toupper(3)

1TOUPPER(3)                 Linux Programmer's Manual                TOUPPER(3)
2
3
4

NAME

6       toupper, tolower, toupper_l, tolower_l - convert uppercase or lowercase
7

SYNOPSIS

9       #include <ctype.h>
10
11       int toupper(int c);
12       int tolower(int c);
13
14       int toupper_l(int c, locale_t locale);
15       int tolower_l(int c, locale_t locale);
16
17   Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
18
19       toupper_l(), tolower_l():
20           Since glibc 2.10:
21                  _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 700
22           Before glibc 2.10:
23                  _GNU_SOURCE
24

DESCRIPTION

26       These functions convert lowercase letters to uppercase, and vice versa.
27
28       If c is a lowercase letter, toupper() returns its uppercase equivalent,
29       if an uppercase representation exists in the  current  locale.   Other‐
30       wise,  it  returns c.  The toupper_l() function performs the same task,
31       but uses the locale referred to by the locale handle locale.
32
33       If c is an uppercase letter, tolower() returns  its  lowercase  equiva‐
34       lent, if a lowercase representation exists in the current locale.  Oth‐
35       erwise, it returns c.  The tolower_l() function performs the same task,
36       but uses the locale referred to by the locale handle locale.
37
38       If  c  is neither an unsigned char value nor EOF, the behavior of these
39       functions is undefined.
40
41       The behavior of toupper_l() and tolower_l() is undefined if  locale  is
42       the special locale object LC_GLOBAL_LOCALE (see duplocale(3)) or is not
43       a valid locale object handle.
44

RETURN VALUE

46       The value returned is that of the converted letter, or c if the conver‐
47       sion was not possible.
48

ATTRIBUTES

50       For   an   explanation   of   the  terms  used  in  this  section,  see
51       attributes(7).
52
53       ┌─────────────────────────┬───────────────┬─────────┐
54       │Interface                │ Attribute     │ Value   │
55       ├─────────────────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┤
56       │toupper(), tolower(),    │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe │
57       │toupper_l(), tolower_l() │               │         │
58       └─────────────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────┘

CONFORMING TO

60       toupper(), tolower(): C89, C99, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.
61
62       toupper_l(), tolower_l(): POSIX.1-2008.
63

NOTES

65       The standards require that the argument c for these functions is either
66       EOF or a value that is representable in the type unsigned char.  If the
67       argument c is of type char, it must be cast to unsigned char, as in the
68       following example:
69
70           char c;
71           ...
72           res = toupper((unsigned char) c);
73
74       This  is  necessary  because char may be the equivalent signed char, in
75       which case a byte where the top bit is set would be sign extended  when
76       converting  to  int,  yielding  a  value  that  is outside the range of
77       unsigned char.
78
79       The details of what constitutes an uppercase or lowercase letter depend
80       on the locale.  For example, the default "C" locale does not know about
81       umlauts, so no conversion is done for them.
82
83       In some non-English locales, there are lowercase letters with no corre‐
84       sponding uppercase equivalent; the German sharp s is one example.
85

COLOPHON

91       This page is part of release 5.07 of the Linux  man-pages  project.   A
92       description  of  the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
93       latest    version    of    this    page,    can     be     found     at
94       https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
95
96
97
98GNU                               2017-09-15                        TOUPPER(3)