1Test::Assertions::ManuaUls(e3r)Contributed Perl DocumentTaetsito:n:Assertions::Manual(3)
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6 Test::Assertions::Manual - A guide to using Test::Assertions
7
9 This is a brief guide to how you can use the Test::Assertions module in
10 your code and test scripts. The "Test::Assertions" documentation has a
11 comprehensive list of options.
12
14 To use Test::Assertions for unit testing, import it with the argument
15 "test":
16 use Test::Assertions qw(test);
18 The output of Test::Assertions in test mode is suitable for collation
20 with Test::Harness. Only the ASSERT() and plan() routines can create
21 any output - all the other routines simply return values.
22 Planning tests
24 Test::Assertions offers a "plan tests" syntax similar to Test::More:
25 plan tests => 42;
27 # Which creates the output:
28 1..42
29 If you find having to increment the number at the top of your test
31 script every time you add a test irritating, you can use the automatic,
32 Do What I Mean, form:
33 plan tests;
35 In this case, Test::Assertions will read your code and count the number
37 of ASSERT statements and use this for the expected number of tests. A
38 caveat is that it expects all your ASSERT statements to be executed
39 once only, hence ASSERTs in if and foreach blocks will fool
40 Test::Assertions and you'll have to maintain the count manually in
41 these cases. Furthermore, it uses caller() to get the filename of the
42 code so it may not work if you invoke your program with a relative
43 filename and then change working directory before calling this
44 automatic "plan tests;" form.
45 Test::Assertions offers a couple of additional functions - only() and
47 ignore() to control which tests will be reported. Usage is as follows:
48 ignore(2, 5) if($^O eq 'MsWin32');
50 only(1..10) unless($^O eq 'MsWin32');
51 Note that these won't stop the actual test code from being attempted,
53 but the results won't be reported.
54 Testing things
56 The routines for constructing tests are deliberately ALL CAPS so you
57 can discriminate at a glance between the test and what is being tested.
58 To check something does what expected, use ASSERT:
59 ASSERT(1 == 1);
61 This gives the output:
63 ok 1
65 An optional 2nd arg may be supplied for a comment to label the test:
67 ASSERT(1 == 1, "an example test");
69 This gives the output:
71 ok 1 (an example test)
73 In the interest of brevity of documentation, I'll omit the 2nd argument
75 from my examples below. For your real-world tests, labelling the
76 output is strongly recommended so when something fails you know what it
77 is.
78 If you are hopelessly addicted to invoking your tests with an ok()
80 routine, Test::Assertions has a concession for Test::Simple/More
81 junkies:
82 use Test::Assertions qw(test/ok);
84 plan tests => 1;
85 ok(1, "ok() works just like ASSERT()");
86 More complex tests with helper routines
88 Most real-world unit tests will need to check data structures returned
89 from an API. The EQUAL() function compares two data structures deeply
90 (a bit like Test::More's eq_array or eq_hash):
91 ASSERT( EQUAL(\@arr, [1,2,3]) );
93 ASSERT( EQUAL(\%observed, \%expected) );
94 For routines that return large strings or write to files (e.g.
96 templating), you might want to have your expected output held
97 externally in a file. Test::Assertions provides a few routines to make
98 this easy. EQUALS_FILE compares a string to the contents of a file:
99 ASSERT( EQUALS_FILE($returned, "expected.txt") );
101 Whereas FILES_EQUAL compares the contents of 2 files:
103 $object_to_test->write_file("observed.txt");
105 ASSERT( FILES_EQUAL("observed.txt", "expected.txt") );
106 unlink("observed.txt"); #always clean up so state on 2nd run is same as 1st run
107 If your files contain serialized data structures, e.g. the output of
109 Data::Dumper, you may wish to use do(), or eval() their contents, and
110 use the EQUAL() routine to compare the structures, rather than
111 comparing the serialized forms directly.
112 my $var1 = do('file1.datadump');
114 my $var2 = do('file2.datadump');
115 ASSERT( EQUAL($var1, $var2), 'serialized versions matched' );
116 The MATCHES_FILE routine compares a string with regex that is read from
118 a file, which is most useful if your string contains dates, timestamps,
119 filepaths, or other items which might change from one run of the test
120 to the next, or across different machines:
121 ASSERT( MATCHES_FILE($string_to_examine, "expected.regex.txt") );
123 Another thing you are likely to want to test is code raising exceptions
125 with die(). The DIED() function confirms if a coderef raises an
126 exception:
127 ASSERT( DIED(
129 sub {
130 $object_to_test->method(@bad_inputs);
131 }
132 ));
133 The DIED routine doesn't clobber $@, so you can use this in your test
135 description:
136 ASSERT( DIED(
138 sub {
139 $object_to_test->method(@bad_inputs);
140 }
141 ), "raises an exception - " . (chomp $@, $@));
142 Occasionally you'll want to check if a perl script simply compiles.
144 Whilst this is no substitute for writing a proper unit test for the
145 script, sometimes it's useful:
146 ASSERT( COMPILES("somescript.pl") );
148 An optional second argument forces the code to be compiled under
150 'strict':
151 ASSERT( COMPILES("somescript.pl", 1) );
153 (normally you'll have this in your script anyway).
155 Aggregating other tests together
157 For complex systems you may have a whole tree of unit tests,
158 corresponding to different areas of functionality of the system. For
159 example, there may be a set of tests corresponding to the expression
160 evaluation sublanguage within a templating system. Rather than simply
161 aggregating everything with Test::Harness in one flat list, you may
162 want to aggregate each subtree of related functionality so that the
163 Test::Harness summarisation is across these higher-level units.
164 Test::Assertions provides two functions to aggregate the output of
166 other tests. These work on result strings (starting with "ok" or "not
167 ok"). ASSESS is the lower-level routine working directly on result
168 strings, ASSESS_FILE runs a unit test script and parses the output. In
169 a scalar context they return a summary result string:
170 @results = ('ok 1', 'not ok 2', 'A comment', 'ok 3');
172 print scalar ASSESS(\@results);
173 would result in something like:
175 not ok (1 errors in 3 tests)
177 This output is of course a suitable input to ASSESS so complex
179 hierarchies may be created. In an array context, they return a boolean
180 value and a description which is suitable for feeding into ASSERT
181 (although ASSERT's $;$ prototype means it will ignore the description)
182 :
183 ASSERT ASSESS_FILE("expr/set_1.t");
185 ASSERT ASSESS_FILE("expr/set_2.t");
186 ASSERT ASSESS_FILE("expr/set_3.t");
187 would generate output such as:
189 ok 1
191 ok 2
192 ok 3
193 Finally Test::Assertions provides a helper routine to interpret result
195 strings:
196 ($bool, $description) = INTERPRET("not ok 4 (test four)");
198 would result in:
200 $bool = 0;
202 $description = "test four";
203 which might be useful for writing your own custom collation code.
205
207 C programmers often use ASSERT macros to trap runtime "should never
208 happen" errors in their code. You can use Test::Assertions to do this:
209 use Test::Assertions qq(die);
211 $rv = some_function();
212 ASSERT($rv == 0, "some_function returned a non-zero value");
213 You can also import Test::Assertions with warn rather than die so that
215 the code continues executing:
216 use constant ASSERTIONS_MODE => $ENV{ENVIRONMENT} eq 'production'? 'warn' : 'die';
218 use Test::Assertions(ASSERTIONS_MODE);
219 Environment variables provide a nice way of switching compile-time
221 behaviour from outside the process.
222 Minimising overhead
224 Importing Test::Assertions with no arguments results in ASSERT
225 statements doing nothing, but unlike ASSERT macros in C where the
226 preprocessor filters this out before compilation, there are 2 types of
227 residual overhead:
228 Runtime overhead
230 When Test::Assertions is imported with no arguments, the ASSERT
231 statement is aliased to an empty sub. There is a small overhead in
232 executing this. In practice, unless you do an ASSERT on every
233 other line, or in a performance-critical loop, you're unlikely to
234 notice the overhead compared to the other work that your code is
235 doing.
236 Compilation overhead
238 The Test::Assertions module must be compiled even when it is
239 imported with no arguments. Test::Assertions loads its helper
240 modules on demand and avoids using pragmas to minimise its
241 compilation overhead. Currently Test::Assertions does not go to
242 more extreme measures to cut its compilation overhead in the
243 interests of maintainability and ease of installation.
244 Both can be minimised by using a constant:
246 use constant ENABLE_ASSERTIONS => $ENV{ENABLE_ASSERTIONS};
248 #Minimise compile-time overhead
250 if(ENABLE_ASSERTIONS) {
251 require Test::Assertions;
252 import Test::Assertions qq(die);
253 }
254 $rv = some_function();
256 #Eliminate runtime overhead
258 ASSERT($rv == 0, "some_function returned a non-zero value") if(ENABLE_ASSERTIONS);
259 Unlike Carp::Assert, Test::Assertions does not come with a "built-in"
261 constant (DEBUG in the case of Carp::Assert). Define your own
262 constant, attach it to your own compile-time logic (e.g. env vars) and
263 call it whatever you like.
264 How expensive is a null ASSERT?
266 Here's an indication of the overhead of calling ASSERT when
267 Test::Assertions is imported with no arguments. A comparison is
268 included with Carp::Assert just to show that it's in the same ballpark
269 - we are not advocating one module over the other. As outlined above,
270 using a constant to disable assertions is recommended in performance-
271 critical code.
272 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
274 use Benchmark;
276 use Test::Assertions;
277 use Carp::Assert;
278 use constant ENABLE_ASSERTIONS => 0;
279 #Compare null ASSERT to simple linear algebra statement
281 timethis(1e6, sub{
282 ASSERT(1); #Test::Assertions
283 });
284 timethis(1e6, sub{
285 assert(1); #Carp::Assert
286 });
287 timethis(1e6, sub{
288 ASSERT(1) if ENABLE_ASSERTIONS;
289 });
290 timethis(1e6, sub{
291 $x=$x*2 + 3;
292 });
293 Results on Sun E250 (with 2x400Mhz CPUs) running perl 5.6.1 on solaris
295 9:
296 Test::Assertions: timethis 1000000: 3 wallclock secs ( 3.88 usr + 0.00 sys = 3.88 CPU) @ 257731.96/s (n=1000000)
298 Carp::Assert: timethis 1000000: 6 wallclock secs ( 6.08 usr + 0.00 sys = 6.08 CPU) @ 164473.68/s (n=1000000)
299 Test::Assertions + const: timethis 1000000: -1 wallclock secs ( 0.07 usr + 0.00 sys = 0.07 CPU) @ 14285714.29/s (n=1000000) (warning: too few iterations for a reliable count)
300 some algebra: timethis 1000000: 1 wallclock secs ( 2.50 usr + 0.00 sys = 2.50 CPU) @ 400000.00/s (n=1000000)
301 Results for 1.7Ghz pentium M running activestate perl 5.6.1 on win XP:
303 Test::Assertions: timethis 1000000: 0 wallclock secs ( 0.42 usr + 0.00 sys = 0.42 CPU) @ 2380952.38/s (n=1000000)
305 Carp::Assert: timethis 1000000: 0 wallclock secs ( 0.57 usr + 0.00 sys = 0.57 CPU) @ 1751313.49/s (n=1000000)
306 Test::Assertions + const: timethis 1000000: -1 wallclock secs (-0.02 usr + 0.00 sys = -0.02 CPU) @ -50000000.00/s (n=1000000) (warning: too few iterations for a reliable count)
307 some algebra: timethis 1000000: 0 wallclock secs ( 0.50 usr + 0.00 sys = 0.50 CPU) @ 1996007.98/s (n=1000000)
308 How significant is the compile-time overhead?
310 Here's an indication of the compile-time overhead for Test::Assertions
311 v1.050 and Carp::Assert v0.18. The cost of running import() is also
312 included.
313 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
315 use Benchmark;
317 use lib qw(../lib);
318 timethis(3e2, sub {
320 require Test::Assertions;
321 delete $INC{"Test/Assertions.pm"};
322 });
323 timethis(3e2, sub {
325 require Test::Assertions;
326 import Test::Assertions;
327 delete $INC{"Test/Assertions.pm"};
328 });
329 timethis(3e2, sub {
331 require Carp::Assert;
332 delete $INC{"Carp/Assert.pm"};
333 });
334 timethis(3e2, sub {
336 require Carp::Assert;
337 import Carp::Assert;
338 delete $INC{"Carp/Assert.pm"};
339 });
340 Results on Sun E250 (with 2x400Mhz CPUs) running perl 5.6.1 on solaris
342 9:
343 Test::Assertions: timethis 300: 6 wallclock secs ( 6.19 usr + 0.10 sys = 6.29 CPU) @ 47.69/s (n=300)
345 Test::Assertions + import: timethis 300: 7 wallclock secs ( 6.56 usr + 0.03 sys = 6.59 CPU) @ 45.52/s (n=300)
346 Carp::Assert: timethis 300: 3 wallclock secs ( 2.47 usr + 0.32 sys = 2.79 CPU) @ 107.53/s (n=300)
347 Carp::Assert + import: timethis 300: 41 wallclock secs (40.58 usr + 0.32 sys = 40.90 CPU) @ 7.33/s (n=300)
348 Results for 1.7Ghz pentium M running activestate perl 5.6.1 on win XP:
350 Test::Assertions: timethis 300: 2 wallclock secs ( 1.45 usr + 0.21 sys = 1.66 CPU) @ 180.51/s (n=300)
352 Test::Assertions + import: timethis 300: 2 wallclock secs ( 1.58 usr + 0.29 sys = 1.87 CPU) @ 160.26/s (n=300)
353 Carp::Assert: timethis 300: 1 wallclock secs ( 0.99 usr + 0.26 sys = 1.25 CPU) @ 239.62/s (n=300)
354 Carp::Assert + import: timethis 300: 6 wallclock secs ( 5.42 usr + 0.38 sys = 5.80 CPU) @ 51.74/s (n=300)
355 If using a constant to control compilation is not to your liking, you
357 may want to experiment with SelfLoader or AutoLoader to cut down the
358 compilation overhead further by delaying compilation of some of the
359 subroutines in Test::Assertions (see SelfLoader and AutoLoader for more
360 information) until the first time they are used.
361
363 $Revision: 1.10 $ on $Date: 2005/05/04 15:56:39 $
364
366 John Alden <cpan _at_ bbc _dot_ co _dot_ uk>
367perl v5.32.0 2020-07-28 Test::Assertions::Manual(3)