1Dumbbench(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation Dumbbench(3)
2
6 Dumbbench - More reliable benchmarking with the least amount of
7 thinking
8
10 Command line interface: (See "dumbbench --help")
11 dumbbench -p 0.005 -- ./testprogram --testprogramoption
13 This will start churning for a while and then prints something like:
15 Ran 23 iterations of the command.
17 Rejected 3 samples as outliers.
18 Rounded run time per iteration: 9.519e-01 +/- 3.7e-03 (0.4%)
19 As a module:
21 use Dumbbench;
23 my $bench = Dumbbench->new(
25 target_rel_precision => 0.005, # seek ~0.5%
26 initial_runs => 20, # the higher the more reliable
27 );
28 $bench->add_instances(
29 Dumbbench::Instance::Cmd->new(command => [qw(perl -e 'something')]),
30 Dumbbench::Instance::PerlEval->new(code => 'for(1..1e7){something}'),
31 Dumbbench::Instance::PerlSub->new(code => sub {for(1..1e7){something}}),
32 );
33 # (Note: Comparing the run of externals commands with
34 # evals/subs probably isn't reliable)
35 $bench->run;
36 $bench->report;
37
39 This module attempts to implement reasonably robust benchmarking with
40 little extra effort and expertise required from the user. That is to
41 say, benchmarking using this module is likely an improvement over
42 time some-command --to --benchmark
44 or
46 use Benchmark qw/timethis/;
48 timethis(1000, 'system("some-command", ...)');
49 The module currently works similar to the former command line, except
51 (in layman terms) it will run the command many times, estimate the
52 uncertainty of the result and keep iterating until a certain user-
53 defined precision has been reached. Then, it calculates the resulting
54 uncertainty and goes through some pain to discard bad runs and subtract
55 overhead from the timings. The reported timing includes an uncertainty,
56 so that multiple benchmarks can more easily be compared.
57 Please note that "Dumbbench" works entirely with wallclock time as
59 reported by "Time::HiRes"' "time()" function.
60
62 In addition to the methods listed here, there are read-only accessors
63 for all named arguments of the constructor (which are also object
64 attributes).
65 new
67 Constructor that takes the following arguments (with defaults):
68 verbosity => 0, # 0, 1, or 2
70 target_rel_precision => 0.05, # 5% target precision
71 target_abs_precision => 0, # no target absolute precision (in s)
72 intial_runs => 20, # no. of guaranteed initial runs
73 max_iterations => 10000, # hard max. no of iterations
74 variability_measure => 'mad', # method for calculating uncertainty
75 outlier_rejection => 3, # no. of "sigma"s for the outlier rejection
76 "variability_measure" and "outlier_rejection" probably make sense after
78 reading "HOW IT WORKS" below. Setting "outlier_rejection" to 0 will
79 turn it off entirely.
80 add_instances
82 Takes one ore more instances of subclasses of Dumbbench::Instance as
83 argument. Each of those is one benchmark, really. They are run in
84 sequence and reported separately.
85 Right now, there are the following "Dumbbench::Instance"
87 implementations: Dumbbench::Instance::Cmd for running/benchmarking
88 external commands, Dumbbench::Instance::PerlEval for
89 running/benchmarking Perl code in this same process using "eval", and
90 Dumbbench::Instance::PerlSub for running/benchmarking Perl code in this
91 same process using a subroutine reference.
92 run
94 Runs the dry-run and benchmark run.
95 report
97 Prints a short report about the benchmark results.
98 instances
100 Returns a list of all instance objects in this benchmark set. The
101 instance objects each have a "result()" and "dry_result()" method for
102 accessing the numeric benchmark results.
103 box_plot
105 Returns a Dumbbench::BoxPlot instance.
106 A Dumbbench::BoxPlot is a nice an easy way to get a graphic chart if
108 you're in the mood instead of getting the same results from "report".
109 If you don't want to get into the details of Dumbbench::BoxPlot, you
111 can do:
112 # $bench is your Dumbbench instance
114 $bench->box_plot->show;
115
117 Why it doesn't work and why we try regardless
118 Recall that the goal is to obtain a reliable estimate of the run-time
119 of a certain operation or command. Now, please realize that this is
120 impossible since the run-time of an operation may depend on many things
121 that can change rapidly: Modern CPUs change their frequency dynamically
122 depending on load. CPU caches may be invalidated at odd moments and
123 page faults provide less fine-grained distration. Naturally, OS
124 kernels will do weird things just to spite you. It's almost hopeless.
125 Since people (you, I, everybody!) insist on benchmarking anyway, this
127 is a best-effort at estimating the run-time. Naturally, it includes
128 estimating the uncertainty of the run time. This is extremely important
129 for comparing multiple benchmarks and that is usually the ultimate
130 goal. In order to get an estimate of the expectation value and its
131 uncertainty, we need a model of the underlying distribution:
132 A model for timing results
134 Let's take a step back and think about how the run-time of multiple
135 invocations of the same code will be distributed. Having a qualitative
136 idea what the distribution of many (MANY) measurements looks like is
137 extremely important for estimating the expectation value and
138 uncertainty from a sample of few measurements.
139 In a perfect, deterministic, single-tasking computer, we will get N
141 times the exact same timing. In the real world, there are at least a
142 million ways that this assumption is broken on a small scale. For each
143 run, the load of the computer will be slightly different. The content
144 of main memory and CPU caches may differ. All of these small effects
145 will make a given run a tiny bit slower or faster than any other.
146 Thankfully, this is a case where statistics (more precisely the Central
147 Limit Theorem) provides us with the qualitative result: The
148 measurements will be normally distributed (i.e. following a Gaussian
149 distribution) around some expectation value (which happens to be the
150 mean in this case). Good. Unfortunately, benchmarks are more evil than
151 that. In addition to the small-scale effects that smear the result,
152 there are things that (at the given run time of the benchmark) may be
153 large enough to cause a large jump in run time. Assuming these are
154 comparatively rare and typically cause extraordinarily long run-times
155 (as opposed to extraordinarily low run-times), we arrive at an overall
156 model of having a central, smooth-ish normal distribution with a few
157 outliers towards long run-times.
158 So in this model, if we perform "N" measurements, almost all "N" times
160 will be close to the expectation value and a fraction will be
161 significantly higher. This is troublesome because the outliers create
162 a bias in the uncertainty estimation and the asymmetry of the overall
163 distribution will bias a simple calculation of the mean.
164 What we would like to report to the user is the mean and uncertainty of
166 the main distribution while ignoring the outliers.
167 A robust estimation of the expectation value
169 Given the previously discussed model, we estimate the expectation value
170 with the following algorithm:
171 1)
173 Calculate the median of the whole distribution. The median is a
174 fairly robust estimator of the expectation value with respect to
175 outliers (assuming they're comparatively rare).
176 2)
178 Calculate the median-absolute-deviation from the whole distribution
179 (MAD, see wikipedia). The MAD needs rescaling to become a measure of
180 variability. The MAD will be our initial guess for an uncertainty.
181 Like the median, it is quite robust against outliers.
182 3)
184 We use the median and MAD to remove the tails of our distribution.
185 All timings that deviate from the median by more than $X times the
186 MAD are rejected. This measure should cut outliers without
187 introducing much bias both in symmetric and asymmetric source
188 distributions.
189 An alternative would be to use an ordinary truncated mean (that is
191 the mean of all timings while disregarding the $N largest and $N
192 smallest results). But the truncated mean can produce a biased result
193 in asymmetric source distributions. The resulting expectation value
194 would be artificially increased.
195 In summary: Using the median as the initial guess for the expectation
197 value and the MAD as the guess for the variability keeps the bias
198 down in the general case.
199 4)
201 Finally, the use the mean of the truncated distribution as the
202 expectation value and the MAD of the truncated distribution as a
203 measure of variability. To get the uncertainty on the expectation
204 value, we take "MAD / sqrt($N)" where $N is the number of remaining
205 measurements.
206 Conclusion
208 I hope I could convince you that interpreting less sophisticated
209 benchmarks is a dangerous if not futile exercise. The reason this
210 module exists is that not everybody is willing to go through such
211 contortions to arrive at a reliable conclusion, but everybody loves
212 benchmarking. So let's at least get the basics right. Do not compare
213 raw timings of meaningless benchmarks but robust estimates of the run
214 time of meaningless benchmarks instead.
215
217 Dumbbench::Instance, Dumbbench::Instance::Cmd,
218 Dumbbench::Instance::PerlEval, Dumbbench::Instance::PerlSub,
219 Dumbbench::Result
220 Benchmark
222 Number::WithError does the Gaussian error propagation.
224 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_absolute_deviation>
226
228 Steffen Mueller, <smueller@cpan.org>
229
231 Copyright (C) 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 by Steffen Mueller
232 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
234 under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.8.1 or, at
235 your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available.
236perl v5.32.0 2020-07-28 Dumbbench(3)