1MDMON(8) System Manager's Manual MDMON(8)
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6 mdmon - monitor MD external metadata arrays
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10 mdmon [--all] [--takeover] [--foreground] CONTAINER
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14 The 2.6.27 kernel brings the ability to support external metadata ar‐
15 rays. External metadata implies that user space handles all updates to
16 the metadata. The kernel's responsibility is to notify user space when
17 a "metadata event" occurs, like disk failures and clean-to-dirty tran‐
18 sitions. The kernel, in important cases, waits for user space to take
19 action on these notifications.
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23 Metadata updates:
24 To service metadata update requests a daemon, mdmon, is introduced.
25 Mdmon is tasked with polling the sysfs namespace looking for changes in
26 array_state, sync_action, and per disk state attributes. When a change
27 is detected it calls a per metadata type handler to make modifications
28 to the metadata. The following actions are taken:
29 array_state - inactive
31 Clear the dirty bit for the volume and let the array be
32 stopped
33 array_state - write pending
35 Set the dirty bit for the array and then set array_state
36 to active. Writes are blocked until userspace writes ac‐
37 tive.
38 array_state - active-idle
40 The safe mode timer has expired so set array state to
41 clean to block writes to the array
42 array_state - clean
44 Clear the dirty bit for the volume
45 array_state - read-only
47 This is the initial state that all arrays start at. md‐
48 mon takes one of the three actions:
49 1/ Transition the array to read-auto keeping the
51 dirty bit clear if the metadata handler determines
52 that the array does not need resyncing or other
53 modification
54 2/ Transition the array to active if the metadata
56 handler determines a resync or some other manipu‐
57 lation is necessary
58 3/ Leave the array read-only if the volume is marked
60 to not be monitored; for example, the metadata
61 version has been set to "external:-dev/md127" in‐
62 stead of "external:/dev/md127"
63 sync_action - resync-to-idle
65 Notify the metadata handler that a resync may have com‐
66 pleted. If a resync process is idled before it completes
67 this event allows the metadata handler to checkpoint
68 resync.
69 sync_action - recover-to-idle
71 A spare may have completed rebuilding so tell the meta‐
72 data handler about the state of each disk. This is the
73 metadata handler's opportunity to clear any "out-of-sync"
74 bits and clear the volume's degraded status. If a recov‐
75 ery process is idled before it completes this event al‐
76 lows the metadata handler to checkpoint recovery.
77 <disk>/state - faulty
79 A disk failure kicks off a series of events. First, no‐
80 tify the metadata handler that a disk has failed, and
81 then notify the kernel that it can unblock writes that
82 were dependent on this disk. After unblocking the kernel
83 this disk is set to be removed+ from the member array.
84 Finally the disk is marked failed in all other member ar‐
85 rays in the container.
86 + Note This behavior differs slightly from native MD ar‐
88 rays where removal is reserved for a mdadm --remove
89 event. In the external metadata case the container holds
90 the final reference on a block device and a mdadm --re‐
91 move <container> <victim> call is still required.
92 Containers:
95 External metadata formats, like DDF, differ from the native MD metadata
96 formats in that they define a set of disks and a series of sub-arrays
97 within those disks. MD metadata in comparison defines a 1:1 relation‐
98 ship between a set of block devices and a RAID array. For example to
99 create 2 arrays at different RAID levels on a single set of disks, MD
100 metadata requires the disks be partitioned and then each array can be
101 created with a subset of those partitions. The supported external for‐
102 mats perform this disk carving internally.
103 Container devices simply hold references to all member disks and allow
105 tools like mdmon to determine which active arrays belong to which con‐
106 tainer. Some array management commands like disk removal and disk add
107 are now only valid at the container level. Attempts to perform these
108 actions on member arrays are blocked with error messages like:
109 "mdadm: Cannot remove disks from a ´member´ array, perform this
111 operation on the parent container"
112 Containers are identified in /proc/mdstat with a metadata version
114 string "external:<metadata name>". Member devices are identified by
115 "external:/<container device>/<member index>", or "external:-<container
116 device>/<member index>" if the array is to remain readonly.
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120 CONTAINER
121 The container device to monitor. It can be a full path like
122 /dev/md/container, or a simple md device name like md127.
123 --foreground
125 Normally, mdmon will fork and continue in the background.
126 Adding this option will skip that step and run mdmon in the
127 foreground.
128 --takeover
130 This instructs mdmon to replace any active mdmon which is cur‐
131 rently monitoring the array. This is primarily used late in the
132 boot process to replace any mdmon which was started from an
133 initramfs before the root filesystem was mounted. This avoids
134 holding a reference on that initramfs indefinitely and ensures
135 that the pid and sock files used to communicate with mdmon are
136 in a standard place.
137 --all This tells mdmon to find any active containers and start moni‐
139 toring each of them if appropriate. This is normally used with
140 --takeover late in the boot sequence. A separate mdmon process
141 is started for each container as the --all argument is over-
142 written with the name of the container. To allow for containers
143 with names longer than 5 characters, this argument can be arbi‐
144 trarily extended, e.g. to --all-active-arrays.
145 Note that
149 mdmon is automatically started by mdadm when needed and so does
150 not need to be considered when working with RAID arrays. The
151 only times it is run other than by mdadm is when the boot
152 scripts need to restart it after mounting the new root filesys‐
153 tem.
154
157 As mdmon needs to be running whenever any filesystem on the monitored
158 device is mounted there are special considerations when the root
159 filesystem is mounted from an mdmon monitored device. Note that in
160 general mdmon is needed even if the filesystem is mounted read-only as
161 some filesystems can still write to the device in those circumstances,
162 for example to replay a journal after an unclean shutdown.
163 When the array is assembled by the initramfs code, mdadm will automati‐
165 cally start mdmon as required. This means that mdmon must be installed
166 on the initramfs and there must be a writable filesystem (typically
167 tmpfs) in which mdmon can create a .pid and .sock file. The particular
168 filesystem to use is given to mdmon at compile time and defaults to
169 /run/mdadm.
170 This filesystem must persist through to shutdown time.
172 After the final root filesystem has be instantiated (usually with
174 pivot_root) mdmon should be run with --all --takeover so that the mdmon
175 running from the initramfs can be replaced with one running in the main
176 root, and so the memory used by the initramfs can be released.
177 At shutdown time, mdmon should not be killed along with other pro‐
179 cesses. Also as it holds a file (socket actually) open in /dev (by de‐
180 fault) it will not be possible to unmount /dev if it is a separate
181 filesystem.
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185 mdmon --all-active-arrays --takeover
186 Any mdmon which is currently running is killed and a new instance is
187 started. This should be run during in the boot sequence if an
188 initramfs was used, so that any mdmon running from the initramfs will
189 not hold the initramfs active.
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192 mdadm(8), md(4).
193v4.2-rc2 MDMON(8)