IEEE
25860 754-compliant results are required: the fused multiply add/subtract
25861 instructions do not round the intermediate result, thereby
25862 producing results with more bits of precision than specified by the
25863 IEEE standard. Disabling fused multiply add/subtract instructions
25864 also ensures that the program output is not sensitive to the
25865 compiler's ability to combine multiply and add/subtract operations.
25866 -mserialize-volatile
25868 -mno-serialize-volatile
25869 When this option is enabled, GCC inserts "MEMW" instructions before
25870 "volatile" memory references to guarantee sequential consistency.
25871 The default is -mserialize-volatile. Use -mno-serialize-volatile
25872 to omit the "MEMW" instructions.
25873 -mforce-no-pic
25875 For targets, like GNU/Linux, where all user-mode Xtensa code must
25876 be position-independent code (PIC), this option disables PIC for
25877 compiling kernel code.
25878 -mtext-section-literals
25880 -mno-text-section-literals
25881 These options control the treatment of literal pools. The default
25882 is -mno-text-section-literals, which places literals in a separate
25883 section in the output file. This allows the literal pool to be
25884 placed in a data RAM/ROM, and it also allows the linker to combine
25885 literal pools from separate object files to remove redundant
25886 literals and improve code size. With -mtext-section-literals, the
25887 literals are interspersed in the text section in order to keep them
25888 as close as possible to their references. This may be necessary
25889 for large assembly files. Literals for each function are placed
25890 right before that function.
25891 -mauto-litpools
25893 -mno-auto-litpools
25894 These options control the treatment of literal pools. The default
25895 is -mno-auto-litpools, which places literals in a separate section
25896 in the output file unless -mtext-section-literals is used. With
25897 -mauto-litpools the literals are interspersed in the text section
25898 by the assembler. Compiler does not produce explicit ".literal"
25899 directives and loads literals into registers with "MOVI"
25900 instructions instead of "L32R" to let the assembler do relaxation
25901 and place literals as necessary. This option allows assembler to
25902 create several literal pools per function and assemble very big
25903 functions, which may not be possible with -mtext-section-literals.
25904 -mtarget-align
25906 -mno-target-align
25907 When this option is enabled, GCC instructs the assembler to
25908 automatically align instructions to reduce branch penalties at the
25909 expense of some code density. The assembler attempts to widen
25910 density instructions to align branch targets and the instructions
25911 following call instructions. If there are not enough preceding
25912 safe density instructions to align a target, no widening is
25913 performed. The default is -mtarget-align. These options do not
25914 affect the treatment of auto-aligned instructions like "LOOP",
25915 which the assembler always aligns, either by widening density
25916 instructions or by inserting NOP instructions.
25917 -mlongcalls
25919 -mno-longcalls
25920 When this option is enabled, GCC instructs the assembler to
25921 translate direct calls to indirect calls unless it can determine
25922 that the target of a direct call is in the range allowed by the
25923 call instruction. This translation typically occurs for calls to
25924 functions in other source files. Specifically, the assembler
25925 translates a direct "CALL" instruction into an "L32R" followed by a
25926 "CALLX" instruction. The default is -mno-longcalls. This option
25927 should be used in programs where the call target can potentially be
25928 out of range. This option is implemented in the assembler, not the
25929 compiler, so the assembly code generated by GCC still shows direct
25930 call instructions---look at the disassembled object code to see the
25931 actual instructions. Note that the assembler uses an indirect call
25932 for every cross-file call, not just those that really are out of
25933 range.
25934 zSeries Options
25936 These are listed under
25938
25940 This section describes several environment variables that affect how
25941 GCC operates. Some of them work by specifying directories or prefixes
25942 to use when searching for various kinds of files. Some are used to
25943 specify other aspects of the compilation environment.
25944 Note that you can also specify places to search using options such as
25946 -B, -I and -L. These take precedence over places specified using
25947 environment variables, which in turn take precedence over those
25948 specified by the configuration of GCC.
25949 LANG
25951 LC_CTYPE
25952 LC_MESSAGES
25953 LC_ALL
25954 These environment variables control the way that GCC uses
25955 localization information which allows GCC to work with different
25956 national conventions. GCC inspects the locale categories LC_CTYPE
25957 and LC_MESSAGES if it has been configured to do so. These locale
25958 categories can be set to any value supported by your installation.
25959 A typical value is en_GB.UTF-8 for English in the United Kingdom
25960 encoded in UTF-8.
25961 The LC_CTYPE environment variable specifies character
25963 classification. GCC uses it to determine the character boundaries
25964 in a string; this is needed for some multibyte encodings that
25965 contain quote and escape characters that are otherwise interpreted
25966 as a string end or escape.
25967 The LC_MESSAGES environment variable specifies the language to use
25969 in diagnostic messages.
25970 If the LC_ALL environment variable is set, it overrides the value
25972 of LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES; otherwise, LC_CTYPE and LC_MESSAGES
25973 default to the value of the LANG environment variable. If none of
25974 these variables are set, GCC defaults to traditional C English
25975 behavior.
25976 TMPDIR
25978 If TMPDIR is set, it specifies the directory to use for temporary
25979 files. GCC uses temporary files to hold the output of one stage of
25980 compilation which is to be used as input to the next stage: for
25981 example, the output of the preprocessor, which is the input to the
25982 compiler proper.
25983 GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG
25985 Setting GCC_COMPARE_DEBUG is nearly equivalent to passing
25986 -fcompare-debug to the compiler driver. See the documentation of
25987 this option for more details.
25988 GCC_EXEC_PREFIX
25990 If GCC_EXEC_PREFIX is set, it specifies a prefix to use in the
25991 names of the subprograms executed by the compiler. No slash is
25992 added when this prefix is combined with the name of a subprogram,
25993 but you can specify a prefix that ends with a slash if you wish.
25994 If GCC_EXEC_PREFIX is not set, GCC attempts to figure out an
25996 appropriate prefix to use based on the pathname it is invoked with.
25997 If GCC cannot find the subprogram using the specified prefix, it
25999 tries looking in the usual places for the subprogram.
26000 The default value of GCC_EXEC_PREFIX is prefix/lib/gcc/ where
26002 prefix is the prefix to the installed compiler. In many cases
26003 prefix is the value of "prefix" when you ran the configure script.
26004 Other prefixes specified with -B take precedence over this prefix.
26006 This prefix is also used for finding files such as crt0.o that are
26008 used for linking.
26009 In addition, the prefix is used in an unusual way in finding the
26011 directories to search for header files. For each of the standard
26012 directories whose name normally begins with /usr/local/lib/gcc
26013 (more precisely, with the value of GCC_INCLUDE_DIR), GCC tries
26014 replacing that beginning with the specified prefix to produce an
26015 alternate directory name. Thus, with -Bfoo/, GCC searches foo/bar
26016 just before it searches the standard directory /usr/local/lib/bar.
26017 If a standard directory begins with the configured prefix then the
26018 value of prefix is replaced by GCC_EXEC_PREFIX when looking for
26019 header files.
26020 COMPILER_PATH
26022 The value of COMPILER_PATH is a colon-separated list of
26023 directories, much like PATH. GCC tries the directories thus
26024 specified when searching for subprograms, if it cannot find the
26025 subprograms using GCC_EXEC_PREFIX.
26026 LIBRARY_PATH
26028 The value of LIBRARY_PATH is a colon-separated list of directories,
26029 much like PATH. When configured as a native compiler, GCC tries
26030 the directories thus specified when searching for special linker
26031 files, if it cannot find them using GCC_EXEC_PREFIX. Linking using
26032 GCC also uses these directories when searching for ordinary
26033 libraries for the -l option (but directories specified with -L come
26034 first).
26035 LANG
26037 This variable is used to pass locale information to the compiler.
26038 One way in which this information is used is to determine the
26039 character set to be used when character literals, string literals
26040 and comments are parsed in C and C++. When the compiler is
26041 configured to allow multibyte characters, the following values for
26042 LANG are recognized:
26043 C-JIS
26045 Recognize JIS characters.
26046 C-SJIS
26048 Recognize SJIS characters.
26049 C-EUCJP
26051 Recognize EUCJP characters.
26052 If LANG is not defined, or if it has some other value, then the
26054 compiler uses "mblen" and "mbtowc" as defined by the default locale
26055 to recognize and translate multibyte characters.
26056 Some additional environment variables affect the behavior of the
26058 preprocessor.
26059 CPATH
26061 C_INCLUDE_PATH
26062 CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH
26063 OBJC_INCLUDE_PATH
26064 Each variable's value is a list of directories separated by a
26065 special character, much like PATH, in which to look for header
26066 files. The special character, "PATH_SEPARATOR", is target-
26067 dependent and determined at GCC build time. For Microsoft Windows-
26068 based targets it is a semicolon, and for almost all other targets
26069 it is a colon.
26070 CPATH specifies a list of directories to be searched as if
26072 specified with -I, but after any paths given with -I options on the
26073 command line. This environment variable is used regardless of
26074 which language is being preprocessed.
26075 The remaining environment variables apply only when preprocessing
26077 the particular language indicated. Each specifies a list of
26078 directories to be searched as if specified with -isystem, but after
26079 any paths given with -isystem options on the command line.
26080 In all these variables, an empty element instructs the compiler to
26082 search its current working directory. Empty elements can appear at
26083 the beginning or end of a path. For instance, if the value of
26084 CPATH is ":/special/include", that has the same effect as
26085 -I. -I/special/include.
26086 DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT
26088 If this variable is set, its value specifies how to output
26089 dependencies for Make based on the non-system header files
26090 processed by the compiler. System header files are ignored in the
26091 dependency output.
26092 The value of DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT can be just a file name, in which
26094 case the Make rules are written to that file, guessing the target
26095 name from the source file name. Or the value can have the form
26096 file target, in which case the rules are written to file file using
26097 target as the target name.
26098 In other words, this environment variable is equivalent to
26100 combining the options -MM and -MF, with an optional -MT switch too.
26101 SUNPRO_DEPENDENCIES
26103 This variable is the same as DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT (see above),
26104 except that system header files are not ignored, so it implies -M
26105 rather than -MM. However, the dependence on the main input file is
26106 omitted.
26107 SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH
26109 If this variable is set, its value specifies a UNIX timestamp to be
26110 used in replacement of the current date and time in the "__DATE__"
26111 and "__TIME__" macros, so that the embedded timestamps become
26112 reproducible.
26113 The value of SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH must be a UNIX timestamp, defined as
26115 the number of seconds (excluding leap seconds) since 01 Jan 1970
26116 00:00:00 represented in ASCII; identical to the output of
26117 @command{date +%s} on GNU/Linux and other systems that support the
26118 %s extension in the "date" command.
26119 The value should be a known timestamp such as the last modification
26121 time of the source or package and it should be set by the build
26122 process.
26123
26125 For instructions on reporting bugs, see
26126 <http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla>.
26127
26129 1. On some systems, gcc -shared needs to build supplementary stub code
26130 for constructors to work. On multi-libbed systems, gcc -shared
26131 must select the correct support libraries to link against. Failing
26132 to supply the correct flags may lead to subtle defects. Supplying
26133 them in cases where they are not necessary is innocuous.
26134
26136 gpl(7), gfdl(7), fsf-funding(7), cpp(1), gcov(1), as(1), ld(1), gdb(1),
26137 dbx(1) and the Info entries for gcc, cpp, as, ld, binutils and gdb.
26138
26140 See the Info entry for gcc, or
26141 <http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Contributors.html>, for contributors
26142 to GCC.
26143
26145 Copyright (c) 1988-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
26146 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
26148 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
26149 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
26150 Invariant Sections being "GNU General Public License" and "Funding Free
26151 Software", the Front-Cover texts being (a) (see below), and with the
26152 Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A copy of the license is
26153 included in the gfdl(7) man page.
26154 (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
26156 A GNU Manual
26158 (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
26160 You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
26162 software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
26163 funds for GNU development.
26164gcc-10.2.1 2020-07-23 GCC(1)