1XCALC(1)                    General Commands Manual                   XCALC(1)
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NAME

6       xcalc - scientific calculator for X
7

SYNOPSIS

9       xcalc [-stipple] [-rpn] [-toolkitoption...]
10

DESCRIPTION

12       xcalc  is  a scientific calculator desktop accessory that can emulate a
13       TI-30 or an HP-10C.
14

OPTIONS

16       xcalc accepts all of the standard toolkit command  line  options  along
17       with two additional options:
18
19       -stipple
20               This  option  indicates  that  the background of the calculator
21               should be drawn using a stipple of  the  foreground  and  back‐
22               ground colors.  On monochrome displays improves the appearance.
23
24       -rpn    This  option  indicates  that Reverse Polish Notation should be
25               used.  In this mode the calculator will look and behave like an
26               HP-10C.  Without this flag, it will emulate a TI-30.
27

OPERATION

29       Pointer Usage: Operations may be performed with pointer button 1, or in
30       some cases, with the keyboard.  Many common calculator operations  have
31       keyboard  accelerators.   To quit, press pointer button 3 on the AC key
32       of the TI calculator, or the ON key of the HP calculator.
33
34       Calculator Key Usage (TI mode): The numbered keys, the +/- key, and the
35       +,  -,  *,  /, and = keys all do exactly what you would expect them to.
36       It should be noted that the operators obey the standard rules of prece‐
37       dence.   Thus, entering "3+4*5=" results in "23", not "35".  The paren‐
38       theses can be used to override this.  For  example,  "(1+2+3)*(4+5+6)="
39       results in "6*15=90".
40
41       The  entire  number in the calculator display can be selected, in order
42       to paste the result of a calculation into text.
43
44       The action procedures associated with each function  are  given  below.
45       These are useful if you are interested in defining a custom calculator.
46       The action used for all digit keys is digit(n), where n is  the  corre‐
47       sponding digit, 0..9.
48
49       1/x       Replaces  the number in the display with its reciprocal.  The
50                 corresponding action procedure is reciprocal().
51
52       x^2       Squares the number in the display.  The corresponding  action
53                 procedure is square().
54
55       SQRT      Takes the square root of the number in the display.  The cor‐
56                 responding action procedure is squareRoot().
57
58       CE/C      When pressed once, clears the number in the  display  without
59                 clearing  the state of the machine.  Allows you to re-enter a
60                 number if you make a mistake.  Pressing it twice  clears  the
61                 state,  also.  The corresponding action procedure for TI mode
62                 is clear().
63
64       AC        Clears the display, the state, and the memory.   Pressing  it
65                 with  the  third  pointer button turns off the calculator, in
66                 that it exits the program.  The action procedure to clear the
67                 state is off(); to quit, quit().
68
69       INV       Invert  function.   See  the individual function keys for de‐
70                 tails.  The corresponding action procedure is inverse().
71
72       sin       Computes the sine of the number in  the  display,  as  inter‐
73                 preted  by  the  current  DRG  mode (see DRG, below).  If in‐
74                 verted, it computes the arcsine.   The  corresponding  action
75                 procedure is sine().
76
77       cos       Computes  the cosine, or arccosine when inverted.  The corre‐
78                 sponding action procedure is cosine().
79
80       tan       Computes the tangent, or arctangent when inverted.  The  cor‐
81                 responding action procedure is tangent().
82
83       DRG       Changes the DRG mode, as indicated by 'DEG', 'RAD', or 'GRAD'
84                 at the bottom of the calculator ``liquid  crystal''  display.
85                 When in 'DEG' mode, numbers in the display are taken as being
86                 degrees.  In 'RAD' mode,  numbers  are  in  radians,  and  in
87                 'GRAD'  mode,  numbers  are in grads.  When inverted, the DRG
88                 key has a feature of converting degrees to radians  to  grads
89                 and  vice-versa.   Example:   put  the  calculator into 'DEG'
90                 mode, and enter "45 INV DRG".  The display  should  now  show
91                 something  along  the lines of ".785398", which is 45 degrees
92                 converted to radians.  The corresponding action procedure  is
93                 degree().
94
95       e         The  constant 'e'.  (2.7182818...).  The corresponding action
96                 procedure is e().
97
98       EE        Used for entering exponential numbers.  For example,  to  get
99                 "-2.3E-4"  you'd enter "2 . 3 +/- EE 4 +/-".  The correspond‐
100                 ing action procedure is scientific().
101
102       log       Calculates the log (base 10) of the number  in  the  display.
103                 When inverted, it raises "10.0" to the number in the display.
104                 For example, entering "3 INV log" should  result  in  "1000".
105                 The corresponding action procedure is logarithm().
106
107       ln        Calculates  the  log  (base  e) of the number in the display.
108                 When inverted, it raises "e" to the number  in  the  display.
109                 For  example, entering "e ln" should result in "1".  The cor‐
110                 responding action procedure is naturalLog().
111
112       y^x       Raises the number on the left to the power of the  number  on
113                 the  right.  For example "2 y^x 3 =" results in "8", which is
114                 2^3.  For a further example, "(1+2+3) y^x (1+2) =" equals  "6
115                 y^x  3"  which equals "216".  The corresponding action proce‐
116                 dure is power().
117
118       not       Performs a bitwise not.  The corresponding  action  procedure
119                 is not().
120
121       and       Performs  a  bitwise and.  The corresponding action procedure
122                 is and().
123
124       or        Performs a bitwise or.  The corresponding action procedure is
125                 or().
126
127       xor       Performs  a  bitwise  exclusive or.  The corresponding action
128                 procedure is xor().
129
130       trunc     Truncates the number in the display to an integer.  The  cor‐
131                 responding action procedure is trunc().
132
133       PI        The constant 'pi'.  (3.1415927....)  The corresponding action
134                 procedure is pi().
135
136       x!        Computes the factorial of the number  in  the  display.   The
137                 number  in the display must be an integer in the range 0-500,
138                 though, depending on your math  library,  it  might  overflow
139                 long before that.  The corresponding action procedure is fac‐
140                 torial().
141
142       (         Left parenthesis.  The corresponding action procedure for  TI
143                 calculators is leftParen().
144
145       )         Right parenthesis.  The corresponding action procedure for TI
146                 calculators is rightParen().
147
148       base      Changes the number base, as  indicated  by  'DEC',  'HEX,  or
149                 'OCT' at the bottom of the calculator display.  When in 'DEC'
150                 mode, numbers in the display are taken as being decimal (base
151                 10).   In  'HEX'  mode, numbers are in hexadecimal (base 16),
152                 and in 'OCT' mode, numbers are in octal (base 8).  The corre‐
153                 sponding action procedure is base().
154
155       shl       Performs  an arithmetic bitwise shift left,  For example, en‐
156                 tering "1 shl 2" should result in "4".  The corresponding ac‐
157                 tion procedure is shl().
158
159       shr       Performs an arithmetic bitwise shift right,  For example, en‐
160                 tering "8 shr 1" should result in "4".  The corresponding ac‐
161                 tion procedure is shr().
162
163       mod       Performs the modulo operation, which calculates the remainder
164                 when dividing the first number by the second.   For  example,
165                 entering  "14 mod 8" should result in "6".  The corresponding
166                 action procedure is mod().
167
168       /         Division.  The corresponding action procedure is divide().
169
170       *         Multiplication.  The corresponding action procedure is multi‐
171                 ply().
172
173       -         Subtraction.   The  corresponding  action  procedure  is sub‐
174                 tract().
175
176       +         Addition.  The corresponding action procedure is add().
177
178       =         Perform calculation.  The  TI-specific  action  procedure  is
179                 equal().
180
181       STO       Copies the number in the display to the memory location.  The
182                 corresponding action procedure is store().
183
184       RCL       Copies the number from the memory location  to  the  display.
185                 The corresponding action procedure is recall().
186
187       SUM       Adds  the  number  in the display to the number in the memory
188                 location.  The corresponding action procedure is sum().
189
190       EXC       Swaps the number in the display with the number in the memory
191                 location.  The corresponding action procedure for the TI cal‐
192                 culator is exchange().
193
194       +/-       Negate; change sign.  The corresponding action  procedure  is
195                 negate().
196
197       .         Decimal point.  The action procedure is decimal().
198
199
200       Calculator Key Usage (RPN mode): The number keys, CHS (change sign), +,
201       -, *, /, and ENTR keys all do exactly what you would expect them to do.
202       Many of the remaining keys are the same as in TI mode.  The differences
203       are detailed below.  The action procedure for the ENTR key is enter().
204
205
206       <-        This is a backspace key that can be used if you make  a  mis‐
207                 take  while entering a number.  It will erase digits from the
208                 display.  (See BUGS).  Inverse backspace  will  clear  the  X
209                 register.  The corresponding action procedure is back().
210
211       ON        Clears  the  display, the state, and the memory.  Pressing it
212                 with the third pointer button turns off  the  calculator,  in
213                 that it exits the program.  To clear state, the action proce‐
214                 dure is off; to quit, quit().
215
216       INV       Inverts the meaning of the function keys.  This would be  the
217                 f  key on an HP calculator, but xcalc does not display multi‐
218                 ple legends on each key.  See the  individual  function  keys
219                 for details.
220
221       10^x      Raises  "10.0"  to  the number in the top of the stack.  When
222                 inverted, it calculates the log (base 10) of  the  number  in
223                 the  display.   The  corresponding  action  procedure is ten‐
224                 power().
225
226       e^x       Raises "e" to the number in the top of the stack.   When  in‐
227                 verted,  it  calculates the log (base e) of the number in the
228                 display.  The action procedure is epower().
229
230       STO       Copies the number in the top of the stack to a  memory  loca‐
231                 tion.   There are 10 memory locations.  The desired memory is
232                 specified by following this key with a digit key.
233
234       RCL       Pushes the number from the specified memory location onto the
235                 stack.
236
237       SUM       Adds  the  number  on  top  of the stack to the number in the
238                 specified memory location.
239
240       x:y       Exchanges the numbers in the top two stack positions,  the  X
241                 and  Y registers.  The corresponding action procedure is Xex‐
242                 changeY().
243
244       R v       Rolls the stack downward.  When inverted, it rolls the  stack
245                 upward.  The corresponding action procedure is roll().
246
247       blank     These keys were used for programming functions on the HP-10C.
248                 Their functionality has not been duplicated in xcalc.
249
250       Finally, there are two  additional  action  procedures:  bell(),  which
251       rings  the  bell;  and  selection(), which performs a cut on the entire
252       number in the calculator's ``liquid crystal'' display.
253

ACCELERATORS

255       Accelerators are shortcuts for entering commands.  xcalc provides  some
256       sample  keyboard  accelerators;  also users can customize accelerators.
257       The numeric keypad accelerators provided by xcalc should be intuitively
258       correct.   The  accelerators  defined by xcalc on the main keyboard are
259       given below:
260
261       TI Key   HP Key   Keyboard Accelerator   TI Function    HP Function
262       ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
263       SQRT     SQRT     r                      squareRoot()   squareRoot()
264
265       AC       ON       space                  clear()        clear()
266       AC       <-       Delete                 clear()        back()
267       AC       <-       Backspace              clear()        back()
268       AC       <-       Control-H              clear()        back()
269       AC                Clear                  clear()
270       AC       ON       q                      quit()         quit()
271       AC       ON       Control-C              quit()         quit()
272
273       INV      i        i                      inverse()      inverse()
274       sin      s        s                      sine()         sine()
275       cos      c        c                      cosine()       cosine()
276       tan      t        t                      tangent()      tangent()
277       DRG      DRG      d                      degree()       degree()
278
279       e                 e                      e()
280       ln       ln       l                      naturalLog()   naturalLog()
281       y^x      y^x      ^                      power()        power()
282
283       PI       PI       p                      pi()           pi()
284       x!       x!       !                      factorial()    factorial()
285       (                 (                      leftParen()
286       )                 )                      rightParen()
287
288       /        /        /                      divide()       divide()
289       *        *        *                      multiply()     multiply()
290       -        -        -                      subtract()     subtract()
291       +        +        +                      add()          add()
292       =                 =                      equal()
293
294       0..9     0..9     0..9                   digit()        digit()
295       +/-      CHS      n                      negate()       negate()
296
297                x:y      x                                     XexchangeY()
298                ENTR     Return                                enter()
299                ENTR     Linefeed                              enter()
300

CUSTOMIZATION

302       The application class name is XCalc.
303
304       xcalc has an enormous application defaults file which specifies the po‐
305       sition,  label,  and  function  of each key on the calculator.  It also
306       gives translations to serve as keyboard  accelerators.   Because  these
307       resources  are  not specified in the source code, you can create a cus‐
308       tomized calculator by writing a private application defaults file,  us‐
309       ing  the  Athena  Command and Form widget resources to specify the size
310       and position of buttons, the label for each button, and the function of
311       each button.
312
313       The  foreground and background colors of each calculator key can be in‐
314       dividually specified.  For the TI calculator,  a  classical  color  re‐
315       source specification might be:
316
317       XCalc.ti.Command.background:          gray50
318       XCalc.ti.Command.foreground:          white
319
320       For each of buttons 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40, specify:
321       XCalc.ti.button20.background:         black
322       XCalc.ti.button20.foreground:         white
323
324       For each of buttons 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, and 39:
325       XCalc.ti.button22.background:         white
326       XCalc.ti.button22.foreground:         black
327

WIDGET HIERARCHY

329       In  order  to  specify resources, it is useful to know the hierarchy of
330       the widgets which compose xcalc.  In the  notation  below,  indentation
331       indicates  hierarchical  structure.   The  widget  class  name is given
332       first, followed by the widget instance name.
333       XCalc xcalc
334               Form  ti  or  hp    (the name depends on the mode)
335                       Form  bevel
336                               Form  screen
337                                       Label  M
338                                       Toggle  LCD
339                                       Label  INV
340                                       Label  DEG
341                                       Label  RAD
342                                       Label  GRAD
343                                       Label  P
344                       Command  button1
345                       Command  button2
346                       Command  button3
347       and so on, ...
348                       Command  button38
349                       Command  button39
350                       Command  button40
351

APPLICATION RESOURCES

353       rpn (Class Rpn)
354               Specifies that the rpn mode should be used.  The default is  TI
355               mode.
356
357       stipple (Class Stipple)
358               Indicates  that the background should be stippled.  The default
359               is ``on'' for monochrome displays, and ``off'' for  color  dis‐
360               plays.
361
362       cursor (Class Cursor)
363               The  name of the symbol used to represent the pointer.  The de‐
364               fault is ``hand2''.
365

COLORS

367       If you would like xcalc to use its ti colors, include the following  in
368       the #ifdef COLOR section of the file you read with xrdb:
369
370       *customization:                 -color
371
372       This  will  cause xcalc to pick up the colors in the app-defaults color
373       customization file: /usr/share/X11/app-defaults/XCalc-color.
374

SEE ALSO

376       X(7), xrdb(1), the Athena Widget Set
377

BUGS

379       HP mode is not completely debugged.  In particular, the  stack  is  not
380       handled properly after errors.
381

AUTHORS

383       John Bradley, University of Pennsylvania
384       Mark Rosenstein, MIT Project Athena
385       Donna Converse, MIT X Consortium
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389X Version 11                      xcalc 1.1.1                         XCALC(1)
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