1PERLPACKTUT(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLPACKTUT(1)
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6 perlpacktut - tutorial on "pack" and "unpack"
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9 "pack" and "unpack" are two functions for transforming data according
10 to a user-defined template, between the guarded way Perl stores values
11 and some well-defined representation as might be required in the
12 environment of a Perl program. Unfortunately, they're also two of the
13 most misunderstood and most often overlooked functions that Perl
14 provides. This tutorial will demystify them for you.
15
17 Most programming languages don't shelter the memory where variables are
18 stored. In C, for instance, you can take the address of some variable,
19 and the "sizeof" operator tells you how many bytes are allocated to the
20 variable. Using the address and the size, you may access the storage to
21 your heart's content.
22 In Perl, you just can't access memory at random, but the structural and
24 representational conversion provided by "pack" and "unpack" is an
25 excellent alternative. The "pack" function converts values to a byte
26 sequence containing representations according to a given specification,
27 the so-called "template" argument. "unpack" is the reverse process,
28 deriving some values from the contents of a string of bytes. (Be
29 cautioned, however, that not all that has been packed together can be
30 neatly unpacked - a very common experience as seasoned travellers are
31 likely to confirm.)
32 Why, you may ask, would you need a chunk of memory containing some
34 values in binary representation? One good reason is input and output
35 accessing some file, a device, or a network connection, whereby this
36 binary representation is either forced on you or will give you some
37 benefit in processing. Another cause is passing data to some system
38 call that is not available as a Perl function: "syscall" requires you
39 to provide parameters stored in the way it happens in a C program. Even
40 text processing (as shown in the next section) may be simplified with
41 judicious usage of these two functions.
42 To see how (un)packing works, we'll start with a simple template code
44 where the conversion is in low gear: between the contents of a byte
45 sequence and a string of hexadecimal digits. Let's use "unpack", since
46 this is likely to remind you of a dump program, or some desperate last
47 message unfortunate programs are wont to throw at you before they
48 expire into the wild blue yonder. Assuming that the variable $mem holds
49 a sequence of bytes that we'd like to inspect without assuming anything
50 about its meaning, we can write
51 my( $hex ) = unpack( 'H*', $mem );
53 print "$hex\n";
54 whereupon we might see something like this, with each pair of hex
56 digits corresponding to a byte:
57 41204d414e204120504c414e20412043414e414c2050414e414d41
59 What was in this chunk of memory? Numbers, characters, or a mixture of
61 both? Assuming that we're on a computer where ASCII (or some similar)
62 encoding is used: hexadecimal values in the range 0x40 - 0x5A indicate
63 an uppercase letter, and 0x20 encodes a space. So we might assume it is
64 a piece of text, which some are able to read like a tabloid; but others
65 will have to get hold of an ASCII table and relive that firstgrader
66 feeling. Not caring too much about which way to read this, we note that
67 "unpack" with the template code "H" converts the contents of a sequence
68 of bytes into the customary hexadecimal notation. Since "a sequence of"
69 is a pretty vague indication of quantity, "H" has been defined to
70 convert just a single hexadecimal digit unless it is followed by a
71 repeat count. An asterisk for the repeat count means to use whatever
72 remains.
73 The inverse operation - packing byte contents from a string of
75 hexadecimal digits - is just as easily written. For instance:
76 my $s = pack( 'H2' x 10, 30..39 );
78 print "$s\n";
79 Since we feed a list of ten 2-digit hexadecimal strings to "pack", the
81 pack template should contain ten pack codes. If this is run on a
82 computer with ASCII character coding, it will print 0123456789.
83
85 Let's suppose you've got to read in a data file like this:
86 Date |Description | Income|Expenditure
88 01/24/2001 Zed's Camel Emporium 1147.99
89 01/28/2001 Flea spray 24.99
90 01/29/2001 Camel rides to tourists 235.00
91 How do we do it? You might think first to use "split"; however, since
93 "split" collapses blank fields, you'll never know whether a record was
94 income or expenditure. Oops. Well, you could always use "substr":
95 while (<>) {
97 my $date = substr($_, 0, 11);
98 my $desc = substr($_, 12, 27);
99 my $income = substr($_, 40, 7);
100 my $expend = substr($_, 52, 7);
101 ...
102 }
103 It's not really a barrel of laughs, is it? In fact, it's worse than it
105 may seem; the eagle-eyed may notice that the first field should only be
106 10 characters wide, and the error has propagated right through the
107 other numbers - which we've had to count by hand. So it's error-prone
108 as well as horribly unfriendly.
109 Or maybe we could use regular expressions:
111 while (<>) {
113 my($date, $desc, $income, $expend) =
114 m|(\d\d/\d\d/\d{4}) (.{27}) (.{7})(.*)|;
115 ...
116 }
117 Urgh. Well, it's a bit better, but - well, would you want to maintain
119 that?
120 Hey, isn't Perl supposed to make this sort of thing easy? Well, it
122 does, if you use the right tools. "pack" and "unpack" are designed to
123 help you out when dealing with fixed-width data like the above. Let's
124 have a look at a solution with "unpack":
125 while (<>) {
127 my($date, $desc, $income, $expend) = unpack("A10xA27xA7A*", $_);
128 ...
129 }
130 That looks a bit nicer; but we've got to take apart that weird
132 template. Where did I pull that out of?
133 OK, let's have a look at some of our data again; in fact, we'll include
135 the headers, and a handy ruler so we can keep track of where we are.
136 1 2 3 4 5
138 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
139 Date |Description | Income|Expenditure
140 01/28/2001 Flea spray 24.99
141 01/29/2001 Camel rides to tourists 235.00
142 From this, we can see that the date column stretches from column 1 to
144 column 10 - ten characters wide. The "pack"-ese for "character" is "A",
145 and ten of them are "A10". So if we just wanted to extract the dates,
146 we could say this:
147 my($date) = unpack("A10", $_);
149 OK, what's next? Between the date and the description is a blank
151 column; we want to skip over that. The "x" template means "skip
152 forward", so we want one of those. Next, we have another batch of
153 characters, from 12 to 38. That's 27 more characters, hence "A27".
154 (Don't make the fencepost error - there are 27 characters between 12
155 and 38, not 26. Count 'em!)
156 Now we skip another character and pick up the next 7 characters:
158 my($date,$description,$income) = unpack("A10xA27xA7", $_);
160 Now comes the clever bit. Lines in our ledger which are just income and
162 not expenditure might end at column 46. Hence, we don't want to tell
163 our "unpack" pattern that we need to find another 12 characters; we'll
164 just say "if there's anything left, take it". As you might guess from
165 regular expressions, that's what the "*" means: "use everything
166 remaining".
167 · Be warned, though, that unlike regular expressions, if the "unpack"
169 template doesn't match the incoming data, Perl will scream and die.
170 Hence, putting it all together:
172 my ($date, $description, $income, $expend) =
174 unpack("A10xA27xA7xA*", $_);
175 Now, that's our data parsed. I suppose what we might want to do now is
177 total up our income and expenditure, and add another line to the end of
178 our ledger - in the same format - saying how much we've brought in and
179 how much we've spent:
180 while (<>) {
182 my ($date, $desc, $income, $expend) =
183 unpack("A10xA27xA7xA*", $_);
184 $tot_income += $income;
185 $tot_expend += $expend;
186 }
187 $tot_income = sprintf("%.2f", $tot_income); # Get them into
189 $tot_expend = sprintf("%.2f", $tot_expend); # "financial" format
190 $date = POSIX::strftime("%m/%d/%Y", localtime);
192 # OK, let's go:
194 print pack("A10xA27xA7xA*", $date, "Totals",
196 $tot_income, $tot_expend);
197 Oh, hmm. That didn't quite work. Let's see what happened:
199 01/24/2001 Zed's Camel Emporium 1147.99
201 01/28/2001 Flea spray 24.99
202 01/29/2001 Camel rides to tourists 1235.00
203 03/23/2001Totals 1235.001172.98
204 OK, it's a start, but what happened to the spaces? We put "x", didn't
206 we? Shouldn't it skip forward? Let's look at what "pack" in perlfunc
207 says:
208 x A null byte.
210 Urgh. No wonder. There's a big difference between "a null byte",
212 character zero, and "a space", character 32. Perl's put something
213 between the date and the description - but unfortunately, we can't see
214 it!
215 What we actually need to do is expand the width of the fields. The "A"
217 format pads any non-existent characters with spaces, so we can use the
218 additional spaces to line up our fields, like this:
219 print pack("A11 A28 A8 A*", $date, "Totals",
221 $tot_income, $tot_expend);
222 (Note that you can put spaces in the template to make it more readable,
224 but they don't translate to spaces in the output.) Here's what we got
225 this time:
226 01/24/2001 Zed's Camel Emporium 1147.99
228 01/28/2001 Flea spray 24.99
229 01/29/2001 Camel rides to tourists 1235.00
230 03/23/2001 Totals 1235.00 1172.98
231 That's a bit better, but we still have that last column which needs to
233 be moved further over. There's an easy way to fix this up:
234 unfortunately, we can't get "pack" to right-justify our fields, but we
235 can get "sprintf" to do it:
236 $tot_income = sprintf("%.2f", $tot_income);
238 $tot_expend = sprintf("%12.2f", $tot_expend);
239 $date = POSIX::strftime("%m/%d/%Y", localtime);
240 print pack("A11 A28 A8 A*", $date, "Totals",
241 $tot_income, $tot_expend);
242 This time we get the right answer:
244 01/28/2001 Flea spray 24.99
246 01/29/2001 Camel rides to tourists 1235.00
247 03/23/2001 Totals 1235.00 1172.98
248 So that's how we consume and produce fixed-width data. Let's recap what
250 we've seen of "pack" and "unpack" so far:
251 · Use "pack" to go from several pieces of data to one fixed-width
253 version; use "unpack" to turn a fixed-width-format string into
254 several pieces of data.
255 · The pack format "A" means "any character"; if you're "pack"ing and
257 you've run out of things to pack, "pack" will fill the rest up with
258 spaces.
259 · "x" means "skip a byte" when "unpack"ing; when "pack"ing, it means
261 "introduce a null byte" - that's probably not what you mean if
262 you're dealing with plain text.
263 · You can follow the formats with numbers to say how many characters
265 should be affected by that format: "A12" means "take 12 characters";
266 "x6" means "skip 6 bytes" or "character 0, 6 times".
267 · Instead of a number, you can use "*" to mean "consume everything
269 else left".
270 Warning: when packing multiple pieces of data, "*" only means
272 "consume all of the current piece of data". That's to say
273 pack("A*A*", $one, $two)
275 packs all of $one into the first "A*" and then all of $two into the
277 second. This is a general principle: each format character
278 corresponds to one piece of data to be "pack"ed.
279
281 So much for textual data. Let's get onto the meaty stuff that "pack"
282 and "unpack" are best at: handling binary formats for numbers. There
283 is, of course, not just one binary format - life would be too simple -
284 but Perl will do all the finicky labor for you.
285 Integers
287 Packing and unpacking numbers implies conversion to and from some
288 specific binary representation. Leaving floating point numbers aside
289 for the moment, the salient properties of any such representation are:
290 · the number of bytes used for storing the integer,
292 · whether the contents are interpreted as a signed or unsigned
294 number,
295 · the byte ordering: whether the first byte is the least or most
297 significant byte (or: little-endian or big-endian, respectively).
298 So, for instance, to pack 20302 to a signed 16 bit integer in your
300 computer's representation you write
301 my $ps = pack( 's', 20302 );
303 Again, the result is a string, now containing 2 bytes. If you print
305 this string (which is, generally, not recommended) you might see "ON"
306 or "NO" (depending on your system's byte ordering) - or something
307 entirely different if your computer doesn't use ASCII character
308 encoding. Unpacking $ps with the same template returns the original
309 integer value:
310 my( $s ) = unpack( 's', $ps );
312 This is true for all numeric template codes. But don't expect miracles:
314 if the packed value exceeds the allotted byte capacity, high order bits
315 are silently discarded, and unpack certainly won't be able to pull them
316 back out of some magic hat. And, when you pack using a signed template
317 code such as "s", an excess value may result in the sign bit getting
318 set, and unpacking this will smartly return a negative value.
319 16 bits won't get you too far with integers, but there is "l" and "L"
321 for signed and unsigned 32-bit integers. And if this is not enough and
322 your system supports 64 bit integers you can push the limits much
323 closer to infinity with pack codes "q" and "Q". A notable exception is
324 provided by pack codes "i" and "I" for signed and unsigned integers of
325 the "local custom" variety: Such an integer will take up as many bytes
326 as a local C compiler returns for "sizeof(int)", but it'll use at least
327 32 bits.
328 Each of the integer pack codes "sSlLqQ" results in a fixed number of
330 bytes, no matter where you execute your program. This may be useful for
331 some applications, but it does not provide for a portable way to pass
332 data structures between Perl and C programs (bound to happen when you
333 call XS extensions or the Perl function "syscall"), or when you read or
334 write binary files. What you'll need in this case are template codes
335 that depend on what your local C compiler compiles when you code
336 "short" or "unsigned long", for instance. These codes and their
337 corresponding byte lengths are shown in the table below. Since the C
338 standard leaves much leeway with respect to the relative sizes of these
339 data types, actual values may vary, and that's why the values are given
340 as expressions in C and Perl. (If you'd like to use values from %Config
341 in your program you have to import it with "use Config".)
342 signed unsigned byte length in C byte length in Perl
344 s! S! sizeof(short) $Config{shortsize}
345 i! I! sizeof(int) $Config{intsize}
346 l! L! sizeof(long) $Config{longsize}
347 q! Q! sizeof(long long) $Config{longlongsize}
348 The "i!" and "I!" codes aren't different from "i" and "I"; they are
350 tolerated for completeness' sake.
351 Unpacking a Stack Frame
353 Requesting a particular byte ordering may be necessary when you work
354 with binary data coming from some specific architecture whereas your
355 program could run on a totally different system. As an example, assume
356 you have 24 bytes containing a stack frame as it happens on an Intel
357 8086:
358 +---------+ +----+----+ +---------+
360 TOS: | IP | TOS+4:| FL | FH | FLAGS TOS+14:| SI |
361 +---------+ +----+----+ +---------+
362 | CS | | AL | AH | AX | DI |
363 +---------+ +----+----+ +---------+
364 | BL | BH | BX | BP |
365 +----+----+ +---------+
366 | CL | CH | CX | DS |
367 +----+----+ +---------+
368 | DL | DH | DX | ES |
369 +----+----+ +---------+
370 First, we note that this time-honored 16-bit CPU uses little-endian
372 order, and that's why the low order byte is stored at the lower
373 address. To unpack such a (unsigned) short we'll have to use code "v".
374 A repeat count unpacks all 12 shorts:
375 my( $ip, $cs, $flags, $ax, $bx, $cd, $dx, $si, $di, $bp, $ds, $es ) =
377 unpack( 'v12', $frame );
378 Alternatively, we could have used "C" to unpack the individually
380 accessible byte registers FL, FH, AL, AH, etc.:
381 my( $fl, $fh, $al, $ah, $bl, $bh, $cl, $ch, $dl, $dh ) =
383 unpack( 'C10', substr( $frame, 4, 10 ) );
384 It would be nice if we could do this in one fell swoop: unpack a short,
386 back up a little, and then unpack 2 bytes. Since Perl is nice, it
387 proffers the template code "X" to back up one byte. Putting this all
388 together, we may now write:
389 my( $ip, $cs,
391 $flags,$fl,$fh,
392 $ax,$al,$ah, $bx,$bl,$bh, $cx,$cl,$ch, $dx,$dl,$dh,
393 $si, $di, $bp, $ds, $es ) =
394 unpack( 'v2' . ('vXXCC' x 5) . 'v5', $frame );
395 (The clumsy construction of the template can be avoided - just read
397 on!)
398 We've taken some pains to construct the template so that it matches the
400 contents of our frame buffer. Otherwise we'd either get undefined
401 values, or "unpack" could not unpack all. If "pack" runs out of items,
402 it will supply null strings (which are coerced into zeroes whenever the
403 pack code says so).
404 How to Eat an Egg on a Net
406 The pack code for big-endian (high order byte at the lowest address) is
407 "n" for 16 bit and "N" for 32 bit integers. You use these codes if you
408 know that your data comes from a compliant architecture, but,
409 surprisingly enough, you should also use these pack codes if you
410 exchange binary data, across the network, with some system that you
411 know next to nothing about. The simple reason is that this order has
412 been chosen as the network order, and all standard-fearing programs
413 ought to follow this convention. (This is, of course, a stern backing
414 for one of the Lilliputian parties and may well influence the political
415 development there.) So, if the protocol expects you to send a message
416 by sending the length first, followed by just so many bytes, you could
417 write:
418 my $buf = pack( 'N', length( $msg ) ) . $msg;
420 or even:
422 my $buf = pack( 'NA*', length( $msg ), $msg );
424 and pass $buf to your send routine. Some protocols demand that the
426 count should include the length of the count itself: then just add 4 to
427 the data length. (But make sure to read "Lengths and Widths" before you
428 really code this!)
429 Byte-order modifiers
431 In the previous sections we've learned how to use "n", "N", "v" and "V"
432 to pack and unpack integers with big- or little-endian byte-order.
433 While this is nice, it's still rather limited because it leaves out all
434 kinds of signed integers as well as 64-bit integers. For example, if
435 you wanted to unpack a sequence of signed big-endian 16-bit integers in
436 a platform-independent way, you would have to write:
437 my @data = unpack 's*', pack 'S*', unpack 'n*', $buf;
439 This is ugly. As of Perl 5.9.2, there's a much nicer way to express
441 your desire for a certain byte-order: the ">" and "<" modifiers. ">"
442 is the big-endian modifier, while "<" is the little-endian modifier.
443 Using them, we could rewrite the above code as:
444 my @data = unpack 's>*', $buf;
446 As you can see, the "big end" of the arrow touches the "s", which is a
448 nice way to remember that ">" is the big-endian modifier. The same
449 obviously works for "<", where the "little end" touches the code.
450 You will probably find these modifiers even more useful if you have to
452 deal with big- or little-endian C structures. Be sure to read "Packing
453 and Unpacking C Structures" for more on that.
454 Floating point Numbers
456 For packing floating point numbers you have the choice between the pack
457 codes "f", "d", "F" and "D". "f" and "d" pack into (or unpack from)
458 single-precision or double-precision representation as it is provided
459 by your system. If your systems supports it, "D" can be used to pack
460 and unpack ("long double") values, which can offer even more resolution
461 than "f" or "d". Note that there are different long double formats.
462 "F" packs an "NV", which is the floating point type used by Perl
464 internally.
465 There is no such thing as a network representation for reals, so if you
467 want to send your real numbers across computer boundaries, you'd better
468 stick to text representation, possibly using the hexadecimal float
469 format (avoiding the decimal conversion loss), unless you're absolutely
470 sure what's on the other end of the line. For the even more
471 adventuresome, you can use the byte-order modifiers from the previous
472 section also on floating point codes.
473
475 Bit Strings
476 Bits are the atoms in the memory world. Access to individual bits may
477 have to be used either as a last resort or because it is the most
478 convenient way to handle your data. Bit string (un)packing converts
479 between strings containing a series of 0 and 1 characters and a
480 sequence of bytes each containing a group of 8 bits. This is almost as
481 simple as it sounds, except that there are two ways the contents of a
482 byte may be written as a bit string. Let's have a look at an annotated
483 byte:
484 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
486 +-----------------+
487 | 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 |
488 +-----------------+
489 MSB LSB
490 It's egg-eating all over again: Some think that as a bit string this
492 should be written "10001100" i.e. beginning with the most significant
493 bit, others insist on "00110001". Well, Perl isn't biased, so that's
494 why we have two bit string codes:
495 $byte = pack( 'B8', '10001100' ); # start with MSB
497 $byte = pack( 'b8', '00110001' ); # start with LSB
498 It is not possible to pack or unpack bit fields - just integral bytes.
500 "pack" always starts at the next byte boundary and "rounds up" to the
501 next multiple of 8 by adding zero bits as required. (If you do want bit
502 fields, there is "vec" in perlfunc. Or you could implement bit field
503 handling at the character string level, using split, substr, and
504 concatenation on unpacked bit strings.)
505 To illustrate unpacking for bit strings, we'll decompose a simple
507 status register (a "-" stands for a "reserved" bit):
508 +-----------------+-----------------+
510 | S Z - A - P - C | - - - - O D I T |
511 +-----------------+-----------------+
512 MSB LSB MSB LSB
513 Converting these two bytes to a string can be done with the unpack
515 template 'b16'. To obtain the individual bit values from the bit string
516 we use "split" with the "empty" separator pattern which dissects into
517 individual characters. Bit values from the "reserved" positions are
518 simply assigned to "undef", a convenient notation for "I don't care
519 where this goes".
520 ($carry, undef, $parity, undef, $auxcarry, undef, $zero, $sign,
522 $trace, $interrupt, $direction, $overflow) =
523 split( //, unpack( 'b16', $status ) );
524 We could have used an unpack template 'b12' just as well, since the
526 last 4 bits can be ignored anyway.
527 Uuencoding
529 Another odd-man-out in the template alphabet is "u", which packs a
530 "uuencoded string". ("uu" is short for Unix-to-Unix.) Chances are that
531 you won't ever need this encoding technique which was invented to
532 overcome the shortcomings of old-fashioned transmission mediums that do
533 not support other than simple ASCII data. The essential recipe is
534 simple: Take three bytes, or 24 bits. Split them into 4 six-packs,
535 adding a space (0x20) to each. Repeat until all of the data is blended.
536 Fold groups of 4 bytes into lines no longer than 60 and garnish them in
537 front with the original byte count (incremented by 0x20) and a "\n" at
538 the end. - The "pack" chef will prepare this for you, a la minute, when
539 you select pack code "u" on the menu:
540 my $uubuf = pack( 'u', $bindat );
542 A repeat count after "u" sets the number of bytes to put into an
544 uuencoded line, which is the maximum of 45 by default, but could be set
545 to some (smaller) integer multiple of three. "unpack" simply ignores
546 the repeat count.
547 Doing Sums
549 An even stranger template code is "%"<number>. First, because it's used
550 as a prefix to some other template code. Second, because it cannot be
551 used in "pack" at all, and third, in "unpack", doesn't return the data
552 as defined by the template code it precedes. Instead it'll give you an
553 integer of number bits that is computed from the data value by doing
554 sums. For numeric unpack codes, no big feat is achieved:
555 my $buf = pack( 'iii', 100, 20, 3 );
557 print unpack( '%32i3', $buf ), "\n"; # prints 123
558 For string values, "%" returns the sum of the byte values saving you
560 the trouble of a sum loop with "substr" and "ord":
561 print unpack( '%32A*', "\x01\x10" ), "\n"; # prints 17
563 Although the "%" code is documented as returning a "checksum": don't
565 put your trust in such values! Even when applied to a small number of
566 bytes, they won't guarantee a noticeable Hamming distance.
567 In connection with "b" or "B", "%" simply adds bits, and this can be
569 put to good use to count set bits efficiently:
570 my $bitcount = unpack( '%32b*', $mask );
572 And an even parity bit can be determined like this:
574 my $evenparity = unpack( '%1b*', $mask );
576 Unicode
578 Unicode is a character set that can represent most characters in most
579 of the world's languages, providing room for over one million different
580 characters. Unicode 3.1 specifies 94,140 characters: The Basic Latin
581 characters are assigned to the numbers 0 - 127. The Latin-1 Supplement
582 with characters that are used in several European languages is in the
583 next range, up to 255. After some more Latin extensions we find the
584 character sets from languages using non-Roman alphabets, interspersed
585 with a variety of symbol sets such as currency symbols, Zapf Dingbats
586 or Braille. (You might want to visit <http://www.unicode.org/> for a
587 look at some of them - my personal favourites are Telugu and Kannada.)
588 The Unicode character sets associates characters with integers.
590 Encoding these numbers in an equal number of bytes would more than
591 double the requirements for storing texts written in Latin alphabets.
592 The UTF-8 encoding avoids this by storing the most common (from a
593 western point of view) characters in a single byte while encoding the
594 rarer ones in three or more bytes.
595 Perl uses UTF-8, internally, for most Unicode strings.
597 So what has this got to do with "pack"? Well, if you want to compose a
599 Unicode string (that is internally encoded as UTF-8), you can do so by
600 using template code "U". As an example, let's produce the Euro currency
601 symbol (code number 0x20AC):
602 $UTF8{Euro} = pack( 'U', 0x20AC );
604 # Equivalent to: $UTF8{Euro} = "\x{20ac}";
605 Inspecting $UTF8{Euro} shows that it contains 3 bytes: "\xe2\x82\xac".
607 However, it contains only 1 character, number 0x20AC. The round trip
608 can be completed with "unpack":
609 $Unicode{Euro} = unpack( 'U', $UTF8{Euro} );
611 Unpacking using the "U" template code also works on UTF-8 encoded byte
613 strings.
614 Usually you'll want to pack or unpack UTF-8 strings:
616 # pack and unpack the Hebrew alphabet
618 my $alefbet = pack( 'U*', 0x05d0..0x05ea );
619 my @hebrew = unpack( 'U*', $utf );
620 Please note: in the general case, you're better off using
622 "Encode::decode('UTF-8', $utf)" to decode a UTF-8 encoded byte string
623 to a Perl Unicode string, and "Encode::encode('UTF-8', $str)" to encode
624 a Perl Unicode string to UTF-8 bytes. These functions provide means of
625 handling invalid byte sequences and generally have a friendlier
626 interface.
627 Another Portable Binary Encoding
629 The pack code "w" has been added to support a portable binary data
630 encoding scheme that goes way beyond simple integers. (Details can be
631 found at <http://Casbah.org/>, the Scarab project.) A BER (Binary
632 Encoded Representation) compressed unsigned integer stores base 128
633 digits, most significant digit first, with as few digits as possible.
634 Bit eight (the high bit) is set on each byte except the last. There is
635 no size limit to BER encoding, but Perl won't go to extremes.
636 my $berbuf = pack( 'w*', 1, 128, 128+1, 128*128+127 );
638 A hex dump of $berbuf, with spaces inserted at the right places, shows
640 01 8100 8101 81807F. Since the last byte is always less than 128,
641 "unpack" knows where to stop.
642
644 Prior to Perl 5.8, repetitions of templates had to be made by
645 "x"-multiplication of template strings. Now there is a better way as we
646 may use the pack codes "(" and ")" combined with a repeat count. The
647 "unpack" template from the Stack Frame example can simply be written
648 like this:
649 unpack( 'v2 (vXXCC)5 v5', $frame )
651 Let's explore this feature a little more. We'll begin with the
653 equivalent of
654 join( '', map( substr( $_, 0, 1 ), @str ) )
656 which returns a string consisting of the first character from each
658 string. Using pack, we can write
659 pack( '(A)'.@str, @str )
661 or, because a repeat count "*" means "repeat as often as required",
663 simply
664 pack( '(A)*', @str )
666 (Note that the template "A*" would only have packed $str[0] in full
668 length.)
669 To pack dates stored as triplets ( day, month, year ) in an array
671 @dates into a sequence of byte, byte, short integer we can write
672 $pd = pack( '(CCS)*', map( @$_, @dates ) );
674 To swap pairs of characters in a string (with even length) one could
676 use several techniques. First, let's use "x" and "X" to skip forward
677 and back:
678 $s = pack( '(A)*', unpack( '(xAXXAx)*', $s ) );
680 We can also use "@" to jump to an offset, with 0 being the position
682 where we were when the last "(" was encountered:
683 $s = pack( '(A)*', unpack( '(@1A @0A @2)*', $s ) );
685 Finally, there is also an entirely different approach by unpacking big
687 endian shorts and packing them in the reverse byte order:
688 $s = pack( '(v)*', unpack( '(n)*', $s );
690
692 String Lengths
693 In the previous section we've seen a network message that was
694 constructed by prefixing the binary message length to the actual
695 message. You'll find that packing a length followed by so many bytes of
696 data is a frequently used recipe since appending a null byte won't work
697 if a null byte may be part of the data. Here is an example where both
698 techniques are used: after two null terminated strings with source and
699 destination address, a Short Message (to a mobile phone) is sent after
700 a length byte:
701 my $msg = pack( 'Z*Z*CA*', $src, $dst, length( $sm ), $sm );
703 Unpacking this message can be done with the same template:
705 ( $src, $dst, $len, $sm ) = unpack( 'Z*Z*CA*', $msg );
707 There's a subtle trap lurking in the offing: Adding another field after
709 the Short Message (in variable $sm) is all right when packing, but this
710 cannot be unpacked naively:
711 # pack a message
713 my $msg = pack( 'Z*Z*CA*C', $src, $dst, length( $sm ), $sm, $prio );
714 # unpack fails - $prio remains undefined!
716 ( $src, $dst, $len, $sm, $prio ) = unpack( 'Z*Z*CA*C', $msg );
717 The pack code "A*" gobbles up all remaining bytes, and $prio remains
719 undefined! Before we let disappointment dampen the morale: Perl's got
720 the trump card to make this trick too, just a little further up the
721 sleeve. Watch this:
722 # pack a message: ASCIIZ, ASCIIZ, length/string, byte
724 my $msg = pack( 'Z* Z* C/A* C', $src, $dst, $sm, $prio );
725 # unpack
727 ( $src, $dst, $sm, $prio ) = unpack( 'Z* Z* C/A* C', $msg );
728 Combining two pack codes with a slash ("/") associates them with a
730 single value from the argument list. In "pack", the length of the
731 argument is taken and packed according to the first code while the
732 argument itself is added after being converted with the template code
733 after the slash. This saves us the trouble of inserting the "length"
734 call, but it is in "unpack" where we really score: The value of the
735 length byte marks the end of the string to be taken from the buffer.
736 Since this combination doesn't make sense except when the second pack
737 code isn't "a*", "A*" or "Z*", Perl won't let you.
738 The pack code preceding "/" may be anything that's fit to represent a
740 number: All the numeric binary pack codes, and even text codes such as
741 "A4" or "Z*":
742 # pack/unpack a string preceded by its length in ASCII
744 my $buf = pack( 'A4/A*', "Humpty-Dumpty" );
745 # unpack $buf: '13 Humpty-Dumpty'
746 my $txt = unpack( 'A4/A*', $buf );
747 "/" is not implemented in Perls before 5.6, so if your code is required
749 to work on ancient Perls you'll need to "unpack( 'Z* Z* C')" to get the
750 length, then use it to make a new unpack string. For example
751 # pack a message: ASCIIZ, ASCIIZ, length, string, byte
753 # (5.005 compatible)
754 my $msg = pack( 'Z* Z* C A* C', $src, $dst, length $sm, $sm, $prio );
755 # unpack
757 ( undef, undef, $len) = unpack( 'Z* Z* C', $msg );
758 ($src, $dst, $sm, $prio) = unpack ( "Z* Z* x A$len C", $msg );
759 But that second "unpack" is rushing ahead. It isn't using a simple
761 literal string for the template. So maybe we should introduce...
762 Dynamic Templates
764 So far, we've seen literals used as templates. If the list of pack
765 items doesn't have fixed length, an expression constructing the
766 template is required (whenever, for some reason, "()*" cannot be used).
767 Here's an example: To store named string values in a way that can be
768 conveniently parsed by a C program, we create a sequence of names and
769 null terminated ASCII strings, with "=" between the name and the value,
770 followed by an additional delimiting null byte. Here's how:
771 my $env = pack( '(A*A*Z*)' . keys( %Env ) . 'C',
773 map( { ( $_, '=', $Env{$_} ) } keys( %Env ) ), 0 );
774 Let's examine the cogs of this byte mill, one by one. There's the "map"
776 call, creating the items we intend to stuff into the $env buffer: to
777 each key (in $_) it adds the "=" separator and the hash entry value.
778 Each triplet is packed with the template code sequence "A*A*Z*" that is
779 repeated according to the number of keys. (Yes, that's what the "keys"
780 function returns in scalar context.) To get the very last null byte, we
781 add a 0 at the end of the "pack" list, to be packed with "C".
782 (Attentive readers may have noticed that we could have omitted the 0.)
783 For the reverse operation, we'll have to determine the number of items
785 in the buffer before we can let "unpack" rip it apart:
786 my $n = $env =~ tr/\0// - 1;
788 my %env = map( split( /=/, $_ ), unpack( "(Z*)$n", $env ) );
789 The "tr" counts the null bytes. The "unpack" call returns a list of
791 name-value pairs each of which is taken apart in the "map" block.
792 Counting Repetitions
794 Rather than storing a sentinel at the end of a data item (or a list of
795 items), we could precede the data with a count. Again, we pack keys and
796 values of a hash, preceding each with an unsigned short length count,
797 and up front we store the number of pairs:
798 my $env = pack( 'S(S/A* S/A*)*', scalar keys( %Env ), %Env );
800 This simplifies the reverse operation as the number of repetitions can
802 be unpacked with the "/" code:
803 my %env = unpack( 'S/(S/A* S/A*)', $env );
805 Note that this is one of the rare cases where you cannot use the same
807 template for "pack" and "unpack" because "pack" can't determine a
808 repeat count for a "()"-group.
809 Intel HEX
811 Intel HEX is a file format for representing binary data, mostly for
812 programming various chips, as a text file. (See
813 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hex> for a detailed description, and
814 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SREC_(file_format)> for the Motorola
815 S-record format, which can be unravelled using the same technique.)
816 Each line begins with a colon (':') and is followed by a sequence of
817 hexadecimal characters, specifying a byte count n (8 bit), an address
818 (16 bit, big endian), a record type (8 bit), n data bytes and a
819 checksum (8 bit) computed as the least significant byte of the two's
820 complement sum of the preceding bytes. Example: ":0300300002337A1E".
821 The first step of processing such a line is the conversion, to binary,
823 of the hexadecimal data, to obtain the four fields, while checking the
824 checksum. No surprise here: we'll start with a simple "pack" call to
825 convert everything to binary:
826 my $binrec = pack( 'H*', substr( $hexrec, 1 ) );
828 The resulting byte sequence is most convenient for checking the
830 checksum. Don't slow your program down with a for loop adding the
831 "ord" values of this string's bytes - the "unpack" code "%" is the
832 thing to use for computing the 8-bit sum of all bytes, which must be
833 equal to zero:
834 die unless unpack( "%8C*", $binrec ) == 0;
836 Finally, let's get those four fields. By now, you shouldn't have any
838 problems with the first three fields - but how can we use the byte
839 count of the data in the first field as a length for the data field?
840 Here the codes "x" and "X" come to the rescue, as they permit jumping
841 back and forth in the string to unpack.
842 my( $addr, $type, $data ) = unpack( "x n C X4 C x3 /a", $bin );
844 Code "x" skips a byte, since we don't need the count yet. Code "n"
846 takes care of the 16-bit big-endian integer address, and "C" unpacks
847 the record type. Being at offset 4, where the data begins, we need the
848 count. "X4" brings us back to square one, which is the byte at offset
849 0. Now we pick up the count, and zoom forth to offset 4, where we are
850 now fully furnished to extract the exact number of data bytes, leaving
851 the trailing checksum byte alone.
852
854 In previous sections we have seen how to pack numbers and character
855 strings. If it were not for a couple of snags we could conclude this
856 section right away with the terse remark that C structures don't
857 contain anything else, and therefore you already know all there is to
858 it. Sorry, no: read on, please.
859 If you have to deal with a lot of C structures, and don't want to hack
861 all your template strings manually, you'll probably want to have a look
862 at the CPAN module "Convert::Binary::C". Not only can it parse your C
863 source directly, but it also has built-in support for all the odds and
864 ends described further on in this section.
865 The Alignment Pit
867 In the consideration of speed against memory requirements the balance
868 has been tilted in favor of faster execution. This has influenced the
869 way C compilers allocate memory for structures: On architectures where
870 a 16-bit or 32-bit operand can be moved faster between places in
871 memory, or to or from a CPU register, if it is aligned at an even or
872 multiple-of-four or even at a multiple-of eight address, a C compiler
873 will give you this speed benefit by stuffing extra bytes into
874 structures. If you don't cross the C shoreline this is not likely to
875 cause you any grief (although you should care when you design large
876 data structures, or you want your code to be portable between
877 architectures (you do want that, don't you?)).
878 To see how this affects "pack" and "unpack", we'll compare these two C
880 structures:
881 typedef struct {
883 char c1;
884 short s;
885 char c2;
886 long l;
887 } gappy_t;
888 typedef struct {
890 long l;
891 short s;
892 char c1;
893 char c2;
894 } dense_t;
895 Typically, a C compiler allocates 12 bytes to a "gappy_t" variable, but
897 requires only 8 bytes for a "dense_t". After investigating this
898 further, we can draw memory maps, showing where the extra 4 bytes are
899 hidden:
900 0 +4 +8 +12
902 +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
903 |c1|xx| s |c2|xx|xx|xx| l | xx = fill byte
904 +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
905 gappy_t
906 0 +4 +8
908 +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
909 | l | h |c1|c2|
910 +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
911 dense_t
912 And that's where the first quirk strikes: "pack" and "unpack" templates
914 have to be stuffed with "x" codes to get those extra fill bytes.
915 The natural question: "Why can't Perl compensate for the gaps?"
917 warrants an answer. One good reason is that C compilers might provide
918 (non-ANSI) extensions permitting all sorts of fancy control over the
919 way structures are aligned, even at the level of an individual
920 structure field. And, if this were not enough, there is an insidious
921 thing called "union" where the amount of fill bytes cannot be derived
922 from the alignment of the next item alone.
923 OK, so let's bite the bullet. Here's one way to get the alignment right
925 by inserting template codes "x", which don't take a corresponding item
926 from the list:
927 my $gappy = pack( 'cxs cxxx l!', $c1, $s, $c2, $l );
929 Note the "!" after "l": We want to make sure that we pack a long
931 integer as it is compiled by our C compiler. And even now, it will only
932 work for the platforms where the compiler aligns things as above. And
933 somebody somewhere has a platform where it doesn't. [Probably a Cray,
934 where "short"s, "int"s and "long"s are all 8 bytes. :-)]
935 Counting bytes and watching alignments in lengthy structures is bound
937 to be a drag. Isn't there a way we can create the template with a
938 simple program? Here's a C program that does the trick:
939 #include <stdio.h>
941 #include <stddef.h>
942 typedef struct {
944 char fc1;
945 short fs;
946 char fc2;
947 long fl;
948 } gappy_t;
949 #define Pt(struct,field,tchar) \
951 printf( "@%d%s ", offsetof(struct,field), # tchar );
952 int main() {
954 Pt( gappy_t, fc1, c );
955 Pt( gappy_t, fs, s! );
956 Pt( gappy_t, fc2, c );
957 Pt( gappy_t, fl, l! );
958 printf( "\n" );
959 }
960 The output line can be used as a template in a "pack" or "unpack" call:
962 my $gappy = pack( '@0c @2s! @4c @8l!', $c1, $s, $c2, $l );
964 Gee, yet another template code - as if we hadn't plenty. But "@" saves
966 our day by enabling us to specify the offset from the beginning of the
967 pack buffer to the next item: This is just the value the "offsetof"
968 macro (defined in "<stddef.h>") returns when given a "struct" type and
969 one of its field names ("member-designator" in C standardese).
970 Neither using offsets nor adding "x"'s to bridge the gaps is
972 satisfactory. (Just imagine what happens if the structure changes.)
973 What we really need is a way of saying "skip as many bytes as required
974 to the next multiple of N". In fluent Templatese, you say this with
975 "x!N" where N is replaced by the appropriate value. Here's the next
976 version of our struct packaging:
977 my $gappy = pack( 'c x!2 s c x!4 l!', $c1, $s, $c2, $l );
979 That's certainly better, but we still have to know how long all the
981 integers are, and portability is far away. Rather than 2, for instance,
982 we want to say "however long a short is". But this can be done by
983 enclosing the appropriate pack code in brackets: "[s]". So, here's the
984 very best we can do:
985 my $gappy = pack( 'c x![s] s c x![l!] l!', $c1, $s, $c2, $l );
987 Dealing with Endian-ness
989 Now, imagine that we want to pack the data for a machine with a
990 different byte-order. First, we'll have to figure out how big the data
991 types on the target machine really are. Let's assume that the longs are
992 32 bits wide and the shorts are 16 bits wide. You can then rewrite the
993 template as:
994 my $gappy = pack( 'c x![s] s c x![l] l', $c1, $s, $c2, $l );
996 If the target machine is little-endian, we could write:
998 my $gappy = pack( 'c x![s] s< c x![l] l<', $c1, $s, $c2, $l );
1000 This forces the short and the long members to be little-endian, and is
1002 just fine if you don't have too many struct members. But we could also
1003 use the byte-order modifier on a group and write the following:
1004 my $gappy = pack( '( c x![s] s c x![l] l )<', $c1, $s, $c2, $l );
1006 This is not as short as before, but it makes it more obvious that we
1008 intend to have little-endian byte-order for a whole group, not only for
1009 individual template codes. It can also be more readable and easier to
1010 maintain.
1011 Alignment, Take 2
1013 I'm afraid that we're not quite through with the alignment catch yet.
1014 The hydra raises another ugly head when you pack arrays of structures:
1015 typedef struct {
1017 short count;
1018 char glyph;
1019 } cell_t;
1020 typedef cell_t buffer_t[BUFLEN];
1022 Where's the catch? Padding is neither required before the first field
1024 "count", nor between this and the next field "glyph", so why can't we
1025 simply pack like this:
1026 # something goes wrong here:
1028 pack( 's!a' x @buffer,
1029 map{ ( $_->{count}, $_->{glyph} ) } @buffer );
1030 This packs "3*@buffer" bytes, but it turns out that the size of
1032 "buffer_t" is four times "BUFLEN"! The moral of the story is that the
1033 required alignment of a structure or array is propagated to the next
1034 higher level where we have to consider padding at the end of each
1035 component as well. Thus the correct template is:
1036 pack( 's!ax' x @buffer,
1038 map{ ( $_->{count}, $_->{glyph} ) } @buffer );
1039 Alignment, Take 3
1041 And even if you take all the above into account, ANSI still lets this:
1042 typedef struct {
1044 char foo[2];
1045 } foo_t;
1046 vary in size. The alignment constraint of the structure can be greater
1048 than any of its elements. [And if you think that this doesn't affect
1049 anything common, dismember the next cellphone that you see. Many have
1050 ARM cores, and the ARM structure rules make "sizeof (foo_t)" == 4]
1051 Pointers for How to Use Them
1053 The title of this section indicates the second problem you may run into
1054 sooner or later when you pack C structures. If the function you intend
1055 to call expects a, say, "void *" value, you cannot simply take a
1056 reference to a Perl variable. (Although that value certainly is a
1057 memory address, it's not the address where the variable's contents are
1058 stored.)
1059 Template code "P" promises to pack a "pointer to a fixed length
1061 string". Isn't this what we want? Let's try:
1062 # allocate some storage and pack a pointer to it
1064 my $memory = "\x00" x $size;
1065 my $memptr = pack( 'P', $memory );
1066 But wait: doesn't "pack" just return a sequence of bytes? How can we
1068 pass this string of bytes to some C code expecting a pointer which is,
1069 after all, nothing but a number? The answer is simple: We have to
1070 obtain the numeric address from the bytes returned by "pack".
1071 my $ptr = unpack( 'L!', $memptr );
1073 Obviously this assumes that it is possible to typecast a pointer to an
1075 unsigned long and vice versa, which frequently works but should not be
1076 taken as a universal law. - Now that we have this pointer the next
1077 question is: How can we put it to good use? We need a call to some C
1078 function where a pointer is expected. The read(2) system call comes to
1079 mind:
1080 ssize_t read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count);
1082 After reading perlfunc explaining how to use "syscall" we can write
1084 this Perl function copying a file to standard output:
1085 require 'syscall.ph'; # run h2ph to generate this file
1087 sub cat($){
1088 my $path = shift();
1089 my $size = -s $path;
1090 my $memory = "\x00" x $size; # allocate some memory
1091 my $ptr = unpack( 'L', pack( 'P', $memory ) );
1092 open( F, $path ) || die( "$path: cannot open ($!)\n" );
1093 my $fd = fileno(F);
1094 my $res = syscall( &SYS_read, fileno(F), $ptr, $size );
1095 print $memory;
1096 close( F );
1097 }
1098 This is neither a specimen of simplicity nor a paragon of portability
1100 but it illustrates the point: We are able to sneak behind the scenes
1101 and access Perl's otherwise well-guarded memory! (Important note:
1102 Perl's "syscall" does not require you to construct pointers in this
1103 roundabout way. You simply pass a string variable, and Perl forwards
1104 the address.)
1105 How does "unpack" with "P" work? Imagine some pointer in the buffer
1107 about to be unpacked: If it isn't the null pointer (which will smartly
1108 produce the "undef" value) we have a start address - but then what?
1109 Perl has no way of knowing how long this "fixed length string" is, so
1110 it's up to you to specify the actual size as an explicit length after
1111 "P".
1112 my $mem = "abcdefghijklmn";
1114 print unpack( 'P5', pack( 'P', $mem ) ); # prints "abcde"
1115 As a consequence, "pack" ignores any number or "*" after "P".
1117 Now that we have seen "P" at work, we might as well give "p" a whirl.
1119 Why do we need a second template code for packing pointers at all? The
1120 answer lies behind the simple fact that an "unpack" with "p" promises a
1121 null-terminated string starting at the address taken from the buffer,
1122 and that implies a length for the data item to be returned:
1123 my $buf = pack( 'p', "abc\x00efhijklmn" );
1125 print unpack( 'p', $buf ); # prints "abc"
1126 Albeit this is apt to be confusing: As a consequence of the length
1128 being implied by the string's length, a number after pack code "p" is a
1129 repeat count, not a length as after "P".
1130 Using "pack(..., $x)" with "P" or "p" to get the address where $x is
1132 actually stored must be used with circumspection. Perl's internal
1133 machinery considers the relation between a variable and that address as
1134 its very own private matter and doesn't really care that we have
1135 obtained a copy. Therefore:
1136 · Do not use "pack" with "p" or "P" to obtain the address of variable
1138 that's bound to go out of scope (and thereby freeing its memory)
1139 before you are done with using the memory at that address.
1140 · Be very careful with Perl operations that change the value of the
1142 variable. Appending something to the variable, for instance, might
1143 require reallocation of its storage, leaving you with a pointer
1144 into no-man's land.
1145 · Don't think that you can get the address of a Perl variable when it
1147 is stored as an integer or double number! "pack('P', $x)" will
1148 force the variable's internal representation to string, just as if
1149 you had written something like "$x .= ''".
1150 It's safe, however, to P- or p-pack a string literal, because Perl
1152 simply allocates an anonymous variable.
1153
1155 Here are a collection of (possibly) useful canned recipes for "pack"
1156 and "unpack":
1157 # Convert IP address for socket functions
1159 pack( "C4", split /\./, "123.4.5.6" );
1160 # Count the bits in a chunk of memory (e.g. a select vector)
1162 unpack( '%32b*', $mask );
1163 # Determine the endianness of your system
1165 $is_little_endian = unpack( 'c', pack( 's', 1 ) );
1166 $is_big_endian = unpack( 'xc', pack( 's', 1 ) );
1167 # Determine the number of bits in a native integer
1169 $bits = unpack( '%32I!', ~0 );
1170 # Prepare argument for the nanosleep system call
1172 my $timespec = pack( 'L!L!', $secs, $nanosecs );
1173 For a simple memory dump we unpack some bytes into just as many pairs
1175 of hex digits, and use "map" to handle the traditional spacing - 16
1176 bytes to a line:
1177 my $i;
1179 print map( ++$i % 16 ? "$_ " : "$_\n",
1180 unpack( 'H2' x length( $mem ), $mem ) ),
1181 length( $mem ) % 16 ? "\n" : '';
1182
1184 # Pulling digits out of nowhere...
1185 print unpack( 'C', pack( 'x' ) ),
1186 unpack( '%B*', pack( 'A' ) ),
1187 unpack( 'H', pack( 'A' ) ),
1188 unpack( 'A', unpack( 'C', pack( 'A' ) ) ), "\n";
1189 # One for the road ;-)
1191 my $advice = pack( 'all u can in a van' );
1192
1194 Simon Cozens and Wolfgang Laun.
1195perl v5.30.2 2020-03-27 PERLPACKTUT(1)