1Image::ExifTool::MIEUniUtsse(r3)Contributed Perl DocumenItmaatgieo:n:ExifTool::MIEUnits(3)
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NAME

6       Image::ExifTool::MIEUnits - MIE units documentation
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DESCRIPTION

9       The MIE format allows units of measurement to be specified in brackets
10       at the end of a MIE tag name (eg. "Volume(m3)"). This document
11       describes the standard MIE units abbreviations.
12

SYNTAX

14       The units string may contain any ASCII characters in the range 0x21
15       ('!') to 0x7d ('}'), excepting the bracket characters (0x28 and 0x29).
16       An empty string is allowed, and indicates a dimensionless value.
17       Standard units should be used where possible.  In the standard units,
18       an underline ('_') is used to indicate a subscript, and multiple words
19       may be separated with a hyphen ('-').
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21       Exponents should be positive, and require no separator (eg. "m2" for
22       square meters).  Prefixes may be added to the standard units (eg.
23       "cm") except when the resulting name conflicts with another standard
24       unit.
25
26       Multiplication is indicated by '.', and division by '/'.  Reciprocal
27       units (ie. the multiplicative inverse) are obtained through division
28       rather than the use of negative exponents (eg. "/in", not "in-1").  In
29       MIE units, multiplication has precedence over division, so everything
30       to the right of a '/' is in the denominator.  (See "EXAMPLES" for a few
31       examples.)
32
33       Below is a table summarizing the special characters used in MIE units
34       strings.
35
36         .           multiplication
37         /           division (used for negative exponents)
38         -           word separator
39         _           subscript
40         {}          annotation
41         []          used to avoid name conflicts if necessary
42         0-9         exponentiation
43

STANDARD UNITS

45                     dimensionless
46         [G]         Newtonian constant of gravitation (unclassified)
47         [g]         standard acceleration of free fall (acceleration)
48         [h]         Planck constant (action)
49         [k]         Boltzmann constant (unclassified)
50         {cfu}       colony forming units (number)
51         {rbc}       red blood cell count (number)
52         {tbl}       tablets (number)
53         {tot}       particles total count (number)
54         %           percent (fraction)
55         10^N        the number ten for arbitrary powers (number)
56         A           Ampere (electric current)
57         a           year (time)
58         a_g         mean Gregorian year (time)
59         a_j         mean Julian year (time)
60         a_t         tropical year (time)
61         acr         acre, U.S. (area)
62         acr_br      acre, British (area)
63         Ao          Angstrom (length)
64         APL-U       APL unit (biologic activity of anticardiolipin IgA)
65         ar          are (area)
66         arb-U       arbitrary unit (arbitrary)
67         arcmin      minute of arc (plane angle)
68         arcsec      second of arc (plane angle)
69         atm         standard atmosphere (pressure)
70         att         technical atmosphere (pressure)
71         AU          astronomic unit (length)
72         b           barn (action area)
73         B           bel (level)
74         B-kW        bel kilowatt (power level)
75         B-mV        bel millivolt (electric potential level)
76         B-SPL       bel sound pressure (pressure level)
77         B-uV        bel microvolt (electric potential level)
78         B-V         bel volt (electric potential level)
79         B-W         bel watt (power level)
80         bar         bar (pressure)
81         bbl         barrel (fluid volume)
82         Bd          baud (signal transmission rate)
83         bdsk-U      Bodansky unit (biologic activity of phosphatase)
84         beth-U      Bethesda unit (biologic activity of factor VIII inhibitor)
85         bf          board foot (volume)
86         Bi          Biot (electric current)
87         bit         bit (amount of information)
88         Bq          Becquerel (radioactivity)
89         Btu         British thermal unit (energy)
90         Btu_39      British thermal unit at 39 degF (energy)
91         Btu_59      British thermal unit at 59 degF (energy)
92         Btu_60      British thermal unit at 60 degF (energy)
93         Btu_IT      international table British thermal unit (energy)
94         Btu_m       mean British thermal unit (energy)
95         Btu_th      thermochemical British thermal unit (energy)
96         bu          bushel, U.S. (dry volume)
97         bu_br       bushel, British (volume)
98         By          byte (amount of information)
99         C           Coulomb (electric charge)
100         c           velocity of light (velocity)
101         cal         calorie (energy)
102         Cal         nutrition label Calories (energy)
103         cal_15      calorie at 15 degC (energy)
104         cal_20      calorie at 20 degC (energy)
105         cal_IT      international table calorie (energy)
106         cal_m       mean calorie (energy)
107         cal_th      thermochemical calorie (energy)
108         car_Au      carat of gold alloys (mass fraction)
109         car_m       metric carat (mass)
110         cd          candela (luminous intensity)
111         Cel         degree Celsius (temperature)
112         Ch          Charriere (gauge of catheters)
113         ch          Gunter's chain, U.S. (length)
114         ch_br       Gunter's chain, British (length)
115         Ci          Curie (radioactivity)
116         cicero      cicero (length)
117         circ        circle (plane angle)
118         cml         circular mil, international (area)
119         cr          cord, international (volume)
120         crd_us      cord, U.S. (fluid volume)
121         cup_us      cup (volume)
122         d           day (time)
123         deg         degree (plane angle)
124         deg{mag}    degree from magnetic north (plane angle)
125         degF        degree Fahrenheit (temperature)
126         didot       didot (length)
127         diop        diopter (refraction of a lens)
128         dpt         dry pint, U.S. (dry volume)
129         dqt         dry quart, U.S. (dry volume)
130         dr          dram (mass)
131         dr_ap       dram, apothecary (mass)
132         drp         drop (volume)
133         dye-U       Dye unit (biologic activity of amylase)
134         dyn         dyne (force)
135         e           elementary charge (electric charge)
136         eps_0       permittivity of vacuum (electric permittivity)
137         eq          equivalents (amount of substance)
138         erg         erg (energy)
139         eV          electronvolt (energy)
140         F           Farad (electric capacitance)
141         fdr         fluid dram, U.S. (fluid volume)
142         fdr_br      fluid dram, British (volume)
143         foz         fluid ounce, U.S. (fluid volume)
144         foz_br      fluid ounce, British (volume)
145         ft          foot, international (length)
146         ft_br       foot, British (length)
147         ft_us       foot, U.S. (length)
148         fth         fathom, international (length)
149         fth_br      fathom, British (length)
150         fth_us      fathom, U.S. (length)
151         fur         furlong, U.S. (length)
152         G           Gauss (magnetic flux density)
153         g           gram (mass)
154         g.m/{H-B}   gram meter per heartbeat (prop. to ventricular stroke work)
155         g%          gram percent (mass fraction)
156         Gal         Gal (acceleration)
157         gal         gallon, U.S. (fluid volume)
158         gal_br      gallon, British (volume)
159         gal_wi      historical winchester gallon (dry volume)
160         Gb          Gilbert (magnetic tension)
161         gf          gram-force (force)
162         gil         gill, U.S. (fluid volume)
163         gil_br      gill, British (volume)
164         gon         gon (plane angle)
165         GPL-U       GPL unit (biologic activity of anticardiolipin IgG)
166         gr          grain (mass)
167         Gy          Gray (energy dose)
168         H           Henry (inductance)
169         h           hour (time)
170         hd          hand, international (height of horses)
171         hnsf-U      Hounsfield unit (x-ray attenuation)
172         HP          horsepower (power)
173         hp_C        homeopathic potency of centesimal series (homeopathic potency)
174         hp_X        homeopathic potency of decimal series (homeopathic potency)
175         HPF         high power field (view area in microscope)
176         Hz          Herz (frequency)
177         in          inch, international (length)
178         in_br       inch, British (length)
179         in_us       inch, U.S. (length)
180         in-H2O      inch of water column (pressure)
181         in-Hg       inch of mercury column (pressure)
182         iU          international unit (arbitrary)
183         J           Joule (energy)
184         K           Kelvin (temperature)
185         ka-U        King-Armstrong unit (biologic activity of phosphatase)
186         kat         katal (catalytic activity)
187         kg{wet-tis} kilogram of wet tissue (mass)
188         kn          knot, international (velocity)
189         kn_br       knot, British (velocity)
190         knk-U       Kunkel unit (arbitrary biologic activity)
191         Ky          Kayser (lineic number)
192         l           liter (volume)
193         L           liter (volume)
194         lb          pound (mass)
195         lb_ap       pound, apothecary (mass)
196         lb_tr       pound, troy (mass)
197         lbf         pound force (force)
198         lcwt        long hunderdweight (mass)
199         ligne       ligne (length)
200         lk          link for Gunter's chain, U.S. (length)
201         lk_br       link for Gunter's chain, British (length)
202         lm          lumen (luminous flux)
203         Lmb         Lambert (brightness)
204         lne         line (length)
205         LPF         low power field (view area in microscope)
206         lton        long ton (mass)
207         lx          lux (illuminance)
208         ly          light-year (length)
209         m           meter (length)
210         m_e         electron mass (mass)
211         m_p         proton mass (mass)
212         m-H2O       meter of water column (pressure)
213         m-Hg        meter of mercury column (pressure)
214         mclg-U      Mac Lagan unit (arbitrary biologic activity)
215         mesh        mesh, international (lineic number)
216         MET         metabolic equivalent (metabolic cost of physical activity)
217         mg{creat}   milligram of creatinine (mass)
218         mho         mho (electric conductance)
219         mi          mile, international (statute mile) (length)
220         mi_br       mile, British (length)
221         mi_us       mile, U.S. (length)
222         mil         mil, international (length)
223         mil_us      mil, U.S. (length)
224         min         minute (time)
225         min_br      minim, British (volume)
226         min_us      minim, U.S. (fluid volume)
227         mo          month (time)
228         mo_g        mean Gregorian month (time)
229         mo_j        mean Julian month (time)
230         mo_s        synodal month (time)
231         mol         mole (amount of substance)
232         MPL-U       MPL unit (biologic activity of anticardiolipin IgM)
233         mu_0        permeability of vacuum (magnetic permeability)
234         Mx          Maxwell (flux of magnetic induction)
235         N           Newton (force)
236         nmi         nautical mile, international (length)
237         nmi_br      nautical mile, British (length)
238         Np          neper (level)
239         Oe          Oersted (magnetic field intensity)
240         Ohm         Ohm (electric resistance)
241         osm         osmole of dissolved particles (amount of substance)
242         oz          ounce (mass)
243         oz_ap       ounce, apothecary (mass)
244         oz_tr       ounce, troy (mass)
245         P           Poise (dynamic viscosity)
246         Pa          Pascal (pressure)
247         pc          parsec (length)
248         pc_br       pace (length)
249         pca         pica (length)
250         pca_pr      Printer's pica (length)
251         pH          pH (acidity)
252         ph          phot (illuminance)
253         pi          the number pi (number)
254         pied        pied (length)
255         pk          peck, U.S. (dry volume)
256         pk_br       peck, British (volume)
257         pnt         point (length)
258         pnt_pr      Printer's point (length)
259         pouce       pouce (length)
260         ppb         parts per billion (fraction)
261         ppm         parts per million (fraction)
262         ppth        parts per thousand (fraction)
263         pptr        parts per trillion (fraction)
264         PRU         peripheral vascular resistance unit (fluid resistance)
265         psi         pound per square inch (pressure)
266         pt          pint, U.S. (fluid volume)
267         pt_br       pint, British (volume)
268         pwt_tr      pennyweight (mass)
269         qt          quart, U.S. (fluid volume)
270         qt_br       quart, British (volume)
271         R           Roentgen (ion dose)
272         rad         radian (plane angle)
273         RAD         radiation absorbed dose (energy dose)
274         rch         Ramden's chain, U.S. (length)
275         rd          rod, U.S. (length)
276         rd_br       rod, British (length)
277         REM         radiation equivalent man (dose equivalent)
278         rlk_us      link for Ramden's chain (length)
279         s           second (time)
280         S           Siemens (electric conductance)
281         sb          stilb (lum. intensity density)
282         sc_ap       scruple, apothecary (mass)
283         sct         section (area)
284         scwt        short hundredweight (mass)
285         smgy-U      Somogyi unit (biologic activity of amylase)
286         sph         spere (solid angle)
287         sr          streadian (solid angle)
288         st          stere (volume)
289         St          Stokes (kinematic viscosity)
290         ston        short ton (mass)
291         stone       stone (mass)
292         Sv          Sievert (dose equivalent)
293         Sv-U        Svedberg unit (sedimentation coefficient)
294         T           Tesla (magnetic flux density)
295         t           tonne (mass)
296         tb-U        tuberculin unit (biologic activity of tuberculin)
297         tbs         tablespoon, U.S. (volume)
298         todd-U      Todd unit (biologic activity antistreptolysin O)
299         tsp         teaspoon, U.S. (volume)
300         twp         township (area)
301         u           unified atomic mass unit (mass)
302         U           Unit (catalytic activity)
303         USP-U       U.S. Pharmacopeia unit (arbitrary)
304         V           Volt (electric potential)
305         W           Watt (power)
306         Wb          Weber (magnetic flux)
307         wk          week (time)
308         yd          yard, international (length)
309         yd_br       yard, British (length)
310         yd_us       yard, U.S. (length)
311

PREFIXES

313       Standard SI prefixes:
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315         y           yocto (10^-24)
316         z           zepto (10^-21)
317         a           atto  (10^-18)
318         f           femto (10^-15)
319         p           pico  (10^-12)
320         n           nano  (10^-9)
321         u           micro (10^-6)
322         m           milli (10^-3)
323         c           centi (10^-2)
324         d           deci  (10^-1)
325         da          deka  (10)
326         h           hecto (10^2)
327         k           kilo  (10^3)
328         G           giga  (10^9)
329         M           mega  (10^6)
330         T           tera  (10^12)
331         P           peta  (10^15)
332         E           exa   (10^18)
333         Z           zetta (10^21)
334         Y           yotta (10^24)
335
336       Binary power prefixes:
337
338         Ki          kibi  (2^10)
339         Mi          mebi  (2^20)
340         Gi          gibi  (2^30)
341         Ti          tebi  (2^40)
342

EXAMPLES

344       A few examples of combined units strings:
345
346         /cm3        per cubic centimeter
347         in2         square inches
348         kg.m/s2     Newtons (N)
349         m3/kg.s2    units of [G]
350         10^100      googols
351

HISTORY

353         2006-12-14 - PH Created
354

AUTHOR

356       Copyright 2003-2021, Phil Harvey (philharvey66 at gmail.com)
357
358       This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
359       under the same terms as Perl itself.
360

REFERENCES

362       <http://aurora.regenstrief.org/UCUM/>
363

SEE ALSO

365       Image::ExifTool::MIE(3pm), Image::ExifTool(3pm)
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369perl v5.34.0                      2022-01-25      Image::ExifTool::MIEUnits(3)
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