1XCALC(1) General Commands Manual XCALC(1)
2
6 xcalc - scientific calculator for X
7
9 xcalc [-stipple] [-rpn] [-toolkitoption...]
10 xcalc -version
11 xcalc -help
12
14 xcalc is a scientific calculator desktop accessory that can emulate a
15 TI-30 or an HP-10C.
16
18 xcalc accepts all of the standard toolkit command line options along
19 with these additional options:
20 -stipple
22 This option indicates that the background of the calculator
23 should be drawn using a stipple of the foreground and back‐
24 ground colors. On monochrome displays improves the appearance.
25 -rpn This option indicates that Reverse Polish Notation should be
27 used. In this mode the calculator will look and behave like an
28 HP-10C. Without this flag, it will emulate a TI-30.
29 -help This option indicates that xcalc should print its usage message
31 and exit.
32 -version
34 This option indicates that xcalc should print its version and
35 exit.
36
38 Pointer Usage: Operations may be performed with pointer button 1, or in
39 some cases, with the keyboard. Many common calculator operations have
40 keyboard accelerators. To quit, press pointer button 3 on the AC key
41 of the TI calculator, or the ON key of the HP calculator.
42 Calculator Key Usage (TI mode): The numbered keys, the +/- key, and the
44 +, -, *, /, and = keys all do exactly what you would expect them to.
45 It should be noted that the operators obey the standard rules of prece‐
46 dence. Thus, entering "3+4*5=" results in "23", not "35". The paren‐
47 theses can be used to override this. For example, "(1+2+3)*(4+5+6)="
48 results in "6*15=90".
49 The entire number in the calculator display can be selected, in order
51 to paste the result of a calculation into text.
52 The action procedures associated with each function are given below.
54 These are useful if you are interested in defining a custom calculator.
55 The action used for all digit keys is digit(n), where n is the corre‐
56 sponding digit, 0..9.
57 1/x Replaces the number in the display with its reciprocal. The
59 corresponding action procedure is reciprocal().
60 x^2 Squares the number in the display. The corresponding action
62 procedure is square().
63 SQRT Takes the square root of the number in the display. The cor‐
65 responding action procedure is squareRoot().
66 CE/C When pressed once, clears the number in the display without
68 clearing the state of the machine. Allows you to re-enter a
69 number if you make a mistake. Pressing it twice clears the
70 state, also. The corresponding action procedure for TI mode
71 is clear().
72 AC Clears the display, the state, and the memory. Pressing it
74 with the third pointer button turns off the calculator, in
75 that it exits the program. The action procedure to clear the
76 state is off(); to quit, quit().
77 INV Invert function. See the individual function keys for de‐
79 tails. The corresponding action procedure is inverse().
80 sin Computes the sine of the number in the display, as inter‐
82 preted by the current DRG mode (see DRG, below). If in‐
83 verted, it computes the arcsine. The corresponding action
84 procedure is sine().
85 cos Computes the cosine, or arccosine when inverted. The corre‐
87 sponding action procedure is cosine().
88 tan Computes the tangent, or arctangent when inverted. The cor‐
90 responding action procedure is tangent().
91 DRG Changes the DRG mode, as indicated by 'DEG', 'RAD', or 'GRAD'
93 at the bottom of the calculator ``liquid crystal'' display.
94 When in 'DEG' mode, numbers in the display are taken as being
95 degrees. In 'RAD' mode, numbers are in radians, and in
96 'GRAD' mode, numbers are in grads. When inverted, the DRG
97 key has a feature of converting degrees to radians to grads
98 and vice-versa. Example: put the calculator into 'DEG'
99 mode, and enter "45 INV DRG". The display should now show
100 something along the lines of ".785398", which is 45 degrees
101 converted to radians. The corresponding action procedure is
102 degree().
103 e The constant 'e'. (2.7182818...). The corresponding action
105 procedure is e().
106 EE Used for entering exponential numbers. For example, to get
108 "-2.3E-4" you'd enter "2 . 3 +/- EE 4 +/-". The correspond‐
109 ing action procedure is scientific().
110 log Calculates the log (base 10) of the number in the display.
112 When inverted, it raises "10.0" to the number in the display.
113 For example, entering "3 INV log" should result in "1000".
114 The corresponding action procedure is logarithm().
115 ln Calculates the log (base e) of the number in the display.
117 When inverted, it raises "e" to the number in the display.
118 For example, entering "e ln" should result in "1". The cor‐
119 responding action procedure is naturalLog().
120 y^x Raises the number on the left to the power of the number on
122 the right. For example "2 y^x 3 =" results in "8", which is
123 2^3. For a further example, "(1+2+3) y^x (1+2) =" equals "6
124 y^x 3" which equals "216". The corresponding action proce‐
125 dure is power().
126 not Performs a bitwise not. The corresponding action procedure
128 is not().
129 and Performs a bitwise and. The corresponding action procedure
131 is and().
132 or Performs a bitwise or. The corresponding action procedure is
134 or().
135 xor Performs a bitwise exclusive or. The corresponding action
137 procedure is xor().
138 trunc Truncates the number in the display to an integer. The cor‐
140 responding action procedure is trunc().
141 PI The constant 'pi'. (3.1415927....) The corresponding action
143 procedure is pi().
144 x! Computes the factorial of the number in the display. The
146 number in the display must be an integer in the range 0-500,
147 though, depending on your math library, it might overflow
148 long before that. The corresponding action procedure is fac‐
149 torial().
150 ( Left parenthesis. The corresponding action procedure for TI
152 calculators is leftParen().
153 ) Right parenthesis. The corresponding action procedure for TI
155 calculators is rightParen().
156 base Changes the number base, as indicated by 'DEC', 'HEX, or
158 'OCT' at the bottom of the calculator display. When in 'DEC'
159 mode, numbers in the display are taken as being decimal (base
160 10). In 'HEX' mode, numbers are in hexadecimal (base 16),
161 and in 'OCT' mode, numbers are in octal (base 8). The corre‐
162 sponding action procedure is base().
163 shl Performs an arithmetic bitwise shift left, For example, en‐
165 tering "1 shl 2" should result in "4". The corresponding ac‐
166 tion procedure is shl().
167 shr Performs an arithmetic bitwise shift right, For example, en‐
169 tering "8 shr 1" should result in "4". The corresponding ac‐
170 tion procedure is shr().
171 mod Performs the modulo operation, which calculates the remainder
173 when dividing the first number by the second. For example,
174 entering "14 mod 8" should result in "6". The corresponding
175 action procedure is mod().
176 / Division. The corresponding action procedure is divide().
178 * Multiplication. The corresponding action procedure is multi‐
180 ply().
181 - Subtraction. The corresponding action procedure is sub‐
183 tract().
184 + Addition. The corresponding action procedure is add().
186 = Perform calculation. The TI-specific action procedure is
188 equal().
189 STO Copies the number in the display to the memory location. The
191 corresponding action procedure is store().
192 RCL Copies the number from the memory location to the display.
194 The corresponding action procedure is recall().
195 SUM Adds the number in the display to the number in the memory
197 location. The corresponding action procedure is sum().
198 EXC Swaps the number in the display with the number in the memory
200 location. The corresponding action procedure for the TI cal‐
201 culator is exchange().
202 +/- Negate; change sign. The corresponding action procedure is
204 negate().
205 . Decimal point. The action procedure is decimal().
207 Calculator Key Usage (RPN mode): The number keys, CHS (change sign), +,
210 -, *, /, and ENTR keys all do exactly what you would expect them to do.
211 Many of the remaining keys are the same as in TI mode. The differences
212 are detailed below. The action procedure for the ENTR key is enter().
213 <- This is a backspace key that can be used if you make a mis‐
216 take while entering a number. It will erase digits from the
217 display. (See BUGS). Inverse backspace will clear the X
218 register. The corresponding action procedure is back().
219 ON Clears the display, the state, and the memory. Pressing it
221 with the third pointer button turns off the calculator, in
222 that it exits the program. To clear state, the action proce‐
223 dure is off; to quit, quit().
224 INV Inverts the meaning of the function keys. This would be the
226 f key on an HP calculator, but xcalc does not display multi‐
227 ple legends on each key. See the individual function keys
228 for details.
229 10^x Raises "10.0" to the number in the top of the stack. When
231 inverted, it calculates the log (base 10) of the number in
232 the display. The corresponding action procedure is ten‐
233 power().
234 e^x Raises "e" to the number in the top of the stack. When in‐
236 verted, it calculates the log (base e) of the number in the
237 display. The action procedure is epower().
238 STO Copies the number in the top of the stack to a memory loca‐
240 tion. There are 10 memory locations. The desired memory is
241 specified by following this key with a digit key.
242 RCL Pushes the number from the specified memory location onto the
244 stack.
245 SUM Adds the number on top of the stack to the number in the
247 specified memory location.
248 x:y Exchanges the numbers in the top two stack positions, the X
250 and Y registers. The corresponding action procedure is Xex‐
251 changeY().
252 R v Rolls the stack downward. When inverted, it rolls the stack
254 upward. The corresponding action procedure is roll().
255 blank These keys were used for programming functions on the HP-10C.
257 Their functionality has not been duplicated in xcalc.
258 Finally, there are two additional action procedures: bell(), which
260 rings the bell; and selection(), which performs a cut on the entire
261 number in the calculator's ``liquid crystal'' display.
262
264 Accelerators are shortcuts for entering commands. xcalc provides some
265 sample keyboard accelerators; also users can customize accelerators.
266 The numeric keypad accelerators provided by xcalc should be intuitively
267 correct. The accelerators defined by xcalc on the main keyboard are
268 given below:
269 TI Key HP Key Keyboard Accelerator TI Function HP Function
271 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
272 SQRT SQRT r squareRoot() squareRoot()
273 AC ON space clear() clear()
274 AC <- Delete clear() back()
275 AC <- Backspace clear() back()
276 AC <- Control-H clear() back()
277 AC Clear clear()
278 AC ON q quit() quit()
279 AC ON Control-C quit() quit()
280 INV i i inverse() inverse()
282 sin s s sine() sine()
283 cos c c cosine() cosine()
284 tan t t tangent() tangent()
285 DRG DRG d degree() degree()
286 e e e()
288 ln ln l naturalLog() naturalLog()
289 y^x y^x ^ power() power()
290 PI PI p pi() pi()
292 x! x! ! factorial() factorial()
293 ( ( leftParen()
294 ) ) rightParen()
295 / / / divide() divide()
297 * * * multiply() multiply()
298 - - - subtract() subtract()
299 + + + add() add()
300 = = equal()
301 0..9 0..9 0..9 digit() digit()
303 +/- CHS n negate() negate()
304 x:y x XexchangeY()
306 ENTR Return enter()
307 ENTR Linefeed enter()
308
310 The application class name is XCalc.
311 xcalc has an enormous application defaults file which specifies the po‐
313 sition, label, and function of each key on the calculator. It also
314 gives translations to serve as keyboard accelerators. Because these
315 resources are not specified in the source code, you can create a cus‐
316 tomized calculator by writing a private application defaults file, us‐
317 ing the Athena Command and Form widget resources to specify the size
318 and position of buttons, the label for each button, and the function of
319 each button.
320 The foreground and background colors of each calculator key can be in‐
322 dividually specified. For the TI calculator, a classical color re‐
323 source specification might be:
324 XCalc.ti.Command.background: gray50
326 XCalc.ti.Command.foreground: white
327 For each of buttons 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40, specify:
329 XCalc.ti.button20.background: black
330 XCalc.ti.button20.foreground: white
331 For each of buttons 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, and 39:
333 XCalc.ti.button22.background: white
334 XCalc.ti.button22.foreground: black
335
337 In order to specify resources, it is useful to know the hierarchy of
338 the widgets which compose xcalc. In the notation below, indentation
339 indicates hierarchical structure. The widget class name is given
340 first, followed by the widget instance name.
341 XCalc xcalc
342 Form ti or hp (the name depends on the mode)
343 Form bevel
344 Form screen
345 Label M
346 Toggle LCD
347 Label INV
348 Label DEG
349 Label RAD
350 Label GRAD
351 Label P
352 Command button1
353 Command button2
354 Command button3
355 and so on, ...
356 Command button38
357 Command button39
358 Command button40
359
361 rpn (Class Rpn)
362 Specifies that the rpn mode should be used. The default is TI
363 mode.
364 stipple (Class Stipple)
366 Indicates that the background should be stippled. The default
367 is ``on'' for monochrome displays, and ``off'' for color dis‐
368 plays.
369 cursor (Class Cursor)
371 The name of the symbol used to represent the pointer. The de‐
372 fault is ``hand2''.
373
375 If you would like xcalc to use its ti colors, include the following in
376 the #ifdef COLOR section of the file you read with xrdb:
377 *customization: -color
379 This will cause xcalc to pick up the colors in the app-defaults color
381 customization file: /usr/share/X11/app-defaults/XCalc-color.
382
384 X(7), xrdb(1), the Athena Widget Set
385
387 HP mode is not completely debugged. In particular, the stack is not
388 handled properly after errors.
389
391 John Bradley, University of Pennsylvania
392 Mark Rosenstein, MIT Project Athena
393 Donna Converse, MIT X Consortium
394X Version 11 xcalc 1.1.2 XCALC(1)