1TRACEROUTE(8) Traceroute For Linux TRACEROUTE(8)
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6 traceroute - print the route packets trace to network host
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9 traceroute [-46dFITUnreAV] [-f first_ttl] [-g gate,...]
10 [-i device] [-m max_ttl] [-p port] [-s src_addr]
11 [-q nqueries] [-N squeries] [-t tos]
12 [-l flow_label] [-w waittimes] [-z sendwait] [-UL] [-D]
13 [-P proto] [--sport=port] [-M method] [-O mod_options]
14 [--mtu] [--back]
15 host [packet_len]
16 traceroute6 [options]
17
19 traceroute tracks the route packets taken from an IP network on their
20 way to a given host. It utilizes the IP protocol's time to live (TTL)
21 field and attempts to elicit an ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED response from each
22 gateway along the path to the host.
23 traceroute6 is equivalent to traceroute -6
25 The only required parameter is the name or IP address of the destina‐
27 tion host . The optional packet_len`gth is the total size of the prob‐
28 ing packet (default 60 bytes for IPv4 and 80 for IPv6). The specified
29 size can be ignored in some situations or increased up to a minimal
30 value.
31 This program attempts to trace the route an IP packet would follow to
33 some internet host by launching probe packets with a small ttl (time to
34 live) then listening for an ICMP "time exceeded" reply from a gateway.
35 We start our probes with a ttl of one and increase by one until we get
36 an ICMP "port unreachable" (or TCP reset), which means we got to the
37 "host", or hit a max (which defaults to 30 hops). Three probes (by
38 default) are sent at each ttl setting and a line is printed showing the
39 ttl, address of the gateway and round trip time of each probe. The
40 address can be followed by additional information when requested. If
41 the probe answers come from different gateways, the address of each
42 responding system will be printed. If there is no response within a
43 certain timeout, an "*" (asterisk) is printed for that probe.
44 After the trip time, some additional annotation can be printed: !H, !N,
46 or !P (host, network or protocol unreachable), !S (source route
47 failed), !F (fragmentation needed), !X (communication administratively
48 prohibited), !V (host precedence violation), !C (precedence cutoff in
49 effect), or !<num> (ICMP unreachable code <num>). If almost all the
50 probes result in some kind of unreachable, traceroute will give up and
51 exit.
52 We don't want the destination host to process the UDP probe packets, so
54 the destination port is set to an unlikely value (you can change it
55 with the -p flag). There is no such a problem for ICMP or TCP tracer‐
56 outing (for TCP we use half-open technique, which prevents our probes
57 to be seen by applications on the destination host).
58 In the modern network environment the traditional traceroute methods
60 can not be always applicable, because of widespread use of firewalls.
61 Such firewalls filter the "unlikely" UDP ports, or even ICMP echoes.
62 To solve this, some additional tracerouting methods are implemented
63 (including tcp), see LIST OF AVAILABLE METHODS below. Such methods try
64 to use particular protocol and source/destination port, in order to
65 bypass firewalls (to be seen by firewalls just as a start of allowed
66 type of a network session).
67
69 --help Print help info and exit.
70 -4, -6 Explicitly force IPv4 or IPv6 tracerouting. By default, the pro‐
72 gram will try to resolve the name given, and choose the appro‐
73 priate protocol automatically. If resolving a host name returns
74 both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, traceroute will use IPv4.
75 -I, --icmp
77 Use ICMP ECHO for probes
78 -T, --tcp
80 Use TCP SYN for probes
81 -d, --debug
83 Enable socket level debugging (when the Linux kernel supports
84 it)
85 -F, --dont-fragment
87 Do not fragment probe packets. (For IPv4 it also sets DF bit,
88 which tells intermediate routers not to fragment remotely as
89 well).
90 Varying the size of the probing packet by the packet_len command
92 line parameter, you can manually obtain information about the
93 MTU of individual network hops. The --mtu option (see below)
94 tries to do this automatically.
95 Note, that non-fragmented features (like -F or --mtu) work prop‐
97 erly since the Linux kernel 2.6.22 only. Before that version,
98 IPv6 was always fragmented, IPv4 could use the once the discov‐
99 ered final mtu only (from the route cache), which can be less
100 than the actual mtu of a device.
101 -f first_ttl, --first=first_ttl
103 Specifies with what TTL to start. Defaults to 1.
104 -g gateway, --gateway=gateway
106 Tells traceroute to add an IP source routing option to the out‐
107 going packet that tells the network to route the packet through
108 the specified gateway (most routers have disabled source routing
109 for security reasons). In general, several gateway's is allowed
110 (comma separated). For IPv6, the form of num,addr,addr... is
111 allowed, where num is a route header type (default is type 2).
112 Note the type 0 route header is now deprecated (rfc5095).
113 -i interface, --interface=interface
115 Specifies the interface through which traceroute should send
116 packets. By default, the interface is selected according to the
117 routing table.
118 -m max_ttl, --max-hops=max_ttl
120 Specifies the maximum number of hops (max time-to-live value)
121 traceroute will probe. The default is 30.
122 -N squeries, --sim-queries=squeries
124 Specifies the number of probe packets sent out simultaneously.
125 Sending several probes concurrently can speed up traceroute con‐
126 siderably. The default value is 16.
127 Note that some routers and hosts can use ICMP rate throttling.
128 In such a situation specifying too large number can lead to loss
129 of some responses.
130 -n Do not try to map IP addresses to host names when displaying
132 them.
133 -p port, --port=port
135 For UDP tracing, specifies the destination port base traceroute
136 will use (the destination port number will be incremented by
137 each probe).
138 For ICMP tracing, specifies the initial ICMP sequence value
139 (incremented by each probe too).
140 For TCP and others specifies just the (constant) destination
141 port to connect.
142 -t tos, --tos=tos
144 For IPv4, set the Type of Service (TOS) and Precedence value.
145 Useful values are 16 (low delay) and 8 (high throughput). Note
146 that in order to use some TOS precedence values, you have to be
147 super user.
148 For IPv6, set the Traffic Control value.
149 -l flow_label, --flowlabel=flow_label
151 Use specified flow_label for IPv6 packets.
152 -w max[,here,near], --wait=max[,here,near]
154 Determines how long to wait for a response to a probe.
155 There are three (in general) float values separated by a comma
157 (or a slash). Max specifies the maximum time (in seconds,
158 default 5.0) to wait, in any case.
159 Traditional traceroute implementation always waited whole max
161 seconds for any probe. But if we already have some replies from
162 the same hop, or even from some next hop, we can use the round
163 trip time of such a reply as a hint to determine the actual rea‐
164 sonable amount of time to wait.
165 The optional here (default 3.0) specifies a factor to multiply
167 the round trip time of an already received response from the
168 same hop. The resulting value is used as a timeout for the
169 probe, instead of (but no more than) max. The optional near
170 (default 10.0) specifies a similar factor for a response from
171 some next hop. (The time of the first found result is used in
172 both cases).
173 First, we look for the same hop (of the probe which will be
175 printed first from now). If nothing found, then look for some
176 next hop. If nothing found, use max. If here and/or near have
177 zero values, the corresponding computation is skipped.
178 Here and near are always set to zero if only max is specified
179 (for compatibility with previous versions).
180 -q nqueries, --queries=nqueries
182 Sets the number of probe packets per hop. The default is 3.
183 -r Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on
185 an attached network. If the host is not on a directly-attached
186 network, an error is returned. This option can be used to ping
187 a local host through an interface that has no route through it.
188 -s source_addr, --source=source_addr
190 Chooses an alternative source address. Note that you must select
191 the address of one of the interfaces. By default, the address
192 of the outgoing interface is used.
193 -z sendwait, --sendwait=sendwait
195 Minimal time interval between probes (default 0). If the value
196 is more than 10, then it specifies a number in milliseconds,
197 else it is a number of seconds (float point values allowed too).
198 Useful when some routers use rate-limit for ICMP messages.
199 -e, --extensions
201 Show ICMP extensions (rfc4884). The general form is CLASS/TYPE:
202 followed by a hexadecimal dump. The MPLS (rfc4950) is shown
203 parsed, in a form: MPLS:L=label,E=exp_use,S=stack_bottom,T=TTL
204 (more objects separated by / ).
205 -A, --as-path-lookups
207 Perform AS path lookups in routing registries and print results
208 directly after the corresponding addresses.
209 -V, --version
211 Print the version and exit.
212 There are additional options intended for advanced usage (such as
214 alternate trace methods etc.):
215 --sport=port
217 Chooses the source port to use. Implies -N 1 -w 5 . Normally
218 source ports (if applicable) are chosen by the system.
219 --fwmark=mark
221 Set the firewall mark for outgoing packets (since the Linux ker‐
222 nel 2.6.25).
223 -M method, --module=name
225 Use specified method for traceroute operations. Default tradi‐
226 tional udp method has name default, icmp (-I) and tcp (-T) have
227 names icmp and tcp respectively.
228 Method-specific options can be passed by -O . Most methods have
229 their simple shortcuts, (-I means -M icmp, etc).
230 -O option, --options=options
232 Specifies some method-specific option. Several options are sepa‐
233 rated by comma (or use several -O on cmdline). Each method may
234 have its own specific options, or many not have them at all. To
235 print information about available options, use -O help.
236 -U, --udp
238 Use UDP to particular destination port for tracerouting (instead
239 of increasing the port per each probe). Default port is 53
240 (dns).
241 -UL Use UDPLITE for tracerouting (default port is 53).
243 -D, --dccp
245 Use DCCP Requests for probes.
246 -P protocol, --protocol=protocol
248 Use raw packet of specified protocol for tracerouting. Default
249 protocol is 253 (rfc3692).
250 --mtu Discover MTU along the path being traced. Implies -F -N 1. New
252 mtu is printed once in a form of F=NUM at the first probe of a
253 hop which requires such mtu to be reached. (Actually, the corre‐
254 spond "frag needed" icmp message normally is sent by the previ‐
255 ous hop).
256 Note, that some routers might cache once the seen information on
258 a fragmentation. Thus you can receive the final mtu from a
259 closer hop. Try to specify an unusual tos by -t , this can help
260 for one attempt (then it can be cached there as well).
261 See -F option for more info.
262 --back Print the number of backward hops when it seems different with
264 the forward direction. This number is guessed in assumption that
265 remote hops send reply packets with initial ttl set to either
266 64, or 128 or 255 (which seems a common practice). It is printed
267 as a negate value in a form of '-NUM' .
268
270 In general, a particular traceroute method may have to be chosen by
271 -M name, but most of the methods have their simple cmdline switches
272 (you can see them after the method name, if present).
273 default
275 The traditional, ancient method of tracerouting. Used by default.
276 Probe packets are udp datagrams with so-called "unlikely" destination
278 ports. The "unlikely" port of the first probe is 33434, then for each
279 next probe it is incremented by one. Since the ports are expected to be
280 unused, the destination host normally returns "icmp unreach port" as a
281 final response. (Nobody knows what happens when some application lis‐
282 tens for such ports, though).
283 This method is allowed for unprivileged users.
285 icmp -I
287 Most usual method for now, which uses icmp echo packets for probes.
288 If you can ping(8) the destination host, icmp tracerouting is applica‐
289 ble as well.
290 This method may be allowed for unprivileged users since the kernel 3.0
292 (IPv4, for IPv6 since 3.11), which supports new dgram icmp (or "ping")
293 sockets. To allow such sockets, sysadmin should provide
294 net/ipv4/ping_group_range sysctl range to match any group of the user.
295 Options:
296 raw Use only raw sockets (the traditional way).
298 This way is tried first by default (for compatibility reasons),
299 then new dgram icmp sockets as fallback.
300 dgram Use only dgram icmp sockets.
302 tcp -T
304 Well-known modern method, intended to bypass firewalls.
305 Uses the constant destination port (default is 80, http).
306 If some filters are present in the network path, then most probably any
308 "unlikely" udp ports (as for default method) or even icmp echoes (as
309 for icmp) are filtered, and whole tracerouting will just stop at such a
310 firewall. To bypass a network filter, we have to use only allowed pro‐
311 tocol/port combinations. If we trace for some, say, mailserver, then
312 more likely -T -p 25 can reach it, even when -I can not.
313 This method uses well-known "half-open technique", which prevents
315 applications on the destination host from seeing our probes at all.
316 Normally, a tcp syn is sent. For non-listened ports we receive tcp
317 reset, and all is done. For active listening ports we receive tcp
318 syn+ack, but answer by tcp reset (instead of expected tcp ack), this
319 way the remote tcp session is dropped even without the application ever
320 taking notice.
321 There is a couple of options for tcp method:
323 syn,ack,fin,rst,psh,urg,ece,cwr
325 Sets specified tcp flags for probe packet, in any combination.
326 flags=num
328 Sets the flags field in the tcp header exactly to num.
329 ecn Send syn packet with tcp flags ECE and CWR (for Explicit Conges‐
331 tion Notification, rfc3168).
332 sack,timestamps,window_scaling
334 Use the corresponding tcp header option in the outgoing probe
335 packet.
336 sysctl Use current sysctl (/proc/sys/net/*) setting for the tcp header
338 options above and ecn. Always set by default, if nothing else
339 specified.
340 mss=num
342 Use value of num for maxseg tcp header option (when syn).
343 info Print tcp flags of final tcp replies when the target host is
345 reached. Allows to determine whether an application listens the
346 port and other useful things.
347 Default options is syn,sysctl.
349 tcpconn
351 An initial implementation of tcp method, simple using connect(2) call,
352 which does full tcp session opening. Not recommended for normal use,
353 because a destination application is always affected (and can be con‐
354 fused).
355 udp -U
357 Use udp datagram with constant destination port (default 53, dns).
358 Intended to bypass firewall as well.
359 Note, that unlike in tcp method, the correspond application on the des‐
361 tination host always receive our probes (with random data), and most
362 can easily be confused by them. Most cases it will not respond to our
363 packets though, so we will never see the final hop in the trace. (For‐
364 tunately, it seems that at least dns servers replies with something
365 angry).
366 This method is allowed for unprivileged users.
368 udplite -UL
370 Use udplite datagram for probes (with constant destination port,
371 default 53).
372 This method is allowed for unprivileged users.
374 Options:
375 coverage=num
377 Set udplite send coverage to num.
378 dccp -D
380 Use DCCP Request packets for probes (rfc4340).
381 This method uses the same "half-open technique" as used for TCP. The
383 default destination port is 33434.
384 Options:
386 service=num
388 Set DCCP service code to num (default is 1885957735).
389 raw -P proto
391 Send raw packet of protocol proto.
392 No protocol-specific headers are used, just IP header only.
393 Implies -N 1 -w 5 .
394 Options:
395 protocol=proto
397 Use IP protocol proto (default 253).
398
400 To speed up work, normally several probes are sent simultaneously. On
401 the other hand, it creates a "storm of packages", especially in the
402 reply direction. Routers can throttle the rate of icmp responses, and
403 some of replies can be lost. To avoid this, decrease the number of
404 simultaneous probes, or even set it to 1 (like in initial traceroute
405 implementation), i.e. -N 1
406 The final (target) host can drop some of the simultaneous probes, and
408 might even answer only the latest ones. It can lead to extra "looks
409 like expired" hops near the final hop. We use a smart algorithm to
410 auto-detect such a situation, but if it cannot help in your case, just
411 use -N 1 too.
412 For even greater stability you can slow down the program's work by -z
414 option, for example use -z 0.5 for half-second pause between probes.
415 To avoid an extra waiting, we use adaptive algorithm for timeouts (see
417 -w option for more info). It can lead to premature expiry (especially
418 when response times differ at times) and printing "*" instead of a
419 time. In such a case, switch this algorithm off, by specifying -w with
420 the desired timeout only (for example, -w 5).
421 If some hops report nothing for every method, the last chance to obtain
423 something is to use ping -R command (IPv4, and for nearest 8 hops
424 only).
425
427 ping(8), ping6(8), tcpdump(8), netstat(8)
428Traceroute 11 October 2006 TRACEROUTE(8)