1r.mapcalc(1) GRASS GIS User's Manual r.mapcalc(1)
2
6 r.mapcalc - Raster map calculator.
7
9 raster, algebra
10
12 r.mapcalc
13 r.mapcalc --help
14 r.mapcalc [-sl] [expression=string] [region=string] [file=name]
15 [seed=integer] [--overwrite] [--help] [--verbose] [--quiet]
16 [--ui]
17 Flags:
19 -s
20 Generate random seed (result is non-deterministic)
21 -l
23 List input and output maps
24 --overwrite
26 Allow output files to overwrite existing files
27 --help
29 Print usage summary
30 --verbose
32 Verbose module output
33 --quiet
35 Quiet module output
36 --ui
38 Force launching GUI dialog
39 Parameters:
41 expression=string
42 Expression to evaluate
43 region=string
45 The computational region that should be used.
46 - current uses the current region of the mapset.
47 - intersect computes the intersection region between
48 all input maps and uses the smallest resolution
49 - union computes the union extent of all map regions
50 and uses the smallest resolution
51 Options: current, intersect, union
52 Default: current
53 file=name
55 File containing expression(s) to evaluate
56 seed=integer
58 Seed for rand() function
59
61 r.mapcalc performs arithmetic on raster map layers. New raster map
62 layers can be created which are arithmetic expressions involving exist‐
63 ing raster map layers, integer or floating point constants, and func‐
64 tions.
65 Program use
67 r.mapcalc expression have the form:
68 result = expression
70 where result is the name of a raster map layer to contain the result of
72 the calculation and expression is any legal arithmetic expression in‐
73 volving existing raster map layers (except result itself), integer or
74 floating point constants, and functions known to the calculator.
75 Parentheses are allowed in the expression and may be nested to any
76 depth. result will be created in the user’s current mapset.
77 As expression= is the first option, it is the default. This means that
79 passing an expression on the command line is possible as long as the
80 expression is quoted and a space is included before the first = sign.
81 Example (’foo’ is the resulting map):
82 r.mapcalc "foo = 1"
83 or:
84 r.mapcalc ’foo = 1’
85 An unquoted expression (i.e. split over multiple arguments) won’t work,
86 nor will omitting the space before the = sign:
87 r.mapcalc ’foo=1’
88 Sorry, <foo> is not a valid parameter
89 To read command from the file, use file= explicitly, e.g.:
90 r.mapcalc file=file
91 or:
92 r.mapcalc file=- < file
93 or:
94 r.mapcalc file=- <<EOF
95 foo = 1
96 EOF
97 The formula entered to r.mapcalc by the user is recorded both in the
99 result map title (which appears in the category file for result) and in
100 the history file for result.
101 Some characters have special meaning to the command shell. If the user
103 is entering input to r.mapcalc on the command line, expressions should
104 be enclosed within single quotes. See NOTES, below.
105 Computational regions in r.mapcalc
107 By default r.mapcalc uses the current region as computational region
108 that was set with g.region for processing. Sometimes it is necessary
109 to use a region that is derived from the raster maps in the expression
110 to set the computational region. This is of high importance for mod‐
111 ules that use r.mapcalc internally to process time series of satellite
112 images that all have different spatial extents. A module that requires
113 this feature is t.rast.algebra. The region option of r.mapcalc was im‐
114 plemented to address this requirement. It allows computing and using a
115 region based on all raster maps in an expression. Three modes are sup‐
116 ported:
117 • Setting the region parameter to current will result in the use
119 of the current region as computational region. This is the de‐
120 fault. The current region can be set with g.region.
121 • The parameter union will force r.mapcalc to compute the dis‐
123 joint union of all regions from raster maps specified in the
124 expression. This computed region will then be used as computa‐
125 tional region at runtime. The region of the mapset will not be
126 modified. The smallest spatial resolution of all raster maps
127 will be used for processing.
128 • The parameter intersect will force r.mapcalc to compute the in‐
130 tersection of all regions from raster maps specified in the ex‐
131 pression. This computed region will then be used as computa‐
132 tional region at runtime. The region of the mapset will not be
133 modified. The smallest spatial resolution of all raster maps
134 will be used for processing.
135 Operators and order of precedence
137 The following operators are supported:
138 Operator Meaning Type Precedence
139 --------------------------------------------------------------
140 - negation Arithmetic 12
141 ~ one’s complement Bitwise 12
142 ! not Logical 12
143 ^ exponentiation Arithmetic 11
144 % modulus Arithmetic 10
145 / division Arithmetic 10
146 * multiplication Arithmetic 10
147 + addition Arithmetic 9
148 - subtraction Arithmetic 9
149 << left shift Bitwise 8
150 >> right shift Bitwise 8
151 >>> right shift (unsigned) Bitwise 8
152 > greater than Logical 7
153 >= greater than or equal Logical 7
154 < less than Logical 7
155 <= less than or equal Logical 7
156 == equal Logical 6
157 != not equal Logical 6
158 & bitwise and Bitwise 5
159 | bitwise or Bitwise 4
160 && logical and Logical 3
161 &&& logical and[1] Logical 3
162 || logical or Logical 2
163 ||| logical or[1] Logical 2
164 ?: conditional Logical 1
165 (modulus is the remainder upon division)
166 [1] The &&& and ||| operators handle null values differently to other
168 operators. See the section entitled NULL support below for more de‐
169 tails.
170 The operators are applied from left to right, with those of higher
172 precedence applied before those with lower precedence. Division by 0
173 and modulus by 0 are acceptable and give a NULL result. The logical
174 operators give a 1 result if the comparison is true, 0 otherwise.
175 Raster map layer names
177 Anything in the expression which is not a number, operator, or function
178 name is taken to be a raster map layer name. Examples:
179 elevation
181 x3
182 3d.his
183 Most GRASS raster map layers meet this naming convention. However, if
185 a raster map layer has a name which conflicts with the above rule, it
186 should be quoted. For example, the expression
187 x = a-b
189 would be interpreted as: x equals a minus b, whereas
191 x = "a-b"
193 would be interpreted as: x equals the raster map layer named a-b
195 Also
197 x = 3107
199 would create x filled with the number 3107, while
201 x = "3107"
203 would copy the raster map layer 3107 to the raster map layer x.
205 Quotes are not required unless the raster map layer names look like
207 numbers or contain operators, OR unless the program is run non-interac‐
208 tively. Examples given here assume the program is run interactively.
209 See NOTES, below.
210 r.mapcalc will look for the raster map layers according to the user’s
212 current mapset search path. It is possible to override the search path
213 and specify the mapset from which to select the raster map layer. This
214 is done by specifying the raster map layer name in the form:
215 name@mapset
217 For example, the following is a legal expression:
219 result = x@PERMANENT / y@SOILS
221 The mapset specified does not have to be in the mapset search path.
223 (This method of overriding the mapset search path is common to all
224 GRASS commands, not just r.mapcalc.)
225 The neighborhood modifier
227 Maps and images are data base files stored in raster format, i.e.,
228 two-dimensional matrices of integer values. In r.mapcalc, maps may be
229 followed by a neighborhood modifier that specifies a relative offset
230 from the current cell being evaluated. The format is map[r,c], where r
231 is the row offset and c is the column offset. For example, map[1,2]
232 refers to the cell one row below and two columns to the right of the
233 current cell, map[-2,-1] refers to the cell two rows above and one col‐
234 umn to the left of the current cell, and map[0,1] refers to the cell
235 one column to the right of the current cell. This syntax permits the
236 development of neighborhood-type filters within a single map or across
237 multiple maps.
238 The neighborhood modifier cannot be used on maps generated within same
240 r.mapcalc command run (see "KNOWN ISSUES" section).
241 Raster map layer values from the category file
243 Sometimes it is desirable to use a value associated with a category’s
244 label instead of the category value itself. If a raster map layer name
245 is preceded by the @ operator, then the labels in the category file for
246 the raster map layer are used in the expression instead of the category
247 value.
248 For example, suppose that the raster map layer soil.ph (representing
250 soil pH values) has a category file with labels as follows:
251 cat label
253 ------------------
254 0 no data
255 1 1.4
256 2 2.4
257 3 3.5
258 4 5.8
259 5 7.2
260 6 8.8
261 7 9.4
262 Then the expression:
264 result = @soils.ph
266 would produce a result with category values 0, 1.4, 2.4, 3.5, 5.8, 7.2,
268 8.8 and 9.4.
269 Note that this operator may only be applied to raster map layers and
271 produces a floating point value in the expression. Therefore, the cat‐
272 egory label must start with a valid number. If the category label is
273 integer, it will be represented by a floating point number. I the cate‐
274 gory label does not start with a number or is missing, it will be rep‐
275 resented by NULL (no data) in the resulting raster map.
276 Grey scale equivalents and color separates
278 It is often helpful to manipulate the colors assigned to map cate‐
279 gories. This is particularly useful when the spectral properties of
280 cells have meaning (as with imagery data), or when the map category
281 values represent real quantities (as when category values reflect true
282 elevation values). Map color manipulation can also aid visual recogni‐
283 tion, and map printing.
284 The # operator can be used to either convert map category values to
286 their grey scale equivalents or to extract the red, green, or blue com‐
287 ponents of a raster map layer into separate raster map layers.
288 result = #map
290 converts each category value in map to a value in the range 0-255 which
292 represents the grey scale level implied by the color for the category.
293 If the map has a grey scale color table, then the grey level is what
294 #map evaluates to. Otherwise, it is computed as:
295 0.10 * red + 0.81 * green + 0.01 * blue
297 Alternatively, you can use:
299 result = y#map
301 to use the NTSC weightings:
303 0.30 * red + 0.59 * green + 0.11 * blue
305 Or, you can use:
307 result = i#map
309 to use equal weightings:
311 0.33 * red + 0.33 * green + 0.33 * blue
313 The # operator has three other forms: r#map, g#map, b#map. These ex‐
315 tract the red, green, or blue components in the named raster map, re‐
316 spectively. The GRASS shell script r.blend extracts each of these com‐
317 ponents from two raster map layers, and combines them by a user-speci‐
318 fied percentage. These forms allow color separates to be made. For
319 example, to extract the red component from map and store it in the new
320 0-255 map layer red, the user could type:
321 red = r#map
323 To assign this map grey colors type:
325 r.colors map=red color=rules
327 black
328 white
329 To assign this map red colors type:
331 r.colors map=red color=rules
333 black
334 red
335 Functions
337 The functions currently supported are listed in the table below. The
338 type of the result is indicated in the last column. F means that the
339 functions always results in a floating point value, I means that the
340 function gives an integer result, and * indicates that the result is
341 float if any of the arguments to the function are floating point values
342 and integer if all arguments are integer.
343 function description type
345 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
346 abs(x) return absolute value of x *
347 acos(x) inverse cosine of x (result is in degrees) F
348 asin(x) inverse sine of x (result is in degrees) F
349 atan(x) inverse tangent of x (result is in degrees) F
350 atan(x,y) inverse tangent of y/x (result is in degrees) F
351 ceil(x) the smallest integral value not less than x *
352 cos(x) cosine of x (x is in degrees) F
353 double(x) convert x to double-precision floating point F
354 eval([x,y,...,]z) evaluate values of listed expr, pass results to z
355 exp(x) exponential function of x F
356 exp(x,y) x to the power y F
357 float(x) convert x to single-precision floating point F
358 floor(x) the largest integral value not greater than x *
359 graph(x,x1,y1[x2,y2..]) convert the x to a y based on points in a graph F
360 graph2(x,x1[,x2,..],y1[,y2..])
361 alternative form of graph() F
362 if decision options: *
363 if(x) 1 if x not zero, 0 otherwise
364 if(x,a) a if x not zero, 0 otherwise
365 if(x,a,b) a if x not zero, b otherwise
366 if(x,a,b,c) a if x > 0, b if x is zero, c if x < 0
367 int(x) convert x to integer [ truncates ] I
368 isnull(x) check if x = NULL
369 log(x) natural log of x F
370 log(x,b) log of x base b F
371 max(x,y[,z...]) largest value of those listed *
372 median(x,y[,z...]) median value of those listed *
373 min(x,y[,z...]) smallest value of those listed *
374 mod(x,y) return the modulus (the remainder) of x/y *
375 mode(x,y[,z...]) mode value of those listed *
376 nmax(x,y[,z...]) largest value of those listed, excluding NULLs *
377 nmedian(x,y[,z...]) median value of those listed, excluding NULLs *
378 nmin(x,y[,z...]) smallest value of those listed, excluding NULLs *
379 nmode(x,y[,z...]) mode value of those listed, excluding NULLs *
380 not(x) 1 if x is zero, 0 otherwise
381 pow(x,y) x to the power y *
382 rand(a,b) random value x : a <= x < b *
383 round(x) round x to nearest integer I
384 round(x,y) round x to nearest multiple of y
385 round(x,y,z) round x to nearest y*i+z for some integer i
386 sin(x) sine of x (x is in degrees) F
387 sqrt(x) square root of x F
388 tan(x) tangent of x (x is in degrees) F
389 xor(x,y) exclusive-or (XOR) of x and y I
390 Internal variables:
391 row() current row of moving window I
392 col() current col of moving window I
393 nrows() number of rows in computation region I
394 ncols() number of columns in computation region I
395 x() current x-coordinate of moving window F
396 y() current y-coordinate of moving window F
397 ewres() current east-west resolution F
398 nsres() current north-south resolution F
399 area() area of current cell in square meters F
400 null() NULL value
401 Note, that the row() and col() indexing starts with 1.
402 Floating point values in the expression
404 Floating point numbers are allowed in the expression. A floating point
405 number is a number which contains a decimal point:
406 2.3 12.0 12. .81
407 Floating point values in the expression are handled in a special way.
408 With arithmetic and logical operators, if either operand is float, the
409 other is converted to float and the result of the operation is float.
410 This means, in particular that division of integers results in a (trun‐
411 cated) integer, while division of floats results in an accurate float‐
412 ing point value. With functions of type * (see table above), the re‐
413 sult is float if any argument is float, integer otherwise.
414 Note: If you calculate with integer numbers, the resulting map will be
416 integer. If you want to get a float result, add the decimal point to
417 integer number(s).
418 If you want floating point division, at least one of the arguments has
420 to be a floating point value. Multiplying one of them by 1.0 will pro‐
421 duce a floating-point result, as will using float():
422 r.mapcalc "ndvi = float(lsat.4 - lsat.3) / (lsat.4 + lsat.3)"
423 NULL support
425 • Division by zero should result in NULL.
426 • Modulus by zero should result in NULL.
428 • NULL-values in any arithmetic or logical operation should re‐
430 sult in NULL. (however, &&& and ||| are treated specially, as
431 described below).
432 • The &&& and ||| operators observe the following axioms even
434 when x is NULL:
435 x &&& false == false
436 false &&& x == false
437 x ||| true == true
438 true ||| x == true
439 • NULL-values in function arguments should result in NULL (how‐
441 ever, if(), eval() and isnull() are treated specially, as de‐
442 scribed below).
443 • The eval() function always returns its last argument
445 • The situation for if() is:
447 if(x)
448 NULL if x is NULL; 0 if x is zero; 1 otherwise
449 if(x,a)
450 NULL if x is NULL; a if x is non-zero; 0 otherwise
451 if(x,a,b)
452 NULL if x is NULL; a if x is non-zero; b otherwise
453 if(x,n,z,p)
454 NULL if x is NULL; n if x is negative;
455 z if x is zero; p if x is positive
456 • The (new) function isnull(x) returns: 1 if x is NULL; 0 other‐
458 wise. The (new) function null() (which has no arguments) re‐
459 turns an integer NULL.
460 • Non-NULL, but invalid, arguments to functions should result in
462 NULL.
463 Examples:
464 log(-2)
465 sqrt(-2)
466 pow(a,b) where a is negative and b is not an integer
467 NULL support: Please note that any math performed with NULL cells al‐
469 ways results in a NULL value for these cells. If you want to replace a
470 NULL cell on-the-fly, use the isnull() test function in a if-statement.
471 Example: The users wants the NULL-valued cells to be treated like ze‐
473 ros. To add maps A and B (where B contains NULLs) to get a map C the
474 user can use a construction like:
475 C = A + if(isnull(B),0,B)
477 NULL and conditions:
479 For the one argument form:
481 if(x) = NULL if x is NULL
482 if(x) = 0 if x = 0
483 if(x) = 1 otherwise (i.e. x is neither NULL nor 0).
484 For the two argument form:
486 if(x,a) = NULL if x is NULL
487 if(x,a) = 0 if x = 0
488 if(x,a) = a otherwise (i.e. x is neither NULL nor 0).
489 For the three argument form:
491 if(x,a,b) = NULL if x is NULL
492 if(x,a,b) = b if x = 0
493 if(x,a,b) = a otherwise (i.e. x is neither NULL nor 0).
494 For the four argument form:
496 if(x,a,b,c) = NULL if x is NULL
497 if(x,a,b,c) = a if x > 0
498 if(x,a,b,c) = b if x = 0
499 if(x,a,b,c) = c if x < 0
500 More generally, all operators and most functions return NULL if *any*
501 of their arguments are NULL.
502 The functions if(), isnull() and eval() are exceptions.
503 The function isnull() returns 1 if its argument is NULL and 0 other‐
504 wise. If the user wants the opposite, the ! operator, e.g. "!is‐
505 null(x)" must be used.
506 All forms of if() return NULL if the first argument is NULL. The 2, 3
508 and 4 argument forms of if() return NULL if the "selected" argument is
509 NULL, e.g.:
510 if(0,a,b) = b regardless of whether a is NULL
511 if(1,a,b) = a regardless of whether b is NULL
512 eval() always returns its last argument, so it only returns NULL if the
513 last argument is NULL.
514 Note: The user cannot test for NULL using the == operator, as that re‐
516 turns NULL if either or both arguments are NULL, i.e. if x and y are
517 both NULL, then "x == y" and "x != y" are both NULL rather than 1 and 0
518 respectively.
519 The behaviour makes sense if the user considers NULL as representing an
520 unknown quantity. E.g. if x and y are both unknown, then the values of
521 "x == y" and "x != y" are also unknown; if they both have unknown val‐
522 ues, the user doesn’t know whether or not they both have the same
523 value.
524
526 Usage from command line
527 Extra care must be taken if the expression is given on the command
528 line. Some characters have special meaning to the UNIX shell. These
529 include, among others:
530 * ( ) > & |
531 It is advisable to put single quotes around the expression; e.g.:
533 ’result = elevation * 2’
534 Without the quotes, the *, which has special meaning to the UNIX shell,
535 would be altered and r.mapcalc would see something other than the *.
536 Multiple computations
538 In general, it’s preferable to do as much as possible in each r.mapcalc
539 command. E.g. rather than:
540 r.mapcalc "$GIS_OPT_OUTPUT.r = r#$GIS_OPT_FIRST * .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT + (1.0 - .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT) * r#$GIS_OPT_SECOND"
541 r.mapcalc "$GIS_OPT_OUTPUT.g = g#$GIS_OPT_FIRST * .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT + (1.0 - .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT) * g#$GIS_OPT_SECOND"
542 r.mapcalc "$GIS_OPT_OUTPUT.b = b#$GIS_OPT_FIRST * .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT + (1.0 - .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT) * b#$GIS_OPT_SECOND"
543 use:
545 r.mapcalc <<EOF
546 $GIS_OPT_OUTPUT.r = r#$GIS_OPT_FIRST * .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT + (1.0 - .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT) * r#$GIS_OPT_SECOND
547 $GIS_OPT_OUTPUT.g = g#$GIS_OPT_FIRST * .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT + (1.0 - .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT) * g#$GIS_OPT_SECOND
548 $GIS_OPT_OUTPUT.b = b#$GIS_OPT_FIRST * .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT + (1.0 - .$GIS_OPT_PERCENT) * b#$GIS_OPT_SECOND
549 EOF
550 as the latter will read each input map only once.
552 Backwards compatibility
554 For the backwards compatibility with GRASS 6, if no options are given,
555 it manufactures file=- (which reads from stdin), so you can continue to
556 use e.g.:
557 r.mapcalc < file
558 or:
559 r.mapcalc <<EOF
560 foo = 1
561 EOF
562 But unless you need compatibility with previous GRASS GIS versions, use
563 file= explicitly, as stated above.
564 When the map name contains uppercase letter(s) or a dot which are not
566 allowed to be in module option names, the r.mapcalc command will be
567 valid also without quotes:
568 r.mapcalc elevation_A=1
569 r.mapcalc elevation.1=1
570 However, this syntax is not recommended as quotes as stated above more
571 safe. Using quotes is both backwards compatible and valid in future.
572 Interactive input in command line
574 For formulas that the user enters from standard input (rather than from
575 the command line), a line continuation feature now exists. If the user
576 adds a backslash to the end of an input line, r.mapcalc assumes that
577 the formula being entered by the user continues on to the next input
578 line. There is no limit to the possible number of input lines or to
579 the length of a formula.
580 If the r.mapcalc formula entered by the user is very long, the map ti‐
582 tle will contain only some of it, but most (if not all) of the formula
583 will be placed into the history file for the result map.
584 Raster MASK handling
586 r.mapcalc follows the common GRASS behavior of raster MASK handling, so
587 the MASK is only applied when reading an existing GRASS raster map.
588 This implies that, for example, the command:
589 r.mapcalc "elevation_exaggerated = elevation * 3"
590 create a map respecting the masked pixels if MASK is active.
591 However, when creating a map which is not based on any map, e.g. a map
593 from a constant:
594 r.mapcalc "base_height = 200.0"
595 the created raster map is limited only by a computation region but it
596 is not affected by an active MASK. This is expected because, as men‐
597 tioned above, MASK is only applied when reading, not when writing a
598 raster map.
599 If also in this case the MASK should be applied, an if() statement in‐
601 cluding the MASK should be used, e.g.:
602 r.mapcalc "base_height = if(MASK, 200.0, null())"
603 When testing MASK related expressions keep in mind that when MASK is
604 active you don’t see data in masked areas even if they are not NULL.
605 See r.mask for details.
606 eval function
608 If the output of the computation should be only one map but the expres‐
609 sion is so complex that it is better to split it to several expres‐
610 sions, the eval function can be used:
611 r.mapcalc << EOF
612 eval(elev_200 = elevation - 200, \
613 elev_5 = 5 * elevation, \
614 elev_p = pow(elev_5, 2))
615 elevation_result = (0.5 * elev_200) + 0.8 * elev_p
616 EOF
617 This example uses unix-like << EOF syntax to provide input to r.map‐
618 calc.
619 Note that the temporary variables (maps) are not created and thus it
621 does not matter whether they exists or not. In the example above, if
622 map elev_200 exists it will not be overwritten and no error will be
623 generated. The reason is that the name elev_200 now denotes the tempo‐
624 rary variable (map) and not the existing map. The following parts of
625 the expression will use the temporary elev_200 and the existing
626 elev_200 will be left intact and will not be used. If a user want to
627 use the existing map, the name of the temporary variable (map) must be
628 changed.
629 Using the same map for input and output results
631 A map cannot be used both as an input and as an output as in this in‐
632 valid expression oldmap = oldmap + 1, instead a subsequent rename using
633 g.rename is needed when the same name is desired:
634 r.mapcalc "newmap = oldmap + 1"
635 g.rename raster=newmap,oldmap
636 Random number generator initialization
638 The pseudo-random number generator used by the rand() function can be
639 initialised to a specific value using the seed option. This can be
640 used to replicate a previous calculation.
641 Alternatively, it can be initialised from the system time and the PID
643 using the -r flag. This should result in a different seed being used
644 each time.
645 In either case, the seed will be written to the map’s history, and can
647 be seen using r.info.
648 If you want other people to be able to verify your results, it’s
650 preferable to use the seed option to supply a seed which is either
651 specified in the script or generated from a determenistic process such
652 as a pseudo-random number generator given an explicit seed.
653 Note that the rand() function will generate a fatal error if neither
655 the seed option nor the -s flag are given.
656
658 To compute the average of two raster map layers a and b:
659 ave = (a + b)/2
660 To form a weighted average:
662 ave = (5*a + 3*b)/8.0
663 To produce a binary representation of the raster map layer a so that
665 category 0 remains 0 and all other categories become 1:
666 mapmask = a != 0
667 This could also be accomplished by:
668 mapmask = if(a)
669 To mask raster map layer b by raster map layer a:
671 result = if(a,b)
672 To change all values below 5 to NULL:
674 newmap = if(map<5, null(), 5)
675 To create a map with random values in a defined range (needs either the
677 usage of -s flag or the seed parameter). The precision of the input
678 values determines the output precision (the resulting raster map type):
679 # write result as integer map (CELL)
680 random_int = rand(-100,100)
681 # write result as double precision floating point map (DCELL)
682 random_dcell = rand(-100.0,100.0)
683 # write result as single precision floating point map (FCELL)
684 random_fcell = float(rand(-100.0,100.0))
685 The graph() function allows users to specify a x-y conversion using
687 pairs of x,y coordinates. In some situations a transformation from one
688 value to another is not easily established mathematically, but can be
689 represented by a 2-D graph and then linearly interpolated. The graph()
690 function provides the opportunity to accomplish this. An x-axis value
691 is provided to the graph function along with the associated graph rep‐
692 resented by a series of x,y pairs. The x values must be monotonically
693 increasing (each larger than or equal to the previous). The graph
694 function linearly interpolates between pairs. Any x value lower the
695 lowest x value (i.e. first) will have the associated y value returned.
696 Any x value higher than the last will similarly have the associated y
697 value returned. Consider the request:
698 newmap = graph(map, 1,10, 2,25, 3,50)
699 X (map) values supplied and y (newmap) values returned:
700 0, 10
701 1, 10
702 1.5, 17.5
703 2.9, 47.5
704 4, 50
705 100, 50
706
708 The result variable on the left hand side of the equation should not
709 appear in the expression on the right hand side.
710 mymap = if( mymap > 0, mymap, 0)
711 Any maps generated by a r.mapcalc command only exist after the entire
713 command has completed. All maps are generated concurrently, row-by-row
714 (i.e. there is an implicit "for row in rows {...}" around the entire
715 expression). Thus the #, @, and [ ] operators cannot be used on a map
716 generated within same r.mapcalc command run. Consequently, the follow‐
717 ing (strikethrough code) does not work:
718 newmap = oldmap * 3.14
719 othermap = newmap[-1, 0] / newmap[1, 0]
720 Continuation lines must end with a \ and have no trailing white space
722 (blanks or tabs). If the user does leave white space at the end of con‐
723 tinuation lines, the error messages produced by r.mapcalc will be mean‐
724 ingless and the equation will not work as the user intended. This is
725 particularly important for the eval() function.
726 Currently, there is no comment mechanism in r.mapcalc. Perhaps adding
728 a capability that would cause the entire line to be ignored when the
729 user inserted a # at the start of a line as if it were not present,
730 would do the trick.
731 The function should require the user to type "end" or "exit" instead of
733 simply a blank line. This would make separation of multiple scripts
734 separable by white space.
735 r.mapcalc does not print a warning in case of operations on NULL cells.
737 It is left to the user to utilize the isnull() function.
738
740 r.mapcalc: An Algebra for GIS and Image Processing, by Michael Shapiro
741 and Jim Westervelt, U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Labora‐
742 tory (March/1991).
743 Performing Map Calculations on GRASS Data: r.mapcalc Program Tutorial,
745 by Marji Larson, Michael Shapiro and Scott Tweddale, U.S. Army Con‐
746 struction Engineering Research Laboratory (December 1991)
747 Grey scale conversion is based on the C.I.E. x,y,z system where y rep‐
749 resents luminance. See "Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing," by
750 Anil K. Jain (Prentice Hall, NJ, 1989; p 67).
751
753 g.region, r.bitpattern, r.blend, r.colors, r.fillnulls, r.mapcalc.sim‐
754 ple
755
757 Michael Shapiro, U.S.Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory
758 Glynn Clements
760
762 Available at: r.mapcalc source code (history)
763 Accessed: Mon Jun 20 16:45:56 2022
765 Main index | Raster index | Topics index | Keywords index | Graphical
767 index | Full index
768 © 2003-2022 GRASS Development Team, GRASS GIS 8.2.0 Reference Manual
770GRASS 8.2.0 r.mapcalc(1)