1POSIX_SPAWN(3) Linux Programmer's Manual POSIX_SPAWN(3)
2
6 posix_spawn, posix_spawnp - spawn a process
7
9 #include <spawn.h>
10 int posix_spawn(pid_t *restrict pid, const char *restrict path,
12 const posix_spawn_file_actions_t *restrict file_actions,
13 const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict attrp,
14 char *const argv[restrict],
15 char *const envp[restrict]);
16 int posix_spawnp(pid_t *restrict pid, const char *restrict file,
17 const posix_spawn_file_actions_t *restrict file_actions,
18 const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict attrp,
19 char *const argv[restrict],
20 char *const envp[restrict]);
21
23 The posix_spawn() and posix_spawnp() functions are used to create a new
24 child process that executes a specified file. These functions were
25 specified by POSIX to provide a standardized method of creating new
26 processes on machines that lack the capability to support the fork(2)
27 system call. These machines are generally small, embedded systems
28 lacking MMU support.
29 The posix_spawn() and posix_spawnp() functions provide the functional‐
31 ity of a combined fork(2) and exec(3), with some optional housekeeping
32 steps in the child process before the exec(3). These functions are not
33 meant to replace the fork(2) and execve(2) system calls. In fact, they
34 provide only a subset of the functionality that can be achieved by us‐
35 ing the system calls.
36 The only difference between posix_spawn() and posix_spawnp() is the
38 manner in which they specify the file to be executed by the child
39 process. With posix_spawn(), the executable file is specified as a
40 pathname (which can be absolute or relative). With posix_spawnp(), the
41 executable file is specified as a simple filename; the system searches
42 for this file in the list of directories specified by PATH (in the same
43 way as for execvp(3)). For the remainder of this page, the discussion
44 is phrased in terms of posix_spawn(), with the understanding that
45 posix_spawnp() differs only on the point just described.
46 The remaining arguments to these two functions are as follows:
48 * The pid argument points to a buffer that is used to return the
50 process ID of the new child process.
51 * The file_actions argument points to a spawn file actions object that
53 specifies file-related actions to be performed in the child between
54 the fork(2) and exec(3) steps. This object is initialized and popu‐
55 lated before the posix_spawn() call using posix_spawn_file_ac‐
56 tions_init(3) and the posix_spawn_file_actions_*() functions.
57 * The attrp argument points to an attributes objects that specifies
59 various attributes of the created child process. This object is
60 initialized and populated before the posix_spawn() call using
61 posix_spawnattr_init(3) and the posix_spawnattr_*() functions.
62 * The argv and envp arguments specify the argument list and environ‐
64 ment for the program that is executed in the child process, as for
65 execve(2).
66 Below, the functions are described in terms of a three-step process:
68 the fork() step, the pre-exec() step (executed in the child), and the
69 exec() step (executed in the child).
70 fork() step
72 Since glibc 2.24, the posix_spawn() function commences by calling
73 clone(2) with CLONE_VM and CLONE_VFORK flags. Older implementations
74 use fork(2), or possibly vfork(2) (see below).
75 The PID of the new child process is placed in *pid. The posix_spawn()
77 function then returns control to the parent process.
78 Subsequently, the parent can use one of the system calls described in
80 wait(2) to check the status of the child process. If the child fails
81 in any of the housekeeping steps described below, or fails to execute
82 the desired file, it exits with a status of 127.
83 Before glibc 2.24, the child process is created using vfork(2) instead
85 of fork(2) when either of the following is true:
86 * the spawn-flags element of the attributes object pointed to by attrp
88 contains the GNU-specific flag POSIX_SPAWN_USEVFORK; or
89 * file_actions is NULL and the spawn-flags element of the attributes
91 object pointed to by attrp does not contain POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK,
92 POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGDEF, POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDPARAM,
93 POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDULER, POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP, or POSIX_SPAWN_RE‐
94 SETIDS.
95 In other words, vfork(2) is used if the caller requests it, or if there
97 is no cleanup expected in the child before it exec(3)s the requested
98 file.
99 pre-exec() step: housekeeping
101 In between the fork() and the exec() steps, a child process may need to
102 perform a set of housekeeping actions. The posix_spawn() and
103 posix_spawnp() functions support a small, well-defined set of system
104 tasks that the child process can accomplish before it executes the exe‐
105 cutable file. These operations are controlled by the attributes object
106 pointed to by attrp and the file actions object pointed to by file_ac‐
107 tions. In the child, processing is done in the following sequence:
108 1. Process attribute actions: signal mask, signal default handlers,
110 scheduling algorithm and parameters, process group, and effective
111 user and group IDs are changed as specified by the attributes object
112 pointed to by attrp.
113 2. File actions, as specified in the file_actions argument, are per‐
115 formed in the order that they were specified using calls to the
116 posix_spawn_file_actions_add*() functions.
117 3. File descriptors with the FD_CLOEXEC flag set are closed.
119 All process attributes in the child, other than those affected by at‐
121 tributes specified in the object pointed to by attrp and the file ac‐
122 tions in the object pointed to by file_actions, will be affected as
123 though the child was created with fork(2) and it executed the program
124 with execve(2).
125 The process attributes actions are defined by the attributes object
127 pointed to by attrp. The spawn-flags attribute (set using posix_spaw‐
128 nattr_setflags(3)) controls the general actions that occur, and other
129 attributes in the object specify values to be used during those ac‐
130 tions.
131 The effects of the flags that may be specified in spawn-flags are as
133 follows:
134 POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK
136 Set the signal mask to the signal set specified in the spawn-
137 sigmask attribute of the object pointed to by attrp. If the
138 POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK flag is not set, then the child inherits
139 the parent's signal mask.
140 POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGDEF
142 Reset the disposition of all signals in the set specified in the
143 spawn-sigdefault attribute of the object pointed to by attrp to
144 the default. For the treatment of the dispositions of signals
145 not specified in the spawn-sigdefault attribute, or the treat‐
146 ment when POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGDEF is not specified, see execve(2).
147 POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDPARAM
149 If this flag is set, and the POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDULER flag is
150 not set, then set the scheduling parameters to the parameters
151 specified in the spawn-schedparam attribute of the object
152 pointed to by attrp.
153 POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDULER
155 Set the scheduling policy algorithm and parameters of the child,
156 as follows:
157 * The scheduling policy is set to the value specified in the
159 spawn-schedpolicy attribute of the object pointed to by at‐
160 trp.
161 * The scheduling parameters are set to the value specified in
163 the spawn-schedparam attribute of the object pointed to by
164 attrp (but see BUGS).
165 If the POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDPARAM and POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDPOLICY
167 flags are not specified, the child inherits the corresponding
168 scheduling attributes from the parent.
169 POSIX_SPAWN_RESETIDS
171 If this flag is set, reset the effective UID and GID to the real
172 UID and GID of the parent process. If this flag is not set,
173 then the child retains the effective UID and GID of the parent.
174 In either case, if the set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission
175 bits are enabled on the executable file, their effect will over‐
176 ride the setting of the effective UID and GID (se execve(2)).
177 POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP
179 Set the process group to the value specified in the spawn-pgroup
180 attribute of the object pointed to by attrp. If the spawn-
181 pgroup attribute has the value 0, the child's process group ID
182 is made the same as its process ID. If the POSIX_SPAWN_SETP‐
183 GROUP flag is not set, the child inherits the parent's process
184 group ID.
185 POSIX_SPAWN_USEVFORK
187 Since glibc 2.24, this flag has no effect. On older implementa‐
188 tions, setting this flag forces the fork() step to use vfork(2)
189 instead of fork(2). The _GNU_SOURCE feature test macro must be
190 defined to obtain the definition of this constant.
191 POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID (since glibc 2.26)
193 If this flag is set, the child process shall create a new ses‐
194 sion and become the session leader. The child process shall
195 also become the process group leader of the new process group in
196 the session (see setsid(2)). The _GNU_SOURCE feature test macro
197 must be defined to obtain the definition of this constant.
198 If attrp is NULL, then the default behaviors described above for each
200 flag apply.
201 The file_actions argument specifies a sequence of file operations that
203 are performed in the child process after the general processing de‐
204 scribed above, and before it performs the exec(3). If file_actions is
205 NULL, then no special action is taken, and standard exec(3) semantics
206 apply—file descriptors open before the exec remain open in the new
207 process, except those for which the FD_CLOEXEC flag has been set. File
208 locks remain in place.
209 If file_actions is not NULL, then it contains an ordered set of re‐
211 quests to open(2), close(2), and dup2(2) files. These requests are
212 added to the file_actions by posix_spawn_file_actions_addopen(3),
213 posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose(3), and posix_spawn_file_actions_ad‐
214 ddup2(3). The requested operations are performed in the order they
215 were added to file_actions.
216 If any of the housekeeping actions fails (due to bogus values being
218 passed or other reasons why signal handling, process scheduling,
219 process group ID functions, and file descriptor operations might fail),
220 the child process exits with exit value 127.
221 exec() step
223 Once the child has successfully forked and performed all requested pre-
224 exec steps, the child runs the requested executable.
225 The child process takes its environment from the envp argument, which
227 is interpreted as if it had been passed to execve(2). The arguments to
228 the created process come from the argv argument, which is processed as
229 for execve(2).
230
232 Upon successful completion, posix_spawn() and posix_spawnp() place the
233 PID of the child process in pid, and return 0. If there is an error
234 during the fork() step, then no child is created, the contents of *pid
235 are unspecified, and these functions return an error number as de‐
236 scribed below.
237 Even when these functions return a success status, the child process
239 may still fail for a plethora of reasons related to its pre-exec() ini‐
240 tialization. In addition, the exec(3) may fail. In all of these
241 cases, the child process will exit with the exit value of 127.
242
244 The posix_spawn() and posix_spawnp() functions fail only in the case
245 where the underlying fork(2), vfork(2), or clone(2) call fails; in
246 these cases, these functions return an error number, which will be one
247 of the errors described for fork(2), vfork(2), or clone(2).
248 In addition, these functions fail if:
250 ENOSYS Function not supported on this system.
252
254 The posix_spawn() and posix_spawnp() functions are available since
255 glibc 2.2.
256
258 POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.
259
261 The housekeeping activities in the child are controlled by the objects
262 pointed to by attrp (for non-file actions) and file_actions In POSIX
263 parlance, the posix_spawnattr_t and posix_spawn_file_actions_t data
264 types are referred to as objects, and their elements are not specified
265 by name. Portable programs should initialize these objects using only
266 the POSIX-specified functions. (In other words, although these objects
267 may be implemented as structures containing fields, portable programs
268 must avoid dependence on such implementation details.)
269 According to POSIX, it is unspecified whether fork handlers established
271 with pthread_atfork(3) are called when posix_spawn() is invoked. Since
272 glibc 2.24, the fork handlers are not executed in any case. On older
273 implementations, fork handlers are called only if the child is created
274 using fork(2).
275 There is no "posix_fspawn" function (i.e., a function that is to
277 posix_spawn() as fexecve(3) is to execve(2)). However, this function‐
278 ality can be obtained by specifying the path argument as one of the
279 files in the caller's /proc/self/fd directory.
280
282 POSIX.1 says that when POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDULER is specified in spawn-
283 flags, then the POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDPARAM (if present) is ignored.
284 However, before glibc 2.14, calls to posix_spawn() failed with an error
285 if POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDULER was specified without also specifying
286 POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDPARAM.
287
289 The program below demonstrates the use of various functions in the
290 POSIX spawn API. The program accepts command-line attributes that can
291 be used to create file actions and attributes objects. The remaining
292 command-line arguments are used as the executable name and command-line
293 arguments of the program that is executed in the child.
294 In the first run, the date(1) command is executed in the child, and the
296 posix_spawn() call employs no file actions or attributes objects.
297 $ ./a.out date
299 PID of child: 7634
300 Tue Feb 1 19:47:50 CEST 2011
301 Child status: exited, status=0
302 In the next run, the -c command-line option is used to create a file
304 actions object that closes standard output in the child. Consequently,
305 date(1) fails when trying to perform output and exits with a status of
306 1.
307 $ ./a.out -c date
309 PID of child: 7636
310 date: write error: Bad file descriptor
311 Child status: exited, status=1
312 In the next run, the -s command-line option is used to create an at‐
314 tributes object that specifies that all (blockable) signals in the
315 child should be blocked. Consequently, trying to kill child with the
316 default signal sent by kill(1) (i.e., SIGTERM) fails, because that sig‐
317 nal is blocked. Therefore, to kill the child, SIGKILL is necessary
318 (SIGKILL can't be blocked).
319 $ ./a.out -s sleep 60 &
321 [1] 7637
322 $ PID of child: 7638
323 $ kill 7638
325 $ kill -KILL 7638
326 $ Child status: killed by signal 9
327 [1]+ Done ./a.out -s sleep 60
328 When we try to execute a nonexistent command in the child, the exec(3)
330 fails and the child exits with a status of 127.
331 $ ./a.out xxxxx
333 PID of child: 10190
334 Child status: exited, status=127
335 Program source
337 #include <spawn.h>
339 #include <stdint.h>
340 #include <stdio.h>
341 #include <unistd.h>
342 #include <stdlib.h>
343 #include <string.h>
344 #include <wait.h>
345 #include <errno.h>
346 #define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); \
348 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)
349 #define errExitEN(en, msg) \
351 do { errno = en; perror(msg); \
352 exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)
353 char **environ;
355 int
357 main(int argc, char *argv[])
358 {
359 pid_t child_pid;
360 int s, opt, status;
361 sigset_t mask;
362 posix_spawnattr_t attr;
363 posix_spawnattr_t *attrp;
364 posix_spawn_file_actions_t file_actions;
365 posix_spawn_file_actions_t *file_actionsp;
366 /* Parse command-line options, which can be used to specify an
368 attributes object and file actions object for the child. */
369 attrp = NULL;
371 file_actionsp = NULL;
372 while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "sc")) != -1) {
374 switch (opt) {
375 case 'c': /* -c: close standard output in child */
376 /* Create a file actions object and add a "close"
378 action to it. */
379 s = posix_spawn_file_actions_init(&file_actions);
381 if (s != 0)
382 errExitEN(s, "posix_spawn_file_actions_init");
383 s = posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose(&file_actions,
385 STDOUT_FILENO);
386 if (s != 0)
387 errExitEN(s, "posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose");
388 file_actionsp = &file_actions;
390 break;
391 case 's': /* -s: block all signals in child */
393 /* Create an attributes object and add a "set signal mask"
395 action to it. */
396 s = posix_spawnattr_init(&attr);
398 if (s != 0)
399 errExitEN(s, "posix_spawnattr_init");
400 s = posix_spawnattr_setflags(&attr, POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK);
401 if (s != 0)
402 errExitEN(s, "posix_spawnattr_setflags");
403 sigfillset(&mask);
405 s = posix_spawnattr_setsigmask(&attr, &mask);
406 if (s != 0)
407 errExitEN(s, "posix_spawnattr_setsigmask");
408 attrp = &attr;
410 break;
411 }
412 }
413 /* Spawn the child. The name of the program to execute and the
415 command-line arguments are taken from the command-line arguments
416 of this program. The environment of the program execed in the
417 child is made the same as the parent's environment. */
418 s = posix_spawnp(&child_pid, argv[optind], file_actionsp, attrp,
420 &argv[optind], environ);
421 if (s != 0)
422 errExitEN(s, "posix_spawn");
423 /* Destroy any objects that we created earlier. */
425 if (attrp != NULL) {
427 s = posix_spawnattr_destroy(attrp);
428 if (s != 0)
429 errExitEN(s, "posix_spawnattr_destroy");
430 }
431 if (file_actionsp != NULL) {
433 s = posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy(file_actionsp);
434 if (s != 0)
435 errExitEN(s, "posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy");
436 }
437 printf("PID of child: %jd\n", (intmax_t) child_pid);
439 /* Monitor status of the child until it terminates. */
441 do {
443 s = waitpid(child_pid, &status, WUNTRACED | WCONTINUED);
444 if (s == -1)
445 errExit("waitpid");
446 printf("Child status: ");
448 if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
449 printf("exited, status=%d\n", WEXITSTATUS(status));
450 } else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
451 printf("killed by signal %d\n", WTERMSIG(status));
452 } else if (WIFSTOPPED(status)) {
453 printf("stopped by signal %d\n", WSTOPSIG(status));
454 } else if (WIFCONTINUED(status)) {
455 printf("continued\n");
456 }
457 } while (!WIFEXITED(status) && !WIFSIGNALED(status));
458 exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
460 }
461
463 close(2), dup2(2), execl(2), execlp(2), fork(2), open(2),
464 sched_setparam(2), sched_setscheduler(2), setpgid(2), setuid(2),
465 sigaction(2), sigprocmask(2), posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose(3),
466 posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2(3),
467 posix_spawn_file_actions_addopen(3),
468 posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy(3), posix_spawn_file_actions_init(3),
469 posix_spawnattr_destroy(3), posix_spawnattr_getflags(3),
470 posix_spawnattr_getpgroup(3), posix_spawnattr_getschedparam(3),
471 posix_spawnattr_getschedpolicy(3), posix_spawnattr_getsigdefault(3),
472 posix_spawnattr_getsigmask(3), posix_spawnattr_init(3),
473 posix_spawnattr_setflags(3), posix_spawnattr_setpgroup(3),
474 posix_spawnattr_setschedparam(3), posix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy(3),
475 posix_spawnattr_setsigdefault(3), posix_spawnattr_setsigmask(3),
476 pthread_atfork(3), <spawn.h>, Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1-2001,
477 http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html
478
480 This page is part of release 5.12 of the Linux man-pages project. A
481 description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
482 latest version of this page, can be found at
483 https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
484GNU 2021-03-22 POSIX_SPAWN(3)