1CGI::Application(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation CGI::Application(3)
2
6 CGI::Application - Framework for building reusable web-applications
7
9 # In "WebApp.pm"...
10 package WebApp;
11 use base 'CGI::Application';
12 # ( setup() can even be skipped for common cases. See docs below. )
14 sub setup {
15 my $self = shift;
16 $self->start_mode('mode1');
17 $self->mode_param('rm');
18 $self->run_modes(
19 'mode1' => 'do_stuff',
20 'mode2' => 'do_more_stuff',
21 'mode3' => 'do_something_else'
22 );
23 }
24 sub do_stuff { ... }
25 sub do_more_stuff { ... }
26 sub do_something_else { ... }
27 1;
28 ### In "webapp.cgi"...
31 use WebApp;
32 my $webapp = WebApp->new();
33 $webapp->run();
34 ### Or, in a PSGI file, webapp.psgi
36 use WebApp;
37 WebApp->psgi_app();
38
40 CGI::Application makes it easier to create sophisticated, high-
41 performance, reusable web-based applications. CGI::Application helps
42 makes your web applications easier to design, write, and evolve.
43 CGI::Application judiciously avoids employing technologies and
45 techniques which would bind a developer to any one set of tools,
46 operating system or web server.
47 It is lightweight in terms of memory usage, making it suitable for
49 common CGI environments, and a high performance choice in persistent
50 environments like FastCGI or mod_perl.
51 By adding PLUG-INS as your needs grow, you can add advanced and complex
53 features when you need them.
54 First released in 2000 and used and expanded by a number of
56 professional website developers, CGI::Application is a stable, reliable
57 choice.
58
60 Imagine you have to write an application to search through a database
61 of widgets. Your application has three screens:
62 1. Search form
64 2. List of results
65 3. Detail of a single record
66 To write this application using CGI::Application you will create two
68 files:
69 1. WidgetView.pm -- Your "Application Module"
71 2. widgetview.cgi -- Your "Instance Script"
72 The Application Module contains all the code specific to your
74 application functionality, and it exists outside of your web server's
75 document root, somewhere in the Perl library search path.
76 The Instance Script is what is actually called by your web server. It
78 is a very small, simple file which simply creates an instance of your
79 application and calls an inherited method, run(). Following is the
80 entirety of "widgetview.cgi":
81 #!/usr/bin/perl -w
83 use WidgetView;
84 my $webapp = WidgetView->new();
85 $webapp->run();
86 As you can see, widgetview.cgi simply "uses" your Application module
88 (which implements a Perl package called "WidgetView"). Your
89 Application Module, "WidgetView.pm", is somewhat more lengthy:
90 package WidgetView;
92 use base 'CGI::Application';
93 use strict;
94 # Needed for our database connection
96 use CGI::Application::Plugin::DBH;
97 sub setup {
99 my $self = shift;
100 $self->start_mode('mode1');
101 $self->run_modes(
102 'mode1' => 'showform',
103 'mode2' => 'showlist',
104 'mode3' => 'showdetail'
105 );
106 # Connect to DBI database, with the same args as DBI->connect();
108 $self->dbh_config();
109 }
110 sub teardown {
112 my $self = shift;
113 # Disconnect when we're done, (Although DBI usually does this automatically)
115 $self->dbh->disconnect();
116 }
117 sub showform {
119 my $self = shift;
120 # Get CGI query object
122 my $q = $self->query();
123 my $output = '';
125 $output .= $q->start_html(-title => 'Widget Search Form');
126 $output .= $q->start_form();
127 $output .= $q->textfield(-name => 'widgetcode');
128 $output .= $q->hidden(-name => 'rm', -value => 'mode2');
129 $output .= $q->submit();
130 $output .= $q->end_form();
131 $output .= $q->end_html();
132 return $output;
134 }
135 sub showlist {
137 my $self = shift;
138 # Get our database connection
140 my $dbh = $self->dbh();
141 # Get CGI query object
143 my $q = $self->query();
144 my $widgetcode = $q->param("widgetcode");
145 my $output = '';
147 $output .= $q->start_html(-title => 'List of Matching Widgets');
148 ## Do a bunch of stuff to select "widgets" from a DBI-connected
150 ## database which match the user-supplied value of "widgetcode"
151 ## which has been supplied from the previous HTML form via a
152 ## CGI.pm query object.
153 ##
154 ## Each row will contain a link to a "Widget Detail" which
155 ## provides an anchor tag, as follows:
156 ##
157 ## "widgetview.cgi?rm=mode3&widgetid=XXX"
158 ##
159 ## ...Where "XXX" is a unique value referencing the ID of
160 ## the particular "widget" upon which the user has clicked.
161 $output .= $q->end_html();
163 return $output;
165 }
166 sub showdetail {
168 my $self = shift;
169 # Get our database connection
171 my $dbh = $self->dbh();
172 # Get CGI query object
174 my $q = $self->query();
175 my $widgetid = $q->param("widgetid");
176 my $output = '';
178 $output .= $q->start_html(-title => 'Widget Detail');
179 ## Do a bunch of things to select all the properties of
181 ## the particular "widget" upon which the user has
182 ## clicked. The key id value of this widget is provided
183 ## via the "widgetid" property, accessed via the CGI.pm
184 ## query object.
185 $output .= $q->end_html();
187 return $output;
189 }
190 1; # Perl requires this at the end of all modules
192 CGI::Application takes care of implementing the new() and the run()
194 methods. Notice that at no point do you call print() to send any
195 output to STDOUT. Instead, all output is returned as a scalar.
196 CGI::Application's most significant contribution is in managing the
198 application state. Notice that all which is needed to push the
199 application forward is to set the value of a HTML form parameter 'rm'
200 to the value of the "run mode" you wish to handle the form submission.
201 This is the key to CGI::Application.
202
204 The guiding philosophy behind CGI::Application is that a web-based
205 application can be organized into a specific set of "Run Modes." Each
206 Run Mode is roughly analogous to a single screen (a form, some output,
207 etc.). All the Run Modes are managed by a single "Application Module"
208 which is a Perl module. In your web server's document space there is
209 an "Instance Script" which is called by the web server as a CGI (or an
210 Apache::Registry script if you're using Apache + mod_perl).
211 This methodology is an inversion of the "Embedded" philosophy (ASP,
213 JSP, EmbPerl, Mason, etc.) in which there are "pages" for each state of
214 the application, and the page drives functionality. In
215 CGI::Application, form follows function -- the Application Module
216 drives pages, and the code for a single application is in one place;
217 not spread out over multiple "pages". If you feel that Embedded
218 architectures are confusing, unorganized, difficult to design and
219 difficult to manage, CGI::Application is the methodology for you!
220 Apache is NOT a requirement for CGI::Application. Web applications
222 based on CGI::Application will run equally well on NT/IIS or any other
223 CGI-compatible environment. CGI::Application-based projects are,
224 however, ripe for use on Apache/mod_perl servers, as they naturally
225 encourage Good Programming Practices and will often work in persistent
226 environments without modification.
227 For more information on using CGI::Application with mod_perl, please
229 see our website at http://www.cgi-app.org/, as well as
230 CGI::Application::Plugin::Apache, which integrates with
231 Apache::Request.
232
234 It is intended that your Application Module will be implemented as a
235 sub-class of CGI::Application. This is done simply as follows:
236 package My::App;
238 use base 'CGI::Application';
239 Notation and Conventions
241 For the purpose of this document, we will refer to the following
243 conventions:
244 WebApp.pm The Perl module which implements your Application Module class.
246 WebApp Your Application Module class; a sub-class of CGI::Application.
247 webapp.cgi The Instance Script which implements your Application Module.
248 $webapp An instance (object) of your Application Module class.
249 $c Same as $webapp, used in instance methods to pass around the
250 current object. (Sometimes referred as "$self" in other code)
251 Instance Script Methods
253 By inheriting from CGI::Application you have access to a number of
254 built-in methods. The following are those which are expected to be
255 called from your Instance Script.
256 new()
258 The new() method is the constructor for a CGI::Application. It returns
260 a blessed reference to your Application Module package (class).
261 Optionally, new() may take a set of parameters as key => value pairs:
262 my $webapp = WebApp->new(
264 TMPL_PATH => 'App/',
265 PARAMS => {
266 'custom_thing_1' => 'some val',
267 'another_custom_thing' => [qw/123 456/]
268 }
269 );
270 This method may take some specific parameters:
272 TMPL_PATH - This optional parameter defines a path to a directory of
274 templates. This is used by the load_tmpl() method (specified below),
275 and may also be used for the same purpose by other template plugins.
276 This run-time parameter allows you to further encapsulate instantiating
277 templates, providing potential for more re-usability. It can be either
278 a scalar or an array reference of multiple paths.
279 QUERY - This optional parameter allows you to specify an already-
281 created CGI.pm query object. Under normal use, CGI::Application will
282 instantiate its own CGI.pm query object. Under certain conditions, it
283 might be useful to be able to use one which has already been created.
284 PARAMS - This parameter, if used, allows you to set a number of custom
286 parameters at run-time. By passing in different values in different
287 instance scripts which use the same application module you can achieve
288 a higher level of re-usability. For instance, imagine an application
289 module, "Mailform.pm". The application takes the contents of a HTML
290 form and emails it to a specified recipient. You could have multiple
291 instance scripts throughout your site which all use this "Mailform.pm"
292 module, but which set different recipients or different forms.
293 One common use of instance scripts is to provide a path to a config
295 file. This design allows you to define project wide configuration
296 objects used by many several instance scripts. There are several
297 plugins which simplify the syntax for this and provide lazy loading.
298 Here's an example using CGI::Application::Plugin::ConfigAuto, which
299 uses Config::Auto to support many configuration file formats.
300 my $app = WebApp->new(PARAMS => { cfg_file => 'config.pl' });
302 # Later in your app:
304 my %cfg = $self->cfg()
305 # or ... $self->cfg('HTML_ROOT_DIR');
306 See the list of plugins below for more config file integration
308 solutions.
309 run()
311 The run() method is called upon your Application Module object, from
313 your Instance Script. When called, it executes the functionality in
314 your Application Module.
315 my $webapp = WebApp->new();
317 $webapp->run();
318 This method first determines the application state by looking at the
320 value of the CGI parameter specified by mode_param() (defaults to 'rm'
321 for "Run Mode"), which is expected to contain the name of the mode of
322 operation. If not specified, the state defaults to the value of
323 start_mode().
324 Once the mode has been determined, run() looks at the dispatch table
326 stored in run_modes() and finds the function pointer which is keyed
327 from the mode name. If found, the function is called and the data
328 returned is print()'ed to STDOUT and to the browser. If the specified
329 mode is not found in the run_modes() table, run() will croak().
330 PSGI support
332 CGI::Application offers native PSGI support. The default query object
333 for this is CGI::PSGI, which simply wrappers CGI.pm to provide PSGI
334 support to it.
335 psgi_app()
337 $psgi_coderef = WebApp->psgi_app({ ... args to new() ... });
339 The simplest way to create and return a PSGI-compatible coderef. Pass
341 in arguments to a hashref just as would to new. This returns a PSGI-
342 compatible coderef, using CGI:::PSGI as the query object. To use a
343 different query object, construct your own object using
344 "run_as_psgi()", as shown below.
345 It's possible that we'll change from CGI::PSGI to a different-but-
347 compatible query object for PSGI support in the future, perhaps if
348 CGI.pm adds native PSGI support.
349 run_as_psgi()
351 my $psgi_aref = $webapp->run_as_psgi;
353 Just like "run", but prints no output and returns the data structure
355 required by the PSGI specification. Use this if you want to run the
356 application on top of a PSGI-compatible handler, such as Plack
357 provides.
358 If you are just getting started, just use "run()". It's easy to switch
360 to using "run_as_psgi" later.
361 Why use "run_as_psgi()"? There are already solutions to run
363 CGI::Application-based projects on several web servers with dozens of
364 plugins. Running as a PSGI-compatible application provides the ability
365 to run on additional PSGI-compatible servers, as well as providing
366 access to all of the "Middleware" solutions available through the Plack
367 project.
368 The structure returned is an arrayref, containing the status code, an
370 arrayref of header key/values and an arrayref containing the body.
371 [ 200, [ 'Content-Type' => 'text/html' ], [ $body ] ]
373 By default the body is a single scalar, but plugins may modify this to
375 return other value PSGI values. See "The Response" in PSGI for details
376 about the response format.
377 Note that calling "run_as_psgi" only handles the output portion of the
379 PSGI spec. to handle the input, you need to use a CGI.pm-like query
380 object that is PSGI-compliant, such as CGI::PSGI. This query object
381 must provide psgi_header and psgi_redirect methods.
382 The final result might look like this:
384 use WebApp;
386 use CGI::PSGI;
387 my $handler = sub {
389 my $env = shift;
390 my $webapp = WebApp->new({ QUERY => CGI::PSGI->new($env) });
391 $webapp->run_as_psgi;
392 };
393 Additional PSGI Return Values
395 The PSGI Specification allows for returning a file handle or a
396 subroutine reference instead of byte strings. In PSGI mode this is
397 supported directly by CGI::Application. Have your run mode return a
398 file handle or compatible subref as follows:
399 sub returning_a_file_handle {
401 my $self = shift;
402 $self->header_props(-type => 'text/plain');
404 open my $fh, "<", 'test_file.txt' or die "OOPS! $!";
406 return $fh;
408 }
409 sub returning_a_subref {
411 my $self = shift;
412 $self->header_props(-type => 'text/plain');
414 return sub {
415 my $writer = shift;
416 foreach my $i (1..10) {
417 #sleep 1;
418 $writer->write("check $i: " . time . "\n");
419 }
420 };
421 }
422 Methods to possibly override
424 CGI::Application implements some methods which are expected to be
425 overridden by implementing them in your sub-class module. These
426 methods are as follows:
427 setup()
429 This method is called by the inherited new() constructor method. The
431 setup() method should be used to define the following property/methods:
432 mode_param() - set the name of the run mode CGI param.
434 start_mode() - text scalar containing the default run mode.
435 error_mode() - text scalar containing the error mode.
436 run_modes() - hash table containing mode => function mappings.
437 tmpl_path() - text scalar or array reference containing path(s) to template files.
438 Your setup() method may call any of the instance methods of your
440 application. This function is a good place to define properties
441 specific to your application via the $webapp->param() method.
442 Your setup() method might be implemented something like this:
444 sub setup {
446 my $self = shift;
447 $self->tmpl_path('/path/to/my/templates/');
448 $self->start_mode('putform');
449 $self->error_mode('my_error_rm');
450 $self->run_modes({
451 'putform' => 'my_putform_func',
452 'postdata' => 'my_data_func'
453 });
454 $self->param('myprop1');
455 $self->param('myprop2', 'prop2value');
456 $self->param('myprop3', ['p3v1', 'p3v2', 'p3v3']);
457 }
458 However, often times all that needs to be in setup() is defining your
460 run modes and your start mode. CGI::Application::Plugin::AutoRunmode
461 allows you to do this with a simple syntax, using run mode attributes:
462 use CGI::Application::Plugin::AutoRunmode;
464 sub show_first : StartRunmode { ... };
466 sub do_next : Runmode { ... }
467 teardown()
469 If implemented, this method is called automatically after your
471 application runs. It can be used to clean up after your operations. A
472 typical use of the teardown() function is to disconnect a database
473 connection which was established in the setup() function. You could
474 also use the teardown() method to store state information about the
475 application to the server.
476 cgiapp_init()
478 If implemented, this method is called automatically right before the
480 setup() method is called. This method provides an optional
481 initialization hook, which improves the object-oriented characteristics
482 of CGI::Application. The cgiapp_init() method receives, as its
483 parameters, all the arguments which were sent to the new() method.
484 An example of the benefits provided by utilizing this hook is creating
486 a custom "application super-class" from which all your web applications
487 would inherit, instead of CGI::Application.
488 Consider the following:
490 # In MySuperclass.pm:
492 package MySuperclass;
493 use base 'CGI::Application';
494 sub cgiapp_init {
495 my $self = shift;
496 # Perform some project-specific init behavior
497 # such as to load settings from a database or file.
498 }
499 # In MyApplication.pm:
502 package MyApplication;
503 use base 'MySuperclass';
504 sub setup { ... }
505 sub teardown { ... }
506 # The rest of your CGI::Application-based follows...
507 By using CGI::Application and the cgiapp_init() method as illustrated,
509 a suite of applications could be designed to share certain
510 characteristics. This has the potential for much cleaner code built on
511 object-oriented inheritance.
512 cgiapp_prerun()
514 If implemented, this method is called automatically right before the
516 selected run mode method is called. This method provides an optional
517 pre-runmode hook, which permits functionality to be added at the point
518 right before the run mode method is called. To further leverage this
519 hook, the value of the run mode is passed into cgiapp_prerun().
520 Another benefit provided by utilizing this hook is creating a custom
522 "application super-class" from which all your web applications would
523 inherit, instead of CGI::Application.
524 Consider the following:
526 # In MySuperclass.pm:
528 package MySuperclass;
529 use base 'CGI::Application';
530 sub cgiapp_prerun {
531 my $self = shift;
532 # Perform some project-specific init behavior
533 # such as to implement run mode specific
534 # authorization functions.
535 }
536 # In MyApplication.pm:
539 package MyApplication;
540 use base 'MySuperclass';
541 sub setup { ... }
542 sub teardown { ... }
543 # The rest of your CGI::Application-based follows...
544 By using CGI::Application and the cgiapp_prerun() method as
546 illustrated, a suite of applications could be designed to share certain
547 characteristics. This has the potential for much cleaner code built on
548 object-oriented inheritance.
549 It is also possible, within your cgiapp_prerun() method, to change the
551 run mode of your application. This can be done via the prerun_mode()
552 method, which is discussed elsewhere in this POD.
553 cgiapp_postrun()
555 If implemented, this hook will be called after the run mode method has
557 returned its output, but before HTTP headers are generated. This will
558 give you an opportunity to modify the body and headers before they are
559 returned to the web browser.
560 A typical use for this hook is pipelining the output of a CGI-
562 Application through a series of "filter" processors. For example:
563 * You want to enclose the output of all your CGI-Applications in
565 an HTML table in a larger page.
566 * Your run modes return structured data (such as XML), which you
568 want to transform using a standard mechanism (such as XSLT).
569 * You want to post-process CGI-App output through another system,
571 such as HTML::Mason.
572 * You want to modify HTTP headers in a particular way across all
574 run modes, based on particular criteria.
575 The cgiapp_postrun() hook receives a reference to the output from your
577 run mode method, in addition to the CGI-App object. A typical
578 cgiapp_postrun() method might be implemented as follows:
579 sub cgiapp_postrun {
581 my $self = shift;
582 my $output_ref = shift;
583 # Enclose output HTML table
585 my $new_output = "<table border=1>";
586 $new_output .= "<tr><td> Hello, World! </td></tr>";
587 $new_output .= "<tr><td>". $$output_ref ."</td></tr>";
588 $new_output .= "</table>";
589 # Replace old output with new output
591 $$output_ref = $new_output;
592 }
593 Obviously, with access to the CGI-App object you have full access to
595 use all the methods normally available in a run mode. You could, for
596 example, use "load_tmpl()" to replace the static HTML in this example
597 with HTML::Template. You could change the HTTP headers (via
598 "header_type()" and "header_props()" methods) to set up a redirect.
599 You could also use the objects properties to apply changes only under
600 certain circumstance, such as a in only certain run modes, and when a
601 "param()" is a particular value.
602 cgiapp_get_query()
604 my $q = $webapp->cgiapp_get_query;
606 Override this method to retrieve the query object if you wish to use a
608 different query interface instead of CGI.pm.
609 CGI.pm is only loaded if it is used on a given request.
611 If you can use an alternative to CGI.pm, it needs to have some
613 compatibility with the CGI.pm API. For normal use, just having a
614 compatible "param" method should be sufficient.
615 If you use the "path_info" option to the mode_param() method, then we
617 will call the "path_info()" method on the query object.
618 If you use the "Dump" method in CGI::Application, we will call the
620 "Dump" and "escapeHTML" methods on the query object.
621 Essential Application Methods
623 The following methods are inherited from CGI::Application, and are
624 available to be called by your application within your Application
625 Module. They are called essential because you will use all are most of
626 them to get any application up and running. These functions are listed
627 in alphabetical order.
628 load_tmpl()
630 my $tmpl_obj = $webapp->load_tmpl;
632 my $tmpl_obj = $webapp->load_tmpl('some.html');
633 my $tmpl_obj = $webapp->load_tmpl( \$template_content );
634 my $tmpl_obj = $webapp->load_tmpl( FILEHANDLE );
635 This method takes the name of a template file, a reference to template
637 data or a FILEHANDLE and returns an HTML::Template object. If the
638 filename is undefined or missing, CGI::Application will default to
639 trying to use the current run mode name, plus the extension ".html".
640 If you use the default template naming system, you should also use
642 CGI::Application::Plugin::Forward, which simply helps to keep the
643 current name accurate when you pass control from one run mode to
644 another.
645 ( For integration with other template systems and automated template
647 names, see "Alternatives to load_tmpl() below. )
648 When you pass in a filename, the HTML::Template->new_file() constructor
650 is used for create the object. When you pass in a reference to the
651 template content, the HTML::Template->new_scalar_ref() constructor is
652 used and when you pass in a filehandle, the
653 HTML::Template->new_filehandle() constructor is used.
654 Refer to HTML::Template for specific usage of HTML::Template.
656 If tmpl_path() has been specified, load_tmpl() will set the
658 HTML::Template "path" option to the path(s) provided. This further
659 assists in encapsulating template usage.
660 The load_tmpl() method will pass any extra parameters sent to it
662 directly to HTML::Template->new_file() (or new_scalar_ref() or
663 new_filehandle()). This will allow the HTML::Template object to be
664 further customized:
665 my $tmpl_obj = $webapp->load_tmpl('some_other.html',
667 die_on_bad_params => 0,
668 cache => 1
669 );
670 Note that if you want to pass extra arguments but use the default
672 template name, you still need to provide a name of "undef":
673 my $tmpl_obj = $webapp->load_tmpl(undef,
675 die_on_bad_params => 0,
676 cache => 1
677 );
678 Alternatives to load_tmpl()
680 If your application requires more specialized behavior than this, you
682 can always replace it by overriding load_tmpl() by implementing your
683 own load_tmpl() in your CGI::Application sub-class application module.
684 First, you may want to check out the template related plugins.
686 CGI::Application::Plugin::TT focuses just on Template Toolkit
688 integration, and features pre-and-post features, singleton support and
689 more.
690 CGI::Application::Plugin::Stream can help if you want to return a
692 stream and not a file. It features a simple syntax and MIME-type
693 detection.
694 specifying the template class with html_tmpl_class()
696 You may specify an API-compatible alternative to HTML::Template by
698 setting a new "html_tmpl_class()":
699 $self->html_tmpl_class('HTML::Template::Dumper');
701 The default is "HTML::Template". The alternate class should provide at
703 least the following parts of the HTML::Template API:
704 $t = $class->new( scalarref => ... ); # If you use scalarref templates
706 $t = $class->new( filehandle => ... ); # If you use filehandle templates
707 $t = $class->new( filename => ... );
708 $t->param(...);
709 Here's an example case allowing you to precisely test what's sent to
711 your templates:
712 $ENV{CGI_APP_RETURN_ONLY} = 1;
714 my $webapp = WebApp->new;
715 $webapp->html_tmpl_class('HTML::Template::Dumper');
716 my $out_str = $webapp->run;
717 my $tmpl_href = eval "$out_str";
718 # Now Precisely test what would be set to the template
720 is ($tmpl_href->{pet_name}, 'Daisy', "Daisy is sent template");
721 This is a powerful technique because HTML::Template::Dumper loads and
723 considers the template file that would actually be used. If the
724 'pet_name' token was missing in the template, the above test would
725 fail. So, you are testing both your code and your templates in a much
726 more precise way than using simple regular expressions to see if the
727 string "Daisy" appeared somewhere on the page.
728 The load_tmpl() callback
730 Plugin authors will be interested to know that you can register a
732 callback that will be executed just before load_tmpl() returns:
733 $self->add_callback('load_tmpl',\&your_method);
735 When "your_method()" is executed, it will be passed three arguments:
737 1. A hash reference of the extra params passed into C<load_tmpl>
739 2. Followed by a hash reference to template parameters.
740 With both of these, you can modify them by reference to affect
741 values that are actually passed to the new() and param() methods of the
742 template object.
743 3. The name of the template file.
744 Here's an example stub for a load_tmpl() callback:
746 sub my_load_tmpl_callback {
748 my ($c, $ht_params, $tmpl_params, $tmpl_file) = @_
749 # modify $ht_params or $tmpl_params by reference...
750 }
751 param()
753 $webapp->param('pname', $somevalue);
755 The param() method provides a facility through which you may set
757 application instance properties which are accessible throughout your
758 application.
759 The param() method may be used in two basic ways. First, you may use
761 it to get or set the value of a parameter:
762 $webapp->param('scalar_param', '123');
764 my $scalar_param_values = $webapp->param('some_param');
765 Second, when called in the context of an array, with no parameter name
767 specified, param() returns an array containing all the parameters which
768 currently exist:
769 my @all_params = $webapp->param();
771 The param() method also allows you to set a bunch of parameters at once
773 by passing in a hash (or hashref):
774 $webapp->param(
776 'key1' => 'val1',
777 'key2' => 'val2',
778 'key3' => 'val3',
779 );
780 The param() method enables a very valuable system for customizing your
782 applications on a per-instance basis. One Application Module might be
783 instantiated by different Instance Scripts. Each Instance Script might
784 set different values for a set of parameters. This allows similar
785 applications to share a common code-base, but behave differently. For
786 example, imagine a mail form application with a single Application
787 Module, but multiple Instance Scripts. Each Instance Script might
788 specify a different recipient. Another example would be a web bulletin
789 boards system. There could be multiple boards, each with a different
790 topic and set of administrators.
791 The new() method provides a shortcut for specifying a number of run-
793 time parameters at once. Internally, CGI::Application calls the
794 param() method to set these properties. The param() method is a
795 powerful tool for greatly increasing your application's re-usability.
796 query()
798 my $q = $webapp->query();
800 my $remote_user = $q->remote_user();
801 This method retrieves the CGI.pm query object which has been created by
803 instantiating your Application Module. For details on usage of this
804 query object, refer to CGI. CGI::Application is built on the CGI
805 module. Generally speaking, you will want to become very familiar with
806 CGI.pm, as you will use the query object whenever you want to interact
807 with form data.
808 When the new() method is called, a CGI query object is automatically
810 created. If, for some reason, you want to use your own CGI query
811 object, the new() method supports passing in your existing query object
812 on construction using the QUERY attribute.
813 There are a few rare situations where you want your own query object to
815 be used after your Application Module has already been constructed. In
816 that case you can pass it to c<query()> like this:
817 $webapp->query($new_query_object);
819 my $q = $webapp->query(); # now uses $new_query_object
820 run_modes()
822 # The common usage: an arrayref of run mode names that exactly match subroutine names
824 $webapp->run_modes([qw/
825 form_display
826 form_process
827 /]);
828 # With a hashref, use a different name or a code ref
830 $webapp->run_modes(
831 'mode1' => 'some_sub_by_name',
832 'mode2' => \&some_other_sub_by_ref
833 );
834 This accessor/mutator specifies the dispatch table for the application
836 states, using the syntax examples above. It returns the dispatch table
837 as a hash.
838 The run_modes() method may be called more than once. Additional values
840 passed into run_modes() will be added to the run modes table. In the
841 case that an existing run mode is re-defined, the new value will
842 override the existing value. This behavior might be useful for
843 applications which are created via inheritance from another
844 application, or some advanced application which modifies its own
845 capabilities based on user input.
846 The run() method uses the data in this table to send the application to
848 the correct function as determined by reading the CGI parameter
849 specified by mode_param() (defaults to 'rm' for "Run Mode"). These
850 functions are referred to as "run mode methods".
851 The hash table set by this method is expected to contain the mode name
853 as a key. The value should be either a hard reference (a subref) to
854 the run mode method which you want to be called when the application
855 enters the specified run mode, or the name of the run mode method to be
856 called:
857 'mode_name_by_ref' => \&mode_function
859 'mode_name_by_name' => 'mode_function'
860 The run mode method specified is expected to return a block of text
862 (e.g.: HTML) which will eventually be sent back to the web browser.
863 The run mode method may return its block of text as a scalar or a
864 scalar-ref.
865 An advantage of specifying your run mode methods by name instead of by
867 reference is that you can more easily create derivative applications
868 using inheritance. For instance, if you have a new application which
869 is exactly the same as an existing application with the exception of
870 one run mode, you could simply inherit from that other application and
871 override the run mode method which is different. If you specified your
872 run mode method by reference, your child class would still use the
873 function from the parent class.
874 An advantage of specifying your run mode methods by reference instead
876 of by name is performance. Dereferencing a subref is faster than
877 eval()-ing a code block. If run-time performance is a critical issue,
878 specify your run mode methods by reference and not by name. The speed
879 differences are generally small, however, so specifying by name is
880 preferred.
881 Specifying the run modes by array reference:
883 $webapp->run_modes([ 'mode1', 'mode2', 'mode3' ]);
885 This is the same as using a hash, with keys equal to values
887 $webapp->run_modes(
889 'mode1' => 'mode1',
890 'mode2' => 'mode2',
891 'mode3' => 'mode3'
892 );
893 Often, it makes good organizational sense to have your run modes map to
895 methods of the same name. The array-ref interface provides a shortcut
896 to that behavior while reducing verbosity of your code.
897 Note that another importance of specifying your run modes in either a
899 hash or array-ref is to assure that only those Perl methods which are
900 specifically designated may be called via your application.
901 Application environments which don't specify allowed methods and
902 disallow all others are insecure, potentially opening the door to
903 allowing execution of arbitrary code. CGI::Application maintains a
904 strict "default-deny" stance on all method invocation, thereby allowing
905 secure applications to be built upon it.
906 IMPORTANT NOTE ABOUT RUN MODE METHODS
908 Your application should *NEVER* print() to STDOUT. Using print() to
910 send output to STDOUT (including HTTP headers) is exclusively the
911 domain of the inherited run() method. Breaking this rule is a common
912 source of errors. If your program is erroneously sending content
913 before your HTTP header, you are probably breaking this rule.
914 THE RUN MODE OF LAST RESORT: "AUTOLOAD"
916 If CGI::Application is asked to go to a run mode which doesn't exist it
918 will usually croak() with errors. If this is not your desired
919 behavior, it is possible to catch this exception by implementing a run
920 mode with the reserved name "AUTOLOAD":
921 $self->run_modes(
923 "AUTOLOAD" => \&catch_my_exception
924 );
925 Before CGI::Application calls croak() it will check for the existence
927 of a run mode called "AUTOLOAD". If specified, this run mode will in
928 invoked just like a regular run mode, with one exception: It will
929 receive, as an argument, the name of the run mode which invoked it:
930 sub catch_my_exception {
932 my $self = shift;
933 my $intended_runmode = shift;
934 my $output = "Looking for '$intended_runmode', but found 'AUTOLOAD' instead";
936 return $output;
937 }
938 This functionality could be used for a simple human-readable error
940 screen, or for more sophisticated application behaviors.
941 start_mode()
943 $webapp->start_mode('mode1');
945 The start_mode contains the name of the mode as specified in the
947 run_modes() table. Default mode is "start". The mode key specified
948 here will be used whenever the value of the CGI form parameter
949 specified by mode_param() is not defined. Generally, this is the first
950 time your application is executed.
951 tmpl_path()
953 $webapp->tmpl_path('/path/to/some/templates/');
955 This access/mutator method sets the file path to the directory (or
957 directories) where the templates are stored. It is used by load_tmpl()
958 to find the template files, using HTML::Template's "path" option. To
959 set the path you can either pass in a text scalar or an array reference
960 of multiple paths.
961 More Application Methods
963 You can skip this section if you are just getting started.
964 The following additional methods are inherited from CGI::Application,
966 and are available to be called by your application within your
967 Application Module. These functions are listed in alphabetical order.
968 delete()
970 $webapp->delete('my_param');
972 The delete() method is used to delete a parameter that was previously
974 stored inside of your application either by using the PARAMS hash that
975 was passed in your call to new() or by a call to the param() method.
976 This is similar to the delete() method of CGI.pm. It is useful if your
977 application makes decisions based on the existence of certain params
978 that may have been removed in previous sections of your app or simply
979 to clean-up your param()s.
980 dump()
982 print STDERR $webapp->dump();
984 The dump() method is a debugging function which will return a chunk of
986 text which contains all the environment and web form data of the
987 request, formatted nicely for human readability. Useful for outputting
988 to STDERR.
989 dump_html()
991 my $output = $webapp->dump_html();
993 The dump_html() method is a debugging function which will return a
995 chunk of text which contains all the environment and web form data of
996 the request, formatted nicely for human readability via a web browser.
997 Useful for outputting to a browser. Please consider the security
998 implications of using this in production code.
999 error_mode()
1001 $webapp->error_mode('my_error_rm');
1003 If the runmode dies for whatever reason, "run() will" see if you have
1005 set a value for "error_mode()". If you have, "run()" will call that
1006 method as a run mode, passing $@ as the only parameter.
1007 Plugins authors will be interested to know that just before
1009 "error_mode()" is called, the "error" hook will be executed, with the
1010 error message passed in as the only parameter.
1011 No "error_mode" is defined by default. The death of your
1013 "error_mode()" run mode is not trapped, so you can also use it to die
1014 in your own special way.
1015 For a complete integrated logging solution, check out
1017 CGI::Application::Plugin::LogDispatch.
1018 get_current_runmode()
1020 $webapp->get_current_runmode();
1022 The "get_current_runmode()" method will return a text scalar containing
1024 the name of the run mode which is currently being executed. If the run
1025 mode has not yet been determined, such as during setup(), this method
1026 will return undef.
1027 header_add()
1029 # add or replace the 'type' header
1031 $webapp->header_add( -type => 'image/png' );
1032 - or -
1034 # add an additional cookie
1036 $webapp->header_add(-cookie=>[$extra_cookie]);
1037 The "header_add()" method is used to add one or more headers to the
1039 outgoing response headers. The parameters will eventually be passed on
1040 to the CGI.pm header() method, so refer to the CGI docs for exact usage
1041 details.
1042 Unlike calling "header_props()", "header_add()" will preserve any
1044 existing headers. If a scalar value is passed to "header_add()" it will
1045 replace the existing value for that key.
1046 If an array reference is passed as a value to "header_add()", values in
1048 that array ref will be appended to any existing values for that key.
1049 This is primarily useful for setting an additional cookie after one has
1050 already been set.
1051 header_props()
1053 # Set a complete set of headers
1055 %set_headers = $webapp->header_props(-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d');
1056 # clobber / reset all headers
1058 %set_headers = $webapp->header_props({});
1059 # Just retrieve the headers
1061 %set_headers = $webapp->header_props();
1062 The "header_props()" method expects a hash of CGI.pm-compatible HTTP
1064 header properties. These properties will be passed directly to the
1065 "header()" or "redirect()" methods of the query() object. Refer to the
1066 docs of your query object for details. (Be default, it's CGI.pm).
1067 Calling header_props with an empty hashref clobber any existing headers
1069 that have previously set.
1070 "header_props()" returns a hash of all the headers that have currently
1072 been set. It can be called with no arguments just to get the hash
1073 current headers back.
1074 To add additional headers later without clobbering the old ones, see
1076 "header_add()".
1077 IMPORTANT NOTE REGARDING HTTP HEADERS
1079 It is through the "header_props()" and "header_add()" method that you
1081 may modify the outgoing HTTP headers. This is necessary when you want
1082 to set a cookie, set the mime type to something other than "text/html",
1083 or perform a redirect. The header_props() method works in conjunction
1084 with the header_type() method. The value contained in header_type()
1085 determines if we use CGI::header() or CGI::redirect(). The content of
1086 header_props() is passed as an argument to whichever CGI.pm function is
1087 called.
1088 Understanding this relationship is important if you wish to manipulate
1090 the HTTP header properly.
1091 header_type()
1093 $webapp->header_type('redirect');
1095 $webapp->header_type('none');
1096 This method used to declare that you are setting a redirection header,
1098 or that you want no header to be returned by the framework.
1099 The value of 'header' is almost never used, as it is the default.
1101 Example of redirecting:
1103 sub some_redirect_mode {
1105 my $self = shift;
1106 # do stuff here....
1107 $self->header_type('redirect');
1108 $self->header_props(-url=> "http://site/path/doc.html" );
1109 }
1110 To simplify that further, use CGI::Application::Plugin::Redirect:
1112 return $self->redirect('http://www.example.com/');
1114 Setting the header to 'none' may be useful if you are streaming
1116 content. In other contexts, it may be more useful to set
1117 "$ENV{CGI_APP_RETURN_ONLY} = 1;", which suppresses all printing,
1118 including headers, and returns the output instead.
1119 That's commonly used for testing, or when using CGI::Application as a
1121 controller for a cron script!
1122 mode_param()
1124 # Name the CGI form parameter that contains the run mode name.
1126 # This is the default behavior, and is often sufficient.
1127 $webapp->mode_param('rm');
1128 # Set the run mode name directly from a code ref
1130 $webapp->mode_param(\&some_method);
1131 # Alternate interface, which allows you to set the run
1133 # mode name directly from $ENV{PATH_INFO}.
1134 $webapp->mode_param(
1135 path_info=> 1,
1136 param =>'rm'
1137 );
1138 This accessor/mutator method is generally called in the setup() method.
1140 It is used to help determine the run mode to call. There are three
1141 options for calling it.
1142 $webapp->mode_param('rm');
1144 Here, a CGI form parameter is named that will contain the name of the
1146 run mode to use. This is the default behavior, with 'rm' being the
1147 parameter named used.
1148 $webapp->mode_param(\&some_method);
1150 Here a code reference is provided. It will return the name of the run
1152 mode to use directly. Example:
1153 sub some_method {
1155 my $self = shift;
1156 return 'run_mode_x';
1157 }
1158 This would allow you to programmatically set the run mode based on
1160 arbitrary logic.
1161 $webapp->mode_param(
1163 path_info=> 1,
1164 param =>'rm'
1165 );
1166 This syntax allows you to easily set the run mode from $ENV{PATH_INFO}.
1168 It will try to set the run mode from the first part of $ENV{PATH_INFO}
1169 (before the first "/"). To specify that you would rather get the run
1170 mode name from the 2nd part of $ENV{PATH_INFO}:
1171 $webapp->mode_param( path_info=> 2 );
1173 This also demonstrates that you don't need to pass in the "param" hash
1175 key. It will still default to "rm".
1176 You can also set "path_info" to a negative value. This works just like
1178 a negative list index: if it is -1 the run mode name will be taken from
1179 the last part of $ENV{PATH_INFO}, if it is -2, the one before that, and
1180 so on.
1181 If no run mode is found in $ENV{PATH_INFO}, it will fall back to
1183 looking in the value of a the CGI form field defined with 'param', as
1184 described above. This allows you to use the convenient $ENV{PATH_INFO}
1185 trick most of the time, but also supports the edge cases, such as when
1186 you don't know what the run mode will be ahead of time and want to
1187 define it with JavaScript.
1188 More about $ENV{PATH_INFO}.
1190 Using $ENV{PATH_INFO} to name your run mode creates a clean separation
1192 between the form variables you submit and how you determine the
1193 processing run mode. It also creates URLs that are more search engine
1194 friendly. Let's look at an example form submission using this syntax:
1195 <form action="/cgi-bin/instance.cgi/edit_form" method=post>
1197 <input type="hidden" name="breed_id" value="4">
1198 Here the run mode would be set to "edit_form". Here's another example
1200 with a query string:
1201 /cgi-bin/instance.cgi/edit_form?breed_id=2
1203 This demonstrates that you can use $ENV{PATH_INFO} and a query string
1205 together without problems. $ENV{PATH_INFO} is defined as part of the
1206 CGI specification should be supported by any web server that supports
1207 CGI scripts.
1208 prerun_mode()
1210 $webapp->prerun_mode('new_run_mode');
1212 The prerun_mode() method is an accessor/mutator which can be used
1214 within your cgiapp_prerun() method to change the run mode which is
1215 about to be executed. For example, consider:
1216 # In WebApp.pm:
1218 package WebApp;
1219 use base 'CGI::Application';
1220 sub cgiapp_prerun {
1221 my $self = shift;
1222 # Get the web user name, if any
1224 my $q = $self->query();
1225 my $user = $q->remote_user();
1226 # Redirect to login, if necessary
1228 unless ($user) {
1229 $self->prerun_mode('login');
1230 }
1231 }
1232 In this example, the web user will be forced into the "login" run mode
1234 unless they have already logged in. The prerun_mode() method permits a
1235 scalar text string to be set which overrides whatever the run mode
1236 would otherwise be.
1237 The use of prerun_mode() within cgiapp_prerun() differs from setting
1239 mode_param() to use a call-back via subroutine reference. It differs
1240 because cgiapp_prerun() allows you to selectively set the run mode
1241 based on some logic in your cgiapp_prerun() method. The call-back
1242 facility of mode_param() forces you to entirely replace
1243 CGI::Application's mechanism for determining the run mode with your own
1244 method. The prerun_mode() method should be used in cases where you
1245 want to use CGI::Application's normal run mode switching facility, but
1246 you want to make selective changes to the mode under specific
1247 conditions.
1248 Note: The prerun_mode() method may ONLY be called in the context of a
1250 cgiapp_prerun() method. Your application will die() if you call
1251 prerun_mode() elsewhere, such as in setup() or a run mode method.
1252 Dispatching Clean URIs to run modes
1254 Modern web frameworks dispense with cruft in URIs, providing in clean
1255 URIs instead. Instead of:
1256 /cgi-bin/item.cgi?rm=view&id=15
1258 A clean URI to describe the same resource might be:
1260 /item/15/view
1262 The process of mapping these URIs to run modes is called dispatching
1264 and is handled by CGI::Application::Dispatch. Dispatching is not
1265 required and is a layer you can fairly easily add to an application
1266 later.
1267 Offline website development
1269 You can work on your CGI::Application project on your desktop or laptop
1270 without installing a full-featured web-server like Apache. Instead,
1271 install CGI::Application::Server from CPAN. After a few minutes of
1272 setup, you'll have your own private application server up and running.
1273 Automated Testing
1275 Test::WWW::Mechanize::CGIApp allows functional testing of a
1276 CGI::App-based project without starting a web server.
1277 Test::WWW::Mechanize could be used to test the app through a real web
1278 server.
1279 Direct testing is also easy. CGI::Application will normally print the
1281 output of it's run modes directly to STDOUT. This can be suppressed
1282 with an environment variable, CGI_APP_RETURN_ONLY. For example:
1283 $ENV{CGI_APP_RETURN_ONLY} = 1;
1285 $output = $webapp->run();
1286 like($output, qr/good/, "output is good");
1287 Examples of this style can be seen in our own test suite.
1289
1291 CGI::Application has a plug-in architecture that is easy to use and
1292 easy to develop new plug-ins for.
1293 Recommended Plug-ins
1295 The following plugins are recommended for general purpose web/db
1296 development:
1297 · CGI::Application::Plugin::Redirect - is a simple plugin to provide
1299 a shorter syntax for executing a redirect.
1300 · CGI::Application::Plugin::ConfigAuto - Keeping your config details
1302 in a separate file is recommended for every project. This one
1303 integrates with Config::Auto. Several more config plugin options
1304 are listed below.
1305 · CGI::Application::Plugin::DBH - Provides easy management of one or
1307 more database handles and can delay making the database connection
1308 until the moment it is actually used.
1309 · CGI::Application::Plugin::FillInForm - makes it a breeze to fill in
1311 an HTML form from data originating from a CGI query or a database
1312 record.
1313 · CGI::Application::Plugin::Session - For a project that requires
1315 session management, this plugin provides a useful wrapper around
1316 CGI::Session
1317 · CGI::Application::Plugin::ValidateRM - Integration with
1319 Data::FormValidator and HTML::FillInForm
1320 More plug-ins
1322 Many more plugins are available as alternatives and for specific uses.
1323 For a current complete list, please consult CPAN:
1324 http://search.cpan.org/search?m=dist&q=CGI%2DApplication%2DPlugin
1326 · CGI::Application::Plugin::AnyTemplate - Use any templating system
1328 from within CGI::Application using a unified interface
1329 · CGI::Application::Plugin::Apache - Use Apache::* modules without
1331 interference
1332 · CGI::Application::Plugin::AutoRunmode - Automatically register
1334 runmodes
1335 · CGI::Application::Plugin::Config::Context - Integration with
1337 Config::Context.
1338 · CGI::Application::Plugin::Config::General - Integration with
1340 Config::General.
1341 · CGI::Application::Plugin::Config::Simple - Integration with
1343 Config::Simple.
1344 · CGI::Application::Plugin::CompressGzip - Add Gzip compression
1346 · CGI::Application::Plugin::LogDispatch - Integration with
1348 Log::Dispatch
1349 · CGI::Application::Plugin::Stream - Help stream files to the browser
1351 · CGI::Application::Plugin::TemplateRunner - Allows for more of an
1353 ASP-style code structure, with the difference that code and HTML
1354 for each screen are in separate files.
1355 · CGI::Application::Plugin::TT - Use Template::Toolkit as an
1357 alternative to HTML::Template.
1358 Consult each plug-in for the exact usage syntax.
1360 Writing Plug-ins
1362 Writing plug-ins is simple. Simply create a new package, and export the
1363 methods that you want to become part of a CGI::Application project. See
1364 CGI::Application::Plugin::ValidateRM for an example.
1365 In order to avoid namespace conflicts within a CGI::Application object,
1367 plugin developers are recommended to use a unique prefix, such as the
1368 name of plugin package, when storing information. For instance:
1369 $app->{__PARAM} = 'foo'; # BAD! Could conflict.
1371 $app->{'MyPlugin::Module::__PARAM'} = 'foo'; # Good.
1372 $app->{'MyPlugin::Module'}{__PARAM} = 'foo'; # Good.
1373 Writing Advanced Plug-ins - Using callbacks
1375 When writing a plug-in, you may want some action to happen
1376 automatically at a particular stage, such as setting up a database
1377 connection or initializing a session. By using these 'callback'
1378 methods, you can register a subroutine to run at a particular phase,
1379 accomplishing this goal.
1380 Callback Examples
1382 # register a callback to the standard CGI::Application hooks
1384 # one of 'init', 'prerun', 'postrun', 'teardown' or 'load_tmpl'
1385 # As a plug-in author, this is probably the only method you need.
1386 # Class-based: callback will persist for all runs of the application
1388 $class->add_callback('init', \&some_other_method);
1389 # Object-based: callback will only last for lifetime of this object
1391 $self->add_callback('prerun', \&some_method);
1392 # If you want to create a new hook location in your application,
1394 # You'll need to know about the following two methods to create
1395 # the hook and call it.
1396 # Create a new hook
1398 $self->new_hook('pretemplate');
1399 # Then later execute all the callbacks registered at this hook
1401 $self->call_hook('pretemplate');
1402 Callback Methods
1404 add_callback()
1406 $self->add_callback ('teardown', \&callback);
1408 $class->add_callback('teardown', 'method');
1409 The add_callback method allows you to register a callback function that
1411 is to be called at the given stage of execution. Valid hooks include
1412 'init', 'prerun', 'postrun' and 'teardown', 'load_tmpl', and any other
1413 hooks defined using the "new_hook" method.
1414 The callback should be a reference to a subroutine or the name of a
1416 method.
1417 If multiple callbacks are added to the same hook, they will all be
1419 executed one after the other. The exact order depends on which class
1420 installed each callback, as described below under Callback Ordering.
1421 Callbacks can either be object-based or class-based, depending upon
1423 whether you call "add_callback" as an object method or a class method:
1424 # add object-based callback
1426 $self->add_callback('teardown', \&callback);
1427 # add class-based callbacks
1429 $class->add_callback('teardown', \&callback);
1430 My::Project->add_callback('teardown', \&callback);
1431 Object-based callbacks are stored in your web application's $c object;
1433 at the end of the request when the $c object goes out of scope, the
1434 callbacks are gone too.
1435 Object-based callbacks are useful for one-time tasks that apply only to
1437 the current running application. For instance you could install a
1438 "teardown" callback to trigger a long-running process to execute at the
1439 end of the current request, after all the HTML has been sent to the
1440 browser.
1441 Class-based callbacks survive for the duration of the running Perl
1443 process. (In a persistent environment such as "mod_perl" or
1444 "PersistentPerl", a single Perl process can serve many web requests.)
1445 Class-based callbacks are useful for plugins to add features to all web
1447 applications.
1448 Another feature of class-based callbacks is that your plugin can create
1450 hooks and add callbacks at any time - even before the web application's
1451 $c object has been initialized. A good place to do this is in your
1452 plugin's "import" subroutine:
1453 package CGI::Application::Plugin::MyPlugin;
1455 use base 'Exporter';
1456 sub import {
1457 my $caller = scalar(caller);
1458 $caller->add_callback('init', 'my_setup');
1459 goto &Exporter::import;
1460 }
1461 Notice that "$caller->add_callback" installs the callback on behalf of
1463 the module that contained the line:
1464 use CGI::Application::Plugin::MyPlugin;
1466 new_hook(HOOK)
1468 $self->new_hook('pretemplate');
1470 The "new_hook()" method can be used to create a new location for
1472 developers to register callbacks. It takes one argument, a hook name.
1473 The hook location is created if it does not already exist. A true value
1474 is always returned.
1475 For an example, CGI::Application::Plugin::TT adds hooks before and
1477 after every template is processed.
1478 See "call_hook(HOOK)" for more details about how hooks are called.
1480 call_hook(HOOK)
1482 $self->call_hook('pretemplate', @args);
1484 The "call_hook" method is used to executed the callbacks that have been
1486 registered at the given hook. It is used in conjunction with the
1487 "new_hook" method which allows you to create a new hook location.
1488 The first argument to "call_hook" is the hook name. Any remaining
1490 arguments are passed to every callback executed at the hook location.
1491 So, a stub for a callback at the 'pretemplate' hook would look like
1492 this:
1493 sub my_hook {
1495 my ($c,@args) = @_;
1496 # ....
1497 }
1498 Note that hooks are semi-public locations. Calling a hook means
1500 executing callbacks that were registered to that hook by the current
1501 object and also those registered by any of the current object's parent
1502 classes. See below for the exact ordering.
1503 Callback Ordering
1505 Object-based callbacks are run before class-based callbacks.
1507 The order of class-based callbacks is determined by the inheritance
1509 tree of the running application. The built-in methods of "cgiapp_init",
1510 "cgiapp_prerun", "cgiapp_postrun", and "teardown" are also executed
1511 this way, according to the ordering below.
1512 In a persistent environment, there might be a lot of applications in
1514 memory at the same time. For instance:
1515 CGI::Application
1517 Other::Project # uses CGI::Application::Plugin::Baz
1518 Other::App # uses CGI::Application::Plugin::Bam
1519 My::Project # uses CGI::Application::Plugin::Foo
1521 My::App # uses CGI::Application::Plugin::Bar
1522 Suppose that each of the above plugins each added a callback to be run
1524 at the 'init' stage:
1525 Plugin init callback
1527 ------ -------------
1528 CGI::Application::Plugin::Baz baz_startup
1529 CGI::Application::Plugin::Bam bam_startup
1530 CGI::Application::Plugin::Foo foo_startup
1532 CGI::Application::Plugin::Bar bar_startup
1533 When "My::App" runs, only "foo_callback" and "bar_callback" will run.
1535 The other callbacks are skipped.
1536 The @ISA list of "My::App" is:
1538 My::App
1540 My::Project
1541 CGI::Application
1542 This order determines the order of callbacks run.
1544 When "call_hook('init')" is run on a "My::App" application, callbacks
1546 installed by these modules are run in order, resulting in:
1547 "bar_startup", "foo_startup", and then finally "cgiapp_init".
1548 If a single class installs more than one callback at the same hook,
1550 then these callbacks are run in the order they were registered (FIFO).
1551
1553 Therese are primary resources available for those who wish to learn
1554 more about CGI::Application and discuss it with others.
1555 Wiki
1557 This is a community built and maintained resource that anyone is
1559 welcome to contribute to. It contains a number of articles of its own
1560 and links to many other CGI::Application related pages:
1561 <http://www.cgi-app.org>
1563 Support Mailing List
1565 If you have any questions, comments, bug reports or feature
1567 suggestions, post them to the support mailing list! To join the
1568 mailing list, visit http://lists.openlib.org/mailman/listinfo/cgiapp
1569 Source Code
1571 This project is managed using git and is available on Github:
1573 <https://github.com/MartinMcGrath/CGI--Application>
1575
1577 o CGI
1578 o HTML::Template
1580 o CGI::Application::Framework - A full-featured web application based
1582 on CGI::Application. http://www.cafweb.org/
1583
1585 If you're interested in finding out more about CGI::Application, the
1586 following articles are available on Perl.com:
1587 Using CGI::Application
1589 http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2001/06/05/cgi.html
1590 Rapid Website Development with CGI::Application
1592 http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2006/10/19/cgi_application.html
1593 Thanks to O'Reilly for publishing these articles, and for the
1595 incredible value they provide to the Perl community!
1596
1598 Jesse Erlbaum <jesse@erlbaum.net>
1599 Mark Stosberg has served as a co-maintainer since version 3.2, Martin
1601 McGrath became a co-maintainer as of version 4.51, with the help of the
1602 numerous contributors documented in the Changes file.
1603
1605 CGI::Application was originally developed by The Erlbaum Group, a
1606 software engineering and consulting firm in New York City.
1607 Thanks to Vanguard Media (http://www.vm.com) for funding the initial
1609 development of this library and for encouraging Jesse Erlbaum to
1610 release it to the world.
1611 Many thanks to Sam Tregar (author of the most excellent HTML::Template
1613 module!) for his innumerable contributions to this module over the
1614 years, and most of all for getting me off my ass to finally get this
1615 thing up on CPAN!
1616 Many other people have contributed specific suggestions or patches,
1618 which are documented in the "Changes" file.
1619 Thanks also to all the members of the CGI-App mailing list! Your
1621 ideas, suggestions, insights (and criticism!) have helped shape this
1622 module immeasurably. (To join the mailing list, visit
1623 http://lists.openlib.org/mailman/listinfo/cgiapp )
1624
1626 CGI::Application : Framework for building reusable web-applications
1627 Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Jesse Erlbaum <jesse@erlbaum.net>
1628 This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
1630 under the terms of either:
1631 a) the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
1633 Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option) any later version,
1634 or
1636 b) the "Artistic License" which comes with this module.
1638 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
1640 WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
1641 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See either the
1642 GNU General Public License or the Artistic License for more details.
1643 You should have received a copy of the Artistic License with this
1645 module, in the file ARTISTIC. If not, I'll be glad to provide one.
1646 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
1648 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
1649 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
1650perl v5.32.0 2020-07-28 CGI::Application(3)