1gm(1) General Commands Manual gm(1)
2 NAME
6 gm - GraphicsMagick command-line utilities to create, edit, or
8 convert images
9
12 gm animate [ options ... ] file [ [ options ... ] file ... ]
13 gm composite [ options ... ] change-image base-image [ mask-image ]
15 output-image
16 gm conjure [ options ] script.msl [ [ options ] script.msl ]
18 gm convert [ [ options ... ] [ input-file ... ] ... [ output-file ] ]
20 gm display [ options ... ] file ... [ [options ... ]file ... ]
22 gm identify file [ file ... ]
24 gm import [ options ... ] file
26 gm mogrify [ options ... ] file ...
28 gm montage [ options ... ] file [ [ options ... ] file ... ] output-
30 file
31
33 GraphicsMagick's gm provides a suite of command-line utilities for
34 creating, converting, editing, and displaying images:
35 Gm display is a machine architecture independent image processing and
37 display facility. It can display an image on any workstation display
38 running an X server.
39 Gm import reads an image from any visible window on an X server and
41 outputs it as an image file. You can capture a single window, the
42 entire screen, or any rectangular portion of the screen.
43 Gm montage creates a composite by combining several separate images.
45 The images are tiled on the composite image with the name of the image
46 optionally appearing just below the individual tile.
47 Gm convert converts an input file using one image format to an output
49 file with the same or differing image format while applying an arbi‐
50 trary number of image transformations.
51 Gm mogrify transforms an image or a sequence of images. These trans‐
53 forms include image scaling, image rotation, color reduction, and oth‐
54 ers. The transmogrified image overwrites the original image.
55 Gm identify describes the format and characteristics of one or more
57 image files. It will also report if an image is incomplete or corrupt.
58 Gm composite composites images (blends or merges images together) to
60 create new images.
61 Gm conjure interprets and executes scripts in the Magick Scripting Lan‐
63 guage (MSL).
64 The GraphicsMagick utilities recognize the following image formats:
66 Name Mode Description
69 o 8BIM *rw- Photoshop resource format
70 o AFM *r-- TrueType font
71 o APP1 *rw- Photoshop resource format
72 o ART *r-- PF1: 1st Publisher
73 o AVI *r-- Audio/Visual Interleaved
74 o AVS *rw+ AVS X image
75 o BIE *rw- Joint Bi-level Image experts Group
76 interchange format
77 o BMP *rw+ Microsoft Windows bitmap image
78 o CAPTION *r+ Caption (requires separate size info)
79 o CMYK *rw- Raw cyan, magenta, yellow, and black
80 samples (8 or 16 bits, depending on
81 the image depth)
82 o CMYKA *rw- Raw cyan, magenta, yellow, black, and
83 matte samples (8 or 16 bits, depending
84 on the image depth)
85 o CUT *r-- DR Halo
86 o DCM *r-- Digital Imaging and Communications in
87 Medicine image
88 o DCX *rw+ ZSoft IBM PC multi-page Paintbrush
89 o DIB *rw+ Microsoft Windows bitmap image
90 o DPS *r-- Display PostScript
91 o DPX *r-- Digital Moving Picture Exchange
92 o EPDF *rw- Encapsulated Portable Document Format
93 o EPI *rw- Adobe Encapsulated PostScript
94 Interchange format
95 o EPS *rw- Adobe Encapsulated PostScript
96 o EPS2 *-w- Adobe Level II Encapsulated PostScript
97 o EPS3 *-w- Adobe Level III Encapsulated PostScript
98 o EPSF *rw- Adobe Encapsulated PostScript
99 o EPSI *rw- Adobe Encapsulated PostScript
100 Interchange format
101 o EPT *rw- Adobe Encapsulated PostScript with TIFF
102 preview
103 o FAX *rw+ Group 3 FAX
104 o FILE *r-- Uniform Resource Locator
105 o FITS *rw- Flexible Image Transport System
106 o FPX *rw- FlashPix Format
107 o FTP *r-- Uniform Resource Locator
108 o G3 *rw- Group 3 FAX
109 o GIF *rw+ CompuServe graphics interchange format
110 o GIF87 *rw- CompuServe graphics interchange format
111 (version 87a)
112 o GRADIENT *r-- Gradual passing from one shade to
113 another
114 o GRANITE *r-- Granite texture
115 o GRAY *rw+ Raw gray samples (8 or 16 bits,
116 depending on the image depth)
117 o H *rw- Internal format
118 o HDF -rw+ Hierarchical Data Format
119 o HISTOGRAM *-w- Histogram of the image
120 o HTM *-w- Hypertext Markup Language and a
121 client-side image map
122 o HTML *-w- Hypertext Markup Language and a
123 client-side image map
124 o HTTP *r-- Uniform Resource Locator
125 o ICB *rw+ Truevision Targa image
126 o ICM *rw- ICC Color Profile
127 o ICO *r-- Microsoft icon
128 o ICON *r-- Microsoft icon
129 o IPTC *rw- IPTC Newsphoto
130 o JBG *rw+ Joint Bi-level Image experts Group
131 interchange format
132 o JBIG *rw+ Joint Bi-level Image experts Group
133 interchange format
134 o JP2 *rw- JPEG-2000 JP2 File Format Syntax
135 o JPC *rw- JPEG-2000 Code Stream Syntax
136 o JPEG *rw- Joint Photographic Experts Group
137 JFIF format
138 o JPG *rw- Joint Photographic Experts Group
139 JFIF format
140 o LABEL *r-- Text image format
141 o LOGO *rw- GraphicsMagick Logo
142 o M2V *rw+ MPEG-2 Video Stream
143 o MAP *rw- Colormap intensities (8 or 16 bits,
144 depending on the image depth) and
145 indices (8 or 16 bits, depending
146 on whether colors exceeds 256).
147 o MAT *-w+ MATLAB image format
148 o MATTE *-w+ MATTE format
149 o MIFF *rw+ Magick image format
150 o MNG *rw+ Multiple-image Network Graphics
151 o MONO *rw- Bi-level bitmap in least-significant-
152 -byte-first order
153 o MPC -rw- Magick Persistent Cache image format
154 o MPEG *rw+ MPEG-1 Video Stream
155 o MPG *rw+ MPEG-1 Video Stream
156 o MPR *r-- Magick Persistent Registry
157 o MSL *r-- Magick Scripting Language
158 o MTV *rw+ MTV Raytracing image format
159 o MVG *rw- Magick Vector Graphics
160 o NETSCAPE *r-- Netscape 216 color cube
161 o NULL *r-- Constant image of uniform color
162 o OTB *rw- On-the-air bitmap
163 o P7 *rw+ Xv thumbnail format
164 o PAL *rw- 16bit/pixel interleaved YUV
165 o PALM *rw- Palm Pixmap format
166 o PBM *rw+ Portable bitmap format (black and white)
167 o PCD *rw- Photo CD
168 o PCDS *rw- Photo CD
169 o PCL *-w- Page Control Language
170 o PCT *rw- Apple Macintosh QuickDraw/PICT
171 o PCX *rw- ZSoft IBM PC Paintbrush
172 o PDB *r-- Pilot Image Format
173 o PDF *rw+ Portable Document Format
174 o PFA *r-- TrueType font
175 o PFB *r-- TrueType font
176 o PFM *r-- TrueType font
177 o PGM *rw+ Portable graymap format (gray scale)
178 o PICON *rw- Personal Icon
179 o PICT *rw- Apple Macintosh QuickDraw/PICT
180 o PIX *r-- Alias/Wavefront RLE image format
181 o PLASMA *r-- Plasma fractal image
182 o PM *rw- X Windows system pixmap (color)
183 o PNG *rw- Portable Network Graphics
184 o PNM *rw+ Portable anymap
185 o PPM *rw+ Portable pixmap format (color)
186 o PREVIEW *-w- Show a preview an image enhancement,
187 effect, or f/x
188 o PS *rw+ Adobe PostScript
189 o PS2 *-w+ Adobe Level II PostScript
190 o PS3 *-w+ Adobe Level III PostScript
191 o PSD *rw- Adobe Photoshop bitmap
192 o PTIF *rw- Pyramid encoded TIFF
193 o PWP *r-- Seattle Film Works
194 o RAS *rw+ SUN Rasterfile
195 o RGB *rw+ Raw red, green, and blue samples (8 or
196 16 bits, depending on the image depth)
197 o RGBA *rw+ Raw red, green, blue, and matte samples
198 (8 or 16 bits, depending on the image
199 depth)
200 o RLA *r-- Alias/Wavefront image
201 o RLE *r-- Utah Run length encoded image
202 o ROSE *rw- 70x46 Truecolor test image
203 o SCT *r-- Scitex HandShake
204 o SFW *r-- Seattle Film Works
205 o SGI *rw+ Irix RGB image
206 o SHTML *-w- Hypertext Markup Language and a
207 client-side image map
208 o STEGANO *r-- Steganographic image
209 o SUN *rw+ SUN Rasterfile
210 o SVG *rw+ Scalable Vector Gaphics
211 o TEXT *rw+ Raw text
212 o TGA *rw+ Truevision Targa image
213 o TIF *rw+ Tagged Image File Format
214 o TIFF *rw+ Tagged Image File Format
215 o TILE *r-- Tile image with a texture
216 o TIM *r-- PSX TIM
217 o TTF *r-- TrueType font
218 o TXT *rw+ Raw text
219 o UIL *-w- X-Motif UIL table
220 o UYVY *rw- 16bit/pixel interleaved YUV
221 o VDA *rw+ Truevision Targa image
222 o VICAR *rw- VICAR rasterfile format
223 o VID *rw+ Visual Image Directory
224 o VIFF *rw+ Khoros Visualization image
225 o VST *rw+ Truevision Targa image
226 o WBMP *rw- Wireless Bitmap (level 0) image
227 o WMF *r-- Windows Metafile
228 o WPG *r-- Word Perfect Graphics
229 o X *rw- X Image
230 o XBM *rw- X Windows system bitmap (black
231 and white)
232 o XC *r-- Constant image uniform color
233 o XCF *r-- GIMP image
234 o XML *r-- Scalable Vector Gaphics
235 o XPM *rw- X Windows system pixmap (color)
236 o XV *rw+ Khoros Visualization image
237 o XWD *rw- X Windows system window dump (color)
238 o YUV *rw- CCIR 601 4:1:1
239 Modes:
241 * Native blob support
242 r Read
243 w Write
244 + Multi-image
245 Support for some of these formats require additional programs or
248 libraries. README tells where to find this software.
249 Note, a format delineated with + means that if more than one image is
251 specified, it is composited into a single multi-image file. Use +adjoin
252 if you want a single image produced for each frame.
253 Your installation might not support all of the formats in the list. To
255 get an up-to-date listing of the formats supported by your particular
256 configuration, run "convert -list format".
257 Raw images are expected to have one byte per pixel unless gm is com‐
259 piled in 16-bit mode or in 32-bit mode. Here, the raw data is expected
260 to be stored two or four bytes per pixel, respectively, in most-signif‐
261 icant-byte-first order. You can tell if gm was compiled in 16-bit mode
262 by typing "gm version" without any options, and looking for "Q:16" in
263 the first line of output.
264
266 By default, the image format is determined by its magic number, i.e.,
267 the first few bytes of the file. To specify a particular image format,
268 precede the filename with an image format name and a colon
269 (i.e.ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix. The
270 magic number takes precedence over the filename suffix and the prefix
271 takes precedence over the magic number and the suffix in input files.
272 The prefix takes precedence over the filename suffix in output files.
273 To read the "built-in" formats (GRANITE, H, LOGO, NETSCAPE, PLASMA, and
274 ROSE) use a prefix (including the colon) without a filename or suffix.
275 To read the XC format, follow the colon with a color specification. To
276 read the CAPTION format, follow the colon with a text string or with a
277 filename prefixed with the at symbol (@).
278 When you specify X as your image type, the filename has special mean‐
281 ing. It specifies an X window by id, name, or root. If no filename is
282 specified, the window is selected by clicking the mouse in the desired
283 window.
284 Specify input_file as - for standard input, output_file as - for stan‐
286 dard output. If input_file has the extension .Z or .gz, the file is
287 uncompressed with uncompress or gunzip respectively. If output_file
288 has the extension .Z or .gz, the file is compressed using with compress
289 or gzip respectively.
290 Finally, when running on platforms that allow it, precede the image
292 file name with | to pipe to or from a system command (this feature is
293 not available on VMS, Win32 and Macintosh platforms). Use a backslash
294 or quotation marks to prevent your shell from interpreting the |.
295 Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after an input file name to
297 specify a desired subimage of a multi-resolution image format like
298 Photo CD (e.g. "img0001.pcd[4]") or a range for MPEG images (e.g.
299 "video.mpg[50-75]"). A subimage specification can be disjoint (e.g.
300 "image.tiff[2,7,4]"). For raw images, specify a subimage with a geome‐
301 try (e.g. -size 640x512 "image.rgb[320x256+50+50]"). Surround the
302 image name with quotation marks to prevent your shell from interpreting
303 the square brackets. Single images are written with the filename you
304 specify. However, multi-part images (e.g., a multi-page PostScript doc‐
305 ument with +adjoin specified) are written with the filename followed by
306 a period (.) and the scene number. You can change this behavior by
307 embedding a %d format specification in the file name. For example,
308 image%02d.miff
310 writes files image00.miff, image01.miff, etc. Only a single specifica‐
312 tion is allowed within an output filename. If more than one specifica‐
313 tion is present, it will be ignored.
314 When running a commandline utility, you can prepend an at sign @ to a
316 filename to read a list of image filenames from that file. This is con‐
317 venient in the event you have too many image filenames to fit on the
318 command line.
319
321 Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
322 the command line remains in effect for the set of images that follows,
323 until the set is terminated by the appearance of any option or -noop.
324 Some options only affect the decoding of images and others only the
325 encoding. The latter can appear after the final group of input images.
326 This is a combined list of the commandline options used by the Graphic‐
328 sMagick utilities (animate, composite, convert, display, identify,
329 import, mogrify and montage).
330 In this document, angle brackets ("<>") enclose variables and curly
333 brackets ("{}") enclose optional parameters. For example, "-fuzz <dis‐
334 tance>{%}" means you can use the option "-fuzz 10" or "-fuzz 2%".
335 -adjoin
338 join images into a single multi-image file
339 By default, all images of an image sequence are stored in the
341 same file. However, some formats (e.g. JPEG) do not support more
342 than one image and are saved to separate files. Use +adjoin to
343 force this behavior.
344 -affine <matrix>
346 drawing transform matrix
347 This option provides a transform matrix {sx,rx,ry,sy,tx,ty} for
349 use by subsequent -draw or -transform options.
350 -antialias
352 remove pixel aliasing
353 By default antialiasing algorithms are used when drawing objects
355 (e.g. lines) or rendering vector formats (e.g. WMF and Post‐
356 script). Use +antialias to disable use of antialiasing algo‐
357 rithms. Reasons to disable antialiasing include avoiding
358 increasing colors in the image, or improving rendering speed.
359 -append
361 append a set of images
362 This option creates a single image where the images in the orig‐
364 inal set are stacked top-to-bottom. If they are not of the same
365 width, any narrow images will be expanded to fit using the back‐
366 ground color. Use +append to stack images left-to-right. The
367 set of images is terminated by the appearance of any option. If
368 the -append option appears after all of the input images, all
369 images are appended.
370 -authenticate <string>
372 decrypt image with this password
373 Use this option to supply a password for decrypting an image or
375 an image sequence, if it is being read from a format such as PDF
376 that supports encryption. Encrypting images being written is
377 not supported.
378 -average
380 average a set of images
381 The set of images is terminated by the appearance of any option.
383 If the -average option appears after all of the input images,
384 all images are averaged.
385 -backdrop
387 display the image centered on a backdrop.
388 This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful
390 for hiding other X window activity while viewing the image. The
391 color of the backdrop is specified as the foreground color (X11
392 default is black). Refer to "X Resources", below, for details.
393 -background <color>
395 the background color
396 The color is specified using the format described under the
398 -fill option.
399 -blue-primary <x>,<y>
401 blue chromaticity primary point
402 -blur <radius>{x<sigma>}
404 blur the image with a Gaussian operator
405 Blur with the given radius and standard deviation (sigma).
407 -border <width>x<height>
409 surround the image with a border of color
410 See -geometry for details about the geometry specification.
412 -bordercolor <color>
414 the border color
415 The color is specified using the format described under the
417 -fill option.
418 -borderwidth <geometry>
420 the border width
421 -box <color>
423 set the color of the annotation bounding box
424 The color is specified using the format described under the
426 -fill option.
427 See -draw for further details.
429 -cache <threshold>
431 (This option has been replaced by the -limit option)
432 -channel <type>
434 the type of channel
435 Choose from: Red, Green, Blue, Opacity, Matte, Cyan, Magenta,
437 Yellow, or Black.
438 Use this option to extract a particular channel from the image.
440 Matte, for example, is useful for extracting the opacity values
441 from an image.
442 -charcoal <factor>
444 simulate a charcoal drawing
445 -chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
447 remove pixels from the interior of an image
448 Width and height give the number of columns and rows to remove,
450 and x and y are offsets that give the location of the leftmost
451 column and topmost row to remove.
452 The x offset normally specifies the leftmost column to remove.
454 If the -gravity option is present with NorthEast, East, or
455 SouthEast gravity, it gives the distance leftward from the right
456 edge of the image to the rightmost column to remove. Similarly,
457 the y offset normally specifies the topmost row to remove, but
458 if the -gravity option is present with SouthWest, South, or
459 SouthEast gravity, it specifies the distance upward from the
460 bottom edge of the image to the bottom row to remove.
461 The -chop option removes entire rows and columns, and moves the
463 remaining corner blocks leftward and upward to close the gaps.
464 -clip apply the clipping path, if one is present
466 If a clipping path is present, it will be applied to subsequent
468 operations.
469 For example, if you type the following command:
471 gm convert -clip -negate cockatoo.tif negated.tif
473 only the pixels within the clipping path are negated.
475 The -clip feature requires the XML library. If the XML library
477 is not present, the option is ignored.
478 -coalesce
480 merge a sequence of images
481 Each image N in the sequence after Image 0 is replaced with the
483 image created by flattening images 0 through N.
484 The set of images is terminated by the appearance of any option.
486 If the -coalesce option appears after all of the input images,
487 all images are coalesced.
488 -colorize <value>
490 colorize the image with the pen color
491 Specify the amount of colorization as a percentage. You can
493 apply separate colorization values to the red, green, and blue
494 channels of the image with a colorization value list delimited
495 with slashes (e.g. 0/0/50).
496 -colormap <type>
498 define the colormap type
499 Choose between shared or private.
501 This option only applies when the default X server visual is
503 PseudoColor or GRAYScale. Refer to -visual for more details. By
504 default, a shared colormap is allocated. The image shares colors
505 with other X clients. Some image colors could be approximated,
506 therefore your image may look very different than intended.
507 Choose Private and the image colors appear exactly as they are
508 defined. However, other clients may go technicolor when the
509 image colormap is installed.
510 -colors <value>
512 preferred number of colors in the image
513 The actual number of colors in the image may be less than your
515 request, but never more. Note, this is a color reduction option.
516 Images with less unique colors than specified with this option
517 will have any duplicate or unused colors removed. The ordering
518 of an existing color palette may be altered. When converting an
519 image from color to grayscale, convert the image to the gray
520 colorspace before reducing the number of colors since doing so
521 is most efficient. Refer to <a href="quantize.html">quantize for
522 more details.
523 Note, options -dither, -colorspace, and -treedepth affect the
525 color reduction algorithm.
526 -colorspace <value>
528 the type of colorspace
529 Choices are: CMYK, GRAY, HSL, HWB, OHTA, RGB, Transparent, XYZ,
531 YCbCr, YIQ, YPbPr, or YUV.
532 Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB color space.
534 Empirical evidence suggests that distances in color spaces such
535 as YUV or YIQ correspond to perceptual color differences more
536 closely than do distances in RGB space. These color spaces may
537 give better results when color reducing an image. Refer to
538 quantize for more details.
539 The Transparent color space behaves uniquely in that it pre‐
541 serves the matte channel of the image if it exists.
542 The -colors or -monochrome option, or saving to a file format
544 which requires color reduction, is required for this option to
545 take effect.
546 -comment <string>
548 annotate an image with a comment
549 Use this option to assign a specific comment to the image, when
551 writing to an image format that supports comments. You can
552 include the image filename, type, width, height, or other image
553 attribute by embedding special format characters listed under
554 the -format option. The comment is not drawn on the image, but
555 is embedded in the image datastream via a "Comment" tag or simi‐
556 lar mechanism. If you want the comment to be visible on the
557 image itself, use the -draw option.
558 For example,
560 -comment "%m:%f %wx%h"
562 produces an image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
564 titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.
565 If the first character of string is @, the image comment is read
567 from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.
568 -compose <operator>
570 the type of image composition
571 The description of composition uses abstract terminology in
573 order to allow the the description to be more clear, while
574 avoiding constant values which are specific to a particular
575 build configuration. Each image pixel is represented by red,
576 green, and blue levels (which are equal for a gray pixel).
577 MaxRGB is the maximum integral value which may be stored in the
578 red, green, or blue channels of the image. Each image pixel may
579 also optionally (if the image matte channel is enabled) have an
580 associated level of opacity (ranging from opaque to transpar‐
581 ent), which may be used to determine the influence of the pixel
582 color when compositing the pixel with another image pixel. If
583 the image matte channel is disabled, then all pixels in the
584 image are treated as opaque. The color of an opaque pixel is
585 fully visible while the color of a transparent pixel color is
586 entirely absent (pixel color is ignored).
587 By definition, raster images have a rectangular shape. All image
589 rows are of equal length, and all image columns have the same
590 number of rows. By treating the opacity channel as a visual
591 "mask" the rectangular image may be given a "shape" by treating
592 the opacity channel as a cookie-cutter for the image. Pixels
593 within the shape are opaque, while pixels outside the shape are
594 transparent. Pixels on the boundary of the shape may be between
595 opaque and transparent in order to provide antialiasing (visual‐
596 ly smooth edges). The description of the composition operators
597 use this concept of image "shape" in order to make the descrip‐
598 tion of the operators easier to understand. While it is conve‐
599 nient to describe the operators in terms of "shapes" they are by
600 no means limited to mask-style operations since they are based
601 on continuous floating-point mathematics rather than simple
602 boolean operations.
603 By default, the Over composite operator is used. The following
605 composite operators are available:
606 Over
608 In
609 Out
610 Atop
611 Xor
612 Plus
613 Minus
614 Add
615 Subtract
616 Difference
617 Multiply
618 Bumpmap
619 Copy
620 CopyRed
621 CopyGreen
622 CopyBlue
623 CopyOpacity
624 The behavior of each operator is described below.
626 Over
628 The result will be the union of the two image shapes, with
630 opaque areas of change-image obscuring base-image in the
631 region of overlap.
632 In
634 The result is simply change-image cut by the shape of
636 base-image. None of the image data of base-image will be
637 in the result.
638 Out
640 The resulting image is change-image with the shape of
642 base-image cut out.
643 Atop
645 The result is the same shape as base-image, with change-
647 image obscuring base-image where the image shapes overlap.
648 Note this differs from over because the portion of change-
649 image outside base-image's shape does not appear in the
650 result.
651 Xor
653 The result is the image data from both change-image and
655 base-image that is outside the overlap region. The overlap
656 region will be blank.
657 Plus
659 The result is just the sum of the image data. Output val‐
661 ues are cropped to MaxRGB (no overflow). This operation is
662 independent of the matte channels.
663 Minus
665 The result of change-image - base-image, with underflow
667 cropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to
668 opaque, full coverage).
669 Add
671 The result of change-image + base-image, with overflow
673 wrapping around (mod MaxRGB+1).
674 Subtract
676 The result of change-image - base-image, with underflow
678 wrapping around (mod MaxRGB+1). The add and subtract oper‐
679 ators can be used to perform reversible transformations.
680 Difference
682 The result of abs(change-image - base-image). This is use‐
684 ful for comparing two very similar images.
685 Multiply
687 The result of change-image * base-image. This is useful
689 for the creation of drop-shadows.
690 Bumpmap
692 The result base-image shaded by change-image.
694 Copy
696 The resulting image is base-image replaced with change-
698 image. Here the matte information is ignored.
699 CopyRed
701 The resulting image is the red channel in base-image
703 replaced with the red channel in change-image. The other
704 channels are copied untouched.
705 CopyGreen
707 The resulting image is the green channel in base-image
709 replaced with the green channel in change-image. The other
710 channels are copied untouched.
711 CopyBlue
713 The resulting image is the blue channel in base-image
715 replaced with the blue channel in change-image. The other
716 channels are copied untouched.
717 CopyOpacity
719 The resulting image is the opacity channel in base-image
721 replaced with the opacity channel in change-image. The
722 other channels are copied untouched.
723 -compress <type>
727 the type of image compression
728 Choices are: None, BZip, Fax, Group4, JPEG, Lossless, LZW, RLE
730 or Zip.
731 Specify +compress to store the binary image in an uncompressed
734 format. The default is the compression type of the specified
735 image file.
736 If LZW compression is specified but LZW compression has not been
738 enabled, the image data will be written in an uncompressed LZW
739 format that can be read by LZW decoders. This may result in
740 larger-than-expected GIF files.
741 "Lossless" refers to lossless JPEG, which is only available if
743 the JPEG library has been patched to support it. Use of lossless
744 JPEG is generally not recommended.
745 Use the -quality option to set the compression level to be used
747 by JPEG, PNG, MIFF, and MPEG encoders. Use the -sampling-factor
748 option to set the sampling factor to be used by JPEG, MPEG, and
749 YUV encoders for downsampling the chroma channels.
750 -contrast
752 enhance or reduce the image contrast
753 This option enhances the intensity differences between the
755 lighter and darker elements of the image. Use -contrast to
756 enhance the image or +contrast to reduce the image contrast.
757 For a more pronounced effect you can repeat the option:
760 gm convert rose: -contrast -contrast rose_c2.png
762 -convolve <kernel>
764 convolve image with the specified convolution kernel
765 The kernel is specified as a comma-separated list of integers,
767 ordered left-to right, starting with the top row. The order of
768 the kernel is determined by the square root of the number of
769 entries. Presently only square kernels are supported.
770 -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
772 preferred size and location of the cropped image
773 See -geometry for details about the geometry specification.
775 The width and height give the size of the image that remains
777 after cropping, and x and y are offsets that give the location
778 of the top left corner of the cropped image with respect to the
779 original image. To specify the amount to be removed, use -shave
780 instead.
781 If the x and y offsets are present, a single image is generated,
783 consisting of the pixels from the cropping region. The offsets
784 specify the location of the upper left corner of the cropping
785 region measured downward and rightward with respect to the upper
786 left corner of the image. If the -gravity option is present
787 with NorthEast, East, or SouthEast gravity, it gives the dis‐
788 tance leftward from the right edge of the image to the right
789 edge of the cropping region. Similarly, if the -gravity option
790 is present with SouthWest, South, or SouthEast gravity, the dis‐
791 tance is measured upward between the bottom edges.
792 If the x and y offsets are omitted, a set of tiles of the speci‐
794 fied geometry, covering the entire input image, is generated.
795 The rightmost tiles and the bottom tiles are smaller if the
796 specified geometry extends beyond the dimensions of the input
797 image.
798 -cycle <amount>
800 displace image colormap by amount
801 Amount defines the number of positions each colormap entry
803 isshifted.
804 -debug <events>
807 enable debug printout
808 The events parameter specifies which events are to be logged.
810 It can be either None, All, or a comma-separated list consisting
811 of one or more of the following domains: Annotate, Blob, Cache,
812 Coder, Configure, Deprecate, Error, Exception, Locale, Ren‐
813 der,Resource, TemporaryFile, Transform, Warning, X11, or User.
814 For example, to log cache and blob events, use
815 gm convert -debug "Cache,Blob" rose: rose.png
817 The "User" domain is normally empty, but developers can log
819 "User" events in their private copy of GraphicsMagick.
820 Use the -log option to specify the format for debugging output.
822 Use +debug to turn off all logging.
824 An alternative to using -debug is to use the MAGICK_DEBUG envi‐
826 ronment variable. The allowed values for the MAGICK_DEBUG envi‐
827 ronment variable are the same as for the -debug option.
828 -deconstruct
830 break down an image sequence into constituent parts
831 This option compares each image with the next in a sequence and
833 returns the maximum bounding region of any pixel differences it
834 discovers. This method can undo a coalesced sequence returned
835 by the -coalesce option, and is useful for removing redundant
836 information from a GIF or MNG animation.
837 The sequence of images is terminated by the appearance of any
839 option. If the -deconstruct option appears after all of the
840 input images, all images are deconstructed.
841 -define <key>{=<value>},...
843 add coder/decoder specific options This option creates one or
844 more definitions for coders and decoders to use while reading
845 and writing image data. Definitions may be passed to coders and
846 decoders to control options that are specific to certain image
847 formats. If value is missing for a definition, an empty-valued
848 definition of a flag will be created with that name. This is
849 used to control on/off options. Use +define <key>,... to remove
850 definitions previously created. Use +define "*" to remove all
851 existing definitions.
852 The following definitions may be created:
854 jp2:rate=<value>
856 Specify the compression factor to use while writing
859 JPEG-2000 files. The compression factor is the reciprocal
860 of the compression ratio. The valid range is 0.0 to 1.0,
861 with 1.0 indicating lossless compression. If defined, this
862 value overrides the -quality setting. The default quality
863 setting of 75 results in a rate value of 0.06641.
864 jpeg:preserve-settings
866 If the jpeg:preserve-settings flag is defined, the JPEG
869 encoder will use the same "quality" and "sampling-factor"
870 settings that were found in the input file, if the input
871 was in JPEG format. These settings are also preserved if
872 the input is a JPEG file and the output is a JNG file. If
873 the colorspace of the output file differs from that of the
874 input file, the quality setting is preserved but the sam‐
875 pling-factors are not.
876 ps:imagemask
878 If the ps:imagemask flag is defined, the PS3 and EPS3
881 coders will create Postscript files that render bilevel
882 images with the Postscript imagemask operator instead of
883 the image operator.
884 tiff:bits-per-sample=<value>
886 If the tiff:bits-per-sample key is defined to a value less
889 than the GraphicsMagick Quantum depth, the TIFF coder will
890 write TIFF images with the defined bits per sample, over‐
891 riding any value stored in the image.
892 tiff:samples-per-pixel=<value>
894 If the tiff:samples-per-pixel key is defined to a value,
897 the TIFF coder will write TIFF images with the defined
898 samples per pixel, overriding any value stored in the
899 image.
900 For example, to create a postscript file that will render only
904 the black pixels of a bilevel image, use:
905 gm convert bilevel.tif -define ps:imagemask eps3:stencil.ps
907 -delay <1/100ths of a second>
909 display the next image after pausing
910 This option is useful for regulating the animation of image
912 sequences Delay/100 seconds must expire before the display of
913 the next image. The default is no delay between each showing of
914 the image sequence. The maximum delay is 65535.
915 You can specify a delay range (e.g. -delay 10-500) which sets
917 the minimum and maximum delay.
918 -density <width>x<height>
920 horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image This
921 option specifies the image resolution to store while encoding a
922 raster image or the canvas resolution while rendering (reading)
923 vector formats such as Postscript, PDF, WMF, and SVG into a
924 raster image. Image resolution provides the unit of measure to
925 apply when rendering to an output device or raster image. The
926 default unit of measure is in dots per inch (DPI). The -units
927 option may be used to select dots per centimeter instead.
928 The default resolution is 72 dots per inch, which is equivalent
929 to one point per pixel (Macintosh and Postscript standard). Com‐
930 puter screens are normally 72 or 96 dots per inch while printers
931 typically support 150, 300, 600, or 1200 dots per inch. To
932 determine the resolution of your display, use a ruler to measure
933 the width of your screen in inches, and divide by the number of
934 horizontal pixels (1024 on a 1024x768 display). If the file
935 format supports it, this option may be used to update the stored
936 image resolution. Note that Photoshop stores and obtains image
937 resolution from a proprietary embedded profile. If this profile
938 is not stripped from the image, then Photoshop will continue to
939 treat the image using its former resolution, ignoring the image
940 resolution specified in the standard file header. The density
941 option is an attribute and does not alter the underlying raster
942 image. It may be used to adjust the rendered size for desktop
943 publishing purposes by adjusting the scale applied to the pix‐
944 els. To resize the image so that it is the same size at a dif‐
945 ferent resolution, use the -resample option.
946 -depth <value>
948 depth of the image
949 This is the number of bits in a color sample within a pixel. The
951 only acceptable values are 8 or 16. Use this option to specify
952 the depth of raw images whose depth is unknown such as GRAY,
953 RGB, or CMYK, or to change the depth of any image after it has
954 been read.
955 -descend
957 obtain image by descending window hierarchy
958 -despeckle
960 reduce the speckles within an image
961 -displace <horizontal scale>x<vertical scale>
963 shift image pixels as defined by a displacement map
964 With this option, composite image is used as a displacement map.
966 Black, within the displacement map, is a maximum positive dis‐
967 placement. White is a maximum negative displacement and middle
968 gray is neutral. The displacement is scaled to determine the
969 pixel shift. By default, the displacement applies in both the
970 horizontal and vertical directions. However, if you specify
971 mask, composite image is the horizontal X displacement and mask
972 the vertical Y displacement.
973 -display <host:display[.screen]>
975 specifies the X server to contact
976 This option is used with convert for obtaining image or font
978 from this X server. See X(1).
979 -dispose <method>
981 GIF disposal method
982 The Disposal Method indicates the way in which the graphic is to
984 be treated after being displayed.
985 Here are the valid methods:
987 Undefined No disposal specified.
989 None Do not dispose between frames.
990 Background Overwrite the image area with
991 the background color.
992 Previous Overwrite the image area with
993 what was there prior to rendering
994 the image.
995 -dissolve <percent>
997 dissolve an image into another by the given percent
998 The opacity of the composite image is multiplied by the given
1000 percent, then it is composited over the main image.
1001 -dither
1003 apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image
1004 The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution
1006 for spatial resolution by averaging the intensities of several
1007 neighboring pixels. Images which suffer from severe contouring
1008 when reducing colors can be improved with this option.
1009 The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to
1011 take effect.
1012 Use +dither to turn off dithering and to render PostScript with‐
1014 out text or graphic aliasing. Disabling dithering often (but not
1015 always) leads to decreased processing time.
1016 -draw <string>
1018 annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives
1019 Use this option to annotate an image with one or more graphic
1021 primitives. The primitives include shapes, text, transforma‐
1022 tions, and pixel operations. The shape primitives are
1023 point x,y
1025 line x0,y0 x1,y1
1026 rectangle x0,y0 x1,y1
1027 roundRectangle x0,y0 x1,y1 wc,hc
1028 arc x0,y0 x1,y1 a0,a1
1029 ellipse x0,y0 rx,ry a0,a1
1030 circle x0,y0 x1,y1
1031 polyline x0,y0 ... xn,yn
1032 polygon x0,y0 ... xn,yn
1033 Bezier x0,y0 ... xn,yn
1034 path path specification
1035 image operator x0,y0 w,h filename
1036 The text primitive is
1038 text x0,y0 string
1040 The text gravity primitive is
1042 gravity NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center,
1044 East, SouthWest, South, or SouthEast
1045 The text gravity primitive only affects the placement of text
1047 and does not interact with the other primitives. It is equiva‐
1048 lent to using the -gravity commandline option, except that it is
1049 limited in scope to the -draw option in which it appears.
1050 The transformation primitives are
1052 rotate degrees
1054 translate dx,dy
1055 scale sx,sy
1056 skewX degrees
1057 skewY degrees
1058 The pixel operation primitives are
1060 color x0,y0 method
1062 matte x0,y0 method
1063 The shape primitives are drawn in the color specified in the
1065 preceding -stroke option. Except for the line and point primi‐
1066 tives, they are filled with the color specified in the preceding
1067 -fill option. For unfilled shapes, use -fill none.
1068 Point requires a single coordinate.
1070 Line requires a start and end coordinate.
1072 Rectangle expects an upper left and lower right coordinate.
1074 RoundRectangle has the upper left and lower right coordinates
1076 and the width and height of the corners.
1077 Circle has a center coordinate and a coordinate for the outer
1079 edge.
1080 Use Arc to inscribe an elliptical arc within a rectangle. Arcs
1082 require a start and end point as well as the degree of rotation
1083 (e.g. 130,30 200,100 45,90).
1084 Use Ellipse to draw a partial ellipse centered at the given
1086 point with the x-axis and y-axis radius and start and end of arc
1087 in degrees (e.g. 100,100 100,150 0,360).
1088 Finally, polyline and polygon require three or more coordinates
1090 to define its boundaries. Coordinates are integers separated by
1091 an optional comma. For example, to define a circle centered at
1092 100,100 that extends to 150,150 use:
1093 -draw 'circle 100,100 150,150'
1095 Paths (See Paths) represent an outline of an object which is
1097 defined in terms of moveto (set a new current point), lineto
1098 (draw a straight line), curveto (draw a curve using a cubic
1099 Bezier), arc (elliptical or circular arc) and closepath (close
1100 the current shape by drawing a line to the last moveto) ele‐
1101 ments. Compound paths (i.e., a path with subpaths, each consist‐
1102 ing of a single moveto followed by one or more line or curve
1103 operations) are possible to allow effects such as "donut holes"
1104 in objects.
1105 Use image to composite an image with another image. Follow the
1107 image keyword with the composite operator, image location, image
1108 size, and filename:
1109 -draw 'image Over 100,100 225,225 image.jpg'
1111 You can use 0,0 for the image size, which means to use the
1113 actual dimensions found in the image header. Otherwise, it will
1114 be scaled to the given dimensions. See -compose for a descrip‐
1115 tion of the composite operators.
1116 Use text to annotate an image with text. Follow the text coordi‐
1118 nates with a string. If the string has embedded spaces, enclose
1119 it in single or double quotes. Optionally you can include the
1120 image filename, type, width, height, or other image attribute by
1121 embedding special format character. See -comment for details.
1122 For example,
1124 -draw 'text 100,100 "%m:%f %wx%h"'
1127 annotates the image with MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
1129 titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.
1130 If the first character of string is @, the text is read from a
1132 file titled by the remaining characters in the string.
1133 Rotate rotates subsequent shape primitives and text primitives
1135 about the origin of the main image. If the -region option pre‐
1136 cedes the -draw option, the origin for transformations is the
1137 upper left corner of the region.
1138 Translate translates them.
1140 Scale scales them.
1142 SkewX and SkewY skew them with respect to the origin of the main
1144 image or the region.
1145 The transformations modify the current affine matrix, which is
1147 initialized from the initial affine matrix defined by the
1148 -affine option. Transformations are cumulative within the -draw
1149 option. The initial affine matrix is not affected; that matrix
1150 is only changed by the appearance of another -affine option. If
1151 another -draw option appears, the current affine matrix is
1152 reinitialized from the initial affine matrix.
1153 Use color to change the color of a pixel to the fill color (see
1155 -fill). Follow the pixel coordinate with a method:
1156 point
1158 replace
1159 floodfill
1160 filltoborder
1161 reset
1162 Consider the target pixel as that specified by your coordinate.
1164 The point method recolors the target pixel. The replace method
1165 recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel.
1166 Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the color of the tar‐
1167 get pixel and is a neighbor, whereas filltoborder recolors any
1168 neighbor pixel that is not the border color. Finally, reset
1169 recolors all pixels.
1170 Use matte to the change the pixel matte value to transparent.
1172 Follow the pixel coordinate with a method (see the color primi‐
1173 tive for a description of methods). The point method changes the
1174 matte value of the target pixel. The replace method changes the
1175 matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target
1176 pixel. Floodfill changes the matte value of any pixel that
1177 matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor, whereas
1178 filltoborder changes the matte value of any neighbor pixel that
1179 is not the border color (-bordercolor). Finally reset changes
1180 the matte value of all pixels.
1181 You can set the primitive color, font, and font bounding box
1183 color with -fill, -font, and -box respectively. Options are pro‐
1184 cessed in command line order so be sure to use these options
1185 before the -draw option.
1186 -edge <radius>
1188 detect edges within an image
1189 -emboss <radius>
1191 emboss an image
1192 -encoding <type>
1194 specify the text encoding
1195 Choose from AdobeCustom, AdobeExpert, AdobeStandard, AppleRoman,
1197 BIG5, GB2312, Latin 2, None, SJIScode, Symbol, Unicode, Wansung.
1198 -endian <type>
1200 specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image
1201 Use +endian to revert to unspecified endianness.
1203 -enhance
1205 apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image
1206 -equalize
1208 perform histogram equalization to the image
1209 -fill <color>
1211 color to use when filling a graphic primitive
1212 Colors are represented in GraphicsMagick in the same form used
1214 by SVG. Use "gm convert -list color" to list named colors:
1215 name (named color)
1217 #RGB (hex numbers, 4 bits each)
1218 #RRGGBB (8 bits each)
1219 #RRRGGGBBB (12 bits each)
1220 #RRRRGGGGBBBB (16 bits each)
1221 #RGBA (4 bits each)
1222 #RRGGBBAA (8 bits each)
1223 #RRRGGGBBBAAA (12 bits each)
1224 #RRRRGGGGBBBBAAAA (16 bits each)
1225 rgb(r,g,b) (r,g,b are decimal numbers)
1226 rgba(r,g,b,a) (r,g,b,a are decimal numbers)
1227 Enclose the color specification in quotation marks to prevent
1229 the "#" or the parentheses from being interpreted by your shell.
1230 For example,
1232 gm convert -fill blue ...
1234 gm convert -fill "#ddddff" ...
1235 gm convert -fill "rgb(65000,65000,65535)" ...
1236 The shorter forms are scaled up, if necessary by replication.
1238 For example, #3af, #33aaff, and #3333aaaaffff are all equiva‐
1239 lent.
1240 See -draw for further details.
1242 -filter <type>
1244 use this type of filter when resizing an image
1245 Use this option to affect the resizing operation of an image
1247 (see -geometry). Choose from these filters:
1248 Point
1250 Box
1251 Triangle
1252 Hermite
1253 Hanning
1254 Hamming
1255 Blackman
1256 Gaussian
1257 Quadratic
1258 Cubic
1259 Catrom
1260 Mitchell
1261 Lanczos
1262 Bessel
1263 Sinc
1264 The default filter is automatically selected to provide the best
1266 quality while consuming a reasonable amount of time. The
1267 Mitchell filter is used if the image supports a palette, sup‐
1268 ports a matte channel, or is being enlarged, otherwise the Lanc‐
1269 zos filter is used.
1270 -flatten
1272 flatten a sequence of images
1273 The sequence of images is replaced by a single image created by
1275 composing each image after the first over the first image.
1276 The sequence of images is terminated by the appearance of any
1278 option. If the -flatten option appears after all of the input
1279 images, all images are flattened.
1280 -flip create a "mirror image"
1282 reflect the scanlines in the vertical direction.
1284 -flop create a "mirror image"
1286 reflect the scanlines in the horizontal direction.
1288 -font <name>
1290 use this font when annotating the image with text
1291 You can tag a font to specify whether it is a PostScript, True‐
1293 Type, or OPTION1 font. For example, Arial.ttf is a TrueType
1294 font, ps:helvetica is PostScript, and x:fixed is OPTION1.
1295 -foreground <color>
1297 define the foreground color
1298 The color is specified using the format described under the
1300 -fill option.
1301 -format <type>
1303 the image format type
1304 When used with the mogrify utility, this option will convert any
1306 image to the image format you specify. See GraphicsMagick(1)
1307 for a list of image format types supported by GraphicsMagick, or
1308 see the output of 'gm -list format'.
1309 By default the file is written to its original name. However,
1311 if the filename extension matches a supported format, the exten‐
1312 sion is replaced with the image format type specified with -for‐
1313 mat. For example, if you specify tiff as the format type and
1314 the input image filename is image.gif, the output image filename
1315 becomes image.tiff.
1316 -format <string>
1318 output formatted image characteristics
1319 When used with the identify utility, use this option to print
1321 information about the image in a format of your choosing. You
1322 can include the image filename, type, width, height, Exif data,
1323 or other image attributes by embedding special format charac‐
1324 ters:
1325 %b file size
1327 %c comment
1328 %d directory
1329 %e filename extension
1330 %f filename
1331 %h height
1332 %i input filename
1333 %k number of unique colors
1334 %l label
1335 %m magick
1336 %n number of scenes
1337 %o output filename
1338 %p page number
1339 %q quantum depth
1340 %s scene number
1341 %t top of filename
1342 %u unique temporary filename
1343 %w width
1344 %x x resolution
1345 %y y resolution
1346 %# signature
1347 \n newline
1348 \r carriage return
1349 For example,
1351 -format "%m:%f %wx%h"
1353 displays MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff
1355 and whose width is 512 and height is 480.
1356 If the first character of string is @, the format is read from a
1358 file titled by the remaining characters in the string.
1359 You can also use the following special formatting syntax to
1361 print Exif information contained in the file:
1362 %[EXIF:<tag>]
1364 Where "<tag>" can be one of the following:
1366 * (print all Exif tags, in keyword=data format)
1368 ! (print all Exif tags, in tag_number data format)
1369 #hhhh (print data for Exif tag #hhhh)
1370 ImageWidth
1371 ImageLength
1372 BitsPerSample
1373 Compression
1374 PhotometricInterpretation
1375 FillOrder
1376 DocumentName
1377 ImageDescription
1378 Make
1379 Model
1380 StripOffsets
1381 Orientation
1382 SamplesPerPixel
1383 RowsPerStrip
1384 StripByteCounts
1385 XResolution
1386 YResolution
1387 PlanarConfiguration
1388 ResolutionUnit
1389 TransferFunction
1390 Software
1391 DateTime
1392 Artist
1393 WhitePoint
1394 PrimaryChromaticities
1395 TransferRange
1396 JPEGProc
1397 JPEGInterchangeFormat
1398 JPEGInterchangeFormatLength
1399 YCbCrCoefficients
1400 YCbCrSubSampling
1401 YCbCrPositioning
1402 ReferenceBlackWhite
1403 CFARepeatPatternDim
1404 CFAPattern
1405 BatteryLevel
1406 Copyright
1407 ExposureTime
1408 FNumber
1409 IPTC/NAA
1410 ExifOffset
1411 InterColorProfile
1412 ExposureProgram
1413 SpectralSensitivity
1414 GPSInfo
1415 ISOSpeedRatings
1416 OECF
1417 ExifVersion
1418 DateTimeOriginal
1419 DateTimeDigitized
1420 ComponentsConfiguration
1421 CompressedBitsPerPixel
1422 ShutterSpeedValue
1423 ApertureValue
1424 BrightnessValue
1425 ExposureBiasValue
1426 MaxApertureValue
1427 SubjectDistance
1428 MeteringMode
1429 LightSource
1430 Flash
1431 FocalLength
1432 MakerNote
1433 UserComment
1434 SubSecTime
1435 SubSecTimeOriginal
1436 SubSecTimeDigitized
1437 FlashPixVersion
1438 ColorSpace
1439 ExifImageWidth
1440 ExifImageLength
1441 InteroperabilityOffset
1442 FlashEnergy
1443 SpatialFrequencyResponse
1444 FocalPlaneXResolution
1445 FocalPlaneYResolution
1446 FocalPlaneResolutionUnit
1447 SubjectLocation
1448 ExposureIndex
1449 SensingMethod
1450 FileSource
1451 SceneType
1452 Surround the format specification with quotation marks to pre‐
1454 vent your shell from misinterpreting any spaces and square
1455 brackets.
1456 -frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
1458 surround the image with an ornamental border
1459 See -geometry for details about the geometry specification. The
1461 -frame option is not affected by the -gravity option.
1462 The color of the border is specified with the -mattecolor com‐
1464 mand line option.
1465 -frame include the X window frame in the imported image
1467 -fuzz <distance>{%}
1469 colors within this distance are considered equal
1470 A number of algorithms search for a target color. By default the
1472 color must be exact. Use this option to match colors that are
1473 close to the target color in RGB space. For example, if you want
1474 to automatically trim the edges of an image with -trim but the
1475 image was scanned and the target background color may differ by
1476 a small amount. This option can account for these differences.
1477 The distance can be in absolute intensity units or, by appending
1479 "%", as a percentage of the maximum possible intensity (255,
1480 65535, or 4294967295).
1481 -gamma <value>
1483 level of gamma correction
1484 The same color image displayed on two different workstations may
1486 look different due to differences in the display monitor. Use
1487 gamma correction to adjust for this color difference. Reasonable
1488 values extend from 0.8 to 2.3. Gamma less than 1.0 darkens the
1489 image and gamma greater than 1.0 lightens it. Large adjustments
1490 to image gamma may result in the loss of some image information
1491 if the pixel quantum size is only eight bits (quantum range 0 to
1492 255).
1493 You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue
1495 channels of the image with a gamma value list delimited with
1496 slashes (e.g., 1.7/2.3/1.2).
1497 Use +gamma value to set the image gamma level without actually
1499 adjusting the image pixels. This option is useful if the image
1500 is of a known gamma but not set as an image attribute (e.g. PNG
1501 images).
1502 -Gaussian <radius>{x<sigma>}
1504 blur the image with a Gaussian operator
1505 Use the given radius and standard deviation (sigma).
1507 -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
1509 preferred size and location of the Image window.
1510 By default, the window size is the image size and the location
1512 is chosen by you when it is mapped.
1513 By default, the width and height are maximum values. That is,
1515 the image is expanded or contracted to fit the width and height
1516 value while maintaining the aspect ratio of the image. Append an
1517 exclamation point to the geometry to force the image size to
1518 exactly the size you specify. For example, if you specify
1519 640x480! the image width is set to 640 pixels and height to 480.
1520 If only the width is specified, the width assumes the value and
1522 the height is chosen to maintain the aspect ratio of the image.
1523 Similarly, if only the height is specified (e.g., -geometry
1524 x256), the width is chosen to maintain the aspect ratio.
1525 To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %. The
1527 image size is multiplied by the width and height percentages to
1528 obtain the final image dimensions. To increase the size of an
1529 image, use a value greater than 100 (e.g. 125%). To decrease an
1530 image's size, use a percentage less than 100.
1531 Use @ to specify the maximum area in pixels of an image.
1533 Use > to change the dimensions of the image only if its width or
1535 height exceeds the geometry specification. < resizes the image
1536 only if both of its dimensions are less than the geometry speci‐
1537 fication. For example, if you specify '640x480>' and the image
1538 size is 256x256, the image size does not change. However, if the
1539 image is 512x512 or 1024x1024, it is resized to 480x480.
1540 Enclose the geometry specification in quotation marks to prevent
1541 the < or > from being interpreted by your shell as a file redi‐
1542 rection.
1543 When used with animate and display, offsets are handled in the
1545 same manner as in X(1) and the -gravity option is not used. If
1546 the x is negative, the offset is measured leftward from the
1547 right edge of the screen to the right edge of the image being
1548 displayed. Similarly, negative y is measured between the bottom
1549 edges. The offsets are not affected by "%"; they are always
1550 measured in pixels.
1551 When used as a composite option, -geometry gives the dimensions
1553 of the image and its location with respect to the composite
1554 image. If the -gravity option is present with NorthEast, East,
1555 or SouthEast gravity, the x represents the distance from the
1556 right edge of the image to the right edge of the composite
1557 image. Similarly, if the -gravity option is present with South‐
1558 West, South, or SouthEast gravity, y is measured between the
1559 bottom edges. Accordingly, a positive offset will never point in
1560 the direction outside of the image. The offsets are not
1561 affected by "%"; they are always measured in pixels. To specify
1562 the dimensions of the composite image, use the -resize option.
1563 When used as a convert, import or mogrify option, -geometry is
1565 synonymous with -resize and specifies the size of the output
1566 image. The offsets, if present, are ignored.
1567 When used as a montage option, -geometry specifies the image
1569 size and border size for each tile; default is 256x256+0+0.
1570 Negative offsets (border dimensions) are meaningless. The
1571 -gravity option affects the placement of the image within the
1572 tile; the default gravity for this purpose is Center. If the
1573 "%" sign appears in the geometry specification, the tile size is
1574 the specified percentage of the original dimensions of the first
1575 tile. To specify the dimensions of the montage, use the -resize
1576 option.
1577 -gravity <type>
1579 direction primitive gravitates to when annotating the image.
1580 Choices are: NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center, East,
1582 SouthWest, South, SouthEast.
1583 The direction you choose specifies where to position the text
1585 when annotating the image. For example Center gravity forces the
1586 text to be centered within the image. By default, the image
1587 gravity is NorthWest. See -draw for more details about graphic
1588 primitives. Only the text primitive is affected by the -gravity
1589 option.
1590 The -gravity option is also used in concert with the -geometry
1592 option and other options that take <geometry> as a parameter,
1593 such as the -crop option. See -geometry for details of how the
1594 -gravity option interacts with the <x> and <y> parameters of a
1595 geometry specification.
1596 When used as an option to composite, -gravity gives the direc‐
1598 tion that the image gravitates within the composite.
1599 When used as an option to montage, -gravity gives the direction
1601 that an image gravitates within a tile. The default gravity is
1602 Center for this purpose.
1603 -green-primary <x>,<y>
1605 green chromaticity primary point
1606 -help print usage instructions
1608 -iconGeometry <geometry>
1610 specify the icon geometry
1611 Offsets, if present in the geometry specification, are handled
1613 in the same manner as the -geometry option, using X11 style to
1614 handle negative offsets.
1615 -iconic
1617 iconic animation
1618 -immutable
1620 make image immutable
1621 -implode <factor>
1623 implode image pixels about the center
1624 -intent <type>
1626 use this type of rendering intent when managing the image color
1627 Use this option to affect the the color management operation of
1629 an image (see -profile). Choose from these intents: Absolute,
1630 Perceptual, Relative, Saturation.
1631 The default intent is undefined.
1633 -interlace <type>
1635 the type of interlacing scheme
1636 Choices are: None, Line, Plane, or Partition. The default is
1638 None.
1639 This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme
1641 for raw image formats such as RGB or YUV. None means do not
1642 interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...),
1643 Line uses scanline interlacing
1645 (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and Plane uses plane
1646 interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).
1647 Partition is like plane except the different planes are saved to
1649 individual files (e.g. image.R, image.G, and image.B).
1650 Use Line or Plane to create an interlaced PNG or GIF or pro‐
1652 gressive JPEG image.
1653 -label <name>
1655 assign a label to an image
1656 Use this option to assign a specific label to the image, when
1658 writing to an image format that supports labels, such as TIFF,
1659 PNG, MIFF, or PostScript. You can include the the image file‐
1660 name, type, width, height, or other image attribute by embedding
1661 special format character. A label is not drawn on the image,
1662 but is embedded in the image datastream via a "Label" tag or
1663 similar mechanism. If you want the label to be visible on the
1664 image itself, use the -draw option. See -comment for details.
1665 For example,
1667 -label "%m:%f %wx%h"
1669 produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
1671 titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.
1672 If the first character of string is @, the image label is read
1674 from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.
1675 When converting to PostScript, use this option to specify a
1677 header string to print above the image. Specify the label font
1678 with -font.
1679 When creating a montage, by default the label associated with an
1681 image is displayed with the corresponding tile in the montage.
1682 Use the +label option to suppress this behavior.
1683 -lat <width>x<height>{+-}<offset>{%}
1685 perform local adaptive thresholding
1686 Perform local adaptive thresholding using the specified width,
1688 height, and offset. The offset is a distance in sample space
1689 from the mean, as an absolute integer ranging from 0 to the max‐
1690 imum sample value or as a percentage.
1691 -level <black_point>{,<gamma>}{,<white_point>}{%}
1693 adjust the level of image contrast
1694 Give one, two or three values delimited with commas: black-
1696 point, gamma, white-point (e.g. 10,1.0,250 or 2%,0.5,98%). The
1697 black and white points range from 0 to MaxRGB or from 0 to 100%;
1698 if the white point is omitted it is set to MaxRGB-black_point.
1699 If a "%" sign is present anywhere in the string, the black and
1700 white points are percentages of MaxRGB. Gamma is an exponent
1701 that ranges from 0.1 to 10.; if it is omitted, the default of
1702 1.0 (no gamma correction) is assumed. This interface works simi‐
1703 lar to Photoshop's "Image->Adjustments->Levels..." "Input Lev‐
1704 els" interface.
1705 -limit <type> <value>
1707 Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit
1708 The value for File is in number of files and the values for the
1710 other resources are in Megabytes. By default the limits are 256
1711 files, 1024MB memory, 4096MB map, and unlimited disk, but these
1712 are adjusted at startup time on platforms that can provide
1713 information about available resources. When the limit is
1714 reached, GraphicsMagick will fail in some fashion, or take com‐
1715 pensating actions if possible. For example, -limit memory 32
1716 -limit map 64 limits memory When the pixel cache reaches the
1717 memory limit it uses memory mapping. When that limit is reached
1718 it goes to disk. If disk has a hard limit, the program will
1719 fail.
1720 Resource limits may also be set using environment variables. The
1722 environment variables MAGICK_LIMIT_DISK, MAGICK_LIMIT_FILES,
1723 MAGICK_LIMIT_MEMORY, and MAGICK_LIMIT_MAP, may be used to set
1724 the limits for disk space, open files, heap memory, and memory
1725 map size, respectively.
1726 You can use the option -list resource to find out the limits.
1728 -linewidth
1730 the line width for subsequent draw operations
1731 -list <type>
1733 the type of list
1734 Choices are: Color, Delegate, Format, Magic, Module, Resource,
1736 or Type. The Module option is only available if GraphicsMagick
1737 was built to support loadable modules.
1738 This option lists information about the GraphicsMagick configu‐
1740 ration.
1741 -log <string>
1743 Specify format for debug log
1744 This option specifies the format for the log printed when the
1746 -debug option is active.
1747 You can display the following components by embedding special
1749 format characters:
1750 %d domain
1752 %e event
1753 %f function
1754 %l line
1755 %m module
1756 %p process ID
1757 %r real CPU time
1758 %t wall clock time
1759 %u user CPU time
1760 %% percent sign
1761 \n newline
1762 \r carriage return
1763 For example:
1765 gm convert -debug coders -log "%u %m:%l %e" in.gif out.png
1767 The default behavior is to print all of the components.
1769 -loop <iterations>
1771 add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation
1772 A value other than zero forces the animation to repeat itself up
1774 to iterations times.
1775 -magnify <factor>
1777 magnify the image
1778 -map <filename>
1780 choose a particular set of colors from this image
1781 [convert or mogrify]
1783 By default, color reduction chooses an optimal set of colors
1785 that best represent the original image. Alternatively, you can
1786 choose a particular set of colors from an image file with this
1787 option.
1788 Use +map to reduce all images in the image sequence that follows
1790 to a single optimal set of colors that best represent all the
1791 images. The sequence of images is terminated by the appearance
1792 of any option. If the +map option appears after all of the
1793 input images, all images are mapped.
1794 -map <type>
1796 display image using this type.
1797 [animate or display]
1799 Choose from these Standard Colormap types:
1801 best
1803 default
1804 gray
1805 red
1806 green
1807 blue
1808 The X server must support the Standard Colormap you choose, oth‐
1810 erwise an error occurs. Use list as the type and display
1811 searches the list of colormap types in top-to-bottom order until
1812 one is located. See xstdcmap(1) for one way of creating Standard
1813 Colormaps.
1814 -mask <filename>
1816 Specify a clipping mask
1817 The image read from the file is used as a clipping mask. It
1819 must have the same dimensions as the image being masked.
1820 If the mask image contains an opacity channel, the opacity of
1822 each pixel is used to define the mask. Otherwise, the intensity
1823 (gray level) of each pixel is used.
1824 Use +mask to remove the clipping mask.
1826 It is not necessary to use -clip to activate the mask; -clip is
1828 implied by -mask.
1829 -matte store matte channel if the image has one
1831 If the image does not have a matte channel, create an opaque
1833 one.
1834 Use +matte to ignore the matte channel and to avoid writing a
1836 matte channel in the output file.
1837 -mattecolor <color>
1839 specify the color to be used with the -frame option
1840 The color is specified using the format described under the
1842 -fill option.
1843 -median <radius>
1845 apply a median filter to the image
1846 -mode <value>
1848 mode of operation
1849 -modulate brightness[,saturation[,hue]]
1851 vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image
1852 Specify the percent change in brightness, color saturation, and
1854 hue separated by commas. Default argument values are 100 per‐
1855 cent, resulting in no change. For example, to increase the color
1856 brightness by 20% and decrease the color saturation by 10% and
1857 leave the hue unchanged, use: -modulate 120,90.
1858 Hue is the percentage of absolute rotation from the current
1860 position. For example 50 results in a counter-clockwise rotation
1861 of 90 degrees, 150 results in a clockwise rotation of 90
1862 degrees, with 0 and 200 both resulting in a rotation of 180
1863 degrees.
1864 -monochrome
1866 transform the image to black and white
1867 -morph <frames>
1869 morphs an image sequence
1870 Both the image pixels and size are linearly interpolated to give
1872 the appearance of a meta-morphosis from one image to the next.
1873 The sequence of images is terminated by the appearance of any
1875 option. If the -morph option appears after all of the input
1876 images, all images are morphed.
1877 -mosaic
1879 create a mosaic from an image or an image sequence
1880 The -page option can be used to establish the dimensions of the
1882 mosaic and to locate the images within the mosaic.
1883 The sequence of images is terminated by the appearance of any
1885 option. If the -mosaic option appears after all of the input
1886 images, all images are included in the mosaic.
1887 -name name an image
1889 -negate
1891 replace every pixel with its complementary color
1892 The red, green, and blue intensities of an image are negated.
1894 White becomes black, yellow becomes blue, etc. Use +negate to
1895 only negate the grayscale pixels of the image.
1896 -noise <radius|type>
1898 add or reduce noise in an image
1899 The principal function of noise peak elimination filter is to
1901 smooth the objects within an image without losing edge informa‐
1902 tion and without creating undesired structures. The central idea
1903 of the algorithm is to replace a pixel with its next neighbor in
1904 value within a pixel window, if this pixel has been found to be
1905 noise. A pixel is defined as noise if and only if this pixel is
1906 a maximum or minimum within the pixel window.
1907 Use radius to specify the width of the neighborhood.
1909 Use +noise followed by a noise type to add noise to an image.
1911 Choose from these noise types:
1912 Uniform
1914 Gaussian
1915 Multiplicative
1916 Impulse
1917 Laplacian
1918 Poisson
1919 -noop NOOP (no option)
1921 The -noop option can be used to terminate a group of images and
1923 reset all options to their default values, when no other option
1924 is desired.
1925 -normalize
1927 transform image to span the full range of color values
1928 This is a contrast enhancement technique.
1930 -opaque <color>
1932 change this color to the pen color within the image
1933 The color is specified using the format described under the
1935 -fill option.
1936 See -fill for more details.
1938 -operator channel operator rvalue[%]
1940 apply a mathematical or bitwise operator to an image channel
1941 Apply a low-level mathematical or bitwise operator to a selected
1943 image channel or all image channels. Operations which result in
1944 negative results are reset to zero, and operations which over‐
1945 flow the available range are reset to the maximum possible
1946 value.
1947 Select a channel from: Red, Green, Blue, Opacity, Matte, Cyan,
1950 Magenta, Yellow, Black, or All.
1951 Select an operator from Add, And, Divide, LShift, Multiply, Or,
1953 RShift, Subtract, Xor.
1954 Rvalue may be any floating point value in the range of 0 to
1956 MaxRGB, where MaxRGB is the largest quantum value supported by
1957 the GraphicsMagick build (255, 65535, or 4294967295). If a per‐
1958 cent (%) symbol is appended to the argument, then the argument
1959 has a range of 0 to 100 percent.
1960 -ordered-dither <channeltype> <NxN>
1962 ordered dither the image
1963 The channel or channels specified in the channeltype argument
1965 are reduced to binary, using an ordered dither method. The
1966 choices for channeltype are:
1967 all
1969 intensity
1970 opacity
1971 matte
1972 When channeltype is "all", the color samples are dithered into a
1974 graylevel and then that graylevel is stored in the three color
1975 channels. Separately, the opacity channel is dithered into a
1976 bilevel opacity value which is stored in the opacity channel.
1977 When channeltype is "intensity", only the color samples are
1979 dithered. When channeltype is "opacity" or "matte", only the
1980 opacity channel is dithered.
1981 The choices for N are 2, 3, or 4. When N is 2, the image is
1983 divided into 2x2 pixel tiles. In each tile, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4
1984 pixels are turned to white depending on their intensity. When N
1985 is 3, there are 3x3 tiles and 10 levels of gray can be repre‐
1986 sented. When N is 4, there are 4x4 tiles and 17 levels of gray.
1987 -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
1989 size and location of an image canvas
1990 Use this option to specify the dimensions of the PostScript page
1992 in dots per inch or a TEXT page in pixels. The choices for a
1993 PostScript page are:
1994 11x17 792 1224
1996 Ledger 1224 792
1997 Legal 612 1008
1998 Letter 612 792
1999 LetterSmall 612 792
2000 ArchE 2592 3456
2001 ArchD 1728 2592
2002 ArchC 1296 1728
2003 ArchB 864 1296
2004 ArchA 648 864
2005 A0 2380 3368
2006 A1 1684 2380
2007 A2 1190 1684
2008 A3 842 1190
2009 A4 595 842
2010 A4Small 595 842
2011 A5 421 595
2012 A6 297 421
2013 A7 210 297
2014 A8 148 210
2015 A9 105 148
2016 A10 74 105
2017 B0 2836 4008
2018 B1 2004 2836
2019 B2 1418 2004
2020 B3 1002 1418
2021 B4 709 1002
2022 B5 501 709
2023 C0 2600 3677
2024 C1 1837 2600
2025 C2 1298 1837
2026 C3 918 1298
2027 C4 649 918
2028 C5 459 649
2029 C6 323 459
2030 Flsa 612 936
2031 Flse 612 936
2032 HalfLetter 396 612
2033 For convenience you can specify the page size by media (e.g. A4,
2035 Ledger, etc.). Otherwise, -page behaves much like -geometry
2036 (e.g. -page letter+43+43>).
2037 This option is also used to place subimages when writing to a
2039 multi-image format that supports offsets, such as GIF89 and MNG.
2040 When used for this purpose the offsets are always measured from
2041 the top left corner of the canvas and are not affected by the
2042 -gravity option. To position a GIF or MNG image, use
2043 -page{+-}<x>{+-}<y> (e.g. -page +100+200). When writing to a
2044 MNG file, a -page option appearing ahead of the first image in
2045 the sequence with nonzero width and height defines the width and
2046 height values that are written in the MHDR chunk. Otherwise,
2047 the MNG width and height are computed from the bounding box that
2048 contains all images in the sequence. When writing a GIF89 file,
2049 only the bounding box method is used to determine its dimen‐
2050 sions.
2051 For a PostScript page, the image is sized as in -geometry and
2053 positioned relative to the lower left hand corner of the page by
2054 {+-}<xoffset>{+-}<y offset>. Use -page 612x792>, for example, to
2055 center the image within the page. If the image size exceeds the
2056 PostScript page, it is reduced to fit the page. The default
2057 gravity for the -page option is NorthWest, i.e., positive x and
2058 y offset are measured rightward and downward from the top left
2059 corner of the page, unless the -gravity option is present with a
2060 value other than NorthWest.
2061 The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792.
2063 This option is used in concert with -density.
2065 Use +page to remove the page settings for an image.
2067 -paint <radius>
2069 simulate an oil painting
2070 Each pixel is replaced by the most frequent color in a circular
2072 neighborhood whose width is specified with radius.
2073 -pause <seconds>
2075 pause between animation loops [animate]
2076 Pause for the specified number of seconds before repeating the
2078 animation.
2079 -pause <seconds>
2081 pause between snapshots [import]
2082 Pause for the specified number of seconds before taking the next
2084 snapshot.
2085 -pen <color>
2087 (This option has been replaced by the -fill option)
2088 -ping efficiently determine image characteristics
2090 -pointsize <value>
2092 pointsize of the PostScript, OPTION1, or TrueType font
2093 -preview <type>
2095 image preview type
2096 Use this option to affect the preview operation of an image
2098 (e.g. convert file.png -preview Gamma Preview:gamma.png).
2099 Choose from these previews:
2100 Rotate
2102 Shear
2103 Roll
2104 Hue
2105 Saturation
2106 Brightness
2107 Gamma
2108 Spiff
2109 Dull
2110 Grayscale
2111 Quantize
2112 Despeckle
2113 ReduceNoise
2114 Add Noise
2115 Sharpen
2116 Blur
2117 Threshold
2118 EdgeDetect
2119 Spread
2120 Shade
2121 Raise
2122 Segment
2123 Solarize
2124 Swirl
2125 Implode
2126 Wave
2127 OilPaint
2128 CharcoalDrawing
2129 JPEG
2130 The default preview is JPEG.
2132 -process <command>
2134 process a sequence of images using a process module
2135 The command argument has the form module=arg1,arg2,arg3,...,argN
2137 where module is the name of the module to invoke (e.g. "ana‐
2138 lyze") and arg1,arg2,arg3,...,argN are an arbitrary number of
2139 arguments to pass to the process module. The sequence of images
2140 is terminated by the appearance of any option.
2141 If the -process option appears after all of the input images,
2143 all images are processed.
2144 -profile <filename>
2146 add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile to image
2147 -profile filename adds an ICM (ICC color management), IPTC
2149 (newswire information), or a generic profile to the image.
2150 Use +profile icm, +profile iptc, or +profile profile_name to
2152 remove the respective profile. Use identify -verbose to find
2153 out what profiles are in the image file. Use +profile "*" to
2154 remove all profiles.
2155 To extract a profile, the -profile option is not used. Instead,
2157 simply write the file to an image format such as APP1, 8BIM,
2158 ICM, or IPTC.
2159 For example, to extract the Exif data (which is stored in JPEG
2161 files in the APP1 profile), use
2162 gm convert cockatoo.jpg exifdata.app1
2165 +progress
2167 disable progress monitor and busy cursor
2168 By default, when an image is displayed, a progress monitor bar
2170 is shown in the top left corner of an existing image display
2171 window, and the current cursor is replaced with an hourglass
2172 cursor. Use +progress to disable the progress monitor and busy
2173 cursor during display operations. While the progress monitor is
2174 disabled for all operations, the busy cursor continues to be
2175 enabled for non-display operations such as image processing.
2176 This option is useful for non-interactive display operations, or
2177 when a "clean" look is desired.
2178 -quality <value>
2180 JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level
2181 For the JPEG and MPEG image formats, quality is 0 (lowest image
2182 quality and highest compression) to 100 (best quality but least
2183 effective compression). The default quality is 75. Use the
2184 -sampling-factor option to specify the factors for chroma down‐
2185 sampling. To use the same quality value as that found by the
2186 JPEG decoder, use the -define jpeg:preserve-settings flag.
2187 For the MIFF image format, quality/10 is the zlib compression
2189 level, which is 0 (worst but fastest compression) to 9 (best but
2190 slowest). It has no effect on the image appearance, since the
2191 compression is always lossless.
2192 For the JPEG-2000 image format, quality is mapped using a non-
2194 linear equation to the compression ratio required by the Jasper
2195 library. This non-linear equation is intended to loosely approx‐
2196 imate the quality provided by the JPEG v1 format. The default
2197 quality value 75 results in a request for 16:1 compression. The
2198 quality value 100 results in a request for non-lossy compres‐
2199 sion.
2200 For the MNG and PNG image formats, the quality value sets the
2202 zlib compression level (quality / 10) and filter-type (quality %
2203 10). Compression levels range from 0 (fastest compression) to
2204 100 (best but slowest). For compression level 0, the Huffman-
2205 only strategy is used, which is fastest but not necessarily the
2206 worst compression.
2207 If filter-type is 4 or less, the specified filter-type is used
2209 for all scanlines:
2210 0: none
2212 1: sub
2213 2: up
2214 3: average
2215 4: Paeth
2216 If filter-type is 5, adaptive filtering is used when quality is
2218 greater than 50 and the image does not have a color map, other‐
2219 wise no filtering is used.
2220 If filter-type is 6, adaptive filtering with minimum-sum-of-
2222 absolute-values is used.
2223 Only if the output is MNG, if filter-type is 7, the LOCO color
2225 transformation and adaptive filtering with minimum-sum-of-abso‐
2226 lute-values are used.
2227 The default is quality is 75, which means nearly the best com‐
2229 pression with adaptive filtering. The quality setting has no
2230 effect on the appearance of PNG and MNG images, since the com‐
2231 pression is always lossless.
2232 For further information, see the PNG specification.
2234 When writing a JNG image with transparency, two quality values
2236 are required, one for the main image and one for the grayscale
2237 image that conveys the opacity channel. These are written as a
2238 single integer equal to the main image quality plus 1000 times
2239 the opacity quality. For example, if you want to use quality 75
2240 for the main image and quality 90 to compress the opacity data,
2241 use -quality 90075.
2242 -raise <width>x<height>
2244 lighten or darken image edges
2245 This will create a 3-D effect. See -geometry for details details
2247 about the geometry specification. Offsets are not used.
2248 Use -raise to create a raised effect, otherwise use +raise.
2250 -random-threshold <channeltype> <LOWxHIGH>
2252 random threshold the image
2253 The channel or channels specified in the <channeltype> argument
2255 are reduced to binary, using an random-threshold method. The
2256 choices for channeltype are:
2257 all
2259 intensity
2260 opacity
2261 matte
2262 When channeltype is "all", the color samples are thresholded
2264 into a graylevel and then that graylevel is stored in the three
2265 color channels. Separately, the opacity channel is thresholded
2266 into a bilevel opacity value which is stored in the opacity
2267 channel. For each pixel, a new random number is used to estab‐
2268 lish the threshold to be used. The threshold never exceeds the
2269 specified maximum (HIGH) and is never less than the specified
2270 minimum (LOW).
2271 When channeltype is "intensity", only the color samples are
2273 thresholded. When channeltype is "opacity" or "matte", only the
2274 opacity channel is thresholded.
2275 -red-primary <x>,<y>
2277 red chromaticity primary point
2278 -region <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
2280 apply options to a portion of the image
2281 The x and y offsets are treated in the same manner as in -crop.
2283 -remote
2285 perform a X11 remote operation
2286 The -remote command sends a command to a "gm display" or "gm
2288 animate" which is already running. The only command recognized
2289 at this time is the name of an image file to load. This capabil‐
2290 ity is very useful to load new images without needing to restart
2291 GraphicsMagick (e.g. for a slide-show or to use GraphicsMagick
2292 as the display engine for a different GUI). Also see the
2293 +progress option for a way to disable progress indication for a
2294 clean look while loading new images.
2295 -render
2297 render vector operations
2298 Use +render to turn off rendering vector operations. This is
2300 useful when saving the result to vector formats such as MVG or
2301 SVG.
2302 -resample <horizontal>x<vertical>
2304 Resample image to specified horizontal and vertical resolution
2305 Resize the image so that its rendered size remains the same as
2307 the original at the specified target resolution. Either the cur‐
2308 rent image resolution units or the previously set with -units
2309 are used to interpret the argument. For example, if a 300 DPI
2310 image renders at 3 inches by 2 inches on a 300 DPI device, when
2311 the image has been resampled to 72 DPI, it will render at 3
2312 inches by 2 inches on a 72 DPI device. Note that only a small
2313 number of image formats (e.g. JPEG, PNG, and TIFF) are capable
2314 of storing the image resolution. For formats which do not sup‐
2315 port an image resolution, the original resolution of the image
2316 must be specified via -density on the command line prior to
2317 specifying the resample resolution.
2318 Note that Photoshop stores and obtains image resolution from a
2320 proprietary embedded profile. If this profile exists in the
2321 image, then Photoshop will continue to treat the image using its
2322 former resolution, ignoring the image resolution specified in
2323 the standard file header.
2324 Some image formats (e.g. PNG) require use of metric or english
2326 units so even if the original image used a particular unit sys‐
2327 tem, if it is saved to a different format prior to resampling,
2328 then it may be necessary to specify the desired resolution units
2329 using -units since the original units may have been lost. In
2330 other words, do not assume that the resolution units are
2331 restored if the image has been saved to a file.
2332 -resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
2334 resize an image
2335 This is an alias for the -geometry option and it behaves in the
2337 same manner. If the -filter option precedes the -resize option,
2338 the specified filter is used.
2339 There are some exceptions:
2341 When used as a composite option, -resize conveys the preferred
2343 size of the output image, while -geometry conveys the size and
2344 placement of the composite image within the main image.
2345 When used as a montage option, -resize conveys the preferred
2347 size of the montage, while -geometry conveys information about
2348 the tiles.
2349 -roll {+-}<x>{+-}<y>
2351 roll an image vertically or horizontally
2352 See -geometry for details the geometry specification. The x and
2354 y offsets are not affected by the -gravity option.
2355 A negative x offset rolls the image left-to-right. A negative y
2357 offset rolls the image top-to-bottom.
2358 -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
2360 apply Paeth image rotation to the image
2361 Use > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds the height.
2363 < rotates the image only if its width is less than the height.
2364 For example, if you specify -rotate "-90>" and the image size is
2365 480x640, the image is not rotated. However, if the image is
2366 640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees. If you use > or <,
2367 enclose it in quotation marks to prevent it from being misinter‐
2368 preted as a file redirection.
2369 Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are filled
2371 with the color defined as background (class backgroundColor).
2372 The color is specified using the format described under the
2373 -fill option.
2374 -sample <geometry>
2376 scale image using pixel sampling
2377 See -geometry for details about the geometry specification.
2379 -sample ignores the -filter selection if the -filter option is
2380 present. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are
2381 ignored, and the -gravity option has no effect.
2382 -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
2384 sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV
2385 decoder/encoder.
2386 This option specifies the sampling factors to be used by the
2388 JPEG encoder for chroma downsampling. If this option is omit‐
2389 ted, the JPEG library will use its own default values. When
2390 reading or writing the YUV format and when writing the M2V
2391 (MPEG-2) format, use -sampling-factor 2x1 to specify the 4:2:2
2392 downsampling method.
2393 To use the same sampling factors as those found by the JPEG
2395 decoder, use the -define jpeg:preserve-settings flag.
2396 -scale <geometry>
2398 scale the image.
2399 See -geometry for details about the geometry specification.
2401 -scale uses a simpler, faster algorithm, and it ignores the
2402 -filter selection if the -filter option is present. Offsets, if
2403 present in the geometry string, are ignored, and the -gravity
2404 option has no effect.
2405 -scene <value>
2407 set scene number
2408 This option sets the scene number of an image or the first image
2410 in an image sequence.
2411 -scenes <value-value>
2413 range of image scene numbers to read
2414 Each image in the range is read with the filename followed by a
2416 period (.) and the decimal scene number. You can change this
2417 behavior by embedding a %d, %0Nd, %o, %0No, %x, or %0Nx printf
2418 format specification in the file name. For example,
2419 gm montage -scenes 5-7 image.miff
2421 makes a montage of files image.miff.5, image.miff.6, and
2423 image.miff.7, and
2424 gm animate -scenes 0-12 image%02d.miff
2426 animates files image00.miff, image01.miff, through image12.miff.
2428 -screen
2430 specify the screen to capture
2431 This option indicates that the GetImage request used to obtain
2433 the image should be done on the root window, rather than
2434 directly on the specified window. In this way, you can obtain
2435 pieces of other windows that overlap the specified window, and
2436 more importantly, you can capture menus or other popups that are
2437 independent windows but appear over the specified window.
2438 -segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
2440 segment an image
2441 Segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color compo‐
2443 nents and identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy
2444 c-means technique.
2445 Specify cluster threshold as the number of pixels in each clus‐
2447 ter must exceed the the cluster threshold to be considered
2448 valid. Smoothing threshold eliminates noise in the second deriv‐
2449 ative of the histogram. As the value is increased, you can
2450 expect a smoother second derivative. The default is 1.5. See
2451 "Image Segmentation", below, for details.
2452 -shade <azimuth>x<elevation>
2454 shade the image using a distant light source
2455 Specify azimuth and elevation as the position of the light
2457 source. Use +shade to return the shading results as a grayscale
2458 image.
2459 -shadow <radius>{x<sigma>}
2461 shadow the montage
2462 -shared-memory
2464 use shared memory
2465 This option specifies whether the utility should attempt to use
2467 shared memory for pixmaps. GraphicsMagick must be compiled with
2468 shared memory support, and the display must support the MIT-SHM
2469 extension. Otherwise, this option is ignored. The default is
2470 True.
2471 -sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
2473 sharpen the image
2474 Use a Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard devia‐
2476 tion (sigma).
2477 -shave <width>x<height>{%}
2479 shave pixels from the image edges
2480 Specify the width of the region to be removed from both sides of
2482 the image and the height of the regions to be removed from top
2483 and bottom.
2484 -shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
2486 shear the image along the X or Y axis
2487 Use the specified positive or negative shear angle.
2489 Shearing slides one edge of an image along the X or Y axis, cre‐
2491 ating a parallelogram. An X direction shear slides an edge along
2492 the X axis, while a Y direction shear slides an edge along the Y
2493 axis. The amount of the shear is controlled by a shear angle.
2494 For X direction shears, x degrees is measured relative to the Y
2495 axis, and similarly, for Y direction shears y degrees is mea‐
2496 sured relative to the X axis.
2497 Empty triangles left over from shearing the image are filled
2499 with the color defined as background (class backgroundColor).
2500 The color is specified using the format described under the
2501 -fill option.
2502 -silent
2504 operate silently
2505 -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
2507 width and height of the image
2508 Use this option to specify the width and height of raw images
2510 whose dimensions are unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or CMYK. In
2511 addition to width and height, use -size with an offset to skip
2512 any header information in the image or tell the number of colors
2513 in a MAP image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256).
2514 For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes:
2516 192x128
2518 384x256
2519 768x512
2520 1536x1024
2521 3072x2048
2522 Finally, use this option to choose a particular resolution layer
2524 of a JBIG or JPEG image (e.g. -size 1024x768).
2525 -snaps <value>
2527 number of screen snapshots
2528 Use this option to grab more than one image from the X server
2530 screen, to create an animation sequence.
2531 -solarize <factor>
2533 negate all pixels above the threshold level
2534 Specify factor as the percent threshold of the intensity (0 -
2536 99.9%).
2537 This option produces a solarization effect seen when exposing a
2539 photographic film to light during the development process.
2540 -spread <amount>
2542 displace image pixels by a random amount
2543 Amount defines the size of the neighborhood around each pixel to
2545 choose a candidate pixel to swap.
2546 -stegano <offset>
2548 hide watermark within an image
2549 Use an offset to start the image hiding some number of pixels
2551 from the beginning of the image. Note this offset and the image
2552 size. You will need this information to recover the stegano‐
2553 graphic image (e.g. display -size 320x256+35 stegano:image.png).
2554 -stereo
2556 composite two images to create a stereo anaglyph
2557 The left side of the stereo pair is saved as the red channel of
2559 the output image. The right side is saved as the green channel.
2560 Red-green stereo glasses are required to properly view the
2561 stereo image.
2562 -stroke <color>
2564 color to use when stroking a graphic primitive
2565 The color is specified using the format described under the
2567 -fill option.
2568 See -draw for further details.
2570 -strokewidth <value>
2572 set the stroke width
2573 See -draw for further details.
2575 -swirl <degrees>
2577 swirl image pixels about the center
2578 Degrees defines the tightness of the swirl.
2580 -text-font <name>
2582 font for writing fixed-width text
2583 Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed (type‐
2585 writer style) formatted text. The default is 14 point Courier.
2586 You can tag a font to specify whether it is a PostScript, True‐
2588 Type, or OPTION1 font. For example, Courier.ttf is a TrueType
2589 font and x:fixed is OPTION1.
2590 -texture <filename>
2592 name of texture to tile onto the image background
2593 -threshold <value>{<green>,<blue>,<opacity>}{%}
2595 threshold the image
2596 Create an image such that any pixel sample that is equal to, or
2598 exceeds the threshold, is reassigned the maximum intensity oth‐
2599 erwise the minimum intensity.
2600 If the green or blue value is omitted, these channels use the
2602 same value as the first one provided. If all three color values
2603 are the same, the result is a bi-level image. If the opacity
2604 threshold is omitted, OpaqueOpacity will be used and any par‐
2605 tially transparent pixel will become fully transparent. If only
2606 a single 0 is provided, auto-thresholding will be performed.
2607 To generate an all-black or all-white image with the same dimen‐
2609 sions as the input image, you can use
2610 gm convert -threshold 65535 in.png black.png
2612 gm convert -threshold 0,0 in.png white.png
2613 -tile <filename>
2615 tile image when filling a graphic primitive
2616 -tile <geometry>
2618 layout of images [montage]
2619 -title <string>
2621 assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage]
2622 Use this option to assign a specific title to the image. This is
2624 assigned to the image window and is typically displayed in the
2625 window title bar. Optionally you can include the image file‐
2626 name, type, width, height, Exif data, or other image attribute
2627 by embedding special format characters described under the -for‐
2628 mat option.
2629 For example,
2631 -title "%m:%f %wx%h"
2633 produces an image title of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
2635 titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.
2636 -transform
2638 transform the image
2639 This option applies the transformation matrix from a previous
2641 -affine option.
2642 gm convert -affine 2,2,-2,2,0,0 -transform bird.ppm bird.jpg
2644 -transparent <color>
2646 make this color transparent within the image
2647 The color is specified using the format described under the
2649 -fill option.
2650 -treedepth <value>
2652 tree depth for the color reduction algorithm
2653 Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A value of zero or
2655 one causes the use of an optimal tree depth for the color reduc‐
2656 tion algorithm
2657 An optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the
2659 source image with the fastest computational speed and the least
2660 amount of memory. However, the default depth is inappropriate
2661 for some images. To assure the best representation, try values
2662 between 2 and 8 for this parameter. Refer to quantize for more
2663 details.
2664 The -colors or -monochrome option, or writing to an image format
2666 which requires color reduction, is required for this option to
2667 take effect.
2668 -trim trim an image
2670 This option removes any edges that are exactly the same color as
2672 the corner pixels. Use -fuzz to make -trim remove edges that
2673 are nearly the same color as the corner pixels.
2674 -type <type>
2676 the image type
2677 Choose from: Bilevel, Grayscale, Palette, PaletteMatte, True‐
2679 Color, TrueColorMatte, ColorSeparation, ColorSeparationMatte, or
2680 Optimize.
2681 Normally, when a format supports different subformats such as
2683 grayscale and truecolor, the encoder will try to choose an effi‐
2684 cient subformat. The -type option can be used to overrride this
2685 behavior. For example, to prevent a JPEG from being written in
2686 grayscale format even though only gray pixels are present, use
2687 gm convert bird.pgm -type TrueColor bird.jpg
2689 Similarly, using -type TrueColorMatte will force the encoder to
2691 write an alpha channel even though the image is opaque, if the
2692 output format supports transparency.
2693 -update <seconds>
2695 detect when image file is modified and redisplay.
2696 Suppose that while you are displaying an image the file that is
2698 currently displayed is over-written. display will automatically
2699 detect that the input file has been changed and update the dis‐
2700 played image accordingly.
2701 -units <type>
2703 the units of image resolution
2704 Choose from: Undefined, PixelsPerInch, or PixelsPerCentimeter.
2706 This option is normally used in conjunction with the -density
2707 option.
2708 -unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{+<threshold>}
2710 sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator
2711 The -unsharp option sharpens an image. The image is convolved
2713 with a Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard devia‐
2714 tion (sigma). For reasonable results, radius should be larger
2715 than sigma. Use a radius of 0 to have the method select a suit‐
2716 able radius.
2717 The parameters are:
2719 radius
2721 The radius of the Gaussian, in pixels, not counting the
2724 center pixel (default 0).
2725 sigma
2727 The standard deviation of the Gaussian, in pixels (default
2730 1.0).
2731 amount
2733 The percentage of the difference between the original and
2736 the blur image that is added back into the original
2737 (default 1.0).
2738 threshold
2740 The threshold, as a fraction of MaxRGB, needed to apply
2743 the difference amount (default 0.05).
2744 -use-pixmap
2748 use the pixmap
2749 -verbose
2751 print detailed information about the image
2752 This information is printed: image scene number; image name;
2754 image size; the image class (DirectClass or PseudoClass); the
2755 total number of unique colors; and the number of seconds to read
2756 and transform the image. Refer to miff for a description of the
2757 image class.
2758 If -colors is also specified, the total unique colors in the
2760 image and color reduction error values are printed. Refer to
2761 quantize for a description of these values.
2762 -version
2764 print GraphicsMagick version string
2765 -view <string>
2767 FlashPix viewing parameters
2768 -virtual-pixel <method>
2770 specify contents of "virtual pixels"
2771 This option defines "virtual pixels" for use in operations that
2773 can access pixels outside the boundaries of an image.
2774 Choose from these methods:
2776 Constant
2778 Use the image background color.
2781 Edge
2783 Extend the edge pixel toward infinity (default).
2786 Mirror
2788 Mirror the image.
2791 Tile
2793 Tile the image.
2796 This option affects operations that use virtual pixels such as
2800 -blur, -sharpen, -wave, etc.
2801 -visual <type>
2803 animate images using this X visual type
2804 Choose from these visual classes:
2806 StaticGray
2808 GrayScale
2809 StaticColor
2810 PseudoColor
2811 TrueColor
2812 DirectColor
2813 default
2814 visual id
2815 The X server must support the visual you choose, otherwise an
2817 error occurs. If a visual is not specified, the visual class
2818 that can display the most simultaneous colors on the default
2819 screen is chosen.
2820 -watermark <brightness>x<saturation>
2822 percent brightness and saturation of a watermark
2823 -wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>
2825 alter an image along a sine wave
2826 Specify amplitude and wavelength of the wave.
2828 -white-point <x>,<y>
2830 chromaticity white point
2831 -window <id>
2833 make image the background of a window
2834 id can be a window id or name. Specify root to select X's root
2836 window as the target window.
2837 By default the image is tiled onto the background of the target
2839 window. If backdrop or -geometry are specified, the image is
2840 surrounded by the background color. Refer to X RESOURCES for
2841 details.
2842 The image will not display on the root window if the image has
2844 more unique colors than the target window colormap allows. Use
2845 -colors to reduce the number of colors.
2846 -window-group
2848 specify the window group
2849 -write <filename>
2851 write an image sequence [convert, composite]
2852 The image sequence following the -write filenameoption is writ‐
2854 ten out, and then processing continues with the same image in
2855 its current state if there are additional options. To restore
2856 the image to its original state after writing it, use the +write
2857 filename option.
2858 -write <filename>
2860 write the image to a file [display]
2861 If filename already exists, you will be prompted as to whether
2863 it should be overwritten.
2864 By default, the image is written in the format that it was read
2866 in as. To specify a particular image format, prefix filename
2867 with the image type and a colon (e.g., ps:image) or specify the
2868 image type as the filename suffix (e.g., image.ps). Specify file
2869 as - for standard output. If file has the extension .Z or .gz,
2870 the file size is compressed using compress or gzip respectively.
2871 Precede the image file name with | to pipe to a system command.
2872 Use -compress to specify the type of image compression.
2874 The equivalent X resource for this option is writeFilename
2876 (class WriteFilename). See "X Resources", below, for details.
2877
2879 Animate displays a sequence of images on any workstation display run‐
2880 ning an X server. animate first determines the hardware capabilities of
2881 the workstation. If the number of unique colors in an image is less
2882 than or equal to the number the workstation can support, the image is
2883 displayed in an X window. Otherwise the number of colors in the image
2884 is first reduced to match the color resolution of the workstation
2885 before it is displayed.
2886 This means that a continuous-tone 24 bits-per-pixel image can display
2888 on a 8 bit pseudo-color device or monochrome device. In most instances
2889 the reduced color image closely resembles the original. Alternatively,
2890 a monochrome or pseudo-color image sequence can display on a continu‐
2891 ous-tone 24 bits-per-pixel device.
2892 To help prevent color flashing on X server visuals that have colormaps,
2894 animate creates a single colormap from the image sequence. This can be
2895 rather time consuming. You can speed this operation up by reducing the
2896 colors in the image before you "animate" them. Use mogrify to color
2897 reduce the images to a single colormap. See mogrify(1) for details.
2898 Alternatively, you can use a Standard Colormap; or a static, direct, or
2899 true color visual. You can define a Standard Colormap with xstdcmap.
2900 See xstdcmap(1) for details. This method is recommended for colormapped
2901 X server because it eliminates the need to compute a global colormap.
2902
2904 To animate a set of images of a cockatoo, use:
2905 gm animate cockatoo.*
2907 To animate a cockatoo image sequence while using the Standard Colormap
2909 best, use:
2910 xstdcmap -best
2912 gm animate -map best cockatoo.*
2913 To animate an image of a cockatoo without a border centered on a back‐
2915 drop, use:
2916 gm animate +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.*
2919
2921 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.
2922 -authenticate <string>
2925 decrypt image with this password
2926 -backdrop
2928 display the image centered on a backdrop.
2929 -background <color>
2931 the background color
2932 -bordercolor <color>
2934 the border color
2935 -borderwidth <geometry>
2937 the border width
2938 -cache <threshold>
2940 (This option has been replaced by the -limit option)
2941 -chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
2943 remove pixels from the interior of an image
2944 -colormap <type>
2946 define the colormap type
2947 -colors <value>
2949 preferred number of colors in the image
2950 -colorspace <value>
2952 the type of colorspace
2953 -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
2955 preferred size and location of the cropped image
2956 -debug <events>
2958 enable debug printout
2959 -define <key>{=<value>},...
2961 add coder/decoder specific options
2962 -delay <1/100ths of a second>
2964 display the next image after pausing
2965 -density <width>x<height>
2967 horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image
2968 -depth <value>
2970 depth of the image
2971 -display <host:display[.screen]>
2973 specifies the X server to contact
2974 -dispose <method>
2976 GIF disposal method
2977 -dither
2979 apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image
2980 -font <name>
2982 use this font when annotating the image with text
2983 -foreground <color>
2985 define the foreground color
2986 -gamma <value>
2988 level of gamma correction
2989 -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
2991 preferred size and location of the Image window.
2992 -help print usage instructions
2994 -iconGeometry <geometry>
2996 specify the icon geometry
2997 -iconic
2999 iconic animation
3000 -interlace <type>
3002 the type of interlacing scheme
3003 -limit <type> <value>
3005 Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit
3006 -log <string>
3008 Specify format for debug log
3009 -map <type>
3011 display image using this type.
3012 -matte store matte channel if the image has one
3014 -mattecolor <color>
3016 specify the color to be used with the -frame option
3017 -monochrome
3019 transform the image to black and white
3020 -name name an image
3022 -noop NOOP (no option)
3024 -pause <seconds>
3026 pause between animation loops [animate]
3027 -remote
3029 perform a X11 remote operation
3030 -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
3032 apply Paeth image rotation to the image
3033 -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
3035 sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV
3036 decoder/encoder.
3037 -scenes <value-value>
3039 range of image scene numbers to read
3040 -shared-memory
3042 use shared memory
3043 -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
3045 width and height of the image
3046 -text-font <name>
3048 font for writing fixed-width text
3049 -title <string>
3051 assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage]
3052 -treedepth <value>
3054 tree depth for the color reduction algorithm
3055 -trim trim an image
3057 -verbose
3059 print detailed information about the image
3060 -version
3062 print GraphicsMagick version string
3063 -visual <type>
3065 animate images using this X visual type
3066 -window <id>
3068 make image the background of a window
3069 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options,
3071 above.
3072 Any option you specify on the command line remains in effect for
3075 the group of images following it, until the group is terminated
3076 by the appearance of any option or -noop. For example, to ani‐
3077 mate three images, the first with 32 colors, the second with an
3078 unlimited number of colors, and the third with only 16 colors,
3079 use:
3080 gm animate -colors 32 cockatoo.1 -noop cockatoo.2
3083 -colors 16 cockatoo.3
3084 Animate options can appear on the command line or in your X
3086 resources file. See X(1). Options on the command line supersede
3087 values specified in your X resources file. Image filenames may
3088 appear in any order on the command line if the image format is
3089 MIFF (refer to miff(5) and the scene keyword is specified in the
3090 image. Otherwise the images will display in the order they
3091 appear on the command line.
3092
3094 Press any button to map or unmap the Command widget. See the next sec‐
3095 tion for more information about the Command widget.
3096
3098 The Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and commands. They are
3099 Animate
3101 Open
3103 Play
3104 Step
3105 Repeat
3106 Auto Reverse
3107 Speed
3109 Faster
3111 Slower
3112 Direction
3114 Forward
3116 Reverse
3117 Image Info
3119 Help
3120 Quit
3121 Menu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu. They are repre‐
3124 sented above as the indented items. To access a sub-menu item, move the
3125 pointer to the appropriate menu and press a button and drag. When you
3126 find the desired sub-menu item, release the button and the command is
3127 executed. Move the pointer away from the sub-menu if you decide not to
3128 execute a particular command.
3129
3131 Ctl+O
3132 Press to load an image from a file.
3134 space
3135 Press to display the next image in the sequence.
3137 <
3138 Press to speed-up the display of the images. Refer to
3140 -delay for more information.
3141 >
3142 Press to slow the display of the images. Refer to -delay
3144 for more information.
3145 ?
3146 Press to display information about the image. Press any
3148 key or button to erase the information.
3149 This information is printed: image name; image size; and
3150 the total number of unique colors in the image.
3151 F1
3152 Press to display helpful information about animate(1).
3154 Ctl-q
3155 Press to discard all images and exit program.
3157
3160 Animate options can appear on the command line or in your X resource
3161 file. Options on the command line supersede values specified in your X
3162 resource file. See X(1) for more information on X resources.
3163 All animate options have a corresponding X resource. In addition, the
3165 animate program uses the following X resources:
3166 background (class Background)
3168 Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window
3171 background. The default is #ccc.
3172 borderColor (class BorderColor)
3173 Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window
3176 border. The default is #ccc.
3177 borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
3178 Specifies the width in pixels of the Image window border.
3181 The default is 2.
3182 font (class Font or FontList)
3183 Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in normal
3186 formatted text. The default is 14 point Helvetica.
3187 foreground (class Foreground)
3188 Specifies the preferred color to use for text within the
3191 Image window. The default is black.
3192 geometry (class geometry)
3193 Specifies the preferred size and position of the image
3196 window. It is not necessarily obeyed by all window man‐
3197 agers. Offsets, if present, are handled in X(1) style. A
3198 negative x offset is measured from the right edge of the
3199 screen to the right edge of the icon, and a negative y
3200 offset is measured from the bottom edge of the screen to
3201 the bottom edge of the icon.
3202 iconGeometry (class IconGeometry)
3203 Specifies the preferred size and position of the applica‐
3206 tion when iconified. It is not necessarily obeyed by all
3207 window managers. Offsets, if present, are handled in the
3208 same manner as in class Geometry.
3209 iconic (class Iconic)
3210 This resource indicates that you would prefer that the
3213 application's windows initially not be visible as if the
3214 windows had be immediately iconified by you. Window man‐
3215 agers may choose not to honor the application's request.
3216 matteColor (class MatteColor)
3217 Specify the color of windows. It is used for the back‐
3220 grounds of windows, menus, and notices. A 3D effect is
3221 achieved by using highlight and shadow colors derived from
3222 this color. Default value: #ddd.
3223 name (class Name)
3224 This resource specifies the name under which resources for
3227 the application should be found. This resource is useful
3228 in shell aliases to distinguish between invocations of an
3229 application, without resorting to creating links to alter
3230 the executable file name. The default is the application
3231 name.
3232 sharedMemory (class SharedMemory)
3233 This resource specifies whether animate should attempt use
3236 shared memory for pixmaps. ImageMagick must be compiled
3237 with shared memory support, and the display must support
3238 the MIT-SHM extension. Otherwise, this resource is
3239 ignored. The default is True.
3240 text_font (class textFont)
3241 Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed
3244 (typewriter style) formatted text. The default is 14 point
3245 Courier.
3246 title (class Title)
3247 This resource specifies the title to be used for the Image
3250 window. This information is sometimes used by a window
3251 manager to provide some sort of header identifying the
3252 window. The default is the image file name.
3253
3256 composite composites (combines) images to create new images. base-
3257 image is the base image and change-image contains the changes. ouput-
3258 image is the result, and normally has the same dimensions as base-
3259 image.
3260 The optional mask-image can be used to provide opacity information for
3263 change-image when it has none or if you want a different mask. A mask
3264 image is typically grayscale and the same size as base-image. If mask-
3265 image is not grayscale, it is converted to grayscale and the resulting
3266 intensities are used as opacity information.
3267
3269 To composite an image of a cockatoo with a perch, use:
3270 gm composite cockatoo.miff perch.ras composite.miff
3272 To compute the difference between images in a series, use:
3274 gm composite -compose difference series.2 series.1
3276 difference.miff
3277 To composite an image of a cockatoo with a perch starting at location
3279 (100,150), use:
3280 gm composite -geometry +100+150 cockatoo.miff
3282 perch.ras composite.miff
3283 To tile a logo across your image of a cockatoo, use
3285 gm convert +shade 30x60 cockatoo.miff mask.miff
3287 gm composite -compose bumpmap -tile logo.png
3288 cockatoo.miff mask.miff composite.miff
3289 To composite a red, green, and blue color plane into a single composite
3291 image, try
3292 gm composite -compose CopyGreen green.png red.png
3294 red-green.png
3295 gm composite -compose CopyBlue blue.png red-green.png
3296 gm composite.png
3297
3299 Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
3300 the command line remains in effect only for the image that follows.
3301 All options are reset to their default values after each image is read.
3302 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.
3304 -authenticate <string>
3307 decrypt image with this password
3308 -background <color>
3310 the background color
3311 -blue-primary <x>,<y>
3313 blue chromaticity primary point
3314 -cache <threshold>
3316 (This option has been replaced by the -limit option)
3317 -colors <value>
3319 preferred number of colors in the image
3320 -colorspace <value>
3322 the type of colorspace
3323 -comment <string>
3325 annotate an image with a comment
3326 -compose <operator>
3328 the type of image composition
3329 -compress <type>
3331 the type of image compression
3332 -debug <events>
3334 enable debug printout
3335 -define <key>{=<value>},...
3337 add coder/decoder specific options
3338 -density <width>x<height>
3340 horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image
3341 -depth <value>
3343 depth of the image
3344 -displace <horizontal scale>x<vertical scale>
3346 shift image pixels as defined by a displacement map
3347 -display <host:display[.screen]>
3349 specifies the X server to contact
3350 -dispose <method>
3352 GIF disposal method
3353 -dissolve <percent>
3355 dissolve an image into another by the given percent
3356 -dither
3358 apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image
3359 -encoding <type>
3361 specify the text encoding
3362 -endian <type>
3364 specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image
3365 -filter <type>
3367 use this type of filter when resizing an image
3368 -font <name>
3370 use this font when annotating the image with text
3371 -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
3373 preferred size and location of the Image window.
3374 -gravity <type>
3376 direction primitive gravitates to when annotating the image.
3377 -green-primary <x>,<y>
3379 green chromaticity primary point
3380 -help print usage instructions
3382 -interlace <type>
3384 the type of interlacing scheme
3385 -label <name>
3387 assign a label to an image
3388 -limit <type> <value>
3390 Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit
3391 -log <string>
3393 Specify format for debug log
3394 -matte store matte channel if the image has one
3396 -monochrome
3398 transform the image to black and white
3399 -negate
3401 replace every pixel with its complementary color
3402 -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
3404 size and location of an image canvas
3405 -profile <filename>
3407 add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile to image
3408 -quality <value>
3410 JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level
3411 -red-primary <x>,<y>
3413 red chromaticity primary point
3414 -render
3416 render vector operations
3417 -resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
3419 resize an image
3420 -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
3422 apply Paeth image rotation to the image
3423 -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
3425 sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV
3426 decoder/encoder.
3427 -scene <value>
3429 set scene number
3430 -sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
3432 sharpen the image
3433 -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
3435 width and height of the image
3436 -stegano <offset>
3438 hide watermark within an image
3439 -stereo
3441 composite two images to create a stereo anaglyph
3442 -treedepth <value>
3444 tree depth for the color reduction algorithm
3445 -trim trim an image
3447 -type <type>
3449 the image type
3450 -units <type>
3452 the units of image resolution
3453 -unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{+<threshold>}
3455 sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator
3456 -verbose
3458 print detailed information about the image
3459 -version
3461 print GraphicsMagick version string
3462 -watermark <brightness>x<saturation>
3464 percent brightness and saturation of a watermark
3465 -white-point <x>,<y>
3467 chromaticity white point
3468 -write <filename>
3470 write an image sequence [convert, composite]
3471 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options,
3473 above.
3474
3477 The Magick scripting language (MSL) will primarily benefit those that
3478 want to accomplish custom image processing tasks but do not wish to
3479 program, or those that do not have access to a Perl interpreter or a
3480 compiler. The interpreter is called conjure and here is an example
3481 script:
3482 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
3484 <image size="400x400" >
3485 <read filename="image.gif" />
3486 <get width="base-width" height="base-height" />
3487 <resize geometry="%[dimensions]" />
3488 <get width="width" height="height" />
3489 <print output=
3490 "Image sized from %[base-width]x%[base-height]
3491 to %[width]x%[height].\n" />
3492 <write filename="image.png" />
3493 </image>
3494 invoked with
3496 gm conjure -dimensions 400x400 incantation.msl
3498 All operations will closely follow the key/value pairs defined in Perl‐
3500 Magick, unless otherwise noted.
3501 Conjure is in the early stages of development as of April 2002.
3503 This early announcement is to allow GraphicsMagick users to contribute
3505 ideas early in the process so when the scripting language is released
3506 it will be useful/stable from the get-go! If you want to contribute
3507 suggestions about the Magick scripting language (MSL), post them to the
3508 GraphicsMagick tools list at graphicsmagick-tools @ lists.source‐
3509 forge.net.
3510
3512 Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
3513 the command line remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by
3514 specifying the option again with a different effect, or if it is
3515 changed by a statement in the scripting language.
3516 You can define your own keyword/value pairs on the command line. The
3518 script can then use this information when setting values by including
3519 %[keyword] in the string. For example, if you included "-dimensions
3520 400x400" on the command line, as illustrated above, then any string
3521 containing "%[dimensions]" would have 400x400 substituted. The
3522 "%[string]" can be used either an entire string, such as geome‐
3523 try="%[dimensions]" or as a part of a string such as filename="%[base‐
3524 name].png".
3525 The keyword can be any string except for the following reserved strings
3527 (in any upper, lower, or mixed case variant): debug, help, and verbose,
3528 whose usage is described below.
3529 The value can be any string. If either the keyword or the value con‐
3531 tains white space or any symbols that have special meanings to your
3532 shell such as "#", "|", or "%", enclose the string in quotation marks
3533 or use "\" to escape the white space and special symbols.
3534 Keywords and values are case dependent. "Key", "key", and "KEY" would
3536 be three different keywords.
3537 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.
3539 -debug <events>
3542 enable debug printout
3543 -define <key>{=<value>},...
3545 add coder/decoder specific options
3546 -help print usage instructions
3548 -log <string>
3550 Specify format for debug log
3551 -verbose
3553 print detailed information about the image
3554 -version
3556 print GraphicsMagick version string
3557
3559 The Magick Scripting Language (MSL) presently defines the following
3560 elements and their attributes:
3561 <image>
3563 Define a new image object. </image> destroys it. Because
3566 of this, if you wish to reference multiple "subimages"
3567 (aka pages or layers), you can embed one image element
3568 inside of another. For example:
3569 <image>
3573 <read filename="input.png" />
3574 <get width="base-width" height="base-height" />
3575 <image height="base-height" width="base-width">
3576 <image />
3577 <write filename="output.mng" />
3578 </image>
3579 <image size="400x400" />
3583 <group>
3585 Define a new group of image objects. By default, images
3588 are only valid for the life of their <image>element.
3589 <image> -- creates the image
3593 ..... -- do stuff with it
3594 </image> -- dispose of the image
3595 However, in a group, all images in that group will stay
3598 around for the life of the group:
3599 <group> -- start a group
3603 <image> -- create an image
3604 .... -- do stuff
3605 </image> -- NOOP
3606 <image> -- create another
3607 image
3608 .... -- do more stuff
3609 </image> -- NOOP
3610 <write filename="image.mng" /> -- output
3611 </group> -- dispose of both
3612 images
3613 <read>
3615 Read a new image from a disk file.
3618 <read filename="image.gif" />
3622 To read two images use
3625 <read filename="image.gif" />
3629 <read filename="image.png />
3630 <write>
3632 Write the image(s) to disk, either as a single multiple-
3634 image file or multiple ones if necessary.
3635 <write filename=image.tiff" />
3639 <get>
3640 Get any attribute recognized by PerlMagick's GetAt‐
3642 tribute() and stores it as an image attribute for later
3643 use. Currently only width and height are supported.
3644 <get width="base-width" height="base-height" />
3647 <print output="Image size is %[base-width]x%[base-
3648 height].\n" />
3649 <set>
3651 background, bordercolor, clip-mask, colorspace, density,
3653 magick, mattecolor, opacity. Set an attribute recognized
3654 by PerlMagick's GetAttribute().
3655 <border>
3656 fill, geometry, height, width
3658 <blur>
3659 radius, sigma
3661 <charcoal>
3662 radius, sigma
3664 <chop>
3665 geometry, height, width, x, y
3667 <crop>
3668 geometry, height, width, x, y
3670 <despeckle>
3671 <emboss>
3673 radius, sigma
3675 <enhance>
3676 <equalize>
3678 <flip>
3680 <flop>
3682 <frame>
3684 fill, geometry, height, width, x, y, inner, outer
3686 <get>
3687 height, width
3689 <image>
3690 background, color, id, size
3692 <magnify>
3693 <minify>
3695 <normalize>
3697 <print>
3699 output
3701 <read>
3702 <resize>
3704 blur, filter, geometry, height, width
3706 <roll>
3707 geometry, x, y
3709 <rotate>
3710 degrees
3712 <sample>
3713 geometry, height, width
3715 <scale>
3716 geometry, height, width
3718 <sharpen>
3719 radius, sigma
3721 <shave>
3722 geometry, height, width
3724 <shear>
3725 x, y
3727 <solarize>
3728 threshold
3730 <spread>
3731 radius
3733 <stegano>
3734 image
3736 <stereo>
3737 image
3739 <swirl>
3740 degrees
3742 <texture>
3743 image
3745 <threshold>
3746 threshold
3748 <transparent>
3749 color
3751 <trim>
3752 GM CONVERT
3757 Convert converts an input file using one image format to an out‐
3759 put file with a differing image format. In addition, various
3760 types of image processing can be performed on the converted
3761 image during the conversion process. Convert recognizes the
3762 image formats listed in GraphicsMagick(1).
3763
3766 To make a thumbnail of a JPEG image, use:
3767 gm convert -size 120x120 cockatoo.jpg -resize 120x120
3769 +profile "*" thumbnail.jpg
3770 In this example, '-size 120x120' gives a hint to the JPEG decoder that
3772 the image is going to be downscaled to 120x120, allowing it to run
3773 faster by avoiding returning full-resolution images to GraphicsMagick
3774 for the subsequent resizing operation. The output image. It will be
3775 scaled so its largest dimension is 120 pixels. The that might be
3776 present in the input and aren't needed in the thumbnail.
3777 To convert a MIFF image of a cockatoo to a SUN raster image, use:
3779 gm convert cockatoo.miff sun:cockatoo.ras
3781 To convert a multi-page PostScript document to individual FAX pages,
3783 use:
3784 gm convert -monochrome document.ps fax:page
3786 To convert a TIFF image to a PostScript A4 page with the image in the
3788 lower left-hand corner, use:
3789 gm convert -page A4+0+0 image.tiff document.ps
3791 To convert a raw Gray image with a 128 byte header to a portable
3793 graymap, use:
3794 gm convert -depth 8 -size 768x512+128 gray:raw
3796 image.pgm
3797 In this example, "raw" is the input file. Its format is "gray" and it
3799 has the dimensions and number of header bytes specified by the -size
3800 option and the sample depth specified by the -depth option. The output
3801 file is "image.pgm". The suffix ".pgm" specifies its format.
3802 To convert a Photo CD image to a TIFF image, use:
3804 gm convert -size 1536x1024 img0009.pcd image.tiff
3806 gm convert img0009.pcd[4] image.tiff
3807 To create a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use:
3809 gm convert 'vid:*.jpg' directory.miff
3811 To annotate an image with blue text using font 12x24 at position
3813 (100,100), use:
3814 gm convert -font helvetica -fill blue
3816 -draw "text 100,100 Cockatoo"
3817 bird.jpg bird.miff
3818 To tile a 640x480 image with a JPEG texture with bumps use:
3820 gm convert -size 640x480 tile:bumps.jpg tiled.png
3822 To surround an icon with an ornamental border to use with Mosaic(1),
3824 use:
3825 gm convert -mattecolor "#697B8F" -frame 6x6 bird.jpg
3827 icon.png
3828 To create a MNG animation from a DNA molecule sequence, use:
3830 gm convert -delay 20 dna.* dna.mng
3832
3834 Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
3835 the command line remains in effect for the set of images that follows,
3836 until the set is terminated by the appearance of any option or -noop.
3837 Some options only affect the decoding of images and others only the
3838 encoding. The latter can appear after the final group of input images.
3839 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.
3841 -adjoin
3844 join images into a single multi-image file
3845 -affine <matrix>
3847 drawing transform matrix
3848 -antialias
3850 remove pixel aliasing
3851 -append
3853 append a set of images
3854 -authenticate <string>
3856 decrypt image with this password
3857 -average
3859 average a set of images
3860 -background <color>
3862 the background color
3863 -blue-primary <x>,<y>
3865 blue chromaticity primary point
3866 -blur <radius>{x<sigma>}
3868 blur the image with a Gaussian operator
3869 -border <width>x<height>
3871 surround the image with a border of color
3872 -bordercolor <color>
3874 the border color
3875 -box <color>
3877 set the color of the annotation bounding box
3878 -cache <threshold>
3880 (This option has been replaced by the -limit option)
3881 -channel <type>
3883 the type of channel
3884 -charcoal <factor>
3886 simulate a charcoal drawing
3887 -chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
3889 remove pixels from the interior of an image
3890 -clip apply the clipping path, if one is present
3892 -coalesce
3894 merge a sequence of images
3895 -colorize <value>
3897 colorize the image with the pen color
3898 -colors <value>
3900 preferred number of colors in the image
3901 -colorspace <value>
3903 the type of colorspace
3904 -comment <string>
3906 annotate an image with a comment
3907 -compose <operator>
3909 the type of image composition
3910 -compress <type>
3912 the type of image compression
3913 -contrast
3915 enhance or reduce the image contrast
3916 -convolve <kernel>
3918 convolve image with the specified convolution kernel
3919 -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
3921 preferred size and location of the cropped image
3922 -cycle <amount>
3924 displace image colormap by amount
3925 -debug <events>
3927 enable debug printout
3928 -deconstruct
3930 break down an image sequence into constituent parts
3931 -define <key>{=<value>},...
3933 add coder/decoder specific options
3934 -delay <1/100ths of a second>
3936 display the next image after pausing
3937 -density <width>x<height>
3939 horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image
3940 -depth <value>
3942 depth of the image
3943 -despeckle
3945 reduce the speckles within an image
3946 -display <host:display[.screen]>
3948 specifies the X server to contact
3949 -dispose <method>
3951 GIF disposal method
3952 -dither
3954 apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image
3955 -draw <string>
3957 annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives
3958 -edge <radius>
3960 detect edges within an image
3961 -emboss <radius>
3963 emboss an image
3964 -encoding <type>
3966 specify the text encoding
3967 -endian <type>
3969 specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image
3970 -enhance
3972 apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image
3973 -equalize
3975 perform histogram equalization to the image
3976 -fill <color>
3978 color to use when filling a graphic primitive
3979 -filter <type>
3981 use this type of filter when resizing an image
3982 -flatten
3984 flatten a sequence of images
3985 -flip create a "mirror image"
3987 -flop create a "mirror image"
3989 -font <name>
3991 use this font when annotating the image with text
3992 -frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
3994 surround the image with an ornamental border
3995 -fuzz <distance>{%}
3997 colors within this distance are considered equal
3998 -gamma <value>
4000 level of gamma correction
4001 -Gaussian <radius>{x<sigma>}
4003 blur the image with a Gaussian operator
4004 -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
4006 preferred size and location of the Image window.
4007 -gravity <type>
4009 direction primitive gravitates to when annotating the image.
4010 -green-primary <x>,<y>
4012 green chromaticity primary point
4013 -help print usage instructions
4015 -implode <factor>
4017 implode image pixels about the center
4018 -intent <type>
4020 use this type of rendering intent when managing the image color
4021 -interlace <type>
4023 the type of interlacing scheme
4024 -label <name>
4026 assign a label to an image
4027 -lat <width>x<height>{+-}<offset>{%}
4029 perform local adaptive thresholding
4030 -level <black_point>{,<gamma>}{,<white_point>}{%}
4032 adjust the level of image contrast
4033 -limit <type> <value>
4035 Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit
4036 -list <type>
4038 the type of list
4039 -log <string>
4041 Specify format for debug log
4042 -loop <iterations>
4044 add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation
4045 -map <filename>
4047 choose a particular set of colors from this image
4048 -mask <filename>
4050 Specify a clipping mask
4051 -matte store matte channel if the image has one
4053 -mattecolor <color>
4055 specify the color to be used with the -frame option
4056 -median <radius>
4058 apply a median filter to the image
4059 -modulate brightness[,saturation[,hue]]
4061 vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image
4062 -monochrome
4064 transform the image to black and white
4065 -morph <frames>
4067 morphs an image sequence
4068 -mosaic
4070 create a mosaic from an image or an image sequence
4071 -negate
4073 replace every pixel with its complementary color
4074 -noise <radius|type>
4076 add or reduce noise in an image
4077 -noop NOOP (no option)
4079 -normalize
4081 transform image to span the full range of color values
4082 -opaque <color>
4084 change this color to the pen color within the image
4085 -operator channel operator rvalue[%]
4087 apply a mathematical or bitwise operator to an image channel
4088 -ordered-dither <channeltype> <NxN>
4090 ordered dither the image
4091 -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
4093 size and location of an image canvas
4094 -paint <radius>
4096 simulate an oil painting
4097 -pen <color>
4099 (This option has been replaced by the -fill option)
4100 -ping efficiently determine image characteristics
4102 -pointsize <value>
4104 pointsize of the PostScript, OPTION1, or TrueType font
4105 -preview <type>
4107 image preview type
4108 -process <command>
4110 process a sequence of images using a process module
4111 -profile <filename>
4113 add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile to image
4114 -quality <value>
4116 JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level
4117 -raise <width>x<height>
4119 lighten or darken image edges
4120 -random-threshold <channeltype> <LOWxHIGH>
4122 random threshold the image
4123 -red-primary <x>,<y>
4125 red chromaticity primary point
4126 -region <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
4128 apply options to a portion of the image
4129 -render
4131 render vector operations
4132 -resample <horizontal>x<vertical>
4134 Resample image to specified horizontal and vertical resolution
4135 -resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
4137 resize an image
4138 -roll {+-}<x>{+-}<y>
4140 roll an image vertically or horizontally
4141 -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
4143 apply Paeth image rotation to the image
4144 -sample <geometry>
4146 scale image using pixel sampling
4147 -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
4149 sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV
4150 decoder/encoder.
4151 -scale <geometry>
4153 scale the image.
4154 -scene <value>
4156 set scene number
4157 -segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
4159 segment an image
4160 -shade <azimuth>x<elevation>
4162 shade the image using a distant light source
4163 -sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
4165 sharpen the image
4166 -shave <width>x<height>{%}
4168 shave pixels from the image edges
4169 -shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
4171 shear the image along the X or Y axis
4172 -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
4174 width and height of the image
4175 -solarize <factor>
4177 negate all pixels above the threshold level
4178 -spread <amount>
4180 displace image pixels by a random amount
4181 -stroke <color>
4183 color to use when stroking a graphic primitive
4184 -strokewidth <value>
4186 set the stroke width
4187 -swirl <degrees>
4189 swirl image pixels about the center
4190 -texture <filename>
4192 name of texture to tile onto the image background
4193 -threshold <value>{<green>,<blue>,<opacity>}{%}
4195 threshold the image
4196 -tile <filename>
4198 tile image when filling a graphic primitive
4199 -transform
4201 transform the image
4202 -transparent <color>
4204 make this color transparent within the image
4205 -treedepth <value>
4207 tree depth for the color reduction algorithm
4208 -trim trim an image
4210 -type <type>
4212 the image type
4213 -units <type>
4215 the units of image resolution
4216 -unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{+<threshold>}
4218 sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator
4219 -use-pixmap
4221 use the pixmap
4222 -verbose
4224 print detailed information about the image
4225 -version
4227 print GraphicsMagick version string
4228 -view <string>
4230 FlashPix viewing parameters
4231 -virtual-pixel <method>
4233 specify contents of "virtual pixels"
4234 -wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>
4236 alter an image along a sine wave
4237 -white-point <x>,<y>
4239 chromaticity white point
4240 -write <filename>
4242 write an image sequence [convert, composite]
4243 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options,
4245 above.
4246
4248 Display is a machine architecture independent image processing and dis‐
4249 play program. It can display an image on any workstation screen running
4250 an X server. Display can read and write many of the more popular image
4251 formats (e.g. JPEG, TIFF, PNM, Photo CD, etc.).
4252 With display, you can perform these functions on an image:
4254 o load an image from a file
4256 o display the next image
4257 o display the former image
4258 o display a sequence of images as a slide show
4259 o write the image to a file
4260 o print the image to a PostScript printer
4261 o delete the image file
4262 o create a Visual Image Directory
4263 o select the image to display by its thumbnail rather than
4264 name
4265 o undo last image transformation
4266 o copy a region of the image
4267 o paste a region to the image
4268 o restore the image to its original size
4269 o refresh the image
4270 o half the image size
4271 o double the image size
4272 o resize the image
4273 o crop the image
4274 o cut the image
4275 o flop image in the horizontal direction
4276 o flip image in the vertical direction
4277 o rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise
4278 o rotate the image 90 degrees counter-clockwise
4279 o rotate the image
4280 o shear the image
4281 o roll the image
4282 o trim the image edges
4283 o invert the colors of the image
4284 o vary the color brightness
4285 o vary the color saturation
4286 o vary the image hue
4287 o gamma correct the image
4288 o sharpen the image contrast
4289 o dull the image contrast
4290 o perform histogram equalization on the image
4291 o perform histogram normalization on the image
4292 o negate the image colors
4293 o convert the image to grayscale
4294 o set the maximum number of unique colors in the image
4295 o reduce the speckles within an image
4296 o eliminate peak noise from an image
4297 o detect edges within the image
4298 o emboss an image
4299 o segment the image by color
4300 o simulate an oil painting
4301 o simulate a charcoal drawing
4302 o annotate the image with text
4303 o draw on the image
4304 o edit an image pixel color
4305 o edit the image matte information
4306 o composite an image with another
4307 o add a border to the image
4308 o surround image with an ornamental border
4309 o apply image processing techniques to a region of interest
4310 o display information about the image
4311 o zoom a portion of the image
4312 o show a histogram of the image
4313 o display image to background of a window
4314 o set user preferences
4315 o display information about this program
4316 o discard all images and exit program
4317 o change the level of magnification
4318 o display images specified by a World Wide Web (WWW) uniform
4319 resource locator (URL)
4320
4323 To scale an image of a cockatoo to exactly 640 pixels in width and 480
4324 pixels in height and position the window at location (200,200), use:
4325 gm display -geometry 640x480+200+200! cockatoo.miff
4327 To display an image of a cockatoo without a border centered on a back‐
4329 drop, use:
4330 gm display +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.miff
4332 To tile a slate texture onto the root window, use:
4334 gm display -size 1280x1024 -window root slate.png
4336 To display a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use:
4338 gm display 'vid:*.jpg'
4340 To display a MAP image that is 640 pixels in width and 480 pixels in
4342 height with 256 colors, use:
4343 gm display -size 640x480+256 cockatoo.map
4345 To display an image of a cockatoo specified with a World Wide Web (WWW)
4347 uniform resource locator (URL), use:
4348 gm display ftp://wizards.dupont.com/images/cockatoo.jpg
4350 To display histogram of an image, use:
4352 gm convert file.jpg HISTOGRAM:- | display -
4354
4356 Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
4357 the command line remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by
4358 specifying the option again with a different effect. For example to
4359 display three images, the first with 32 colors, the second with an
4360 unlimited number of colors, and the third with only 16 colors, use:
4361 gm display -colors 32 cockatoo.miff -noop duck.miff
4363 -colors 16 macaw.miff
4364 Display options can appear on the command line or in your X resources
4366 file. See X(1). Options on the command line supersede values specified
4367 in your X resources file.
4368 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.
4370 -authenticate <string>
4373 decrypt image with this password
4374 -backdrop
4376 display the image centered on a backdrop.
4377 -background <color>
4379 the background color
4380 -border <width>x<height>
4382 surround the image with a border of color
4383 -bordercolor <color>
4385 the border color
4386 -borderwidth <geometry>
4388 the border width
4389 -cache <threshold>
4391 (This option has been replaced by the -limit option)
4392 -colormap <type>
4394 define the colormap type
4395 -colors <value>
4397 preferred number of colors in the image
4398 -colorspace <value>
4400 the type of colorspace
4401 -comment <string>
4403 annotate an image with a comment
4404 -compress <type>
4406 the type of image compression
4407 -contrast
4409 enhance or reduce the image contrast
4410 -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
4412 preferred size and location of the cropped image
4413 -debug <events>
4415 enable debug printout
4416 -define <key>{=<value>},...
4418 add coder/decoder specific options
4419 -delay <1/100ths of a second>
4421 display the next image after pausing
4422 -density <width>x<height>
4424 horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image
4425 -depth <value>
4427 depth of the image
4428 -despeckle
4430 reduce the speckles within an image
4431 -display <host:display[.screen]>
4433 specifies the X server to contact
4434 -dispose <method>
4436 GIF disposal method
4437 -dither
4439 apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image
4440 -edge <radius>
4442 detect edges within an image
4443 -endian <type>
4445 specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image
4446 -enhance
4448 apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image
4449 -filter <type>
4451 use this type of filter when resizing an image
4452 -flip create a "mirror image"
4454 -flop create a "mirror image"
4456 -font <name>
4458 use this font when annotating the image with text
4459 -foreground <color>
4461 define the foreground color
4462 -frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
4464 surround the image with an ornamental border
4465 -gamma <value>
4467 level of gamma correction
4468 -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
4470 preferred size and location of the Image window.
4471 -help print usage instructions
4473 -iconGeometry <geometry>
4475 specify the icon geometry
4476 -iconic
4478 iconic animation
4479 -immutable
4481 make image immutable
4482 -interlace <type>
4484 the type of interlacing scheme
4485 -label <name>
4487 assign a label to an image
4488 -limit <type> <value>
4490 Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit
4491 -log <string>
4493 Specify format for debug log
4494 -magnify <factor>
4496 magnify the image
4497 -map <type>
4499 display image using this type.
4500 -matte store matte channel if the image has one
4502 -mattecolor <color>
4504 specify the color to be used with the -frame option
4505 -monochrome
4507 transform the image to black and white
4508 -name name an image
4510 -negate
4512 replace every pixel with its complementary color
4513 -noop NOOP (no option)
4515 -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
4517 size and location of an image canvas
4518 +progress
4520 disable progress monitor and busy cursor
4521 -quality <value>
4523 JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level
4524 -raise <width>x<height>
4526 lighten or darken image edges
4527 -remote
4529 perform a X11 remote operation
4530 -roll {+-}<x>{+-}<y>
4532 roll an image vertically or horizontally
4533 -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
4535 apply Paeth image rotation to the image
4536 -sample <geometry>
4538 scale image using pixel sampling
4539 -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
4541 sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV
4542 decoder/encoder.
4543 -scenes <value-value>
4545 range of image scene numbers to read
4546 -segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
4548 segment an image
4549 -shared-memory
4551 use shared memory
4552 -sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
4554 sharpen the image
4555 -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
4557 width and height of the image
4558 -text-font <name>
4560 font for writing fixed-width text
4561 -texture <filename>
4563 name of texture to tile onto the image background
4564 -title <string>
4566 assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage]
4567 -treedepth <value>
4569 tree depth for the color reduction algorithm
4570 -trim trim an image
4572 -update <seconds>
4574 detect when image file is modified and redisplay.
4575 -use-pixmap
4577 use the pixmap
4578 -verbose
4580 print detailed information about the image
4581 -version
4583 print GraphicsMagick version string
4584 -visual <type>
4586 animate images using this X visual type
4587 -window <id>
4589 make image the background of a window
4590 -window-group
4592 specify the window group
4593 -write <filename>
4595 write the image to a file [display]
4596 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options,
4598 above.
4599
4602 The effects of each button press is described below. Three buttons are
4603 required. If you have a two button mouse, button 1 and 3 are returned.
4604 Press ALT and button 3 to simulate button 2.
4605 1 Press this button to map or unmap the Command widget . See the
4607 next section for more information about the Command widget.
4608 2 Press and drag to define a region of the image to magnify.
4610 3 Press and drag to choose from a select set of display(1) com‐
4612 mands. This button behaves differently if the image being dis‐
4613 played is a visual image directory. Choose a particular tile of
4614 the directory and press this button and drag to select a command
4615 from a pop-up menu. Choose from these menu items:
4616 Open
4618 Next
4619 Former
4620 Delete
4621 Update
4622 If you choose Open, the image represented by the tile is dis‐
4625 played. To return to the visual image directory, choose Next
4626 from the Command widget (refer to Command Widget). Next and
4627 Former moves to the next or former image respectively. Choose
4628 Delete to delete a particular image tile. Finally, choose Update
4629 to synchronize all the image tiles with their respective images.
4630 See montage and miff for more details.
4631
4633 The Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and commands. They are
4634 File
4636 Open...
4638 Next
4639 Former
4640 Select...
4641 Save...
4642 Print...
4643 Delete...
4644 Canvas...
4645 Visual Directory...
4646 Quit
4647 Edit
4651 Undo
4653 Redo
4654 Cut
4655 Copy
4656 Paste
4657 View
4661 Half Size
4663 Original Size
4664 Double Size
4665 Resize...
4666 Apply
4667 Refresh
4668 Restore
4669 Transform
4673 Crop
4675 Chop
4676 Flop
4677 Flip
4678 Rotate Right
4679 Rotate Left
4680 Rotate...
4681 Shear...
4682 Roll...
4683 Trim Edges
4684 Enhance
4688 Hue...
4690 Saturation...
4691 Brightness...
4692 Gamma...
4693 Spiff...
4694 Dull
4695 Equalize
4696 Normalize
4697 Negate
4698 GRAYscale
4699 Quantize...
4700 Effects
4704 Despeckle
4706 Emboss
4707 Reduce Noise
4708 Add Noise
4709 Sharpen...
4710 Blur...
4711 Threshold...
4712 Edge Detect...
4713 Spread...
4714 Shade...
4715 Raise...
4716 Segment...
4717 F/X
4721 Solarize...
4723 Swirl...
4724 Implode...
4725 Wave...
4726 Oil Paint...
4727 Charcoal Draw...
4728 Image Edit
4732 Annotate...
4734 Draw...
4735 Color...
4736 Matte...
4737 Composite...
4738 Add Border...
4739 Add Frame...
4740 Comment...
4741 Launch...
4742 Region of Interest...
4743 Miscellany
4747 Image Info
4749 Zoom Image
4750 Show Preview...
4751 Show Histogram
4752 Show Matte
4753 Background...
4754 Slide Show
4755 Preferences...
4756 Help
4760 Overview
4762 Browse Documentation
4763 About Display
4764 Menu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu. They are repre‐
4768 sented above as the indented items. To access a sub-menu item, move the
4769 pointer to the appropriate menu and press button 1 and drag. When you
4770 find the desired sub-menu item, release the button and the command is
4771 executed. Move the pointer away from the sub-menu if you decide not to
4772 execute a particular command.
4773
4775 Accelerators are one or two key presses that effect a particular com‐
4776 mand. The keyboard accelerators that display understands is:
4777 Ctl+O Press to load an image from a file.
4779 space Press to display the next image.
4780 If the image is a multi-paged document such as a PostScript document,
4782 you can skip ahead several pages by preceding this command with a num‐
4783 ber. For example to display the fourth page beyond the current page,
4784 press 4space.
4785 backspace Press to display the former image.
4787 If the image is a multi-paged document such as a PostScript document,
4789 you can skip behind several pages by preceding this command with a num‐
4790 ber. For example to display the fourth page preceding the current
4791 page, press 4n.
4792 Ctl-S Press to save the image to a file.
4794 Ctl-P Press to print the image to a
4795 PostScript printer.
4796 Ctl-D Press to delete an image file.
4797 Ctl-N Press to create a blank canvas.
4798 Ctl-Q Press to discard all images and exit program.
4799 Ctl+Z Press to undo last image transformation.
4800 Ctl+R Press to redo last image transformation.
4801 Ctl-X Press to cut a region of
4802 the image.
4803 Ctl-C Press to copy a region of
4804 the image.
4805 Ctl-V Press to paste a region to
4806 the image.
4807 < Press to halve the image size.
4808 . Press to return to the original image size.
4809 > Press to double the image size.
4810 % Press to resize the image to a width and height
4811 you specify.
4812 Cmd-A Press to make any image transformations
4813 permanent.
4814 By default, any image size transformations are
4815 applied to the original image to create the
4816 image displayed on the X server. However, the
4817 transformations are not permanent (i.e. the
4818 original image does not change size only the
4819 X image does). For example, if you press ">"
4820 the X image will appear to double in size, but
4821 the original image will in fact remain the same
4822 size. To force the original image to double in
4823 size, press ">" followed by "Cmd-A".
4824 @ Press to refresh the image window.
4825 C Press to crop the image.
4826 [ Press to chop the image.
4827 H Press to flop image in the horizontal direction.
4828 V Press to flip image in the vertical direction.
4829 / Press to rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise.
4830 \ Press to rotate the image 90 degrees
4831 counter-clockwise.
4832 * Press to rotate the image
4833 the number of degrees you specify.
4834 S Press to shear the image the number of degrees
4835 you specify.
4836 R Press to roll the image.
4837 T Press to trim the image edges.
4838 Shft-H Press to vary the color hue.
4839 Shft-S Press to vary the color saturation.
4840 Shft-L Press to vary the image brightness.
4841 Shft-G Press to gamma correct the image.
4842 Shft-C Press to spiff up the image contrast.
4843 Shft-Z Press to dull the image contrast.
4844 = Press to perform histogram equalization on
4845 the image.
4846 Shft-N Press to perform histogram normalization on
4847 the image.
4848 Shft-~ Press to negate the colors of the image.
4849 . Press to convert the image colors to gray.
4850 Shft-# Press to set the maximum number of unique
4851 colors in the image.
4852 F2 Press to reduce the speckles in an image.
4853 F2 Press to emboss an image.
4854 F4 Press to eliminate peak noise from an image.
4855 F5 Press to add noise to an image.
4856 F6 Press to sharpen an image.
4857 F7 Press to blur image an image.
4858 F8 Press to threshold the image.
4859 F9 Press to detect edges within an image.
4860 F10 Press to displace pixels by a random amount.
4861 F11 Press to shade the image using a distant light
4862 source.
4863 F12 Press to lighten or darken image edges to
4864 create a 3-D effect.
4865 F13 Press to segment the image by color.
4866 Meta-S Press to swirl image pixels about the center.
4867 Meta-I Press to implode image pixels about the center.
4868 Meta-W Press to alter an image along a sine wave.
4869 Meta-P Press to simulate an oil painting.
4870 Meta-C Press to simulate a charcoal drawing.
4871 Alt-X Press to composite the image
4872 with another.
4873 Alt-A Press to annotate the image with text.
4874 Alt-D Press to draw a line on the image.
4875 Alt-P Press to edit an image pixel color.
4876 Alt-M Press to edit the image matte information.
4877 Alt-X Press to composite the image with another.
4878 Alt-A Press to add a border to the image.
4879 Alt-F Press to add a ornamental frame to the image.
4880 Alt-Shft-! Press to add an image comment.
4881 Ctl-A Press to apply image processing techniques to a
4882 region of interest.
4883 Shft-? Press to display information about the image.
4884 Shft-+ Press to map the zoom image window.
4885 Shft-P Press to preview an image enhancement, effect,
4886 or f/x.
4887 F1 Press to display helpful information about
4888 the "display" utility.
4889 Find Press to browse documentation about
4890 GraphicsMagick.
4891 1-9 Press to change the level of magnification.
4892 Use the arrow keys to move the image one pixel up, down, left, or right
4894 within the magnify window. Be sure to first map the magnify window by
4895 pressing button 2.
4896 Press ALT and one of the arrow keys to trim off one pixel from any side
4898 of the image.
4899
4901 Display options can appear on the command line or in your X resource
4902 file. Options on the command line supersede values specified in your X
4903 resource file. See X(1) for more information on X resources.
4904 Most display options have a corresponding X resource. In addition, dis‐
4906 play uses the following X resources:
4907 background (class Background)
4909 Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window back‐
4910 ground. The default is #ccc.
4911 borderColor (class BorderColor)
4913 Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image window bor‐
4914 der. The default is #ccc.
4915 borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
4917 Specifies the width in pixels of the image window border. The
4918 default is 2.
4919 browseCommand (class browseCommand)
4921 Specifies the name of the preferred browser when displaying
4922 GraphicsMagick documentation. The default is netscape %s.
4923 confirmExit (class ConfirmExit)
4925 Display pops up a dialog box to confirm exiting the program
4926 when exiting the program. Set this resource to False to exit
4927 without a confirmation.
4928 displayGamma (class DisplayGamma)
4930 Specifies the gamma of the X server. You can apply separate
4931 gamma values to the red, green, and blue channels of the image
4932 with a gamma value list delineated with slashes (i.e.
4933 1.7/2.3/1.2). The default is 2.2.
4934 displayWarnings (class DisplayWarnings)
4936 Display pops up a dialog box whenever a warning message occurs.
4937 Set this resource to False to ignore warning messages.
4938 font (class FontList)
4940 Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in normal for‐
4941 matted text. The default is 14 point Helvetica.
4942 font[1-9] (class Font[1-9])
4944 Specifies the name of the preferred font to use when annotating
4945 the image window with text. The default fonts are fixed, vari‐
4946 able, 5x8, 6x10, 7x13bold, 8x13bold, 9x15bold, 10x20, and 12x24.
4947 foreground (class Foreground)
4949 Specifies the preferred color to use for text within the image
4950 window. The default is black.
4951 gammaCorrect (class gammaCorrect)
4953 This resource, if true, will lighten or darken an image of
4954 known gamma to match the gamma of the display (see resource dis‐
4955 playGamma). The default is True.
4956 geometry (class Geometry)
4958 Specifies the preferred size and position of the image window.
4959 It is not necessarily obeyed by all window managers.
4960 Offsets, if present, are handled in X(1) style. A negative x
4962 offset is measured from the right edge of the screen to the
4963 right edge of the icon, and a negative y offset is measured from
4964 the bottom edge of the screen to the bottom edge of the icon.
4965 iconGeometry (class IconGeometry)
4967 Specifies the preferred size and position of the application
4968 when iconified. It is not necessarily obeyed by all window man‐
4969 agers.
4970 Offsets, if present, are handled in the same manner as in class
4972 Geometry.
4973 iconic (class Iconic)
4975 This resource indicates that you would prefer that the applica‐
4976 tion's windows initially not be visible as if the windows had be
4977 immediately iconified by you. Window managers may choose not to
4978 honor the application's request.
4979 magnify (class Magnify)
4981 specifies an integral factor by which the image should be
4982 enlarged. The default is 3. This value only affects the magni‐
4983 fication window which is invoked with button number 3 after the
4984 image is displayed.
4985 matteColor (class MatteColor)
4987 Specify the color of windows. It is used for the backgrounds of
4988 windows, menus, and notices. A 3D effect is achieved by using
4989 highlight and shadow colors derived from this color. Default
4990 value: #697B8F.
4991 name (class Name)
4993 This resource specifies the name under which resources for the
4994 application should be found. This resource is useful in shell
4995 aliases to distinguish between invocations of an application,
4996 without resorting to creating links to alter the executable file
4997 name. The default is the application name.
4998 pen[1-9] (class Pen[1-9])
5000 Specifies the color of the preferred font to use when annotat‐
5001 ing the image window with text. The default colors are black,
5002 blue, green, cyan, gray, red, magenta, yellow, and white.
5003 printCommand (class PrintCommand)
5005 This command is executed whenever Print is issued. In general,
5006 it is the command to print PostScript to your printer. Default
5007 value: lp -c -s %i.
5008 sharedMemory (class SharedMemory)
5010 This resource specifies whether display should attempt use
5011 shared memory for pixmaps. GraphicsMagick must be compiled with
5012 shared memory support, and the display must support the MIT-SHM
5013 extension. Otherwise, this resource is ignored. The default is
5014 True.
5015 textFont (class textFont)
5017 Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed (type‐
5018 writer style) formatted text. The default is 14 point Courier.
5019 title (class Title)
5021 This resource specifies the title to be used for the image win‐
5022 dow. This information is sometimes used by a window manager to
5023 provide a header identifying the window. The default is the
5024 image file name.
5025 undoCache (class UndoCache)
5027 Specifies, in mega-bytes, the amount of memory in the undo edit
5028 cache. Each time you modify the image it is saved in the undo
5029 edit cache as long as memory is available. You can subsequently
5030 undo one or more of these transformations. The default is 16
5031 Megabytes.
5032 usePixmap (class UsePixmap)
5034 Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this resource
5035 to True to utilize a server Pixmap instead. This option is use‐
5036 ful if your image exceeds the dimensions of your server screen
5037 and you intend to pan the image. Panning is much faster with
5038 Pixmaps than with a XImage. Pixmaps are considered a precious
5039 resource, use them with discretion.
5040 To set the geometry of the Magnify or Pan or window, use the
5042 geometry resource. For example, to set the Pan window geometry
5043 to 256x256, use:
5044 gm display.pan.geometry: 256x256
5046
5048 To select an image to display, choose Open of the File sub-menu from
5049 the Command widget. A file browser is displayed. To choose a particu‐
5050 lar image file, move the pointer to the filename and press any button.
5051 The filename is copied to the text window. Next, press Open or press
5052 the RETURN key. Alternatively, you can type the image file name
5053 directly into the text window. To descend directories, choose a direc‐
5054 tory name and press the button twice quickly. A scrollbar allows a
5055 large list of filenames to be moved through the viewing area if it
5056 exceeds the size of the list area.
5057 You can trim the list of file names by using shell globbing characters.
5059 For example, type *.jpg to list only files that end with .jpg.
5060 To select your image from the X server screen instead of from a file,
5062 Choose Grab of the Open widget.
5063
5065 To create a Visual Image Directory, choose Visual Directory of the File
5066 sub-menu from the Command widget . A file browser is displayed. To cre‐
5067 ate a Visual Image Directory from all the images in the current direc‐
5068 tory, press Directory or press the RETURN key. Alternatively, you can
5069 select a set of image names by using shell globbing characters. For
5070 example, type *.jpg to include only files that end with .jpg. To
5071 descend directories, choose a directory name and press the button twice
5072 quickly. A scrollbar allows a large list of filenames to be moved
5073 through the viewing area if it exceeds the size of the list area.
5074 After you select a set of files, they are turned into thumbnails and
5076 tiled onto a single image. Now move the pointer to a particular thumb‐
5077 nail and press button 3 and drag. Finally, select Open. The image rep‐
5078 resented by the thumbnail is displayed at its full size. Choose Next
5079 from the File sub-menu of the Command widget to return to the Visual
5080 Image Directory.
5081
5083 Note that cut information for image window is not retained for col‐
5084 ormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor, GRAYScale,
5085 PseudoColor). Correct cutting behavior may require a TrueColor or
5086 DirectColor visual or a Standard Colormap.
5087 To begin, press choose Cut of the Edit sub-menu from the Command wid‐
5089 get. Alternatively, press F3 in the image window.
5090 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
5092 window. You are now in cut mode. In cut mode, the Command widget has
5093 these options:
5094 Help
5096 Dismiss
5097 To define a cut region, press button 1 and drag. The cut region is
5100 defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it fol‐
5101 lows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the cut region, release
5102 the button. You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command
5103 widget has these options:
5104 Cut
5106 Help
5107 Dismiss
5108 You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cut rec‐
5111 tangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Cut to
5112 commit your copy region. To exit without cutting the image, press Dis‐
5113 miss.
5114
5116 To begin, press choose Copy of the Edit sub-menu from the Command wid‐
5117 get. Alternatively, press F4 in the image window.
5118 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
5120 window. You are now in copy mode. In copy mode, the Command widget has
5121 these options:
5122 Help
5124 Dismiss
5125 To define a copy region, press button 1 and drag. The copy region is
5128 defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it fol‐
5129 lows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the copy region, release
5130 the button. You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command
5131 widget has these options:
5132 Copy
5134 Help
5135 Dismiss
5136 You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the copy rec‐
5139 tangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Copy to
5140 commit your copy region. To exit without copying the image, press Dis‐
5141 miss.
5142
5144 To begin, press choose Paste of the Edit sub-menu from the Command wid‐
5145 get. Alternatively, press F5 in the image window.
5146 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
5148 window. You are now in Paste mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
5149 In Paste mode, the Command widget has these options:
5150 Operators
5152 over
5154 in
5155 out
5156 atop
5157 xor
5158 plus
5159 minus
5160 add
5161 subtract
5162 difference
5163 multiply
5164 bumpmap
5165 replace
5166 Help
5168 Dismiss
5169 Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of the Command
5172 widget. How each operator behaves is described below. image window is
5173 the image currently displayed on your X server and image is the image
5174 obtained with the File Browser widget.
5175 over The result is the union of the two image shapes, with image
5177 obscuring image window in the region of overlap.
5178 in The result is simply image cut by the shape of image window.
5180 None of the image data of image window is in the result.
5181 out The resulting image is image with the shape of image window cut
5183 out.
5184 atop The result is the same shape as image window, with image
5186 obscuring image window where the image shapes overlap. Note this
5187 differs from over because the portion of image outside image
5188 window's shape does not appear in the result.
5189 xor The result is the image data from both image and image window
5191 that is outside the overlap region. The overlap region is blank.
5192 plus The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are
5194 cropped to the maximum value (no overflow). This operation is
5195 independent of the matte channels.
5196 minus The result of image - image window, with underflow cropped to
5198 zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to opaque, full cover‐
5199 age).
5200 add The result of image + image window, with overflow wrapping
5202 around (mod MaxRGB+1).
5203 subtract
5205 The result of image - image window, with underflow wrapping
5206 around (mod MaxRGB+1). The add and subtract operators can be
5207 used to perform reversible transformations.
5208 difference
5210 The result of abs(image - image window). This is useful for
5211 comparing two very similar images.
5212 multiply
5214 The result of image * image window. This is useful for the cre‐
5215 ation of drop-shadows.
5216 bumpmap
5218 The result of image window shaded by window.
5219 replace
5221 The resulting image is image window replaced with image. Here
5222 the matte information is ignored.
5223 The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the
5225 image for some operations. This extra channel usually defines a
5226 mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image.
5227 This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels
5228 inside the shape, zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the
5229 boundary. If image does not have a matte channel, it is initial‐
5230 ized with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel location
5231 (0,0), otherwise 255. See Matte Editing for a method of defining
5232 a matte channel.
5233 Note that matte information for image window is not retained for
5235 colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor,
5236 GrayScale, PseudoColor). Correct compositing behavior may
5237 require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a Standard Col‐
5238 ormap.
5239 Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator
5241 is replace. However, you must choose a location to composite
5242 your image and press button 1. Press and hold the button before
5243 releasing and an outline of the image will appear to help you
5244 identify your location.
5245 The actual colors of the pasted image is saved. However, the
5247 color that appears in image window may be different. For exam‐
5248 ple, on a monochrome screen image window will appear black or
5249 white even though your pasted image may have many colors. If the
5250 image is saved to a file it is written with the correct colors.
5251 To assure the correct colors are saved in the final image, any
5252 PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass. To force a Pseu‐
5253 doClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.
5254
5256 To begin, press choose Crop of the Transform submenu from the Command
5257 widget. Alternatively, press [ in the image window.
5258 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
5260 window. You are now in crop mode. In crop mode, the Command widget has
5261 these options:
5262 Help
5264 Dismiss
5265 To define a cropping region, press button 1 and drag. The cropping
5268 region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts
5269 as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the cropping
5270 region, release the button. You are now in rectify mode. In rectify
5271 mode, the Command widget has these options:
5272 Crop
5274 Help
5275 Dismiss
5276 You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cropping
5279 rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Crop
5280 to commit your cropping region. To exit without cropping the image,
5281 press Dismiss.
5282
5284 An image is chopped interactively. There is no command line argument to
5285 chop an image. To begin, choose Chop of the Transform sub-menu from the
5286 Command widget. Alternatively, press ] in the Image window.
5287 You are now in Chop mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In Chop
5289 mode, the Command widget has these options:
5290 Direction
5292 horizontal
5294 vertical
5295 Help
5297 Dismiss
5298 If the you choose the horizontal direction (this is the default), the
5301 area of the image between the two horizontal endpoints of the chop line
5302 is removed. Otherwise, the area of the image between the two vertical
5303 endpoints of the chop line is removed.
5304 Select a location within the image window to begin your chop, press and
5306 hold any button. Next, move the pointer to another location in the
5307 image. As you move a line will connect the initial location and the
5308 pointer. When you release the button, the area within the image to chop
5309 is determined by which direction you choose from the Command widget.
5310 To cancel the image chopping, move the pointer back to the starting
5312 point of the line and release the button.
5313
5315 Press the / key to rotate the image 90 degrees or \ to rotate -90
5316 degrees. To interactively choose the degree of rotation, choose
5317 Rotate... of the Transform submenu from the Command Widget. Alterna‐
5318 tively, press * in the image window.
5319 A small horizontal line is drawn next to the pointer. You are now in
5321 rotate mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In rotate mode, the
5322 Command widget has these options:
5323 Pixel Color
5325 black
5327 blue
5328 cyan
5329 green
5330 gray
5331 red
5332 magenta
5333 yellow
5334 white
5335 Browser...
5336 Direction
5338 horizontal
5340 vertical
5341 Help
5343 Dismiss
5344 Choose a background color from the Pixel Color sub-menu. Additional
5347 background colors can be specified with the color browser. You can
5348 change the menu colors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9.
5349 If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can select the
5351 background color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the
5352 screen and press any button.
5353 Choose a point in the image window and press this button and hold.
5355 Next, move the pointer to another location in the image. As you move a
5356 line connects the initial location and the pointer. When you release
5357 the button, the degree of image rotation is determined by the slope of
5358 the line you just drew. The slope is relative to the direction you
5359 choose from the Direction sub-menu of the Command widget.
5360 To cancel the image rotation, move the pointer back to the starting
5362 point of the line and release the button.
5363
5365 An image is annotated interactively. There is no command line argument
5366 to annotate an image. To begin, choose Annotate of the Image Edit sub-
5367 menu from the Command widget. Alternatively, press a in the image win‐
5368 dow.
5369 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
5371 window. You are now in annotate mode. To exit immediately, press Dis‐
5372 miss. In annotate mode, the Command widget has these options:
5373 Font Name
5376 fixed
5379 variable
5381 5x8
5383 6x10
5385 7x13bold
5387 8x13bold
5389 9x15bold
5391 10x20
5393 12x24
5395 Browser...
5397 Font Color
5400 black
5403 blue
5405 cyan
5407 green
5409 gray
5411 red
5413 magenta
5415 yellow
5417 white
5419 transparent
5421 Browser...
5423 Box Color
5426 black
5429 blue
5431 cyan
5433 green
5435 gray
5437 red
5439 magenta
5441 yellow
5443 white
5445 transparent
5447 Browser...
5449 Rotate Text
5452 -90
5455 -45
5457 -30
5459 0
5461 30
5463 45
5465 90
5467 180
5469 Dialog...
5471 Help
5474 Dismiss
5476 Choose a font name from the Font Name sub-menu. Additional font names
5479 can be specified with the font browser. You can change the menu names
5480 by setting the X resources font1 through font9.
5481 Choose a font color from the Font Color sub-menu. Additional font col‐
5483 ors can be specified with the color browser. You can change the menu
5484 colors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9.
5485 If you select the color browser and press Grab, you can choose the font
5487 color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screen and
5488 press any button.
5489 If you choose to rotate the text, choose Rotate Text from the menu and
5491 select an angle. Typically you will only want to rotate one line of
5492 text at a time. Depending on the angle you choose, subsequent lines may
5493 end up overwriting each other.
5494 Choosing a font and its color is optional. The default font is fixed
5496 and the default color is black. However, you must choose a location to
5497 begin entering text and press a button. An underscore character will
5498 appear at the location of the pointer. The cursor changes to a pencil
5499 to indicate you are in text mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
5500 In text mode, any key presses will display the character at the loca‐
5502 tion of the underscore and advance the underscore cursor. Enter your
5503 text and once completed press Apply to finish your image annotation. To
5504 correct errors press BACK SPACE. To delete an entire line of text,
5505 press DELETE. Any text that exceeds the boundaries of the image window
5506 is automatically continued onto the next line.
5507 The actual color you request for the font is saved in the image. How‐
5509 ever, the color that appears in your Image window may be different. For
5510 example, on a monochrome screen the text will appear black or white
5511 even if you choose the color red as the font color. However, the image
5512 saved to a file with -write is written with red lettering. To assure
5513 the correct color text in the final image, any PseudoClass image is
5514 promoted to DirectClass (see miff(5)). To force a PseudoClass image to
5515 remain PseudoClass, use -colors.
5516
5518 An image composite is created interactively. There is no command line
5519 argument to composite an image. To begin, choose Composite of the Image
5520 Edit from the Command widget. Alternatively, press x in the Image win‐
5521 dow.
5522 First a popup window is displayed requesting you to enter an image
5524 name. Press Composite, Grab or type a file name. Press Cancel if you
5525 choose not to create a composite image. When you choose Grab, move the
5526 pointer to the desired window and press any button.
5527 If the Composite image does not have any matte information, you are
5529 informed and the file browser is displayed again. Enter the name of a
5530 mask image. The image is typically grayscale and the same size as the
5531 composite image. If the image is not grayscale, it is converted to
5532 grayscale and the resulting intensities are used as matte information.
5533 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
5535 window. You are now in composite mode. To exit immediately, press Dis‐
5536 miss. In composite mode, the Command widget has these options:
5537 Operators
5540 over
5543 in
5545 out
5547 atop
5549 xor
5551 plus
5553 minus
5555 add
5557 subtract
5559 difference
5561 bumpmap
5563 replace
5565 Blend
5568 Displace
5570 Help
5572 Dismiss
5574 Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of the Command
5577 widget. How each operator behaves is described below. image window is
5578 the image currently displayed on your X server and image is the image
5579 obtained
5580 over The result is the union of the two image shapes, with image
5582 obscuring image window in the region of overlap.
5583 in The result is simply image cut by the shape of image window.
5585 None of the image data of image window is in the result.
5586 out The resulting image is image with the shape of image window cut
5588 out.
5589 atop The result is the same shape as image window, with image
5591 obscuring image window where the image shapes overlap. Note this
5592 differs from over because the portion of image outside image
5593 window's shape does not appear in the result.
5594 xor The result is the image data from both image and image window
5596 that is outside the overlap region. The overlap region is blank.
5597 plus The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are
5599 cropped to 255 (no overflow). This operation is independent of
5600 the matte channels.
5601 minus The result of image - image window, with underflow cropped to
5603 zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to 255, full coverage).
5604 add The result of image + image window, with overflow wrapping
5606 around (mod 256).
5607 subtract
5609 The result of image - image window, with underflow wrapping
5610 around (mod 256). The add and subtract operators can be used to
5611 perform reversible transformations.
5612 difference
5614 The result of abs(image - image window). This is useful for
5615 comparing two very similar images.
5616 bumpmap
5618 The result of image window shaded by window.
5619 replace
5621 The resulting image is image window replaced with image. Here
5622 the matte information is ignored.
5623 The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the
5625 image for some operations. This extra channel usually defines a
5626 mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image.
5627 This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels
5628 inside the shape, zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the
5629 boundary. If image does not have a matte channel, it is initial‐
5630 ized with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel location
5631 (0,0), otherwise 255. See Matte Editing for a method of defining
5632 a matte channel.
5633 If you choose blend, the composite operator becomes over. The
5635 image matte channel percent transparency is initialized to fac‐
5636 tor. The image window is initialized to (100-factor). Where
5637 factor is the value you specify in the Dialog widget.
5638 Displace shifts the image pixels as defined by a displacement
5640 map. With this option, image is used as a displacement map.
5641 Black, within the displacement map, is a maximum positive dis‐
5642 placement. White is a maximum negative displacement and middle
5643 gray is neutral. The displacement is scaled to determine the
5644 pixel shift. By default, the displacement applies in both the
5645 horizontal and vertical directions. However, if you specify
5646 mask, image is the horizontal X displacement and mask the verti‐
5647 cal Y displacement.
5648 Note that matte information for image window is not retained for
5650 colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor,
5651 GrayScale, PseudoColor). Correct compositing behavior may
5652 require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a Standard Col‐
5653 ormap.
5654 Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator
5656 is replace. However, you must choose a location to composite
5657 your image and press button 1. Press and hold the button before
5658 releasing and an outline of the image will appear to help you
5659 identify your location.
5660 The actual colors of the composite image is saved. However, the
5662 color that appears in image window may be different. For exam‐
5663 ple, on a monochrome screen Image window will appear black or
5664 white even though your composited image may have many colors. If
5665 the image is saved to a file it is written with the correct col‐
5666 ors. To assure the correct colors are saved in the final image,
5667 any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass (see miff). To
5668 force a PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.
5669
5671 Changing the the color of a set of pixels is performed interactively.
5672 There is no command line argument to edit a pixel. To begin, choose
5673 Color from the Image Edit submenu of the Command widget. Alterna‐
5674 tively, press c in the image window.
5675 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
5677 window. You are now in color edit mode. To exit immediately, press Dis‐
5678 miss. In color edit mode, the Command widget has these options:
5679 Method
5682 point
5685 replace
5687 floodfill
5689 reset
5691 Pixel Color
5694 black
5697 blue
5699 cyan
5701 green
5703 gray
5705 red
5707 magenta
5709 yellow
5711 white
5713 Browser...
5715 Border Color
5718 black
5721 blue
5723 cyan
5725 green
5727 gray
5729 red
5731 magenta
5733 yellow
5735 white
5737 Browser...
5739 Fuzz
5742 0
5745 2
5747 4
5749 8
5751 16
5753 Dialog...
5754 Undo
5757 Help
5759 Dismiss
5761 Choose a color editing method from the Method sub-menu of the Command
5764 widget. The point method recolors any pixel selected with the pointer
5765 unless the button is released. The replace method recolors any pixel
5766 that matches the color of the pixel you select with a button press.
5767 Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you
5768 select with a button press and is a neighbor. Whereas filltoborder
5769 changes the matte value of any neighbor pixel that is not the border
5770 color. Finally reset changes the entire image to the designated color.
5771 Next, choose a pixel color from the Pixel Color sub-menu. Additional
5773 pixel colors can be specified with the color browser. You can change
5774 the menu colors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9.
5775 Now press button 1 to select a pixel within the Image window to change
5777 its color. Additional pixels may be recolored as prescribed by the
5778 method you choose. additional pixels by increasing the Delta value.
5779 If the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be helpful in positioning your
5781 pointer within the image (refer to button 2). Alternatively you can
5782 select a pixel to recolor from within the Magnify widget. Move the
5783 pointer to the Magnify widget and position the pixel with the cursor
5784 control keys. Finally, press a button to recolor the selected pixel (or
5785 pixels).
5786 The actual color you request for the pixels is saved in the image. How‐
5788 ever, the color that appears in your Image window may be different. For
5789 example, on a monochrome screen the pixel will appear black or white
5790 even if you choose the color red as the pixel color. However, the image
5791 saved to a file with -write is written with red pixels. To assure the
5792 correct color text in the final image, any PseudoClass image is pro‐
5793 moted to DirectClass To force a PseudoClass image to remain Pseudo‐
5794 Class, use -colors.
5795
5797 Matte information within an image is useful for some operations such as
5798 image compositing. This extra channel usually defines a mask which rep‐
5799 resents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when
5800 matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside,
5801 and between zero and 255 on the boundary.
5802 Setting the matte information in an image is done interactively. There
5804 is no command line argument to edit a pixel. To begin, and choose Matte
5805 of the Image Edit sub-menu from the Command widget.
5806 Alternatively, press m in the image window.
5808 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
5810 window. You are now in matte edit mode. To exit immediately, press Dis‐
5811 miss. In matte edit mode, the Command widget has these options:
5812 Method
5815 point
5818 replace
5820 floodfill
5822 reset
5824 Border Color
5827 black
5830 blue
5832 cyan
5834 green
5836 gray
5838 red
5840 magenta
5842 yellow
5844 white
5846 Browser...
5848 Fuzz
5851 0
5854 2
5856 4
5858 8
5860 16
5862 Dialog...
5863 Matte
5866 Undo
5868 Help
5870 Dismiss
5872 Choose a matte editing method from the Method sub-menu of the Command
5874 widget. The point method changes the matte value of the any pixel
5875 selected with the pointer until the button is released. The replace
5876 method changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of
5877 the pixel you select with a button press. Floodfill changes the matte
5878 value of any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with
5879 a button press and is a neighbor. Whereas filltoborder recolors any
5880 neighbor pixel that is not the border color. Finally reset changes the
5881 entire image to the designated matte value. Choose Matte Value and a
5882 dialog appears requesting a matte value. Enter a value between 0 and
5883 255. This value is assigned as the matte value of the selected pixel or
5884 pixels. Now, press any button to select a pixel within the Image win‐
5885 dow to change its matte value. You can change the matte value of addi‐
5886 tional pixels by increasing the Delta value. The Delta value is first
5887 added then subtracted from the red, green, and blue of the target
5888 color. Any pixels within the range also have their matte value updated.
5889 If the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be helpful in positioning your
5890 pointer within the image (refer to button 2). Alternatively you can
5891 select a pixel to change the matte value from within the Magnify wid‐
5892 get. Move the pointer to the Magnify widget and position the pixel
5893 with the cursor control keys. Finally, press a button to change the
5894 matte value of the selected pixel (or pixels). Matte information is
5895 only valid in a DirectClass image. Therefore, any PseudoClass image is
5896 promoted to DirectClass. Note that matte information for PseudoClass is
5897 not retained for colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, Stat‐
5898 icColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor) unless you immediately save your image
5899 to a file (refer to Write). Correct matte editing behavior may require
5900 a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a Standard Colormap.
5901
5903 An image is drawn upon interactively. There is no command line argument
5904 to draw on an image. To begin, choose Draw of the Image Edit sub-menu
5905 from the Command widget. Alternatively, press d in the image window.
5906 The cursor changes to a crosshair to indicate you are in draw mode. To
5908 exit immediately, press Dismiss. In draw mode, the Command widget has
5909 these options:
5910 Primitive
5913 point
5916 line
5918 rectangle
5920 fill rectangle
5922 circle
5924 fill circle
5926 ellipse
5928 fill ellipse
5930 polygon
5932 fill polygon
5934 Color
5937 black
5940 blue
5942 cyan
5944 green
5946 gray
5948 red
5950 magenta
5952 yellow
5954 white
5956 transparent
5958 Browser...
5960 Stipple
5963 Brick
5966 Diagonal
5968 Scales
5970 Vertical
5972 Wavy
5974 Translucent
5976 Opaque
5978 Open...
5980 Width
5983 1
5986 2
5988 4
5990 8
5992 16
5994 Dialog...
5995 Undo
5998 Help
6000 Dismiss
6002 Choose a drawing primitive from the Primitive sub-menu.
6004 Next, choose a color from the Color sub-menu. Additional colors can be
6006 specified with the color browser. You can change the menu colors by
6007 setting the X resources pen1 through pen9. The transparent color
6008 updates the image matte channel and is useful for image compositing.
6009 If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can select the
6011 primitive color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the
6012 screen and press any button. The transparent color updates the image
6013 matte channel and is useful for image compositing.
6014 Choose a stipple, if appropriate, from the Stipple sub-menu. Additional
6016 stipples can be specified with the file browser. Stipples obtained from
6017 the file browser must be on disk in the X11 bitmap format.
6018 Choose a line width, if appropriate, from the Width sub-menu. To choose
6020 a specific width select the Dialog widget.
6021 Choose a point in the image window and press button 1 and hold. Next,
6023 move the pointer to another location in the image. As you move, a line
6024 connects the initial location and the pointer. When you release the
6025 button, the image is updated with the primitive you just drew. For
6026 polygons, the image is updated when you press and release the button
6027 without moving the pointer.
6028 To cancel image drawing, move the pointer back to the starting point of
6030 the line and release the button.
6031
6033 To begin, press choose Region of Interest of the Pixel Transform sub-
6034 menu from the Command widget. Alternatively, press R in the image win‐
6035 dow.
6036 A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image
6038 window. You are now in region of interest mode. In region of interest
6039 mode, the Command widget has these options:
6040 Help
6043 Dismiss
6045 To define a region of interest, press button 1 and drag. The region of
6048 interest is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or con‐
6049 tracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the
6050 region of interest, release the button. You are now in apply mode. In
6051 apply mode the Command widget has these options:
6052 File
6055 Save...
6058 Print...
6060 Edit
6063 Undo
6066 Redo
6068 Transform
6071 Flip
6074 Flop
6076 Rotate Right
6078 Rotate Left
6080 Enhance
6083 Hue...
6086 Saturation...
6088 Brightness...
6090 Gamma...
6092 Spiff
6094 Dull
6096 Equalize
6098 Normalize
6100 Negate
6102 GRAYscale
6104 Quantize...
6106 Effects
6109 Despeckle
6112 Emboss
6114 Reduce Noise
6116 Add Noise
6118 Sharpen...
6120 Blur...
6122 Threshold...
6124 Edge Detect...
6126 Spread...
6128 Shade...
6130 Raise...
6132 Segment...
6134 F/X
6139 Solarize...
6142 Swirl...
6144 Implode...
6146 Wave...
6148 Oil Paint
6150 Charcoal Draw...
6152 Miscellany
6157 Image Info
6160 Zoom Image
6162 Show Preview...
6164 Show Histogram
6166 Show Matte
6168 Help
6171 Dismiss
6173 You can make adjustments to the region of interest by moving the
6176 pointer to one of the rectangle corners, pressing a button, and drag‐
6177 ging. Finally, choose an image processing technique from the Command
6178 widget. You can choose more than one image processing technique to
6179 apply to an area. Alternatively, you can move the region of interest
6180 before applying another image processing technique. To exit, press Dis‐
6181 miss.
6182
6184 When an image exceeds the width or height of the X server screen, dis‐
6185 play maps a small panning icon. The rectangle within the panning icon
6186 shows the area that is currently displayed in the the image window. To
6187 pan about the image, press any button and drag the pointer within the
6188 panning icon. The pan rectangle moves with the pointer and the image
6189 window is updated to reflect the location of the rectangle within the
6190 panning icon. When you have selected the area of the image you wish to
6191 view, release the button.
6192 Use the arrow keys to pan the image one pixel up, down, left, or right
6194 within the image window.
6195 The panning icon is withdrawn if the image becomes smaller than the
6197 dimensions of the X server screen.
6198
6200 Preferences affect the default behavior of display(1). The preferences
6201 are either true or false and are stored in your home directory as .dis‐
6202 playrc:
6203 display image centered on a backdrop"
6205 This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is
6208 useful for hiding other X window activity while viewing
6209 the image. The color of the backdrop is specified as the
6210 background color. Refer to X Resources for details.
6211 confirm on program exit"
6212 Ask for a confirmation before exiting the display(1) pro‐
6215 gram.
6216 correct image for display gamma"
6217 If the image has a known gamma, the gamma is corrected to
6220 match that of the X server (see the X Resource dis‐
6221 playGamma).
6222 display warning messages"
6223 Display any warning messages.
6226 apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to image"
6227 The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity res‐
6230 olution for spatial resolution by averaging the intensi‐
6231 ties of several neighboring pixels. Images which suffer
6232 from severe contouring when reducing colors can be
6233 improved with this preference.
6234 use a shared colormap for colormapped X visuals"
6235 This option only applies when the default X server visual
6238 is PseudoColor or GRAYScale. Refer to -visual for more
6239 details. By default, a shared colormap is allocated. The
6240 image shares colors with other X clients. Some image col‐
6241 ors could be approximated, therefore your image may look
6242 very different than intended. Otherwise the image colors
6243 appear exactly as they are defined. However, other clients
6244 may go technicolor when the image colormap is installed.
6245 display images as an X server pixmap"
6246 Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this
6249 resource to True to utilize a server Pixmap instead. This
6250 option is useful if your image exceeds the dimensions of
6251 your server screen and you intend to pan the image. Pan‐
6252 ning is much faster with Pixmaps than with a XImage.
6253 Pixmaps are considered a precious resource, use them with
6254 discretion.
6255
6258 Identify describes the format and characteristics of one or more image
6259 files. It will also report if an image is incomplete or corrupt. The
6260 information displayed includes the scene number, the file name, the
6261 width and height of the image, whether the image is colormapped or not,
6262 the number of colors in the image, the number of bytes in the image,
6263 the format of the image (JPEG, PNM, etc.), and finally the number of
6264 seconds it took to read and process the image. An example line output
6265 from identify follows:
6266 images/aquarium.miff 640x480 PseudoClass 256c
6268 308135b MIFF 1s
6269 If -verbose is set, expect additional output including any image com‐
6271 ment:
6272 Image: images/aquarium.miff
6275 class: PseudoClass
6276 colors: 256
6277 signature: eb5dca81dd93ae7e6ffae99a527eb5dca8...
6278 matte: False
6279 geometry: 640x480
6280 depth: 8
6281 bytes: 308135
6282 format: MIFF
6283 comments:
6284 Imported from MTV raster image: aquarium.mtv
6285 For some formats, additional format-specific information about the file
6287 will be written if the -debug coder or -debug all option is used.
6288
6290 Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
6291 the command line remains in effect for the set of images immediately
6292 following, until the set is terminated by the appearance of any option
6293 or -noop.
6294 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.
6296 -authenticate <string>
6299 decrypt image with this password
6300 -cache <threshold>
6302 (This option has been replaced by the -limit option)
6303 -debug <events>
6305 enable debug printout
6306 -define <key>{=<value>},...
6308 add coder/decoder specific options
6309 -density <width>x<height>
6311 horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image
6312 -depth <value>
6314 depth of the image
6315 -format <string>
6317 output formatted image characteristics
6318 -help print usage instructions
6320 -interlace <type>
6322 the type of interlacing scheme
6323 -limit <type> <value>
6325 Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit
6326 -log <string>
6328 Specify format for debug log
6329 -ping efficiently determine image characteristics
6331 -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
6333 sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV
6334 decoder/encoder.
6335 -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
6337 width and height of the image
6338 -verbose
6340 print detailed information about the image
6341 -version
6343 print GraphicsMagick version string
6344 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options,
6346 above.
6347
6350 Import reads an image from any visible window on an X server and out‐
6351 puts it as an image file. You can capture a single window, the entire
6352 screen, or any rectangular portion of the screen. Use display for
6353 redisplay, printing, editing, formatting, archiving, image processing,
6354 etc. of the captured image.
6355 The target window can be specified by id, name, or may be selected by
6357 clicking the mouse in the desired window. If you press a button and
6358 then drag, a rectangle will form which expands and contracts as the
6359 mouse moves. To save the portion of the screen defined by the rectan‐
6360 gle, just release the button. The keyboard bell is rung once at the
6361 beginning of the screen capture and twice when it completes.
6362
6364 To select an X window or an area of the screen with the mouse and save
6365 it in the MIFF image format to a file entitled window.miff, use:
6366 gm import window.miff
6368 To select an X window or an area of the screen with the mouse and save
6370 it in the Encapsulated PostScript format to include in another docu‐
6371 ment, use:
6372 gm import figure.eps
6374 To capture the entire X server screen in the JPEG image format in a
6376 file entitled root.jpeg, without using the mouse, use:
6377 gm import -window root root.jpeg
6379 To capture the 512x256 area at the upper right corner of the X server
6381 screen in the PNG image format in a well-compressed file entitled cor‐
6382 ner.png, without using the mouse, use:
6383 gm import -window root -crop 512x256-0+0 -quality 90
6385 corner.png
6386
6388 Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
6389 the command line remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by
6390 specifying the option again with a different effect.
6391 Import options can appear on the command line or in your X resources
6393 file. See X(1). Options on the command line supersede values specified
6394 in your X resources file.
6395 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.
6397 -bordercolor <color>
6400 the border color
6401 -cache <threshold>
6403 (This option has been replaced by the -limit option)
6404 -colors <value>
6406 preferred number of colors in the image
6407 -colorspace <value>
6409 the type of colorspace
6410 -comment <string>
6412 annotate an image with a comment
6413 -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
6415 preferred size and location of the cropped image
6416 -debug <events>
6418 enable debug printout
6419 -define <key>{=<value>},...
6421 add coder/decoder specific options
6422 -delay <1/100ths of a second>
6424 display the next image after pausing
6425 -density <width>x<height>
6427 horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image
6428 -depth <value>
6430 depth of the image
6431 -descend
6433 obtain image by descending window hierarchy
6434 -display <host:display[.screen]>
6436 specifies the X server to contact
6437 -dispose <method>
6439 GIF disposal method
6440 -dither
6442 apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image
6443 -encoding <type>
6445 specify the text encoding
6446 -endian <type>
6448 specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image
6449 -frame include the X window frame in the imported image
6451 -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
6453 preferred size and location of the Image window.
6454 -help print usage instructions
6456 -interlace <type>
6458 the type of interlacing scheme
6459 -label <name>
6461 assign a label to an image
6462 -limit <type> <value>
6464 Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit
6465 -log <string>
6467 Specify format for debug log
6468 -monochrome
6470 transform the image to black and white
6471 -negate
6473 replace every pixel with its complementary color
6474 -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
6476 size and location of an image canvas
6477 -pause <seconds>
6479 pause between snapshots [import]
6480 -ping efficiently determine image characteristics
6482 -pointsize <value>
6484 pointsize of the PostScript, OPTION1, or TrueType font
6485 -quality <value>
6487 JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level
6488 -resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
6490 resize an image
6491 -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
6493 apply Paeth image rotation to the image
6494 -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
6496 sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV
6497 decoder/encoder.
6498 -scene <value>
6500 set scene number
6501 -screen
6503 specify the screen to capture
6504 -silent
6506 operate silently
6507 -snaps <value>
6509 number of screen snapshots
6510 -transparent <color>
6512 make this color transparent within the image
6513 -trim trim an image
6515 -verbose
6517 print detailed information about the image
6518 -version
6520 print GraphicsMagick version string
6521 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options,
6523 above.
6524
6527 Mogrify transforms an image or a sequence of images. These transforms
6528 include image scaling, image rotation, color reduction, and others.
6529 Each transmogrified image overwrites the corresponding original image,
6530 unless an option such as -format causes the output filename to be dif‐
6531 ferent from the input filename.
6532 The graphics formats supported by mogrify are listed in GraphicsMag‐
6534 ick(1).
6535
6537 To convert all the TIFF files in a particular directory to JPEG, use:
6538 gm mogrify -format jpeg *.tiff
6540 To convert a directory full of JPEG images to thumbnails, use:
6542 gm mogrify -size 120x120 *.jpg -resize 120x120 +profile "*"
6544 In this example, '-size 120x120' gives a hint to the JPEG decoder that
6546 the images are going to be downscaled to 120x120, allowing it to run
6547 faster by avoiding returning full-resolution images to GraphicsMagick
6548 for the subsequent resizing operation. The output images. It will be
6549 scaled so its largest dimension is 120 pixels. The that might be
6550 present in the input and aren't needed in the thumbnails.
6551 To scale an image of a cockatoo to exactly 640 pixels in width and 480
6553 pixels in height, use:
6554 gm mogrify -resize 640x480! cockatoo.miff
6556
6558 Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
6559 the command line remains in effect for the set of images that follows,
6560 until the set is terminated by the appearance of any option or -noop.
6561 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.
6563 -affine <matrix>
6566 drawing transform matrix
6567 -antialias
6569 remove pixel aliasing
6570 -authenticate <string>
6572 decrypt image with this password
6573 -background <color>
6575 the background color
6576 -blue-primary <x>,<y>
6578 blue chromaticity primary point
6579 -blur <radius>{x<sigma>}
6581 blur the image with a Gaussian operator
6582 -border <width>x<height>
6584 surround the image with a border of color
6585 -bordercolor <color>
6587 the border color
6588 -cache <threshold>
6590 (This option has been replaced by the -limit option)
6591 -channel <type>
6593 the type of channel
6594 -charcoal <factor>
6596 simulate a charcoal drawing
6597 -colorize <value>
6599 colorize the image with the pen color
6600 -colors <value>
6602 preferred number of colors in the image
6603 -colorspace <value>
6605 the type of colorspace
6606 -comment <string>
6608 annotate an image with a comment
6609 -compose <operator>
6611 the type of image composition
6612 -compress <type>
6614 the type of image compression
6615 -contrast
6617 enhance or reduce the image contrast
6618 -convolve <kernel>
6620 convolve image with the specified convolution kernel
6621 -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
6623 preferred size and location of the cropped image
6624 -cycle <amount>
6626 displace image colormap by amount
6627 -debug <events>
6629 enable debug printout
6630 -define <key>{=<value>},...
6632 add coder/decoder specific options
6633 -delay <1/100ths of a second>
6635 display the next image after pausing
6636 -density <width>x<height>
6638 horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image
6639 -depth <value>
6641 depth of the image
6642 -despeckle
6644 reduce the speckles within an image
6645 -display <host:display[.screen]>
6647 specifies the X server to contact
6648 -dispose <method>
6650 GIF disposal method
6651 -dither
6653 apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image
6654 -draw <string>
6656 annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives
6657 -edge <radius>
6659 detect edges within an image
6660 -emboss <radius>
6662 emboss an image
6663 -encoding <type>
6665 specify the text encoding
6666 -endian <type>
6668 specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image
6669 -enhance
6671 apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image
6672 -equalize
6674 perform histogram equalization to the image
6675 -fill <color>
6677 color to use when filling a graphic primitive
6678 -filter <type>
6680 use this type of filter when resizing an image
6681 -flip create a "mirror image"
6683 -flop create a "mirror image"
6685 -font <name>
6687 use this font when annotating the image with text
6688 -format <type>
6690 the image format type
6691 -frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
6693 surround the image with an ornamental border
6694 -fuzz <distance>{%}
6696 colors within this distance are considered equal
6697 -gamma <value>
6699 level of gamma correction
6700 -Gaussian <radius>{x<sigma>}
6702 blur the image with a Gaussian operator
6703 -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
6705 preferred size and location of the Image window.
6706 -gravity <type>
6708 direction primitive gravitates to when annotating the image.
6709 -green-primary <x>,<y>
6711 green chromaticity primary point
6712 -help print usage instructions
6714 -implode <factor>
6716 implode image pixels about the center
6717 -interlace <type>
6719 the type of interlacing scheme
6720 -label <name>
6722 assign a label to an image
6723 -lat <width>x<height>{+-}<offset>{%}
6725 perform local adaptive thresholding
6726 -level <black_point>{,<gamma>}{,<white_point>}{%}
6728 adjust the level of image contrast
6729 -limit <type> <value>
6731 Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit
6732 -linewidth
6734 the line width for subsequent draw operations
6735 -list <type>
6737 the type of list
6738 -log <string>
6740 Specify format for debug log
6741 -loop <iterations>
6743 add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation
6744 -map <filename>
6746 choose a particular set of colors from this image
6747 -mask <filename>
6749 Specify a clipping mask
6750 -matte store matte channel if the image has one
6752 -mattecolor <color>
6754 specify the color to be used with the -frame option
6755 -median <radius>
6757 apply a median filter to the image
6758 -modulate brightness[,saturation[,hue]]
6760 vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image
6761 -monochrome
6763 transform the image to black and white
6764 -negate
6766 replace every pixel with its complementary color
6767 -noise <radius|type>
6769 add or reduce noise in an image
6770 -noop NOOP (no option)
6772 -normalize
6774 transform image to span the full range of color values
6775 -opaque <color>
6777 change this color to the pen color within the image
6778 -operator channel operator rvalue[%]
6780 apply a mathematical or bitwise operator to an image channel
6781 -ordered-dither <channeltype> <NxN>
6783 ordered dither the image
6784 -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
6786 size and location of an image canvas
6787 -paint <radius>
6789 simulate an oil painting
6790 -pen <color>
6792 (This option has been replaced by the -fill option)
6793 -pointsize <value>
6795 pointsize of the PostScript, OPTION1, or TrueType font
6796 -profile <filename>
6798 add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile to image
6799 -quality <value>
6801 JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level
6802 -raise <width>x<height>
6804 lighten or darken image edges
6805 -random-threshold <channeltype> <LOWxHIGH>
6807 random threshold the image
6808 -red-primary <x>,<y>
6810 red chromaticity primary point
6811 -region <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
6813 apply options to a portion of the image
6814 -render
6816 render vector operations
6817 -resample <horizontal>x<vertical>
6819 Resample image to specified horizontal and vertical resolution
6820 -resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
6822 resize an image
6823 -roll {+-}<x>{+-}<y>
6825 roll an image vertically or horizontally
6826 -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
6828 apply Paeth image rotation to the image
6829 -sample <geometry>
6831 scale image using pixel sampling
6832 -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
6834 sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV
6835 decoder/encoder.
6836 -scale <geometry>
6838 scale the image.
6839 -scene <value>
6841 set scene number
6842 -segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
6844 segment an image
6845 -shade <azimuth>x<elevation>
6847 shade the image using a distant light source
6848 -sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
6850 sharpen the image
6851 -shave <width>x<height>{%}
6853 shave pixels from the image edges
6854 -shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
6856 shear the image along the X or Y axis
6857 -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
6859 width and height of the image
6860 -solarize <factor>
6862 negate all pixels above the threshold level
6863 -spread <amount>
6865 displace image pixels by a random amount
6866 -stroke <color>
6868 color to use when stroking a graphic primitive
6869 -strokewidth <value>
6871 set the stroke width
6872 -swirl <degrees>
6874 swirl image pixels about the center
6875 -texture <filename>
6877 name of texture to tile onto the image background
6878 -threshold <value>{<green>,<blue>,<opacity>}{%}
6880 threshold the image
6881 -tile <filename>
6883 tile image when filling a graphic primitive
6884 -transform
6886 transform the image
6887 -transparent <color>
6889 make this color transparent within the image
6890 -treedepth <value>
6892 tree depth for the color reduction algorithm
6893 -trim trim an image
6895 -type <type>
6897 the image type
6898 -units <type>
6900 the units of image resolution
6901 -unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{+<threshold>}
6903 sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator
6904 -verbose
6906 print detailed information about the image
6907 -version
6909 print GraphicsMagick version string
6910 -view <string>
6912 FlashPix viewing parameters
6913 -virtual-pixel <method>
6915 specify contents of "virtual pixels"
6916 -wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>
6918 alter an image along a sine wave
6919 -white-point <x>,<y>
6921 chromaticity white point
6922 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options,
6924 above.
6925
6928 montage creates a composite image by combining several separate images.
6929 The images are tiled on the composite image with the name of the image
6930 optionally appearing just below the individual tile.
6931 The composite image is constructed in the following manner. First, each
6933 image specified on the command line, except for the last, is scaled to
6934 fit the maximum tile size. The maximum tile size by default is 120x120.
6935 It can be modified with the -geometry command line argument or X
6936 resource. See Options for more information on command line arguments.
6937 See X(1) for more information on X resources. Note that the maximum
6938 tile size need not be a square.
6939 Next the composite image is initialized with the color specified by the
6941 -background command line argument or X resource. The width and height
6942 of the composite image is determined by the title specified, the maxi‐
6943 mum tile size, the number of tiles per row, the tile border width and
6944 height, the image border width, and the label height. The number of
6945 tiles per row specifies how many images are to appear in each row of
6946 the composite image. The default is to have 5 tiles in each row and 4
6947 tiles in each column of the composite. A specific value is specified
6948 with -tile. The tile border width and height, and the image border
6949 width defaults to the value of the X resource -borderwidth. It can be
6950 changed with the -borderwidth or -geometry command line argument or X
6951 resource. The label height is determined by the font you specify with
6952 the -font command line argument or X resource. If you do not specify a
6953 font, a font is chosen that allows the name of the image to fit the
6954 maximum width of a tiled area. The label colors is determined by the
6955 -background and -fill command line argument or X resource. Note, that
6956 if the background and pen colors are the same, labels will not appear.
6957 Initially, the composite image title is placed at the top if one is
6959 specified (refer to -fill). Next, each image is set onto the composite
6960 image, surrounded by its border color, with its name centered just
6961 below it. The individual images are left-justified within the width of
6962 the tiled area. The order of the images is the same as they appear on
6963 the command line unless the images have a scene keyword. If a scene
6964 number is specified in each image, then the images are tiled onto the
6965 composite in the order of their scene number. Finally, the last argu‐
6966 ment on the command line is the name assigned to the composite image.
6967 By default, the image is written in the MIFF format and can be viewed
6968 or printed with display(1).
6969 Note, that if the number of tiles exceeds the default number of 20 (5
6972 per row, 4 per column), more than one composite image is created. To
6973 ensure a single image is produced, use -tile to increase the number of
6974 tiles to meet or exceed the number of input images.
6975 Finally, to create one or more empty spaces in the sequence of tiles,
6977 use the "NULL:" image format.
6978 Note, a composite MIFF image displayed to an X server with display
6980 behaves differently than other images. You can think of the composite
6981 as a visual image directory. Choose a particular tile of the composite
6982 and press a button to display it. See display(1) and miff(5)
6983
6985 To create a montage of a cockatoo, a parrot, and a hummingbird and
6986 write it to a file called birds, use:
6987 gm montage cockatoo.miff parrot.miff hummingbird.miff
6989 birds.miff
6990 To tile several bird images so that they are at most 256 pixels in
6992 width and 192 pixels in height, surrounded by a red border, and sepa‐
6993 rated by 10 pixels of background color, use:
6994 gm montage -geometry 256x192+10+10 -bordercolor red
6996 birds.* montage.miff
6997 To create an unlabeled parrot image, 640 by 480 pixels, and surrounded
6999 by a border of black, use:
7000 gm montage -geometry 640x480 -bordercolor black
7002 -label "" parrot.miff bird.miff
7003 To create an image of an eagle with a textured background, use:
7005 gm montage -texture bumps.jpg eagle.jpg eagle.png
7007 To join several GIF images together without any extraneous graphics
7009 (e.g. no label, no shadowing, no surrounding tile frame), use:
7010 gm montage +frame +shadow +label -tile 5x1
7012 -geometry 50x50+0+0 *.png joined.png
7013
7015 Any option you specify on the command line remains in effect for the
7016 group of images following it, until the group is terminated by the
7017 appearance of any option or -noop. For example, to make a montage of
7018 three images, the first with 32 colors, the second with an unlimited
7019 number of colors, and the third with only 16 colors, use:
7020 gm montage -colors 32 cockatoo.1 -noop cockatoo.2
7023 -colors 16 cockatoo.3 cockatoos.miff
7024 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options, above.
7026 -adjoin
7029 join images into a single multi-image file
7030 -authenticate <string>
7032 decrypt image with this password
7033 -background <color>
7035 the background color
7036 -blue-primary <x>,<y>
7038 blue chromaticity primary point
7039 -blur <radius>{x<sigma>}
7041 blur the image with a Gaussian operator
7042 -bordercolor <color>
7044 the border color
7045 -borderwidth <geometry>
7047 the border width
7048 -cache <threshold>
7050 (This option has been replaced by the -limit option)
7051 -chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
7053 remove pixels from the interior of an image
7054 -colors <value>
7056 preferred number of colors in the image
7057 -colorspace <value>
7059 the type of colorspace
7060 -comment <string>
7062 annotate an image with a comment
7063 -compose <operator>
7065 the type of image composition
7066 -compress <type>
7068 the type of image compression
7069 -crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
7071 preferred size and location of the cropped image
7072 -debug <events>
7074 enable debug printout
7075 -define <key>{=<value>},...
7077 add coder/decoder specific options
7078 -density <width>x<height>
7080 horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels of the image
7081 -depth <value>
7083 depth of the image
7084 -display <host:display[.screen]>
7086 specifies the X server to contact
7087 -dispose <method>
7089 GIF disposal method
7090 -dither
7092 apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image
7093 -draw <string>
7095 annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives
7096 -encoding <type>
7098 specify the text encoding
7099 -endian <type>
7101 specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image
7102 -fill <color>
7104 color to use when filling a graphic primitive
7105 -filter <type>
7107 use this type of filter when resizing an image
7108 -font <name>
7110 use this font when annotating the image with text
7111 -frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
7113 surround the image with an ornamental border
7114 -gamma <value>
7116 level of gamma correction
7117 -geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
7119 preferred size and location of the Image window.
7120 -gravity <type>
7122 direction primitive gravitates to when annotating the image.
7123 -green-primary <x>,<y>
7125 green chromaticity primary point
7126 -help print usage instructions
7128 -interlace <type>
7130 the type of interlacing scheme
7131 -label <name>
7133 assign a label to an image
7134 -limit <type> <value>
7136 Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit
7137 -log <string>
7139 Specify format for debug log
7140 -matte store matte channel if the image has one
7142 -mattecolor <color>
7144 specify the color to be used with the -frame option
7145 -mode <value>
7147 mode of operation
7148 -monochrome
7150 transform the image to black and white
7151 -noop NOOP (no option)
7153 -page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
7155 size and location of an image canvas
7156 -pen <color>
7158 (This option has been replaced by the -fill option)
7159 -pointsize <value>
7161 pointsize of the PostScript, OPTION1, or TrueType font
7162 -quality <value>
7164 JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level
7165 -red-primary <x>,<y>
7167 red chromaticity primary point
7168 -render
7170 render vector operations
7171 -resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
7173 resize an image
7174 -rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
7176 apply Paeth image rotation to the image
7177 -sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
7179 sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV
7180 decoder/encoder.
7181 -scenes <value-value>
7183 range of image scene numbers to read
7184 -shadow <radius>{x<sigma>}
7186 shadow the montage
7187 -sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
7189 sharpen the image
7190 -size <width>x<height>{+offset}
7192 width and height of the image
7193 -stroke <color>
7195 color to use when stroking a graphic primitive
7196 -strokewidth <value>
7198 set the stroke width
7199 -texture <filename>
7201 name of texture to tile onto the image background
7202 -tile <geometry>
7204 layout of images [montage]
7205 -title <string>
7207 assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage]
7208 -transparent <color>
7210 make this color transparent within the image
7211 -treedepth <value>
7213 tree depth for the color reduction algorithm
7214 -trim trim an image
7216 -type <type>
7218 the image type
7219 -verbose
7221 print detailed information about the image
7222 -version
7224 print GraphicsMagick version string
7225 -white-point <x>,<y>
7227 chromaticity white point
7228 For a more detailed description of each option, see Options,
7230 above.
7231
7234 Montage options can appear on the command line or in your X resource
7235 file. Options on the command line supersede values specified in your X
7236 resource file. See X(1) for more information on X resources.
7237 All montage options have a corresponding X resource. In addition, mon‐
7239 tage uses the following X resources:
7240 background (class Background)
7242 background color
7243 Specifies the preferred color to use for the composite image
7245 background. The default is #ccc.
7246 borderColor (class BorderColor)
7248 border color
7249 Specifies the preferred color to use for the composite image
7251 border. The default is #ccc.
7252 borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
7254 border width
7255 Specifies the width in pixels of the composite image border. The
7257 default is 2.
7258 font (class Font)
7260 font to use
7261 Specifies the name of the preferred font to use when displaying
7263 text within the composite image. The default is 9x15, fixed, or
7264 5x8 determined by the composite image size.
7265 matteColor (class MatteColor)
7267 color of the frame
7268 Specify the color of an image frame. A 3D effect is achieved by
7270 using highlight and shadow colors derived from this color. The
7271 default value is #697B8F.
7272 pen (class Pen)
7274 text color
7275 Specifies the preferred color to use for text within the compos‐
7277 ite image. The default is black.
7278 title (class Title)
7280 composite image title
7281 This resource specifies the title to be placed at the top of the
7283 composite image. The default is not to place a title at the top
7284 of the composite image.
7285
7287 COLUMNS
7288 Output screen width. Used when formatting text for the screen.
7289 Many Unix systems keep this shell variable up to date, but it
7290 may need to be explicitly exported in order for GraphicsMagick
7291 to see it.
7292 DISPLAY
7294 X11 display ID (host, display number, and screen in the form
7295 hostname:display.screen).
7296 HOME Location of user's home directory. GraphicsMagick searches for
7298 configuration files in $HOME/.magick if the directory exists.
7299 See MAGICK_CODER_MODULE_PATH, MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH, and MAG‐
7300 ICK_FILTER_MODULE_PATH if more flexibility is needed.
7301 MAGICK_CODER_MODULE_PATH
7303 Search path to use when searching for image format coder mod‐
7304 ules. This path allows the user to arbitrarily extend the image
7305 formats supported by GraphicsMagick by adding loadable modules
7306 to an arbitrary location rather than copying them into the
7307 GraphicsMagick installation directory. The formatting of the
7308 search path is similar to operating system search paths (i.e.
7309 colon delimited for Unix, and semi-colon delimited for Microsoft
7310 Windows). This user specified search path is used before trying
7311 the default search path.
7312 MAGICK_CONFIGURE_PATH
7314 Search path to use when searching for configuration (.mgk)
7315 files. The formatting of the search path is similar to operat‐
7316 ing system search paths (i.e. colon delimited for Unix, and
7317 semi-colon delimited for Microsoft Windows). This user specified
7318 search path is used before trying the default search path.
7319 MAGICK_DEBUG
7321 Debug options (see -debug for details)
7322 MAGICK_FILTER_MODULE_PATH
7324 Search path to use when searching for filter process modules
7325 (invoked via -process). This path allows the user to arbitrarily
7326 extend GraphicsMagick's image processing functionality by adding
7327 loadable modules to an arbitrary location rather than copying
7328 them into the GraphicsMagick installation directory. The format‐
7329 ting of the search path is similar to operating system search
7330 paths (i.e. colon delimited for Unix, and semi-colon delimited
7331 for Microsoft Windows). This user specified search path is used
7332 before trying the default search path.
7333 MAGICK_HOME
7335 Path to top of GraphicsMagick installation directory. Only
7336 observed by "uninstalled" builds of GraphicsMagick which do not
7337 have their location hard-coded or set by an installer.
7338 MAGICK_LIMIT_DISK
7340 Maximum amount of disk space allowed for use by the pixel cache.
7341 MAGICK_LIMIT_FILES
7343 Maximum number of open files.
7344 MAGICK_LIMIT_MAP
7346 Maximum size of a memory map.
7347 MAGICK_LIMIT_MEMORY
7349 Maximum amount of memory to allocate from the heap.
7350 MAGICK_TMPDIR
7352 Path to directory where GraphicsMagick should write temporary
7353 files. The default is to use the system default, or the location
7354 set by TMPDIR.
7355 TMPDIR For POSIX-compatible systems (Unix-compatible), the path to the
7357 directory where all applications should write temporary files.
7358 Overridden by MAGICK_TMPDIR if it is set.
7359 TMP or TEMP
7361 For Microsoft Windows, the path to the directory where applica‐
7362 tions should write temporary files. Overridden by MAGICK_TMPDIR
7363 if it is set.
7364
7366 GraphicsMagick uses a number of XML format configuration files:
7367 colors.mgk
7369 colors configuration file
7370 <?xml version="1.0"?>
7372 <colormap>
7373 <color name="AliceBlue" red="240" green="248" blue="255"
7374 compliance="SVG, X11, XPM" />
7375 </colormap>
7376 delegates.mgk
7378 delegates configuration file
7379 log.mgk
7381 logging configuration file
7382 <?xml version="1.0"?>
7384 <magicklog>
7385 <log events="None" />
7386 <log output="stdout" />
7387 <log filename="Magick-%d.log" />
7388 <log generations="3" />
7389 <log limit="2000" />
7390 <log format="%t %r %u %p %m/%f/%l/%d:\n %e" />
7391 </magicklog>
7392 magic.mgk
7394 file header magic test configuration file
7395 <?xml version="1.0"?>
7397 <magicmap>
7398 <magic name="AVI" offset="0" target="RIFF" />
7399 </magicmap>
7400 modules.mgk
7402 loadable modules configuration file
7403 <?xml version="1.0"?>
7405 <modulemap>
7406 <module magick="8BIM" name="META" />
7407 </modulemap>
7408 type.mgk
7410 master type (fonts) configuration file
7411 <?xml version="1.0"?>
7413 <typemap>
7414 <include file="type-windows.mgk" />
7415 <type
7416 name="AvantGarde-Book"
7417 fullname="AvantGarde Book"
7418 family="AvantGarde"
7419 foundry="URW"
7420 weight="400"
7421 style="normal"
7422 stretch="normal"
7423 format="type1"
7424 metrics="/usr/local/share/ghostscript/fonts/a010013l.afm"
7425 glyphs="/usr/local/share/ghostscript/fonts/a010013l.pfb"
7426 />
7427 </typemap>
7428
7430 The MIT X Consortium for making network transparent graphics a reality.
7431 Michael Halle, Spatial Imaging Group at MIT, for the initial implemen‐
7434 tation of Alan Paeth's image rotation algorithm.
7435 David Pensak, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, for providing a
7438 computing environment that made this program possible.
7439 Peder Langlo, Hewlett Packard, Norway, made hundreds of suggestions and
7442 bug reports. Without Peder, this software would not be nearly as useful
7443 as it is today.
7444 Rod Bogart and John W. Peterson, University of Utah. Image compositing
7446 is loosely based on rlecomp of the Utah Raster Toolkit.
7447 Paul Heckbert, Carnegie Mellon University. Image resizing is based on
7449 his Zoom program.
7450 Paul Raveling, USC Information Sciences Institute. The spatial subdivi‐
7452 sion color reduction algorithm is based on his Img software.
7453
7455 Copyright (C) 2002, 2003 GraphicsMagick Group, an organization dedi‐
7456 cated to making software imaging solutions freely available.
7457 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
7459 copy of this software and associated documentation files ("GraphicsMag‐
7460 ick"), to deal in GraphicsMagick without restriction, including without
7461 limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute,
7462 sublicense, and/or sell copies of GraphicsMagick, and to permit persons
7463 to whom GraphicsMagick is furnished to do so, subject to the following
7464 conditions:
7465 The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
7467 in all copies or substantial portions of GraphicsMagick.
7468 The software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express
7470 or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of mer‐
7471 chantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. In
7472 no event shall GraphicsMagick Group be liable for any claim, damages or
7473 other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise,
7474 arising from, out of or in connection with GraphicsMagick or the use or
7475 other dealings in GraphicsMagick.
7476 Except as contained in this notice, the name of the GraphicsMagick
7478 Group shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the
7479 sale, use or other dealings in GraphicsMagick without prior written
7480 authorization from the GraphicsMagick Group.
7481 Additional copyrights and licenses apply to this software. You should
7483 have received a copy of Copyright.txt with this package, which
7484 describes additional copyrights and licenses which apply to this soft‐
7485 ware; otherwise see http://www.graphicsmagick.org/www/Copyright.html.
7486GraphicsMagick 2007/08/02 gm(1)