1TWM(1)                      General Commands Manual                     TWM(1)
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4

NAME

6       twm - Tab Window Manager for the X Window System
7

SYNTAX

9       twm [ -display dpy ] [ -s ] [ -f initfile ] [ -v ]
10

DESCRIPTION

12       Twm  is  a  window manager for the X Window System.  It provides title‐
13       bars, shaped windows, several forms of  icon  management,  user-defined
14       macro  functions,  click-to-type and pointer-driven keyboard focus, and
15       user-specified key and pointer button bindings.
16
17       This program is usually  started  by  the  user's  session  manager  or
18       startup  script.   When  used from xdm(1) or xinit(1) without a session
19       manager, twm is frequently executed  in  the  foreground  as  the  last
20       client.  When run this way, exiting twm causes the session to be termi‐
21       nated (i.e., logged out).
22
23       By default, application windows are surrounded by a “frame” with a  ti‐
24       tlebar at the top and a special border around the window.  The titlebar
25       contains the window's name, a rectangle that is lit when the window  is
26       receiving keyboard input, and function boxes known as “titlebuttons” at
27       the left and right edges of the titlebar.
28
29       Pressing pointer Button1 (usually the left-most button  unless  it  has
30       been  changed  with  xmodmap) on a titlebutton will invoke the function
31       associated with the button.  In  the  default  interface,  windows  are
32       iconified  by  clicking  (pressing  and then immediately releasing) the
33       left titlebutton (which looks like a Dot).  Conversely, windows are de‐
34       iconified  by clicking in the associated icon or entry in the icon man‐
35       ager (see description of the variable ShowIconManager and of the  func‐
36       tion f.showiconmgr).
37
38       Windows  are resized by pressing the right titlebutton (which resembles
39       a group of nested squares), dragging the pointer over edge that  is  to
40       be  moved,  and releasing the pointer when the outline of the window is
41       the desired size.  Similarly, windows are moved by pressing in the  ti‐
42       tle or highlight region, dragging a window outline to the new location,
43       and then releasing when the outline is in the desired  position.   Just
44       clicking  in  the  title  or highlight region raises the window without
45       moving it.
46
47       When new windows are created, twm will honor any size and location  in‐
48       formation requested by the user (usually through -geometry command line
49       argument or resources for the individual applications).  Otherwise,  an
50       outline  of the window's default size, its titlebar, and lines dividing
51       the window into a 3x3  grid  that  track  the  pointer  are  displayed.
52       Clicking  pointer Button1 will position the window at the current posi‐
53       tion and give it the default size.  Pressing pointer  Button2  (usually
54       the  middle pointer button) and dragging the outline will give the win‐
55       dow its current position but allow the sides to be resized as described
56       above.   Clicking  pointer  Button3  (usually the right pointer button)
57       will give the window its current position but attempt to make  it  long
58       enough to touch the bottom the screen.
59

OPTIONS

61       Twm accepts the following command line options:
62
63       -display dpy
64               This option specifies the X server to use.
65
66       -s      This  option  indicates that only the default screen (as speci‐
67               fied by -display or by the DISPLAY environment variable) should
68               be managed.  By default, twm will attempt to manage all screens
69               on the display.
70
71       -f filename
72               This option specifies the name of the startup file to use.   By
73               default,  twm  will look in the user's home directory for files
74               named .twmrc.num (where num is a screen number) or .twmrc.
75
76       -v      This option indicates that  twm  should  print  error  messages
77               whenever  an unexpected X Error event is received.  This can be
78               useful when debugging applications but can  be  distracting  in
79               regular use.
80

CUSTOMIZATION

82       Much  of twm's appearance and behavior can be controlled by providing a
83       startup file in one of the following locations (searched in  order  for
84       each screen being managed when twm begins):
85
86       $HOME/.twmrc.screennumber
87               The  screennumber is a small positive number (e.g.  0, 1, etc.)
88               representing the screen number (e.g., the last  number  in  the
89               DISPLAY  environment  variable  host:displaynum.screennum) that
90               would be used to contact that screen of the display.   This  is
91               intended for displays with multiple screens of differing visual
92               types.
93
94       $HOME/.twmrc
95               This is the usual name for an individual user's startup file.
96
97       /usr/share/X11/twm/system.twmrc
98               If neither of the preceding files are found, twm will  look  in
99               this  file for a default configuration.  This is often tailored
100               by the site administrator to provide convenient menus or famil‐
101               iar bindings for novice users.
102
103       If  no  startup files are found, twm will use the built-in defaults de‐
104       scribed above.  The only resource used by twm is bitmapFilePath  for  a
105       colon-separated  list  of directories to search when looking for bitmap
106       files  (for  more  information,  see  the  Athena  Widgets  manual  and
107       xrdb(1)).
108
109       Twm  startup files are logically broken up into three types of specifi‐
110       cations:  Variables, Bindings, Menus.  The Variables section must  come
111       first  and  is  used  to  describe  the  fonts, colors, cursors, border
112       widths, icon and window placement, highlighting, autoraising, layout of
113       titles, warping, use of the icon manager.  The Bindings section usually
114       comes second and is used to specify the functions that should be to  be
115       invoked  when  keyboard  and  pointer  buttons  are pressed in windows,
116       icons, titles, and frames.  The Menus section  gives  any  user-defined
117       menus (containing functions to be invoked or commands to be executed).
118
119       Variable names and keywords are case-insensitive.  Strings must be sur‐
120       rounded by double quote characters (e.g., "blue") and  are  case-sensi‐
121       tive.  A pound sign (#) outside of a string causes the remainder of the
122       line in which the character appears to be treated as a comment.
123

VARIABLES

125       Many of the aspects of twm's user interface are controlled by variables
126       that  may  be  set in the user's startup file.  Some of the options are
127       enabled or disabled simply by the presence  of  a  particular  keyword.
128       Other  options  require  keywords, numbers, strings, or lists of all of
129       these.
130
131       Lists are surrounded by braces and are usually separated by  whitespace
132       or a newline.  For example:
133
134              AutoRaise { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" }
135
136       or
137
138              AutoRaise
139              {
140                      "emacs"
141                      "XTerm"
142                      "Xmh"
143              }
144
145       When  a  variable  containing a list of strings representing windows is
146       searched (e.g., to determine whether or  not  to  enable  autoraise  as
147       shown  above),  a  string must be an exact, case-sensitive match to the
148       window's name (given by the WM_NAME window property), resource name  or
149       class name (both given by the WM_CLASS window property).  The preceding
150       example would enable autoraise on windows named “emacs” as well as  any
151       xterm  (since  they  are of class “XTerm”) or xmh windows (which are of
152       class “Xmh”).
153
154       String arguments that are interpreted as filenames  (see  the  Pixmaps,
155       Cursors,  and  IconDirectory  below)  will prepend the user's directory
156       (specified by the HOME environment variable) if the first character  is
157       a tilde (~).  If, instead, the first character is a colon (:), the name
158       is assumed to refer to one of the internal bitmaps  that  are  used  to
159       create the default titlebars symbols:  :xlogo or :delete (both refer to
160       the X logo), :dot or :iconify (both refer to  the  dot),  :resize  (the
161       nested  squares  used by the resize button), :menu (a page with lines),
162       and :question (the question mark used for non-existent bitmap files).
163
164       The following variables may be specified at the top of  a  twm  startup
165       file.   Lists  of Window name prefix strings are indicated by win-list.
166       Optional arguments are shown in square brackets:
167
168       AutoRaise { win-list }
169               This variable specifies a list of windows that should automati‐
170               cally  be  raised whenever the pointer enters the window.  This
171               action can be interactively enabled or disabled  on  individual
172               windows using the function f.autoraise.
173
174       AutoRelativeResize
175               This variable indicates that dragging out a window size (either
176               when initially sizing the window with pointer Button2  or  when
177               resizing  it) should not wait until the pointer has crossed the
178               window edges.  Instead, moving the pointer automatically causes
179               the nearest edge or edges to move by the same amount.  This al‐
180               lows the resizing of windows that extend off the  edge  of  the
181               screen.   If  the pointer is in the center of the window, or if
182               the resize is begun by pressing a titlebutton, twm  will  still
183               wait  for  the pointer to cross a window edge (to prevent acci‐
184               dents).  This option is particularly useful for people who like
185               the press-drag-release method of sweeping out window sizes.
186
187       BorderColor string [{ wincolorlist }]
188               This  variable  specifies the default color of the border to be
189               placed around all non-iconified windows, and may only be  given
190               within  a  Color,  Grayscale  or Monochrome list.  The optional
191               wincolorlist specifies a list of window and  color  name  pairs
192               for  specifying particular border colors for different types of
193               windows.  For example:
194
195                   BorderColor "gray50"
196                   {
197                           "XTerm" "red"
198                           "xmh"   "green"
199                   }
200
201               The default is "black".
202
203       BorderTileBackground string [{ wincolorlist }]
204               This variable specifies the default  background  color  in  the
205               gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if NoHighlight
206               hasn't been set),  and  may  only  be  given  within  a  Color,
207               Grayscale or Monochrome list.  The optional wincolorlist allows
208               per-window colors to be specified.  The default  is "white".
209
210       BorderTileForeground string [{ wincolorlist }]
211               This variable specifies the default  foreground  color  in  the
212               gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if NoHighlight
213               hasn't been set),  and  may  only  be  given  within  a  Color,
214               Grayscale or Monochrome list.  The optional wincolorlist allows
215               per-window colors to be specified.  The default is "black".
216
217       BorderWidth pixels
218               This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border  sur‐
219               rounding  all client window frames if ClientBorderWidth has not
220               been specified.  This value is also used to set the border size
221               of  windows created by twm (such as the icon manager).  The de‐
222               fault is 2.
223
224       ButtonIndent pixels
225               This variable specifies the amount by which titlebuttons should
226               be indented on all sides.  Positive values cause the buttons to
227               be smaller than the window text and highlight area so that they
228               stand  out.   Setting this and the TitleButtonBorderWidth vari‐
229               ables to 0 makes titlebuttons be as tall and wide as  possible.
230               The default is 1.
231
232       ClientBorderWidth
233               This  variable  indicates that border width of a window's frame
234               should be set to the initial border width of the window, rather
235               than to the value of BorderWidth.
236
237       Color { colors-list }
238               This  variable specifies a list of color assignments to be made
239               if the default display is capable of displaying more than  sim‐
240               ple black and white.  The colors-list is made up of the follow‐
241               ing color variables and their  values:  DefaultBackground,  De‐
242               faultForeground, MenuBackground, MenuForeground, MenuTitleBack‐
243               ground, MenuTitleForeground, MenuShadowColor,  MenuBorderColor,
244               PointerForeground,  and PointerBackground.  The following color
245               variables may also be given a list of  window  and  color  name
246               pairs  to  allow per-window colors to be specified (see Border‐
247               Color for details): BorderColor, IconManagerHighlight,  Border‐
248               TitleBackground, BorderTitleForeground, TitleBackground, Title‐
249               Foreground,  IconBackground,  IconForeground,  IconBorderColor,
250               IconManagerBackground, and IconManagerForeground.  For example:
251
252                   Color
253                   {
254                           MenuBackground          "gray50"
255                           MenuForeground          "blue"
256                           BorderColor             "red" { "XTerm" "yellow" }
257                           TitleForeground         "yellow"
258                           TitleBackground         "blue"
259                   }
260
261               All  of  these  color  variables  may also be specified for the
262               Monochrome variable, allowing the same initialization  file  to
263               be used on both color and monochrome displays.
264
265       ConstrainedMoveTime milliseconds
266               This  variable  specifies  the  length  of  time between button
267               clicks needed to begin a constrained  move  operation.   Double
268               clicking  within  this amount of time when invoking f.move will
269               cause the window to be moved only in a horizontal  or  vertical
270               direction.   Setting  this  value to 0 will disable constrained
271               moves.  The default is 400 milliseconds.
272
273       Cursors { cursor-list }
274               This variable specifies the glyphs that twm should use for var‐
275               ious  pointer  cursors.  Each cursor may be defined either from
276               the cursor font or from two bitmap files.  Shapes from the cur‐
277               sor font may be specified directly as:
278
279                      cursorname        "string"
280
281               where  cursorname  is one of the cursor names listed below, and
282               string is the name of a glyph as found  in  the  file  /usr/in‐
283               clude/X11/cursorfont.h (without the “XC_” prefix).  If the cur‐
284               sor is to be defined from bitmap files, the following syntax is
285               used instead:
286
287                      cursorname        "image"   "mask"
288
289               The  image and mask strings specify the names of files contain‐
290               ing the glyph image and mask in  bitmap(1)  form.   The  bitmap
291               files are located in the same manner as icon bitmap files.  The
292               following example shows the default cursor definitions:
293
294                   Cursors
295                   {
296                           Frame           "top_left_arrow"
297                           Title           "top_left_arrow"
298                           Icon            "top_left_arrow"
299                           IconMgr         "top_left_arrow"
300                           Move            "fleur"
301                           Resize          "fleur"
302                           Menu            "sb_left_arrow"
303                           Button          "hand2"
304                           Wait            "watch"
305                           Select          "dot"
306                           Destroy         "pirate"
307                   }
308
309       DecorateTransients
310               This variable indicates that transient windows (those  contain‐
311               ing a WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property) should have titlebars.  By de‐
312               fault, transients are not reparented.
313
314       DefaultBackground string
315               This variable specifies the background color  to  be  used  for
316               sizing and information windows.  The default is "white".
317
318       DefaultForeground string
319               This  variable  specifies  the  foreground color to be used for
320               sizing and information windows.  The default is "black".
321
322       DontIconifyByUnmapping { win-list }
323               This variable specifies a list of windows that  should  not  be
324               iconified  by simply unmapping the window (as would be the case
325               if IconifyByUnmapping had been set).  This is  frequently  used
326               to  force  some windows to be treated as icons while other win‐
327               dows are handled by the icon manager.
328
329       DontMoveOff
330               This variable indicates that windows should not be  allowed  to
331               be  moved off the screen.  It can be overridden by the f.force‐
332               move function.
333
334       DontSqueezeTitle [{ win-list }]
335               This variable indicates that titlebars should not  be  squeezed
336               to  their  minimum  size as described under SqueezeTitle below.
337               If the optional window list is  supplied,  only  those  windows
338               will be prevented from being squeezed.
339
340       ForceIcons
341               This  variable  indicates  that  icon  pixmaps specified in the
342               Icons variable should override any client-supplied pixmaps.
343
344       FramePadding pixels
345               This variable specifies the distance between the titlebar deco‐
346               rations  (the  button  and text) and the window frame.  The de‐
347               fault is 2 pixels.
348
349       Grayscale { colors }
350               This variable specifies a list of color assignments that should
351               be  made if the screen has a GrayScale default visual.  See the
352               description of Colors.
353
354       IconBackground string [{ win-list }]
355               This variable specifies the background color of icons, and  may
356               only  be  specified  inside of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome
357               list.  The optional win-list is a list of window names and col‐
358               ors  so  that per-window colors may be specified.  See the Bor‐
359               derColor variable for a complete description of  the  win-list.
360               The default is "white".
361
362       IconBorderColor string [{ win-list }]
363               This  variable  specifies the color of the border used for icon
364               windows, and may only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale
365               or  Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a list of window
366               names and colors so that per-window colors  may  be  specified.
367               See  the BorderColor variable for a complete description of the
368               win-list.  The default is "black".
369
370       IconBorderWidth pixels
371               This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border  sur‐
372               rounding icon windows.  The default is 2.
373
374       IconDirectory string
375               This  variable  specifies the directory that should be searched
376               if if a bitmap file cannot be found in any of  the  directories
377               in the bitmapFilePath resource.
378
379       IconFont string
380               This  variable  specifies  the  font to be used to display icon
381               names within icons.  The default is "variable".
382
383       IconForeground string [{ win-list }]
384               This variable specifies the foreground color to  be  used  when
385               displaying  icons, and may only be specified inside of a Color,
386               Grayscale or Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a  list
387               of  window  names  and  colors so that per-window colors may be
388               specified.  See the BorderColor variable  for  a  complete  de‐
389               scription of the win-list.  The default is "black".
390
391       IconifyByUnmapping [{ win-list }]
392               This variable indicates that windows should be iconified by be‐
393               ing unmapped without trying to map  any  icons.   This  assumes
394               that  the  user will remap the window through the icon manager,
395               the f.warpto function, or the TwmWindows menu.  If the optional
396               win-list  is  provided, only those windows will be iconified by
397               simply unmapping.  Windows that have both this and the IconMan‐
398               agerDontShow options set may not be accessible if no binding to
399               the TwmWindows menu is set in the user's startup file.
400
401       IconManagerBackground string [{ win-list }]
402               This variable specifies the background color to  use  for  icon
403               manager  entries,  and may only be specified inside of a Color,
404               Grayscale or Monochrome list.  The optional win-list is a  list
405               of  window  names  and  colors so that per-window colors may be
406               specified.  See the BorderColor variable  for  a  complete  de‐
407               scription of the win-list.  The default is "white".
408
409       IconManagerDontShow [{ win-list }]
410               This  variable  indicates that the icon manager should not dis‐
411               play any windows.  If the  optional  win-list  is  given,  only
412               those  windows will not be displayed.  This variable is used to
413               prevent windows that are rarely iconified (such  as  xclock  or
414               xload) from taking up space in the icon manager.
415
416       IconManagerFont string
417               This  variable  specifies  the  font to be used when displaying
418               icon manager entries.  The default is "variable".
419
420       IconManagerForeground string [{ win-list }]
421               This variable specifies the foreground color to  be  used  when
422               displaying  icon manager entries, and may only be specified in‐
423               side of a Color, Grayscale or Monochrome  list.   The  optional
424               win-list  is a list of window names and colors so that per-win‐
425               dow colors may be specified.  See the BorderColor variable  for
426               a  complete  description  of  the  win-list.   The  default  is
427               "black".
428
429       IconManagerGeometry string [ columns ]
430               This variable specifies the geometry of the icon  manager  win‐
431               dow.   The  string  argument is standard geometry specification
432               that indicates the initial full size of the icon manager.   The
433               icon  manager  window  is  then  broken into columns pieces and
434               scaled according to the number of entries in the icon  manager.
435               Extra entries are wrapped to form additional rows.  The default
436               number of columns is 1.
437
438       IconManagerHighlight string [{ win-list }]
439               This variable specifies the border color to be used when  high‐
440               lighting  the  icon manager entry that currently has the focus,
441               and can only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Mono‐
442               chrome  list.   The optional win-list is a list of window names
443               and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.  See the
444               BorderColor  variable  for  a  complete description of the win-
445               list.  The default is "black".
446
447       IconManagers { iconmgr-list }
448               This variable specifies a list  of  icon  managers  to  create.
449               Each item in the iconmgr-list has the following format:
450
451                      "winname" ["iconname"]      "geometry" columns
452
453               where  winname  is  the  name of the windows that should be put
454               into this icon manager, iconname is the name of that icon  man‐
455               ager  window's icon, geometry is a standard geometry specifica‐
456               tion, and columns is the number of columns in this icon manager
457               as described in IconManagerGeometry.  For example:
458
459                   IconManagers
460                   {
461                           "XTerm"         "=300x5+800+5"  5
462                           "myhost"        "=400x5+100+5"  2
463                   }
464
465               Clients  whose name or class is “XTerm” will have an entry cre‐
466               ated in the “XTerm” icon manager.  Clients whose name was  “my‐
467               host” would be put into the “myhost” icon manager.
468
469       IconManagerShow { win-list }
470               This variable specifies a list of windows that should appear in
471               the icon manager.  When used in conjunction with  the  IconMan‐
472               agerDontShow  variable,  only  the windows in this list will be
473               shown in the icon manager.
474
475       IconRegion geomstring vgrav hgrav gridwidth gridheight
476               This variable specifies an area on the  root  window  in  which
477               icons  are  placed  if no specific icon location is provided by
478               the client.  The geomstring is a  quoted  string  containing  a
479               standard  geometry  specification.  If more than one IconRegion
480               lines are given, icons will be put into the succeeding icon re‐
481               gions when the first is full.  The vgrav argument should be ei‐
482               ther North or South and control and is used to control  whether
483               icons  are  first  filled in from the top or bottom of the icon
484               region.  Similarly, the hgrav argument should be either East or
485               West  and  is used to control whether icons should be filled in
486               from left from the right.  Icons are laid out within the region
487               in  a grid with cells gridwidth pixels wide and gridheight pix‐
488               els high.
489
490       Icons { win-list }
491               This variable specifies a list of window names and  the  bitmap
492               filenames that should be used as their icons.  For example:
493
494                   Icons
495                   {
496                           "XTerm"         "xterm.icon"
497                           "xfd"           "xfd_icon"
498                   }
499
500               Windows that match “XTerm” and would not be iconified by unmap‐
501               ping, and would  try  to  use  the  icon  bitmap  in  the  file
502               “xterm.icon”.   If ForceIcons is specified, this bitmap will be
503               used even if the client has requested its own icon pixmap.
504
505       InterpolateMenuColors
506               This variable indicates that menu entry colors should be inter‐
507               polated between entry specified colors.  In the example below:
508
509                   Menu "mymenu"
510                   {
511                           "Title"         ("black":"red")         f.title
512                           "entry1"                                f.nop
513                           "entry2"                                f.nop
514                           "entry3"        ("white":"green")       f.nop
515                           "entry4"                                f.nop
516                           "entry5"        ("red":"white")         f.nop
517                   }
518
519               the  foreground colors for “entry1” and “entry2” will be inter‐
520               polated between black and white, and the background colors  be‐
521               tween  red  and  green.  Similarly, the foreground for “entry4”
522               will be half-way between white and red, and the background will
523               be half-way between green and white.
524
525       MakeTitle { win-list }
526               This  variable  specifies a list of windows on which a titlebar
527               should be placed and is used to request titles on specific win‐
528               dows when NoTitle has been set.
529
530       MaxWindowSize string
531               This  variable  specifies  a  geometry  in  which the width and
532               height give the maximum size for a given window.  This is typi‐
533               cally  used to restrict windows to the size of the screen.  The
534               default width is 32767 - screen width.  The default  height  is
535               32767 - screen height.
536
537       MenuBackground string
538               This  variable  specifies  the background color used for menus,
539               and can only be specified inside of a Color or Monochrome list.
540               The default is "white".
541
542       MenuBorderColor string
543               This  variable  specifies  the color of the menu border and can
544               only be specified inside of a Color,  Grayscale  or  Monochrome
545               list.  The default is "black".
546
547       MenuBorderWidth pixels
548               This  variable specifies the width in pixels of the border sur‐
549               rounding menu windows.  The default is 2.
550
551       MenuFont string
552               This variable specifies the font to use when displaying  menus.
553               The default is "variable".
554
555       MenuForeground string
556               This  variable  specifies  the foreground color used for menus,
557               and can only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Mono‐
558               chrome list.  The default is "black".
559
560       MenuShadowColor string
561               This  variable  specifies  the color of the shadow behind pull-
562               down menus and  can  only  be  specified  inside  of  a  Color,
563               Grayscale or Monochrome list.  The default is "black".
564
565       MenuTitleBackground string
566               This  variable  specifies  the background color for f.title en‐
567               tries in menus, and can only be specified inside  of  a  Color,
568               Grayscale or Monochrome list.  The default is "white".
569
570       MenuTitleForeground string
571               This  variable  specifies  the foreground color for f.title en‐
572               tries in menus and can only be specified inside of a  Color  or
573               Monochrome list.  The default is "black".
574
575       Monochrome { colors }
576               This variable specifies a list of color assignments that should
577               be made if the screen has a depth of 1.  See the description of
578               Colors.
579
580       MoveDelta pixels
581               This  variable  specifies the number of pixels the pointer must
582               move before the f.move function starts working.  Also  see  the
583               f.deltastop function.  The default is zero pixels.
584
585       NoBackingStore
586               This  variable  indicates  that  twm's menus should not request
587               backing store to minimize repainting of menus.  This  is  typi‐
588               cally  used  with servers that can repaint faster than they can
589               handle backing store.
590
591       NoCaseSensitive
592               This variable indicates that case should be ignored when  sort‐
593               ing  icon  names  in an icon manager.  This option is typically
594               used with applications that  capitalize  the  first  letter  of
595               their icon name.
596
597       NoDefaults
598               This  variable indicates that twm should not supply the default
599               titlebuttons and bindings.  This option should only be used  if
600               the  startup file contains a completely new set of bindings and
601               definitions.
602
603       NoGrabServer
604               This variable indicates that twm should  not  grab  the  server
605               when popping up menus and moving opaque windows.
606
607       NoHighlight [{ win-list }]
608               This  variable indicates that borders should not be highlighted
609               to track the location of the pointer.  If the optional win-list
610               is given, highlighting will only be disabled for those windows.
611               When the border is highlighted, it will be drawn in the current
612               BorderColor.   When  the  border is not highlighted, it will be
613               stippled with a gray pattern using the current  BorderTileFore‐
614               ground and BorderTileBackground colors.
615
616       NoIconManagers
617               This variable indicates that no icon manager should be created.
618
619       NoMenuShadows
620               This variable indicates that menus should not have drop shadows
621               drawn behind them.  This is typically used with slower  servers
622               since  it  speeds  up menu drawing at the expense of making the
623               menu slightly harder to read.
624
625       NoRaiseOnDeiconify
626               This variable  indicates  that  windows  that  are  deiconified
627               should not be raised.
628
629       NoRaiseOnMove
630               This  variable indicates that windows should not be raised when
631               moved.  This is typically used to allow windows to slide under‐
632               neath each other.
633
634       NoRaiseOnResize
635               This  variable indicates that windows should not be raised when
636               resized.  This is typically used to allow windows to be resized
637               underneath each other.
638
639       NoRaiseOnWarp
640               This  variable indicates that windows should not be raised when
641               the pointer is warped into them with the f.warpto function.  If
642               this option is set, warping to an occluded window may result in
643               the pointer ending up in the occluding window instead  the  de‐
644               sired   window   (which   causes   unexpected   behavior   with
645               f.warpring).
646
647       NoSaveUnders
648               This variable indicates that menus should not request  save-un‐
649               ders  to  minimize  window repainting following menu selection.
650               It is typically used with displays that can repaint faster than
651               they can handle save-unders.
652
653       NoStackMode [{ win-list }]
654               This  variable  indicates that client window requests to change
655               stacking order should be ignored.  If the optional win-list  is
656               given, only requests on those windows will be ignored.  This is
657               typically used to prevent applications from  relentlessly  pop‐
658               ping themselves to the front of the window stack.
659
660       NoTitle [{ win-list }]
661               This variable indicates that windows should not have titlebars.
662               If the optional win-list is given, only those windows will  not
663               have  titlebars.   MakeTitle  may  be  used with this option to
664               force titlebars to be put on specific windows.
665
666       NoTitleFocus
667               This variable indicates that twm should not set keyboard  input
668               focus  to each window as it is entered.  Normally, twm sets the
669               focus so that focus and key events from the titlebar  and  icon
670               managers  are  delivered to the application.  If the pointer is
671               moved quickly and twm is slow to respond, input can be directed
672               to the old window instead of the new.  This option is typically
673               used to prevent this “input lag” and to  work  around  bugs  in
674               older applications that have problems with focus events.
675
676       NoTitleHighlight [{ win-list }]
677               This  variable  indicates that the highlight area of the title‐
678               bar, which is used to indicate the window  that  currently  has
679               the input focus, should not be displayed.  If the optional win-
680               list is given, only those windows will not have  highlight  ar‐
681               eas.   This and the SqueezeTitle options can be set to substan‐
682               tially reduce the amount of screen space required by titlebars.
683
684       OpaqueMove
685               This variable indicates that the f.move function  should  actu‐
686               ally  move  the  window  instead of just an outline so that the
687               user can immediately see what the window will look like in  the
688               new  position.   This option is typically used on fast displays
689               (particularly if NoGrabServer is set).
690
691       Pixmaps { pixmaps }
692               This variable specifies a list of pixmaps that define  the  ap‐
693               pearance of various images.  Each entry is a keyword indicating
694               the pixmap to set, followed by a string giving the name of  the
695               bitmap file.  The following pixmaps may be specified:
696
697                   Pixmaps
698                   {
699                           TitleHighlight  "gray1"
700                   }
701
702               The  default  for TitleHighlight is to use an even stipple pat‐
703               tern.
704
705       Priority priority
706               This variable sets twm's priority.  priority should be  an  un‐
707               quoted, signed number (e.g., 999).  This variable has an effect
708               only if the server supports the SYNC extension.
709
710       RandomPlacement
711               This variable indicates that windows with no specified geometry
712               should  be placed in a pseudo-random location instead of having
713               the user drag out an outline.
714
715       ResizeFont string
716               This variable specifies the font to be used for in  the  dimen‐
717               sions window when resizing windows.  The default is "fixed".
718
719       RestartPreviousState
720               This  variable  indicates  that  twm  should attempt to use the
721               WM_STATE property on  client  windows  to  tell  which  windows
722               should  be iconified and which should be left visible.  This is
723               typically used to try to regenerate the state that  the  screen
724               was in before the previous window manager was shutdown.
725
726       SaveColor { colors-list }
727               This  variable  indicates  a  list  of  color assignments to be
728               stored as pixel values in the root window property  _MIT_PRIOR‐
729               ITY_COLORS.   Clients  may  elect to preserve these values when
730               installing their own colormap.  Note that use of this mechanism
731               is a way an for application to avoid the "technicolor" problem,
732               whereby useful screen objects such as window borders and title‐
733               bars  disappear  when a programs custom colors are installed by
734               the window manager.  For example:
735
736                   SaveColor
737                   {
738                           BorderColor
739                           TitleBackground
740                           TitleForeground
741                           "red"
742                           "green"
743                           "blue"
744                   }
745
746               This would place on the root window 3 pixel values for  borders
747               and  titlebars,  as  well as the three color strings, all taken
748               from the default colormap.
749
750       ShowIconManager
751               This variable indicates that the icon manager window should  be
752               displayed when twm is started.  It can always be brought up us‐
753               ing the f.showiconmgr function.
754
755       SortIconManager
756               This variable indicates that entries in the icon manager should
757               be  sorted  alphabetically  rather than by simply appending new
758               windows to the end.
759
760       SqueezeTitle [{ squeeze-list }]
761               This variable indicates that twm  should  attempt  to  use  the
762               SHAPE  extension  to  make titlebars occupy only as much screen
763               space as they need, rather than extending all  the  way  across
764               the  top  of the window.  The optional squeeze-list may be used
765               to control the location of the squeezed titlebar along the  top
766               of the window.  It contains entries of the form:
767
768                      "name"            justification     num       denom
769
770               where name is a window name, justification is either left, cen‐
771               ter, or right, and num and denom are numbers specifying a ratio
772               giving the relative position about which the titlebar is justi‐
773               fied.  The ratio is measured from left to right if the  numera‐
774               tor  is positive, and right to left if negative.  A denominator
775               of 0 indicates that the numerator should be measured in pixels.
776               For  convenience,  the  ratio 0/0 is the same as 1/2 for center
777               and -1/1 for right.  For example:
778
779                   SqueezeTitle
780                   {
781                           "XTerm"         left            0       0
782                           "xterm1"        left            1       3
783                           "xterm2"        left            2       3
784                           "oclock"        center          0       0
785                           "emacs"         right           0       0
786                   }
787
788               The DontSqueezeTitle list can be used to turn off squeezing  on
789               certain titles.
790
791       StartIconified [{ win-list }]
792               This variable indicates that client windows should initially be
793               left as icons until explicitly deiconified by the user.  If the
794               optional  win-list is given, only those windows will be started
795               iconic.  This is useful for programs that  do  not  support  an
796               -iconic command line option or resource.
797
798       TitleBackground string [{ win-list }]
799               This variable specifies the background color used in titlebars,
800               and may only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Mono‐
801               chrome  list.   The optional win-list is a list of window names
802               and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.  The de‐
803               fault is "white".
804
805       TitleButtonBorderWidth pixels
806               This  variable specifies the width in pixels of the border sur‐
807               rounding titlebuttons.  This is typically set to 0 to allow ti‐
808               tlebuttons to take up as much space as possible and to not have
809               a border.  The default is 1.
810
811       TitleFont string
812               This variable specifies the font to be used for displaying win‐
813               dow names in titlebars.  The default is "variable".
814
815       TitleForeground string [{ win-list }]
816               This variable specifies the foreground color used in titlebars,
817               and may only be specified inside of a Color, Grayscale or Mono‐
818               chrome  list.   The optional win-list is a list of window names
819               and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.  The de‐
820               fault is "black".
821
822       TitlePadding pixels
823               This  variable  specifies the distance between the various but‐
824               tons, text, and highlight areas in the titlebar.   The  default
825               is 8 pixels.
826
827       UnknownIcon string
828               This  variable  specifies  the  filename of a bitmap file to be
829               used as the default icon.  This bitmap will be used as the icon
830               of  all clients which do not provide an icon bitmap and are not
831               listed in the Icons list.
832
833       UsePPosition string
834               This variable specifies whether or not twm  should  honor  pro‐
835               gram-requested  locations  (given  by the PPosition flag in the
836               WM_NORMAL_HINTS property) in the absence  of  a  user-specified
837               position.   The  argument  string may have one of three values:
838               "off" (the default) indicating that twm should ignore the  pro‐
839               gram-supplied  position,  "on"  indicating  that  the  position
840               should be used, and "non-zero"  indicating  that  the  position
841               should  used  if  it is other than (0,0).  The latter option is
842               for working around a bug in older toolkits.
843
844       WarpCursor [{ win-list }]
845               This variable indicates that the pointer should be warped  into
846               windows when they are deiconified.  If the optional win-list is
847               given, the pointer will only be warped when those  windows  are
848               deiconified.
849
850       WindowRing { win-list }
851               This  variable  specifies  a  list  of  windows along which the
852               f.warpring function cycles.
853
854       WarpUnmapped
855               This variable indicates that the f.warpto function  should  de‐
856               iconify any iconified windows it encounters.  This is typically
857               used to make a key binding that will pop  a  particular  window
858               (such  as  xmh),  no  matter  where  it is.  The default is for
859               f.warpto to ignore iconified windows.
860
861       XorValue number
862               This variable specifies the value to use  when  drawing  window
863               outlines  for  moving  and  resizing.   This should be set to a
864               value that will result in a variety of of distinguishable  col‐
865               ors  when exclusive-or'ed with the contents of the user's typi‐
866               cal screen.  Setting this variable to 1 often  gives  nice  re‐
867               sults  if adjacent colors in the default colormap are distinct.
868               By default, twm will attempt to cause temporary lines to appear
869               at the opposite end of the colormap from the graphics.
870
871       Zoom [ count ]
872               This  variable indicates that outlines suggesting movement of a
873               window to and from its  iconified  state  should  be  displayed
874               whenever  a  window  is iconified or deiconified.  The optional
875               count argument specifies the number of outlines  to  be  drawn.
876               The default count is 8.
877
878       The following variables must be set after the fonts have been assigned,
879       so it is usually best to put them at the end of the variables or begin‐
880       ning of the bindings sections:
881
882       DefaultFunction function
883               This  variable specifies the function to be executed when a key
884               or button event is received for which no binding  is  provided.
885               This  is typically bound to f.nop, f.beep, or a menu containing
886               window operations.
887
888       WindowFunction function
889               This variable specifies the function to execute when  a  window
890               is  selected from the TwmWindows menu.  If this variable is not
891               set, the window will be deiconified and raised.
892

BINDINGS

894       After the desired variables have been set, functions  may  be  attached
895       titlebuttons  and  key  and pointer buttons.  Titlebuttons may be added
896       from the left or right side and appear in the  titlebar  from  left-to-
897       right  according  to  the  order  in which they are specified.  Key and
898       pointer button bindings may be given in any order.
899
900       Titlebuttons specifications must include the name of the pixmap to  use
901       in  the button box and the function to be invoked when a pointer button
902       is pressed within them:
903
904              LeftTitleButton "bitmapname"  = function
905
906       or
907
908              RightTitleButton "bitmapname" = function
909
910       The bitmapname may refer to one of the   built-in  bitmaps  (which  are
911       scaled to match TitleFont) by using the appropriate colon-prefixed name
912       described above.
913
914       Key and pointer button specifications must give the modifiers that must
915       be  pressed,  over  which  parts of the screen the pointer must be, and
916       what function is to be invoked.  Keys are given as  strings  containing
917       the  appropriate  keysym  name;  buttons are given as the keywords But‐
918       ton1-Button5:
919
920              "FP1"     = modlist : context : function
921              Button1   = modlist : context : function
922
923       The modlist is any combination of the modifier  names  shift,  control,
924       lock,  meta,  mod1, mod2, mod3, mod4, or mod5 (which may be abbreviated
925       as s, c, l, m, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, respectively) separated by a  verti‐
926       cal  bar (|).  Similarly, the context is any combination of window, ti‐
927       tle, icon, root, frame, iconmgr, their first letters (iconmgr abbrevia‐
928       tion  is  m), or all, separated by a vertical bar.  The function is any
929       of the f.  keywords described below.  For example, the default  startup
930       file contains the following bindings:
931
932              Button1 =       : root          : f.menu "TwmWindows"
933              Button1 = m     : window | icon : f.function "move-or-lower"
934              Button2 = m     : window | icon : f.iconify
935              Button3 = m     : window | icon : f.function "move-or-raise"
936              Button1 =       : title         : f.function "move-or-raise"
937              Button2 =       : title         : f.raiselower
938              Button1 =       : icon          : f.function "move-or-iconify"
939              Button2 =       : icon          : f.iconify
940              Button1 =       : iconmgr       : f.iconify
941              Button2 =       : iconmgr       : f.iconify
942
943       A  user  who  wanted to be able to manipulate windows from the keyboard
944       could use the following bindings:
945
946              "F1"    =       : all           : f.iconify
947              "F2"    =       : all           : f.raiselower
948              "F3"    =       : all           : f.warpring "next"
949              "F4"    =       : all           : f.warpto "xmh"
950              "F5"    =       : all           : f.warpto "emacs"
951              "F6"    =       : all           : f.colormap "next"
952              "F7"    =       : all           : f.colormap "default"
953              "F20"   =       : all           : f.warptoscreen "next"
954              "Left"  = m     : all           : f.backiconmgr
955              "Right" = m | s : all           : f.forwiconmgr
956              "Up"    = m     : all           : f.upiconmgr
957              "Down"  = m | s : all           : f.downiconmgr
958
959       Twm provides many more window manipulation primitives than can be  con‐
960       veniently stored in a titlebar, menu, or set of key bindings.  Although
961       a small set of defaults are supplied (unless the NoDefaults  is  speci‐
962       fied),  most users will want to have their most common operations bound
963       to key and button strokes.  To do this, twm associates names with  each
964       of  the  primitives  and  provides  user-defined functions for building
965       higher level primitives and menus  for  interactively  selecting  among
966       groups of functions.
967
968       User-defined functions contain the name by which they are referenced in
969       calls to f.function and a list of other functions to execute.  For  ex‐
970       ample:
971
972              Function "move-or-lower"        { f.move f.deltastop f.lower }
973              Function "move-or-raise"        { f.move f.deltastop f.raise }
974              Function "move-or-iconify"      { f.move f.deltastop f.iconify }
975              Function "restore-colormap"     { f.colormap "default" f.lower }
976
977       The  function  name must be used in f.function exactly as it appears in
978       the function specification.
979
980       In the descriptions below, if the function is said to  operate  on  the
981       selected  window,  but  is invoked from a root menu, the cursor will be
982       changed to the Select cursor and the next window to  receive  a  button
983       press will be chosen:
984
985       ! string
986               This is an abbreviation for f.exec string.
987
988       f.autoraise
989               This  function  toggles  whether  or not the selected window is
990               raised whenever entered by the pointer.  See the description of
991               the variable AutoRaise.
992
993       f.backiconmgr
994               This  function  warps the pointer to the previous column in the
995               current icon manager, wrapping back to the previous row if nec‐
996               essary.
997
998       f.beep  This function sounds the keyboard bell.
999
1000       f.bottomzoom
1001               This  function  is  similar to the f.fullzoom function, but re‐
1002               sizes the window to fill only the bottom half of the screen.
1003
1004       f.circledown
1005               This function lowers the top-most window that occludes  another
1006               window.
1007
1008       f.circleup
1009               This function raises the bottom-most window that is occluded by
1010               another window.
1011
1012       f.colormap string
1013               This function rotates the colormaps (obtained from the  WM_COL‐
1014               ORMAP_WINDOWS  property  on  the  window) that twm will display
1015               when the pointer is in this window.  The  argument  string  may
1016               have  one  of  the  following  values: "next", "prev", and "de‐
1017               fault".  It should be noted here that in general, the installed
1018               colormap  is  determined  by  keyboard focus.  A pointer driven
1019               keyboard focus will install a private colormap  upon  entry  of
1020               the window owning the colormap.  Using the click to type model,
1021               private colormaps will not be installed until the user  presses
1022               a mouse button on the target window.
1023
1024       f.deiconify
1025               This  function  deiconifies the selected window.  If the window
1026               is not an icon, this function does nothing.
1027
1028       f.delete
1029               This function sends the WM_DELETE_WINDOW  message  to  the  se‐
1030               lected  window  if  the  client  application  has  requested it
1031               through the WM_PROTOCOLS window property.  The  application  is
1032               supposed  to  respond  to the message by removing the indicated
1033               window.  If the window has not requested WM_DELETE_WINDOW  mes‐
1034               sages,  the keyboard bell will be rung indicating that the user
1035               should choose an alternative method.  Note this is very differ‐
1036               ent from f.destroy.  The intent here is to delete a single win‐
1037               dow,  not necessarily the entire application.
1038
1039       f.deltastop
1040               This function allows a user-defined function to be  aborted  if
1041               the pointer has been moved more than MoveDelta pixels.  See the
1042               example definition given for Function  "move-or-raise"  at  the
1043               beginning of the section.
1044
1045       f.destroy
1046               This  function instructs the X server to close the display con‐
1047               nection of the client that created the selected  window.   This
1048               should  only be used as a last resort for shutting down runaway
1049               clients.  See also f.delete.
1050
1051       f.downiconmgr
1052               This function warps the pointer to the next row in the  current
1053               icon  manger,  wrapping  to the beginning of the next column if
1054               necessary.
1055
1056       f.exec string
1057               This function passes the argument string to /bin/sh for  execu‐
1058               tion.   In  multiscreen  mode,  if string starts a new X client
1059               without giving a display argument, the client  will  appear  on
1060               the screen from which this function was invoked.
1061
1062       f.focus This  function  toggles the keyboard focus of the server to the
1063               selected window, changing the focus rule from pointer-driven if
1064               necessary.   If  the  selected window already was focused, this
1065               function executes an f.unfocus.
1066
1067       f.forcemove
1068               This function is like f.move except that it ignores  the  Dont‐
1069               MoveOff variable.
1070
1071       f.forwiconmgr
1072               This  function warps the pointer to the next column in the cur‐
1073               rent icon manager, wrapping to the beginning of the next row if
1074               necessary.
1075
1076       f.fullzoom
1077               This  function  resizes the selected window to the full size of
1078               the display or else restores the original size  if  the  window
1079               was already zoomed.
1080
1081       f.function string
1082               This  function executes the user-defined function whose name is
1083               specified by the argument string.
1084
1085       f.hbzoom
1086               This function is a synonym for f.bottomzoom.
1087
1088       f.hideiconmgr
1089               This function unmaps the current icon manager.
1090
1091       f.horizoom
1092               This variable is similar to the f.zoom function except that the
1093               selected window is resized to the full width of the display.
1094
1095       f.htzoom
1096               This function is a synonym for f.topzoom.
1097
1098       f.hzoom This function is a synonym for f.horizoom.
1099
1100       f.iconify
1101               This  function  iconifies or deiconifies the selected window or
1102               icon, respectively.
1103
1104       f.identify
1105               This function displays a summary of the name  and  geometry  of
1106               the  selected  window.   If the server supports the SYNC exten‐
1107               sion, the priority of the client owning the window is also dis‐
1108               played.   Clicking  the pointer or pressing a key in the window
1109               will dismiss it.
1110
1111       f.lefticonmgr
1112               This function similar to  f.backiconmgr  except  that  wrapping
1113               does not change rows.
1114
1115       f.leftzoom
1116               This  variable  is  similar  to  the  f.bottomzoom function but
1117               causes the selected window is only resized to the left half  of
1118               the display.
1119
1120       f.lower This function lowers the selected window.
1121
1122       f.menu string
1123               This  function  invokes  the  menu  specified  by  the argument
1124               string.  Cascaded menus  may  be  built  by  nesting  calls  to
1125               f.menu.
1126
1127       f.move  This  function  drags an outline of the selected window (or the
1128               window itself if the OpaqueMove variable is set) until the  in‐
1129               voking  pointer button is released.  Double clicking within the
1130               number of milliseconds given by ConstrainedMoveTime  warps  the
1131               pointer  to the center of the window and constrains the move to
1132               be either horizontal or vertical depending on which  grid  line
1133               is  crossed.   To abort a move, press another button before re‐
1134               leasing the first button.
1135
1136       f.nexticonmgr
1137               This function warps the pointer to the next icon  manager  con‐
1138               taining any windows on the current or any succeeding screen.
1139
1140       f.nop   This  function  does nothing and is typically used with the De‐
1141               faultFunction or WindowFunction variables or to introduce blank
1142               lines in menus.
1143
1144       f.previconmgr
1145               This  function  warps  the pointer to the previous icon manager
1146               containing any windows on the current or preceding screens.
1147
1148       f.priority string
1149               This function sets the priority of the client  owning  the  se‐
1150               lected  window  to  the  numeric  value of the argument string,
1151               which should be a signed integer in double quotes (e.g.,  "999"
1152               ).  This function has an effect only if the server supports the
1153               SYNC extension.
1154
1155       f.quit  This function causes twm to restore the  window's  borders  and
1156               exit.   If  twm is the first client invoked from xdm, this will
1157               result in a server reset.
1158
1159       f.raise This function raises the selected window.
1160
1161       f.raiselower
1162               This function raises the selected window  to  the  top  of  the
1163               stacking  order if it is occluded by any windows, otherwise the
1164               window will be lowered.
1165
1166       f.refresh
1167               This function causes all windows to be refreshed.
1168
1169       f.resize
1170               This function displays  an  outline  of  the  selected  window.
1171               Crossing  a  border  (or setting AutoRelativeResize) will cause
1172               the outline to begin to rubber band until the  invoking  button
1173               is  released.   To  abort a resize, press another button before
1174               releasing the first button.
1175
1176       f.restart
1177               This function kills and restarts twm.
1178
1179       f.startwm string
1180               This function kills twm and starts another window  manager,  as
1181               specified by string.
1182
1183       f.righticonmgr
1184               This  function is similar to f.nexticonmgr except that wrapping
1185               does not change rows.
1186
1187       f.rightzoom
1188               This variable is similar to the  f.bottomzoom  function  except
1189               that  the  selected window is only resized to the right half of
1190               the display.
1191
1192       f.saveyourself
1193               This function sends a WM_SAVEYOURSELF message to  the  selected
1194               window if it has requested the message in its WM_PROTOCOLS win‐
1195               dow property.  Clients that accept this message are supposed to
1196               checkpoint  all state associated with the window and update the
1197               WM_COMMAND property as specified in the ICCCM.  If the selected
1198               window  has  not  selected  for this message, the keyboard bell
1199               will be rung.
1200
1201       f.showiconmgr
1202               This function maps the current icon manager.
1203
1204       f.sorticonmgr
1205               This function sorts the entries in the current icon manager al‐
1206               phabetically.  See the variable SortIconManager.
1207
1208       f.title This  function provides a centered, unselectable item in a menu
1209               definition.  It should not be used in any other context.
1210
1211       f.topzoom
1212               This variable is similar to the  f.bottomzoom  function  except
1213               that the selected window is only resized to the top half of the
1214               display.
1215
1216       f.unfocus
1217               This function resets the focus back  to  pointer-driven.   This
1218               should be used when a focused window is no longer desired.
1219
1220       f.upiconmgr
1221               This function warps the pointer to the previous row in the cur‐
1222               rent icon manager, wrapping to the last row in the same  column
1223               if necessary.
1224
1225       f.vlzoom
1226               This function is a synonym for f.leftzoom.
1227
1228       f.vrzoom
1229               This function is a synonym for f.rightzoom.
1230
1231       f.warpring string
1232               This  function warps the pointer to the next or previous window
1233               (as indicated by the argument string, which may  be  "next"  or
1234               "prev") specified in the WindowRing variable.
1235
1236       f.warpto string
1237               This  function warps the pointer to the window which has a name
1238               or class that matches string.  If the window is  iconified,  it
1239               will be deiconified if the variable WarpUnmapped is set or else
1240               ignored.
1241
1242       f.warptoiconmgr string
1243               This function warps the pointer to the icon manager entry asso‐
1244               ciated  with the window containing the pointer in the icon man‐
1245               ager specified by the argument  string.   If  string  is  empty
1246               (i.e., ""), the current icon manager is chosen.
1247
1248       f.warptoscreen string
1249               This  function warps the pointer to the screen specified by the
1250               argument string.  String may be a number (e.g.,  "0"  or  "1"),
1251               the word "next" (indicating the current screen plus 1, skipping
1252               over any unmanaged screens), the word  "back"  (indicating  the
1253               current  screen  minus 1, skipping over any unmanaged screens),
1254               or the word "prev" (indicating the last screen visited.
1255
1256       f.winrefresh
1257               This function is similar to the f.refresh function except  that
1258               only the selected window is refreshed.
1259
1260       f.zoom  This  function  is  similar  to the f.fullzoom function, except
1261               that the only the height of the selected window is changed.
1262
1264       Functions may be grouped and interactively selected using pop-up  (when
1265       bound  to a pointer button) or pull-down (when associated with a title‐
1266       button) menus.  Each menu specification contains the name of  the  menu
1267       as  it  will  be referred to by f.menu, optional default foreground and
1268       background colors, the list of item names and the functions they should
1269       invoke,  and  optional  foreground and background colors for individual
1270       items:
1271
1272              Menu "menuname" [ ("deffore":"defback") ]
1273              {
1274                      string1   [ ("fore1":"backn")]        function1
1275                      string2   [ ("fore2":"backn")]        function2
1276                              .
1277                              .
1278                              .
1279                      stringN   [ ("foreN":"backN")]        functionN
1280              }
1281
1282       The menuname is case-sensitive.  The optional deffore and defback argu‐
1283       ments specify the foreground and background colors used on a color dis‐
1284       play to highlight menu entries.  The string portion of each menu  entry
1285       will  be the text which will appear in the menu.  The optional fore and
1286       back arguments specify the foreground and background colors of the menu
1287       entry  when the pointer is not in the entry.  These colors will only be
1288       used on a color display.  The default is to use the colors specified by
1289       the  MenuForeground and MenuBackground variables.  The function portion
1290       of the menu entry is one of the functions, including  any  user-defined
1291       functions, or additional menus.
1292
1293       There  is  a  special menu named TwmWindows which contains the names of
1294       all of the client and twm-supplied windows.  Selecting  an  entry  will
1295       cause the WindowFunction to be executed on that window.  If WindowFunc‐
1296       tion hasn't been set, the window will be deiconified and raised.
1297

ICONS

1299       Twm supports several different ways of manipulating iconified  windows.
1300       The  common  pixmap-and-text style may be laid out by hand or automati‐
1301       cally arranged as described by the IconRegion variable.  In addition, a
1302       terse grid of icon names, called an icon manager, provides a more effi‐
1303       cient use of screen space as well as the ability to navigate among win‐
1304       dows from the keyboard.
1305
1306       An icon manager is a window that contains names of selected or all win‐
1307       dows currently on the display.  In addition to the window name, a small
1308       button  using  the default iconify symbol will be displayed to the left
1309       of the name when the window is iconified.  By default, clicking  on  an
1310       entry  in  the  icon manager performs f.iconify.  To change the actions
1311       taken in the icon manager, use the the iconmgr context when  specifying
1312       button and keyboard bindings.
1313
1314       Moving the pointer into the icon manager also directs keyboard focus to
1315       the indicated window (setting the focus explicitly or else sending syn‐
1316       thetic events NoTitleFocus is set).  Using the f.upiconmgr, f.downicon‐
1317       mgr f.lefticonmgr, and f.righticonmgr functions, the input focus can be
1318       changed between windows directly from the keyboard.
1319

BUGS

1321       The resource manager should have been used instead of all of the window
1322       lists.
1323
1324       The IconRegion variable should take a list.
1325
1326       Double clicking very fast to get the  constrained  move  function  will
1327       sometimes  cause  the  window  to  move, even though the pointer is not
1328       moved.
1329
1330       If IconifyByUnmapping is on and  windows  are  listed  in  IconManager‐
1331       DontShow  but  not  in DontIconifyByUnmapping, they may be lost if they
1332       are iconified and no bindings to f.menu "TwmWindows"  or  f.warpto  are
1333       setup.
1334

FILES

1336       $HOME/.twmrc.<screen number>
1337       $HOME/.twmrc
1338       /usr/share/X11/twm/system.twmrc
1339

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

1341       DISPLAY This  variable  is used to determine which X server to use.  It
1342               is also set during f.exec so  that  programs  come  up  on  the
1343               proper screen.
1344
1345       HOME    This variable is used as the prefix for files that begin with a
1346               tilde and for locating the twm startup file.
1347

SEE ALSO

1349       X(7), Xserver(1), xdm(1), xrdb(1)
1350

AUTHORS

1352       Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Jim Fulton, MIT X Consortium;  Steve
1353       Pitschke,  Stardent  Computer;  Keith  Packard,  MIT X Consortium; Dave
1354       Sternlicht, MIT X Consortium; Dave Payne, Apple Computer.
1355
1356
1357
1358X Version 11                      twm 1.0.11                            TWM(1)
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