1Statistics::DescriptiveU(s3e)r Contributed Perl DocumentaSttiaotnistics::Descriptive(3)
2
6 Statistics::Descriptive - Module of basic descriptive statistical
7 functions.
8
10 version 3.0800
11
13 use Statistics::Descriptive;
14 my $stat = Statistics::Descriptive::Full->new();
15 $stat->add_data(1,2,3,4);
16 my $mean = $stat->mean();
17 my $var = $stat->variance();
18 my $tm = $stat->trimmed_mean(.25);
19 $Statistics::Descriptive::Tolerance = 1e-10;
20
22 This module provides basic functions used in descriptive statistics.
23 It has an object oriented design and supports two different types of
24 data storage and calculation objects: sparse and full. With the sparse
25 method, none of the data is stored and only a few statistical measures
26 are available. Using the full method, the entire data set is retained
27 and additional functions are available.
28 Whenever a division by zero may occur, the denominator is checked to be
30 greater than the value $Statistics::Descriptive::Tolerance, which
31 defaults to 0.0. You may want to change this value to some small
32 positive value such as 1e-24 in order to obtain error messages in case
33 of very small denominators.
34 Many of the methods (both Sparse and Full) cache values so that
36 subsequent calls with the same arguments are faster.
37
39 Sparse Methods
40 $stat = Statistics::Descriptive::Sparse->new();
41 Create a new sparse statistics object.
42 $stat->clear();
44 Effectively the same as
45 my $class = ref($stat);
47 undef $stat;
48 $stat = new $class;
49 except more efficient.
51 $stat->add_data(1,2,3);
53 Adds data to the statistics variable. The cached statistical
54 values are updated automatically.
55 $stat->count();
57 Returns the number of data items.
58 $stat->mean();
60 Returns the mean of the data.
61 $stat->sum();
63 Returns the sum of the data.
64 $stat->variance();
66 Returns the variance of the data. Division by n-1 is used.
67 $stat->standard_deviation();
69 Returns the standard deviation of the data. Division by n-1 is
70 used.
71 $stat->min();
73 Returns the minimum value of the data set.
74 $stat->mindex();
76 Returns the index of the minimum value of the data set.
77 $stat->max();
79 Returns the maximum value of the data set.
80 $stat->maxdex();
82 Returns the index of the maximum value of the data set.
83 $stat->sample_range();
85 Returns the sample range (max - min) of the data set.
86 Full Methods
88 Similar to the Sparse Methods above, any Full Method that is called
89 caches the current result so that it doesn't have to be recalculated.
90 In some cases, several values can be cached at the same time.
91 $stat = Statistics::Descriptive::Full->new();
93 Create a new statistics object that inherits from
94 Statistics::Descriptive::Sparse so that it contains all the
95 methods described above.
96 $stat->add_data(1,2,4,5);
98 Adds data to the statistics variable. All of the sparse
99 statistical values are updated and cached. Cached values from
100 Full methods are deleted since they are no longer valid.
101 Note: Calling add_data with an empty array will delete all of
103 your Full method cached values! Cached values for the sparse
104 methods are not changed
105 $stat->add_data_with_samples([{1 => 10}, {2 => 20}, {3 => 30},]);
107 Add data to the statistics variable and set the number of samples
108 each value has been built with. The data is the key of each
109 element of the input array ref, while the value is the number of
110 samples: [{data1 => smaples1}, {data2 => samples2}, ...].
111 NOTE: The number of samples is only used by the smoothing function
113 and is ignored otherwise. It is not equivalent to repeat count. In
114 order to repeat a certain datum more than one time call add_data()
115 like this:
116 my $value = 5;
118 my $repeat_count = 10;
119 $stat->add_data(
120 [ ($value) x $repeat_count ]
121 );
122 $stat->get_data();
124 Returns a copy of the data array.
125 $stat->get_data_without_outliers();
127 Returns a copy of the data array without outliers. The number
128 minimum of samples to apply the outlier filtering is
129 $Statistics::Descriptive::Min_samples_number, 4 by default.
130 A function to detect outliers need to be defined (see
132 "set_outlier_filter"), otherwise the function will return an undef
133 value.
134 The filtering will act only on the most extreme value of the data
136 set (i.e.: value with the highest absolute standard deviation from
137 the mean).
138 If there is the need to remove more than one outlier, the
140 filtering need to be re-run for the next most extreme value with
141 the initial outlier removed.
142 This is not always needed since the test (for example Grubb's
144 test) usually can only detect the most exreme value. If there is
145 more than one extreme case in a set, then the standard deviation
146 will be high enough to make neither case an outlier.
147 $stat->set_outlier_filter($code_ref);
149 Set the function to filter out the outlier.
150 $code_ref is the reference to the subroutine implementing the
152 filtering function.
153 Returns "undef" for invalid values of $code_ref (i.e.: not defined
155 or not a code reference), 1 otherwise.
156 • Example #1: Undefined code reference
158 my $stat = Statistics::Descriptive::Full->new();
160 $stat->add_data(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
161 print $stat->set_outlier_filter(); # => undef
163 • Example #2: Valid code reference
165 sub outlier_filter { return $_[1] > 1; }
167 my $stat = Statistics::Descriptive::Full->new();
169 $stat->add_data( 1, 1, 1, 100, 1, );
170 print $stat->set_outlier_filter( \&outlier_filter ); # => 1
172 my @filtered_data = $stat->get_data_without_outliers();
173 # @filtered_data is (1, 1, 1, 1)
174 In this example the series is really simple and the outlier
176 filter function as well. For more complex series the outlier
177 filter function might be more complex (see Grubbs' test for
178 outliers).
179 The outlier filter function will receive as first parameter
181 the Statistics::Descriptive::Full object, as second the value
182 of the candidate outlier. Having the object in the function
183 might be useful for complex filters where statistics property
184 are needed (again see Grubbs' test for outlier).
185 $stat->set_smoother({ method => 'exponential', coeff => 0, });
187 Set the method used to smooth the data and the smoothing
188 coefficient. See "Statistics::Smoother" for more details.
189 $stat->get_smoothed_data();
191 Returns a copy of the smoothed data array.
192 The smoothing method and coefficient need to be defined (see
194 "set_smoother"), otherwise the function will return an undef
195 value.
196 $stat->sort_data();
198 Sort the stored data and update the mindex and maxdex methods.
199 This method uses perl's internal sort.
200 $stat->presorted(1);
202 $stat->presorted();
203 If called with a non-zero argument, this method sets a flag that
204 says the data is already sorted and need not be sorted again.
205 Since some of the methods in this class require sorted data, this
206 saves some time. If you supply sorted data to the object, call
207 this method to prevent the data from being sorted again. The flag
208 is cleared whenever add_data is called. Calling the method
209 without an argument returns the value of the flag.
210 $stat->skewness();
212 Returns the skewness of the data. A value of zero is no skew,
213 negative is a left skewed tail, positive is a right skewed tail.
214 This is consistent with Excel.
215 $stat->kurtosis();
217 Returns the kurtosis of the data. Positive is peaked, negative is
218 flattened.
219 $x = $stat->percentile(25);
221 ($x, $index) = $stat->percentile(25);
222 Sorts the data and returns the value that corresponds to the
223 percentile as defined in RFC2330:
224 • For example, given the 6 measurements:
226 -2, 7, 7, 4, 18, -5
228 Then F(-8) = 0, F(-5) = 1/6, F(-5.0001) = 0, F(-4.999) = 1/6,
230 F(7) = 5/6, F(18) = 1, F(239) = 1.
231 Note that we can recover the different measured values and how
233 many times each occurred from F(x) -- no information regarding
234 the range in values is lost. Summarizing measurements using
235 histograms, on the other hand, in general loses information
236 about the different values observed, so the EDF is preferred.
237 Using either the EDF or a histogram, however, we do lose
239 information regarding the order in which the values were
240 observed. Whether this loss is potentially significant will
241 depend on the metric being measured.
242 We will use the term "percentile" to refer to the smallest
244 value of x for which F(x) >= a given percentage. So the 50th
245 percentile of the example above is 4, since F(4) = 3/6 = 50%;
246 the 25th percentile is -2, since F(-5) = 1/6 < 25%, and F(-2)
247 = 2/6 >= 25%; the 100th percentile is 18; and the 0th
248 percentile is -infinity, as is the 15th percentile, which for
249 ease of handling and backward compatibility is returned as
250 undef() by the function.
251 Care must be taken when using percentiles to summarize a
253 sample, because they can lend an unwarranted appearance of
254 more precision than is really available. Any such summary
255 must include the sample size N, because any percentile
256 difference finer than 1/N is below the resolution of the
257 sample.
258 (Taken from: RFC2330 - Framework for IP Performance Metrics,
260 Section 11.3. Defining Statistical Distributions. RFC2330 is
261 available from: <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2330.txt> .)
262 If the percentile method is called in a list context then it will
264 also return the index of the percentile.
265 $x = $stat->quantile($Type);
267 Sorts the data and returns estimates of underlying distribution
268 quantiles based on one or two order statistics from the supplied
269 elements.
270 This method use the same algorithm as Excel and R language
272 (quantile type 7).
273 The generic function quantile produces sample quantiles
275 corresponding to the given probabilities.
276 $Type is an integer value between 0 to 4 :
278 0 => zero quartile (Q0) : minimal value
280 1 => first quartile (Q1) : lower quartile = lowest cut off (25%) of data = 25th percentile
281 2 => second quartile (Q2) : median = it cuts data set in half = 50th percentile
282 3 => third quartile (Q3) : upper quartile = highest cut off (25%) of data, or lowest 75% = 75th percentile
283 4 => fourth quartile (Q4) : maximal value
284 Example :
286 my @data = (1..10);
288 my $stat = Statistics::Descriptive::Full->new();
289 $stat->add_data(@data);
290 print $stat->quantile(0); # => 1
291 print $stat->quantile(1); # => 3.25
292 print $stat->quantile(2); # => 5.5
293 print $stat->quantile(3); # => 7.75
294 print $stat->quantile(4); # => 10
295 $stat->median();
297 Sorts the data and returns the median value of the data.
298 $stat->harmonic_mean();
300 Returns the harmonic mean of the data. Since the mean is
301 undefined if any of the data are zero or if the sum of the
302 reciprocals is zero, it will return undef for both of those cases.
303 $stat->geometric_mean();
305 Returns the geometric mean of the data.
306 my $mode = $stat->mode();
308 Returns the mode of the data. The mode is the most commonly
309 occurring datum. See
310 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_%28statistics%29> . If all
311 values occur only once, then mode() will return undef.
312 $stat->trimmed_mean(ltrim[,utrim]);
314 "trimmed_mean(ltrim)" returns the mean with a fraction "ltrim" of
315 entries at each end dropped. "trimmed_mean(ltrim,utrim)" returns
316 the mean after a fraction "ltrim" has been removed from the lower
317 end of the data and a fraction "utrim" has been removed from the
318 upper end of the data. This method sorts the data before
319 beginning to analyze it.
320 All calls to trimmed_mean() are cached so that they don't have to
322 be calculated a second time.
323 $stat->frequency_distribution_ref($num_partitions);
325 $stat->frequency_distribution_ref(\@bins);
326 $stat->frequency_distribution_ref();
327 "frequency_distribution_ref($num_partitions)" slices the data into
328 $num_partitions sets (where $num_partitions is greater than 1) and
329 counts the number of items that fall into each partition. It
330 returns a reference to a hash where the keys are the numerical
331 values of the partitions used. The minimum value of the data set
332 is not a key and the maximum value of the data set is always a
333 key. The number of entries for a particular partition key are the
334 number of items which are greater than the previous partition key
335 and less then or equal to the current partition key. As an
336 example,
337 $stat->add_data(1,1.5,2,2.5,3,3.5,4);
339 $f = $stat->frequency_distribution_ref(2);
340 for (sort {$a <=> $b} keys %$f) {
341 print "key = $_, count = $f->{$_}\n";
342 }
343 prints
345 key = 2.5, count = 4
347 key = 4, count = 3
348 since there are four items less than or equal to 2.5, and 3 items
350 greater than 2.5 and less than 4.
351 "frequency_distribution_refs(\@bins)" provides the bins that are
353 to be used for the distribution. This allows for non-uniform
354 distributions as well as trimmed or sample distributions to be
355 found. @bins must be monotonic and must contain at least one
356 element. Note that unless the set of bins contains the full range
357 of the data, the total counts returned will be less than the
358 sample size.
359 Calling "frequency_distribution_ref()" with no arguments returns
361 the last distribution calculated, if such exists.
362 my %hash = $stat->frequency_distribution($partitions);
364 my %hash = $stat->frequency_distribution(\@bins);
365 my %hash = $stat->frequency_distribution();
366 Same as "frequency_distribution_ref()" except that it returns the
367 hash clobbered into the return list. Kept for compatibility
368 reasons with previous versions of Statistics::Descriptive and
369 using it is discouraged.
370 $stat->least_squares_fit();
372 $stat->least_squares_fit(@x);
373 "least_squares_fit()" performs a least squares fit on the data,
374 assuming a domain of @x or a default of 1..$stat->count(). It
375 returns an array of four elements "($q, $m, $r, $rms)" where
376 "$q and $m"
378 satisfy the equation C($y = $m*$x + $q).
379 $r is the Pearson linear correlation cofficient.
381 $rms
383 is the root-mean-square error.
384 If case of error or division by zero, the empty list is returned.
386 The array that is returned can be "coerced" into a hash structure
388 by doing the following:
389 my %hash = ();
391 @hash{'q', 'm', 'r', 'err'} = $stat->least_squares_fit();
392 Because calling "least_squares_fit()" with no arguments defaults
394 to using the current range, there is no caching of the results.
395
397 I read my email frequently, but since adopting this module I've added 2
398 children and 1 dog to my family, so please be patient about my response
399 times. When reporting errors, please include the following to help me
400 out:
401 • Your version of perl. This can be obtained by typing perl "-v" at
403 the command line.
404 • Which version of Statistics::Descriptive you're using. As you can
406 see below, I do make mistakes. Unfortunately for me, right now
407 there are thousands of CD's with the version of this module with
408 the bugs in it. Fortunately for you, I'm a very patient module
409 maintainer.
410 • Details about what the error is. Try to narrow down the scope of
412 the problem and send me code that I can run to verify and track it
413 down.
414
416 Current maintainer:
417 Shlomi Fish, <http://www.shlomifish.org/> , "shlomif@cpan.org"
419 Previously:
421 Colin Kuskie
423 My email address can be found at http://www.perl.com under Who's Who or
425 at: https://metacpan.org/author/COLINK .
426
428 Fabio Ponciroli & Adzuna Ltd. team (outliers handling)
429
431 RFC2330, Framework for IP Performance Metrics
432 The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 2, Donald Knuth.
434 Handbook of Mathematica Functions, Milton Abramowitz and Irene Stegun.
436 Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences, Jay
438 Devore.
439
441 Copyright (c) 1997,1998 Colin Kuskie. All rights reserved. This
442 program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
443 under the same terms as Perl itself.
444 Copyright (c) 1998 Andrea Spinelli. All rights reserved. This program
446 is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
447 same terms as Perl itself.
448 Copyright (c) 1994,1995 Jason Kastner. All rights reserved. This
450 program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
451 under the same terms as Perl itself.
452
454 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
455 under the same terms as Perl itself.
456
458 Websites
459 The following websites have more information about this module, and may
460 be of help to you. As always, in addition to those websites please use
461 your favorite search engine to discover more resources.
462 • MetaCPAN
464 A modern, open-source CPAN search engine, useful to view POD in
466 HTML format.
467 <https://metacpan.org/release/Statistics-Descriptive>
469 • RT: CPAN's Bug Tracker
471 The RT ( Request Tracker ) website is the default bug/issue
473 tracking system for CPAN.
474 <https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html?Name=Statistics-Descriptive>
476 • CPANTS
478 The CPANTS is a website that analyzes the Kwalitee ( code metrics )
480 of a distribution.
481 <http://cpants.cpanauthors.org/dist/Statistics-Descriptive>
483 • CPAN Testers
485 The CPAN Testers is a network of smoke testers who run automated
487 tests on uploaded CPAN distributions.
488 <http://www.cpantesters.org/distro/S/Statistics-Descriptive>
490 • CPAN Testers Matrix
492 The CPAN Testers Matrix is a website that provides a visual
494 overview of the test results for a distribution on various
495 Perls/platforms.
496 <http://matrix.cpantesters.org/?dist=Statistics-Descriptive>
498 • CPAN Testers Dependencies
500 The CPAN Testers Dependencies is a website that shows a chart of
502 the test results of all dependencies for a distribution.
503 <http://deps.cpantesters.org/?module=Statistics::Descriptive>
505 Bugs / Feature Requests
507 Please report any bugs or feature requests by email to
508 "bug-statistics-descriptive at rt.cpan.org", or through the web
509 interface at
510 <https://rt.cpan.org/Public/Bug/Report.html?Queue=Statistics-Descriptive>.
511 You will be automatically notified of any progress on the request by
512 the system.
513 Source Code
515 The code is open to the world, and available for you to hack on. Please
516 feel free to browse it and play with it, or whatever. If you want to
517 contribute patches, please send me a diff or prod me to pull from your
518 repository :)
519 <https://github.com/shlomif/perl-Statistics-Descriptive>
521 git clone git://github.com/shlomif/perl-Statistics-Descriptive.git
523
525 Shlomi Fish <shlomif@cpan.org>
526
528 Please report any bugs or feature requests on the bugtracker website
529 <https://github.com/shlomif/perl-Statistics-Descriptive/issues>
530 When submitting a bug or request, please include a test-file or a patch
532 to an existing test-file that illustrates the bug or desired feature.
533
535 This software is copyright (c) 1997 by Jason Kastner, Andrea Spinelli,
536 Colin Kuskie, and others.
537 This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
539 the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
540perl v5.34.0 2021-07-22 Statistics::Descriptive(3)