1MK-SLAVE-PREFETCH(1)  User Contributed Perl Documentation MK-SLAVE-PREFETCH(1)
2
3
4

NAME

6       mk-slave-prefetch - Pipeline relay logs on a MySQL slave to pre-warm
7       caches.
8

SYNOPSIS

10       Usage: mk-slave-prefetch [OPTION...] [FILE]
11
12       mk-slave-prefetch pipelines relay logs to pre-warm the slave's caches.
13
14       Example:
15
16         mk-slave-prefetch
17
18         mk-slave-prefetch --statistics > /path/to/saved/statistics
19
20         mk-slave-prefetch /path/to/saved/statistics
21

RISKS

23       The following section is included to inform users about the potential
24       risks, whether known or unknown, of using this tool.  The two main
25       categories of risks are those created by the nature of the tool (e.g.
26       read-only tools vs. read-write tools) and those created by bugs.
27
28       mk-slave-prefetch is read-only by default, and is generally low-risk.
29       It does execute SQL statements, but these should be SELECT only.
30       Despite this, it might be a good idea to make it connect to MySQL with
31       a user account that has minimal privileges.  Here is an example of how
32       to grant the necessary privileges:
33
34          GRANT SELECT, REPLICATION CLIENT, REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.*
35             TO 'prefetch'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'sp33dmeup!';
36
37       At the time of this release, we know of no bugs that could cause
38       serious harm to users.
39
40       The authoritative source for updated information is always the online
41       issue tracking system.  Issues that affect this tool will be marked as
42       such.  You can see a list of such issues at the following URL:
43       <http://www.maatkit.org/bugs/mk-slave-prefetch>.
44
45       See also "BUGS" for more information on filing bugs and getting help.
46

DESCRIPTION

48       mk-slave-prefetch reads the slave's relay log slightly ahead of where
49       the slave's SQL thread is reading, converts statements into "SELECT",
50       and executes them.  In theory, this should help alleviate the effects
51       of the slave's single-threaded SQL execution.  It will help take
52       advantage of multiple CPUs and disks by pre-reading the data from disk,
53       so the data is already in the cache when the slave SQL thread executes
54       the un-modified version of the statement.
55
56       "mk-slave-prefetch" learns how long it takes statements to execute, and
57       doesn't try to execute those that take a very long time.  You can ask
58       it to print what it has learned after it executes.  You can also
59       specify a filename on the command line.  The file should contain the
60       statistics printed by a previous run.  These will be used to pre-
61       populate the statistics so it doesn't have to re-learn.
62
63       This program is based on concepts I heard Paul Tuckfield explain at the
64       November 2006 MySQL Camp un-conference.  However, the code is my own
65       work.  I have not seen any other implementation of Paul's idea.
66

DOES IT WORK?

68       Does it work?  Does it actually speed up the slave?
69
70       That depends on your workload, hardware, and other factors.  It might
71       work when the following are true:
72
73       •   The slave's data is much larger than memory, and the workload is
74           mostly randomly scattered small (single-row is ideal) changes.
75
76       •   There are lots of high-concurrency "UPDATE" and "DELETE" statements
77           on the master.
78
79       •   The slave SQL thread is I/O-bound, but the slave overall has plenty
80           of spare I/O capacity (definitely more than one disk spindle).
81
82       •   The slave uses InnoDB or another storage engine with row-level
83           locking.
84
85       It does not speed up replication on my slaves, which mostly have large
86       queries like "INSERT .. SELECT .. GROUP BY".  In my benchmarks it
87       seemed to make no difference at all, positive or negative.
88
89       On the wrong workload or slave configuration, this technique might
90       actually make the slaves slower.  Your mileage will vary.
91
92       User-contributed benchmarks are welcome.
93

OPTIONS

95       Specify at least one of "--print", "--execute" or "--stop".
96
97       This tool accepts additional command-line arguments.  Refer to the
98       "SYNOPSIS" and usage information for details.
99
100       --ask-pass
101           Prompt for a password when connecting to MySQL.
102
103       --charset
104           short form: -A; type: string
105
106           Default character set.  If the value is utf8, sets Perl's binmode
107           on STDOUT to utf8, passes the mysql_enable_utf8 option to
108           DBD::mysql, and runs SET NAMES UTF8 after connecting to MySQL.  Any
109           other value sets binmode on STDOUT without the utf8 layer, and runs
110           SET NAMES after connecting to MySQL.
111
112       --check-interval
113           type: Array; default: 16,1,1024
114
115           How often to check the slave: init,min,max.  This many relay log
116           events should pass before checking the output of "SHOW SLAVE
117           STATUS".  The syntax is a three-number range: initial, minimum, and
118           maximum.  You should be able to leave this at the defaults.
119
120           "mk-slave-prefetch" varies the check interval in powers of two,
121           depending on whether it decides the check was necessary.
122
123       --config
124           type: Array
125
126           Read this comma-separated list of config files; if specified, this
127           must be the first option on the command line.
128
129       --[no]continue-on-error
130           default: yes
131
132           Continue parsing even if there is an error.
133
134       --daemonize
135           Fork to the background and detach from the shell.  POSIX operating
136           systems only.
137
138       --database
139           short form: -D; type: string
140
141           The database to use for the connection.  The initial connection
142           will be to this database, but mk-slave-prefetch will issue "USE"
143           statements as required by the binary log events.
144
145           This database is also used as the default database for
146           "--secondary-indexes" if the database cannot automatically be
147           determined from the query.
148
149       --defaults-file
150           short form: -F; type: string
151
152           Only read mysql options from the given file.  You must give an
153           absolute pathname.
154
155       --dry-run
156           Ignore replication checks and just read and rewrite the relay log
157           events.
158
159           This option make mk-slave-prefetch ignore all relay log related
160           checks for position, slave lag, etc. and simply causes the tool to
161           read and rewrite all the events in the relay log.  A connection to
162           the slave server is still required.
163
164       --errors
165           cumulative: yes
166
167           Print queries that caused errors.  If specified once, at exit; if
168           twice, in realtime.
169
170           If you specify this option once, you will see a report at the end
171           of the script execution, showing the normalized queries and the
172           number of times they were seen.  If you specify this option twice,
173           you will see the errors printed out as they occur, but no
174           normalized report at the end of execution.
175
176       --execute
177           Execute the transformed queries to warm the caches.
178
179       --help
180           Show help and exit.
181
182       --host
183           short form: -h; type: string
184
185           Connect to host.
186
187       --[no]inject-columns
188           default: yes
189
190           Inject "(columns)" into INSERT/REPLACE that don't specify them.
191
192           Normally this query cannot be rewritten because mk-slave-prefetch
193           doesn't know which columns the values refer to: "INSERT INTO tbl
194           VALUES (1,2)".  This option causes mk-slave-prefetch to "SHOW
195           CREATE TABLE" the table from the query, get its columns and inject
196           these columns into the query, like: "INSERT INTO tbl
197           (`col1`,`col2`) VALUES (1,2)".  This allows the query to be written
198           as a SELECT and prefetched.
199
200           Columns for each unique database.table are cached, so this
201           operation may fail if an "ALTER TABLE" statement changes the order
202           or name of any columns.
203
204       --io-lag
205           type: size; default: 1k
206
207           How many bytes to lag the slave I/O thread.  This helps avoid
208           "mysqlbinlog" reading right off the end of the relay log file.
209
210       --log
211           type: string
212
213           Print all output to this file when daemonized.
214
215       --max-query-time
216           type: float; default: 1
217
218           Do not run queries longer than this many seconds; fractions
219           allowed.  If "mk-slave-prefetch" predicts the query will take
220           longer to execute, it will skip the query.  This is based on the
221           theory that pre-warming the cache is most beneficial for short
222           queries.
223
224           "mk-slave-prefetch" learns how long queries require to execute.  It
225           keeps an average over the last "--query-sample-size" samples of
226           each query.  The averages are based on an abstracted version of the
227           query, with specific parameters replaced by placeholders.  The
228           result is a sort of "fingerprint" for the query, not executable
229           SQL.  You can see the learned statistics with the "--statistics"
230           option.
231
232           You can pre-load query fingerprints, and average execution times,
233           from a file.  This way you don't have to wait for
234           "mk-slave-prefetch" to learn all over every time you start it.
235           Just specify the file on the command line.  The format should be
236           the same as the output from "--statistics".
237
238           You might also want to filter out some statements completely, or
239           let only some statements through.  See the "--reject-regexp" and
240           "--permit-regexp" options.
241
242           If "mk-slave-prefetch" hasn't seen a query's fingerprint before,
243           and thus doesn't know how long it will take to execute, it wraps it
244           in a subquery, like this:
245
246              SELECT 1 FROM ( <query> ) AS X LIMIT 1;
247
248           This helps avoid fetching a lot of data back to the client when a
249           query is very large.  It requires a version of MySQL that supports
250           subqueries (version 4.1 and newer).  If yours doesn't, the subquery
251           trick can't be used, so the query might fetch a lot of data back to
252           the client.
253
254           Once a query's fingerprint has been seen, so it's known that the
255           query isn't enormously slow, "mk-slave-prefetch" just rewrites the
256           "SELECT" list for efficiency.  (Avoiding the subquery reduces the
257           query's overhead for short queries).  The rewritten query will then
258           look like the following;
259
260              SELECT ISNULL(COALESCE(<columns>)) FROM ...
261
262       --num-prefix
263           Abstract away numeric table name prefixes.  This causes the
264           following two queries to "fingerprint" to the same thing:
265
266             select from 1_2_users;
267             select from 2_3_users;
268
269       --offset
270           type: size; default: 128
271
272           How many bytes "mk-slave-prefetch" will try to stay in front of the
273           slave SQL thread.  It will not execute log events it doesn't think
274           are at least this far ahead of the SQL thread.  See also
275           "--window".
276
277       --password
278           short form: -p; type: string
279
280           Password to use when connecting.
281
282       --permit-regexp
283           type: string
284
285           Permit queries matching this Perl regexp.  This is a filter for log
286           events.  The regular expression is matched against the raw log
287           event, before any transformations are applied.  If specified, this
288           option will permit only log events matching the regular expression.
289
290       --pid
291           type: string
292
293           Create the given PID file when daemonized.  The file contains the
294           process ID of the daemonized instance.  The PID file is removed
295           when the daemonized instance exits.  The program checks for the
296           existence of the PID file when starting; if it exists and the
297           process with the matching PID exists, the program exits.
298
299       --port
300           short form: -P; type: int
301
302           Port number to use for connection.
303
304       --print
305           Print the transformed relay log events to standard output.
306
307       --print-nonrewritten
308           Print queries that could not be transformed into "SELECT".
309
310       --progress
311           type: int
312
313           Print progress information every X events.  The information is the
314           current log file and position, plus a summary of the statistics
315           gathered.
316
317       --query-sample-size
318           type: int; default: 4
319
320           Average query exec time over this many queries.  The last "N"
321           queries with a given fingerprint are averaged together to get the
322           average query execution time (see "--max-query-time").
323
324       --reject-regexp
325           type: string
326
327           Reject queries matching this Perl regexp.  Similar to
328           "--permit-regexp", but has the opposite effect: log events must not
329           match the regular expression.
330
331       --relay-log
332           type: string
333
334           Read only the specified relay log file; - to read from STDIN.
335
336           By default mk-slave-prefetch reads the "Relay_Log_File" reported by
337           "SHOW SLAVE STATUS".  This option allows you to specify a relay log
338           file that has already be converted to text by "mysqlbinlog".  The
339           tool will exit after reading and parsing this file.
340
341           This option is useful with "--dry-run" and "--print" if you want to
342           see how the tool would rewrite the relay log's events without
343           executing them or having to wait for a lagged slave.
344
345       --relay-log-dir
346           type: string
347
348           Open the slave's "Relay_Log_File" relative to this directory.
349
350           Unless this option is specified, mk-slave-prefetch automatically
351           determines the directory that relay logs are in by first looking at
352           the "relay_log" system variable to see if it specifies a path.  If
353           it does, this path is used; if it does not, then the "datadir"
354           variable value is used.
355
356           This option is ignored if an explicit "--relay-log" is specified.
357
358       --run-time
359           type: time
360
361           How long "mk-slave-prefetch" should run before exiting.  The
362           default is to run forever.
363
364       --secondary-indexes
365           Prefetch secondary indexes for pipelined queries.
366
367       --sentinel
368           type: string; default: /tmp/mk-slave-prefetch-sentinel
369
370           Exit if this file exists.
371
372       --set-vars
373           type: string; default: wait_timeout=10000
374
375           Set these MySQL variables.  Immediately after connecting to MySQL,
376           this string will be appended to SET and executed.
377
378       --sleep
379           type: time; default: 1s
380
381           Sleep time before checking for new events.
382
383           When mk-slave-prefetch is done reading all the events in a relay
384           log, it sleeps this amount of time before checking for new events.
385
386           This option is automatically set to zero if both "--relay-log" and
387           "--dry-run" are specified.
388
389       --socket
390           short form: -S; type: string
391
392           Socket file to use for connection.
393
394       --statistics
395           Print execution statistics after exiting.  The statistics are in
396           two sections: counters, and queries.  The counters simply count the
397           number of times events occur.  You may see the following counters:
398
399              NAME                    MEANING
400              ======================  =======================================
401              mysqlbinlog             Executed mysqlbinlog to read log events.
402              events                  The total number of relay log events.
403              not_far_enough_ahead    An event was not at least L<"--offset">
404                                      bytes ahead of the SQL thread.
405              too_far_ahead           An event was more than L<"--offset">
406                                      + L<"--window"> bytes ahead of the SQL thread.
407              too_close_to_io_thread  An event was less than L<"--io-lag"> bytes
408                                      away from the I/O thread's position.
409              event_not_allowed       An event wasn't a SET, USE, INSERT,
410                                      UPDATE, DELETE or REPLACE query.
411              event_filtered_out      An event was filtered out because of
412                                      L<"--permit-regexp"> or L<"--reject-regexp">.
413              same_timestamp          A SET TIMESTAMP event was ignored because
414                                      it had the same timestamp as the last one.
415              do_query                A transformed event was executed
416                                      or printed.
417              query_error             An executed query had an error.
418              query_too_long          An event was not executed because its
419                                      average query length exceeded
420                                      L<"--max-query-time">.
421              query_not_rewritten     A query could not be rewritten to a
422                                      SELECT.
423              master_pos_wait         The tool waited for the SQL thread to
424                                      catch up.
425              show_slave_status       The tool queried SHOW SLAVE STATUS.
426              load_data_infile        The tool found a LOAD DATA INFILE query
427                                      and unlinked (deleted) the temp file.
428              could_not_unlink        The tool failed to unlink a temp file.
429              sleep                   The tool slept for a second because the
430                                      slave's SQL thread was not running, or
431                                      because it read past the end of the log.
432
433           After the counters, "mk-slave-prefetch" prints information about
434           each query fingerprint it has seen, two lines per fingerprint.  The
435           first line contains the query's fingerprint.  The second line
436           contains the number of times the fingerprint was seen, number of
437           times executed, the sum of the execution times, and the average
438           execution time over the last "--query-sample-size" samples.
439
440       --stop
441           Stop running instances by creating the "--sentinel" file.
442
443       --threads
444           type: int; default: 2
445
446           Number of concurrent threads to use for pipelining queries.
447
448       --tmpdir
449           type: string; default: /dev/null
450
451           Where to create temp files for "LOAD DATA INFILE" queries.  The
452           default will cause "mysqlbinlog" to skip the file and the
453           associated "LOAD DATA INFILE" command entirely.
454
455           If "mk-slave-prefetch" sees a "LOAD DATA INFILE" command (which it
456           won't if this is left at the default), it will try to remove the
457           temporary file, then skip the event.
458
459       --user
460           short form: -u; type: string
461
462           User for login if not current user.
463
464       --version
465           Show version and exit.
466
467       --window
468           type: size; default: 4k
469
470           The max bytes ahead of the slave "mk-slave-prefetch" should get.
471           Defines the window within which "mk-slave-prefetch" considers a
472           query OK to execute.  The window begins at the slave SQL thread's
473           last known position plus "--offset" bytes, and extends for the
474           specified number of bytes.
475
476           If "mk-slave-prefetch" sees a log event that is too far in the
477           future, it will increment the "too_far_ahead" counter and wait for
478           the slave SQL thread to catch up (which increments the
479           "master_pos_wait" counter).  If an event isn't far enough ahead of
480           the SQL thread, it will be discarded and the "not_far_enough_ahead"
481           counter increments.
482
483           Watching the mentioned statistics can help you understand how to
484           tune the window.  You want "mk-slave-prefetch" to run just ahead of
485           the SQL thread, not throwing out a lot of events for being too far
486           ahead or not far enough ahead.
487

DSN OPTIONS

489       These DSN options are used to create a DSN.  Each option is given like
490       "option=value".  The options are case-sensitive, so P and p are not the
491       same option.  There cannot be whitespace before or after the "=" and if
492       the value contains whitespace it must be quoted.  DSN options are
493       comma-separated.  See the maatkit manpage for full details.
494
495       •   A
496
497           dsn: charset; copy: yes
498
499           Default character set.
500
501       •   D
502
503           dsn: database; copy: yes
504
505           Default database.
506
507       •   F
508
509           dsn: mysql_read_default_file; copy: yes
510
511           Only read default options from the given file
512
513       •   h
514
515           dsn: host; copy: yes
516
517           Connect to host.
518
519       •   p
520
521           dsn: password; copy: yes
522
523           Password to use when connecting.
524
525       •   P
526
527           dsn: port; copy: yes
528
529           Port number to use for connection.
530
531       •   S
532
533           dsn: mysql_socket; copy: yes
534
535           Socket file to use for connection.
536
537       •   u
538
539           dsn: user; copy: yes
540
541           User for login if not current user.
542

DOWNLOADING

544       You can download Maatkit from Google Code at
545       <http://code.google.com/p/maatkit/>, or you can get any of the tools
546       easily with a command like the following:
547
548          wget http://www.maatkit.org/get/toolname
549          or
550          wget http://www.maatkit.org/trunk/toolname
551
552       Where "toolname" can be replaced with the name (or fragment of a name)
553       of any of the Maatkit tools.  Once downloaded, they're ready to run; no
554       installation is needed.  The first URL gets the latest released version
555       of the tool, and the second gets the latest trunk code from Subversion.
556

ENVIRONMENT

558       The environment variable "MKDEBUG" enables verbose debugging output in
559       all of the Maatkit tools:
560
561          MKDEBUG=1 mk-....
562

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

564       You need Perl, DBI, DBD::mysql, and some core packages that ought to be
565       installed in any reasonably new version of Perl.
566

BUGS

568       For a list of known bugs see
569       <http://www.maatkit.org/bugs/mk-slave-prefetch>.
570
571       Please use Google Code Issues and Groups to report bugs or request
572       support: <http://code.google.com/p/maatkit/>.  You can also join
573       #maatkit on Freenode to discuss Maatkit.
574
575       Please include the complete command-line used to reproduce the problem
576       you are seeing, the version of all MySQL servers involved, the complete
577       output of the tool when run with "--version", and if possible,
578       debugging output produced by running with the "MKDEBUG=1" environment
579       variable.
580

COPYRIGHT, LICENSE AND WARRANTY

582       This program is copyright 2007-2011 Baron Schwartz.  Feedback and
583       improvements are welcome.
584
585       THIS PROGRAM IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
586       WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
587       MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
588
589       This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
590       under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
591       Free Software Foundation, version 2; OR the Perl Artistic License.  On
592       UNIX and similar systems, you can issue `man perlgpl' or `man
593       perlartistic' to read these licenses.
594
595       You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
596       with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
597       59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA.
598

AUTHOR

600       Baron Schwartz, Daniel Nichter
601

ABOUT MAATKIT

603       This tool is part of Maatkit, a toolkit for power users of MySQL.
604       Maatkit was created by Baron Schwartz; Baron and Daniel Nichter are the
605       primary code contributors.  Both are employed by Percona.  Financial
606       support for Maatkit development is primarily provided by Percona and
607       its clients.
608

VERSION

610       This manual page documents Ver 1.0.21 Distrib 7540 $Revision: 7531 $.
611
612
613
614perl v5.34.0                      2022-01-20              MK-SLAVE-PREFETCH(1)
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