1Readonly(3pm)         User Contributed Perl Documentation        Readonly(3pm)
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NAME

6       Readonly - Facility for creating read-only scalars, arrays, hashes
7

Synopsis

9           use Readonly;
10
11           # Deep Read-only scalar
12           Readonly::Scalar    $sca => $initial_value;
13           Readonly::Scalar my $sca => $initial_value;
14
15           # Deep Read-only array
16           Readonly::Array    @arr => @values;
17           Readonly::Array my @arr => @values;
18
19           # Deep Read-only hash
20           Readonly::Hash    %has => (key => value, key => value, ...);
21           Readonly::Hash my %has => (key => value, key => value, ...);
22           # or:
23           Readonly::Hash    %has => {key => value, key => value, ...};
24
25           # You can use the read-only variables like any regular variables:
26           print $sca;
27           $something = $sca + $arr[2];
28           next if $has{$some_key};
29
30           # But if you try to modify a value, your program will die:
31           $sca = 7;
32           push @arr, 'seven';
33           delete $has{key};
34           # The error message is "Modification of a read-only value attempted"
35
36           # Alternate form (Perl 5.8 and later)
37           Readonly    $sca => $initial_value;
38           Readonly my $sca => $initial_value;
39           Readonly    @arr => @values;
40           Readonly my @arr => @values;
41           Readonly    %has => (key => value, key => value, ...);
42           Readonly my %has => (key => value, key => value, ...);
43           Readonly my $sca; # Implicit undef, readonly value
44
45           # Alternate form (for Perls earlier than v5.8)
46           Readonly    \$sca => $initial_value;
47           Readonly \my $sca => $initial_value;
48           Readonly    \@arr => @values;
49           Readonly \my @arr => @values;
50           Readonly    \%has => (key => value, key => value, ...);
51           Readonly \my %has => (key => value, key => value, ...);
52

Description

54       This is a facility for creating non-modifiable variables. This is
55       useful for configuration files, headers, etc. It can also be useful as
56       a development and debugging tool for catching updates to variables that
57       should not be changed.
58

Variable Depth

60       Readonly has the ability to create both deep and shallow readonly
61       variables.
62
63       If you pass a $ref, an @array or a %hash to corresponding functions
64       "::Scalar()", "::Array()" and "::Hash()", then those functions recurse
65       over the data structure, marking everything as readonly. The entire
66       structure is then non-modifiable. This is normally what you want.
67
68       If you want only the top level to be readonly, use the alternate (and
69       poorly named) "::Scalar1()", "::Array1()", and "::Hash1()" functions.
70
71       Plain "Readonly()" creates what the original author calls a "shallow"
72       readonly variable, which is great if you don't plan to use it on
73       anything but only one dimensional scalar values.
74
75       "Readonly::Scalar()" makes the variable 'deeply' readonly, so the
76       following snippet kills over as you expect:
77
78        use Readonly;
79
80        Readonly::Scalar my $ref => { 1 => 'a' };
81        $ref->{1} = 'b';
82        $ref->{2} = 'b';
83
84       While the following snippet does not make your structure 'deeply'
85       readonly:
86
87        use Readonly;
88
89        Readonly my $ref => { 1 => 'a' };
90        $ref->{1} = 'b';
91        $ref->{2} = 'b';
92
93

The Past

95       The following sections are updated versions of the previous authors
96       documentation.
97
98   Comparison with "use constant"
99       Perl provides a facility for creating constant values, via the constant
100       pragma. There are several problems with this pragma.
101
102       · The constants created have no leading sigils.
103
104       · These constants cannot be interpolated into strings.
105
106       · Syntax can get dicey sometimes.  For example:
107
108             use constant CARRAY => (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13);
109             $a_prime = CARRAY[2];        # wrong!
110             $a_prime = (CARRAY)[2];      # right -- MUST use parentheses
111
112       · You have to be very careful in places where barewords are allowed.
113
114         For example:
115
116             use constant SOME_KEY => 'key';
117             %hash = (key => 'value', other_key => 'other_value');
118             $some_value = $hash{SOME_KEY};        # wrong!
119             $some_value = $hash{+SOME_KEY};       # right
120
121         (who thinks to use a unary plus when using a hash to scalarize the
122         key?)
123
124       · "use constant" works for scalars and arrays, not hashes.
125
126       · These constants are global to the package in which they're declared;
127         cannot be lexically scoped.
128
129       · Works only at compile time.
130
131       · Can be overridden:
132
133             use constant PI => 3.14159;
134             ...
135             use constant PI => 2.71828;
136
137         (this does generate a warning, however, if you have warnings
138         enabled).
139
140       · It is very difficult to make and use deep structures (complex data
141         structures) with "use constant".
142

Comparison with typeglob constants

144       Another popular way to create read-only scalars is to modify the symbol
145       table entry for the variable by using a typeglob:
146
147           *a = \'value';
148
149       This works fine, but it only works for global variables ("my" variables
150       have no symbol table entry). Also, the following similar constructs do
151       not work:
152
153           *a = [1, 2, 3];      # Does NOT create a read-only array
154           *a = { a => 'A'};    # Does NOT create a read-only hash
155
156   Pros
157       Readonly.pm, on the other hand, will work with global variables and
158       with lexical ("my") variables. It will create scalars, arrays, or
159       hashes, all of which look and work like normal, read-write Perl
160       variables. You can use them in scalar context, in list context; you can
161       take references to them, pass them to functions, anything.
162
163       Readonly.pm also works well with complex data structures, allowing you
164       to tag the whole structure as nonmodifiable, or just the top level.
165
166       Also, Readonly variables may not be reassigned. The following code will
167       die:
168
169           Readonly::Scalar $pi => 3.14159;
170           ...
171           Readonly::Scalar $pi => 2.71828;
172
173   Cons
174       Readonly.pm used to impose a performance penalty. It was pretty slow.
175       How slow? Run the "eg/benchmark.pl" script that comes with Readonly. On
176       my test system, "use constant" (const), typeglob constants (tglob),
177       regular read/write Perl variables (normal/literal), and the new
178       Readonly (ro/ro_simple) are all about the same speed, the old, tie
179       based Readonly.pm constants were about 1/22 the speed.
180
181       However, there is relief. There is a companion module available,
182       Readonly::XS.  You won't need this if you're using Perl 5.8.x or
183       higher.
184
185       I repeat, you do not need Readonly::XS if your environment has perl
186       5.8.x or higher. Please see section entitled Internals for more.
187

Functions

189       Readonly::Scalar $var => $value;
190           Creates a nonmodifiable scalar, $var, and assigns a value of $value
191           to it. Thereafter, its value may not be changed. Any attempt to
192           modify the value will cause your program to die.
193
194           A value must be supplied. If you want the variable to have "undef"
195           as its value, you must specify "undef".
196
197           If $value is a reference to a scalar, array, or hash, then this
198           function will mark the scalar, array, or hash it points to as being
199           Readonly as well, and it will recursively traverse the structure,
200           marking the whole thing as Readonly. Usually, this is what you
201           want. However, if you want only the $value marked as Readonly, use
202           "Scalar1".
203
204           If $var is already a Readonly variable, the program will die with
205           an error about reassigning Readonly variables.
206
207       Readonly::Array @arr => (value, value, ...);
208           Creates a nonmodifiable array, @arr, and assigns the specified list
209           of values to it. Thereafter, none of its values may be changed; the
210           array may not be lengthened or shortened or spliced. Any attempt to
211           do so will cause your program to die.
212
213           If any of the values passed is a reference to a scalar, array, or
214           hash, then this function will mark the scalar, array, or hash it
215           points to as being Readonly as well, and it will recursively
216           traverse the structure, marking the whole thing as Readonly.
217           Usually, this is what you want. However, if you want only the hash
218           %@arr itself marked as Readonly, use "Array1".
219
220           If @arr is already a Readonly variable, the program will die with
221           an error about reassigning Readonly variables.
222
223       Readonly::Hash %h => (key => value, key => value, ...);
224       Readonly::Hash %h => {key => value, key => value, ...};
225           Creates a nonmodifiable hash, %h, and assigns the specified keys
226           and values to it. Thereafter, its keys or values may not be
227           changed. Any attempt to do so will cause your program to die.
228
229           A list of keys and values may be specified (with parentheses in the
230           synopsis above), or a hash reference may be specified (curly braces
231           in the synopsis above). If a list is specified, it must have an
232           even number of elements, or the function will die.
233
234           If any of the values is a reference to a scalar, array, or hash,
235           then this function will mark the scalar, array, or hash it points
236           to as being Readonly as well, and it will recursively traverse the
237           structure, marking the whole thing as Readonly. Usually, this is
238           what you want. However, if you want only the hash %h itself marked
239           as Readonly, use "Hash1".
240
241           If %h is already a Readonly variable, the program will die with an
242           error about reassigning Readonly variables.
243
244       Readonly $var => $value;
245       Readonly @arr => (value, value, ...);
246       Readonly %h => (key => value, ...);
247       Readonly %h => {key => value, ...};
248       Readonly $var;
249           The "Readonly" function is an alternate to the "Scalar", "Array",
250           and "Hash" functions. It has the advantage (if you consider it an
251           advantage) of being one function. That may make your program look
252           neater, if you're initializing a whole bunch of constants at once.
253           You may or may not prefer this uniform style.
254
255           It has the disadvantage of having a slightly different syntax for
256           versions of Perl prior to 5.8.  For earlier versions, you must
257           supply a backslash, because it requires a reference as the first
258           parameter.
259
260               Readonly \$var => $value;
261               Readonly \@arr => (value, value, ...);
262               Readonly \%h   => (key => value, ...);
263               Readonly \%h   => {key => value, ...};
264
265           You may or may not consider this ugly.
266
267           Note that you can create implicit undefined variables with this
268           function like so "Readonly my $var;" while a verbose undefined
269           value must be passed to the standard "Scalar", "Array", and "Hash"
270           functions.
271
272       Readonly::Scalar1 $var => $value;
273       Readonly::Array1 @arr => (value, value, ...);
274       Readonly::Hash1 %h => (key => value, key => value, ...);
275       Readonly::Hash1 %h => {key => value, key => value, ...};
276           These alternate functions create shallow Readonly variables,
277           instead of deep ones. For example:
278
279               Readonly::Array1 @shal => (1, 2, {perl=>'Rules', java=>'Bites'}, 4, 5);
280               Readonly::Array  @deep => (1, 2, {perl=>'Rules', java=>'Bites'}, 4, 5);
281
282               $shal[1] = 7;           # error
283               $shal[2]{APL}='Weird';  # Allowed! since the hash isn't Readonly
284               $deep[1] = 7;           # error
285               $deep[2]{APL}='Weird';  # error, since the hash is Readonly
286

Cloning

288       When cloning using Storable or Clone you will notice that the value
289       stays readonly, which is correct. If you want to clone the value
290       without copying the readonly flag, use the "Clone" function:
291
292           Readonly::Scalar my $scalar => {qw[this that]};
293           # $scalar->{'eh'} = 'foo'; # Modification of a read-only value attempted
294           my $scalar_clone = Readonly::Clone $scalar;
295           $scalar_clone->{'eh'} = 'foo';
296           # $scalar_clone is now {this => 'that', eh => 'foo'};
297
298       The new variable ($scalar_clone) is a mutable clone of the original
299       $scalar.
300

Examples

302       These are a few very simple examples:
303
304   Scalars
305       A plain old read-only value
306
307           Readonly::Scalar $a => "A string value";
308
309       The value need not be a compile-time constant:
310
311           Readonly::Scalar $a => $computed_value;
312
313   Arrays/Lists
314       A read-only array:
315
316           Readonly::Array @a => (1, 2, 3, 4);
317
318       The parentheses are optional:
319
320           Readonly::Array @a => 1, 2, 3, 4;
321
322       You can use Perl's built-in array quoting syntax:
323
324           Readonly::Array @a => qw/1 2 3 4/;
325
326       You can initialize a read-only array from a variable one:
327
328           Readonly::Array @a => @computed_values;
329
330       A read-only array can be empty, too:
331
332           Readonly::Array @a => ();
333           Readonly::Array @a;        # equivalent
334
335   Hashes
336       Typical usage:
337
338           Readonly::Hash %a => (key1 => 'value1', key2 => 'value2');
339
340       A read-only hash can be initialized from a variable one:
341
342           Readonly::Hash %a => %computed_values;
343
344       A read-only hash can be empty:
345
346           Readonly::Hash %a => ();
347           Readonly::Hash %a;        # equivalent
348
349       If you pass an odd number of values, the program will die:
350
351           Readonly::Hash %a => (key1 => 'value1', "value2");
352           # This dies with "May not store an odd number of values in a hash"
353

Exports

355       Historically, this module exports the "Readonly" symbol into the
356       calling program's namespace by default. The following symbols are also
357       available for import into your program, if you like: "Scalar",
358       "Scalar1", "Array", "Array1", "Hash", and "Hash1".
359

Internals

361       Some people simply do not understand the relationship between this
362       module and Readonly::XS so I'm adding this section. Odds are, they
363       still won't understand but I like to write so...
364
365       In the past, Readonly's "magic" was performed by "tie()"-ing variables
366       to the "Readonly::Scalar", "Readonly::Array", and "Readonly::Hash"
367       packages (not to be confused with the functions of the same names) and
368       acting on "WRITE", "READ", et. al. While this worked well, it was slow.
369       Very slow. Like 20-30 times slower than accessing variables directly or
370       using one of the other const-related modules that have cropped up since
371       Readonly was released in 2003.
372
373       To 'fix' this, Readonly::XS was written. If installed, Readonly::XS
374       used the internal methods "SvREADONLY" and "SvREADONLY_on" to lock
375       simple scalars. On the surface, everything was peachy but things
376       weren't the same behind the scenes. In edge cases, code performed very
377       differently if Readonly::XS was installed and because it wasn't a
378       required dependency in most code, it made downstream bugs very hard to
379       track.
380
381       In the years since Readonly::XS was released, the then private internal
382       methods have been exposed and can be used in pure perl. Similar modules
383       were written to take advantage of this and a patch to Readonly was
384       created. We no longer need to build and install another module to make
385       Readonly useful on modern builds of perl.
386
387       ·   You do not need to install Readonly::XS.
388
389       ·   You should stop listing Readonly::XS as a dependency or expect it
390           to be installed.
391
392       ·   Stop testing the $Readonly::XSokay variable!
393

Requirements

395       Please note that most users of Readonly no longer need to install the
396       companion module Readonly::XS which is recommended but not required for
397       perl 5.6.x and under. Please do not force it as a requirement in new
398       code and do not use the package variable $Readonly::XSokay in
399       code/tests. For more, see "Internals" in the section on Readonly's new
400       internals.
401
402       There are no non-core requirements.
403

Bug Reports

405       If email is better for you, my address is mentioned below but I would
406       rather have bugs sent through the issue tracker found at
407       http://github.com/sanko/readonly/issues.
408

Acknowledgements

410       Thanks to Slaven Rezic for the idea of one common function (Readonly)
411       for all three types of variables (13 April 2002).
412
413       Thanks to Ernest Lergon for the idea (and initial code) for deeply-
414       Readonly data structures (21 May 2002).
415
416       Thanks to Damian Conway for the idea (and code) for making the Readonly
417       function work a lot smoother under perl 5.8+.
418

Author

420       Sanko Robinson <sanko@cpan.org> - http://sankorobinson.com/
421
422       CPAN ID: SANKO
423
424       Original author: Eric J. Roode, roode@cpan.org
425
427       Copyright (C) 2013-2016 by Sanko Robinson <sanko@cpan.org>
428
429       Copyright (c) 2001-2004 by Eric J. Roode. All Rights Reserved.
430
431       This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
432       under the same terms as Perl itself.
433
434
435
436perl v5.28.0                      2016-06-10                     Readonly(3pm)
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