1GCJ(1) GNU GCJ(1)
2
6 gcj - Ahead-of-time compiler for the Java language
7
9 gcj [-Idir...] [-d dir...]
10 [--CLASSPATH=path] [--classpath=path]
11 [-foption...] [--encoding=name]
12 [--main=classname] [-Dname[=value]...]
13 [-C] [--resource resource-name] [-d directory]
14 [-Wwarn...]
15 sourcefile...
16
18 As gcj is just another front end to gcc, it supports many of the same
19 options as gcc. This manual only documents the options specific to
20 gcj.
21
23 Input and output files
24 A gcj command is like a gcc command, in that it consists of a number of
25 options and file names. The following kinds of input file names are
26 supported:
27 file.java
29 Java source files.
30 file.class
32 Java bytecode files.
33 file.zip
35 file.jar
36 An archive containing one or more ".class" files, all of which are
37 compiled. The archive may be compressed. Files in an archive
38 which don't end with .class are treated as resource files; they are
39 compiled into the resulting object file as core: URLs.
40 @file
42 A file containing a whitespace-separated list of input file names.
43 (Currently, these must all be ".java" source files, but that may
44 change.) Each named file is compiled, just as if it had been on
45 the command line.
46 library.a
48 library.so
49 -llibname
50 Libraries to use when linking. See the gcc manual.
51 You can specify more than one input file on the gcj command line, in
53 which case they will all be compiled. If you specify a "-o FILENAME"
54 option, all the input files will be compiled together, producing a
55 single output file, named FILENAME. This is allowed even when using
56 "-S" or "-c", but not when using "-C" or "--resource". (This is an
57 extension beyond the what plain gcc allows.) (If more than one input
58 file is specified, all must currently be ".java" files, though we hope
59 to fix this.)
60 Input Options
62 gcj has options to control where it looks to find files it needs. For
63 instance, gcj might need to load a class that is referenced by the file
64 it has been asked to compile. Like other compilers for the Java
65 language, gcj has a notion of a class path. There are several options
66 and environment variables which can be used to manipulate the class
67 path. When gcj looks for a given class, it searches the class path
68 looking for matching .class or .java file. gcj comes with a built-in
69 class path which points at the installed libgcj.jar, a file which
70 contains all the standard classes.
71 In the text below, a directory or path component can refer either to an
73 actual directory on the filesystem, or to a .zip or .jar file, which
74 gcj will search as if it is a directory.
75 -Idir
77 All directories specified by "-I" are kept in order and prepended
78 to the class path constructed from all the other options. Unless
79 compatibility with tools like "javac" is important, we recommend
80 always using "-I" instead of the other options for manipulating the
81 class path.
82 --classpath=path
84 This sets the class path to path, a colon-separated list of paths
85 (on Windows-based systems, a semicolon-separate list of paths).
86 This does not override the builtin ("boot") search path.
87 --CLASSPATH=path
89 Deprecated synonym for "--classpath".
90 --bootclasspath=path
92 Where to find the standard builtin classes, such as
93 "java.lang.String".
94 --extdirs=path
96 For each directory in the path, place the contents of that
97 directory at the end of the class path.
98 CLASSPATH
100 This is an environment variable which holds a list of paths.
101 The final class path is constructed like so:
103 · First come all directories specified via "-I".
105 · If --classpath is specified, its value is appended. Otherwise, if
107 the "CLASSPATH" environment variable is specified, then its value
108 is appended. Otherwise, the current directory (".") is appended.
109 · If "--bootclasspath" was specified, append its value. Otherwise,
111 append the built-in system directory, libgcj.jar.
112 · Finally, if "--extdirs" was specified, append the contents of the
114 specified directories at the end of the class path. Otherwise,
115 append the contents of the built-in extdirs at
116 "$(prefix)/share/java/ext".
117 The classfile built by gcj for the class "java.lang.Object" (and placed
119 in "libgcj.jar") contains a special zero length attribute
120 "gnu.gcj.gcj-compiled". The compiler looks for this attribute when
121 loading "java.lang.Object" and will report an error if it isn't found,
122 unless it compiles to bytecode (the option
123 "-fforce-classes-archive-check" can be used to override this behavior
124 in this particular case.)
125 -fforce-classes-archive-check
127 This forces the compiler to always check for the special zero
128 length attribute "gnu.gcj.gcj-compiled" in "java.lang.Object" and
129 issue an error if it isn't found.
130 -fsource=VERSION
132 This option is used to choose the source version accepted by gcj.
133 The default is 1.5.
134 Encodings
136 The Java programming language uses Unicode throughout. In an effort to
137 integrate well with other locales, gcj allows .java files to be written
138 using almost any encoding. gcj knows how to convert these encodings
139 into its internal encoding at compile time.
140 You can use the "--encoding=NAME" option to specify an encoding (of a
142 particular character set) to use for source files. If this is not
143 specified, the default encoding comes from your current locale. If
144 your host system has insufficient locale support, then gcj assumes the
145 default encoding to be the UTF-8 encoding of Unicode.
146 To implement "--encoding", gcj simply uses the host platform's "iconv"
148 conversion routine. This means that in practice gcj is limited by the
149 capabilities of the host platform.
150 The names allowed for the argument "--encoding" vary from platform to
152 platform (since they are not standardized anywhere). However, gcj
153 implements the encoding named UTF-8 internally, so if you choose to use
154 this for your source files you can be assured that it will work on
155 every host.
156 Warnings
158 gcj implements several warnings. As with other generic gcc warnings,
159 if an option of the form "-Wfoo" enables a warning, then "-Wno-foo"
160 will disable it. Here we've chosen to document the form of the warning
161 which will have an effect -- the default being the opposite of what is
162 listed.
163 -Wredundant-modifiers
165 With this flag, gcj will warn about redundant modifiers. For
166 instance, it will warn if an interface method is declared "public".
167 -Wextraneous-semicolon
169 This causes gcj to warn about empty statements. Empty statements
170 have been deprecated.
171 -Wno-out-of-date
173 This option will cause gcj not to warn when a source file is newer
174 than its matching class file. By default gcj will warn about this.
175 -Wno-deprecated
177 Warn if a deprecated class, method, or field is referred to.
178 -Wunused
180 This is the same as gcc's "-Wunused".
181 -Wall
183 This is the same as "-Wredundant-modifiers -Wextraneous-semicolon
184 -Wunused".
185 Linking
187 To turn a Java application into an executable program, you need to link
188 it with the needed libraries, just as for C or C++. The linker by
189 default looks for a global function named "main". Since Java does not
190 have global functions, and a collection of Java classes may have more
191 than one class with a "main" method, you need to let the linker know
192 which of those "main" methods it should invoke when starting the
193 application. You can do that in any of these ways:
194 · Specify the class containing the desired "main" method when you
196 link the application, using the "--main" flag, described below.
197 · Link the Java package(s) into a shared library (dll) rather than an
199 executable. Then invoke the application using the "gij" program,
200 making sure that "gij" can find the libraries it needs.
201 · Link the Java packages(s) with the flag "-lgij", which links in the
203 "main" routine from the "gij" command. This allows you to select
204 the class whose "main" method you want to run when you run the
205 application. You can also use other "gij" flags, such as "-D"
206 flags to set properties. Using the "-lgij" library (rather than
207 the "gij" program of the previous mechanism) has some advantages:
208 it is compatible with static linking, and does not require
209 configuring or installing libraries.
210 These "gij" options relate to linking an executable:
212 --main=CLASSNAME
214 This option is used when linking to specify the name of the class
215 whose "main" method should be invoked when the resulting executable
216 is run.
217 -Dname[=value]
219 This option can only be used with "--main". It defines a system
220 property named name with value value. If value is not specified
221 then it defaults to the empty string. These system properties are
222 initialized at the program's startup and can be retrieved at
223 runtime using the "java.lang.System.getProperty" method.
224 -lgij
226 Create an application whose command-line processing is that of the
227 "gij" command.
228 This option is an alternative to using "--main"; you cannot use
230 both.
231 -static-libgcj
233 This option causes linking to be done against a static version of
234 the libgcj runtime library. This option is only available if
235 corresponding linker support exists.
236 Caution: Static linking of libgcj may cause essential parts of
238 libgcj to be omitted. Some parts of libgcj use reflection to load
239 classes at runtime. Since the linker does not see these references
240 at link time, it can omit the referred to classes. The result is
241 usually (but not always) a "ClassNotFoundException" being thrown at
242 runtime. Caution must be used when using this option. For more
243 details see:
244 <http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/Statically%20linking%20libgcj>
245 Code Generation
247 In addition to the many gcc options controlling code generation, gcj
248 has several options specific to itself.
249 -C This option is used to tell gcj to generate bytecode (.class files)
251 rather than object code.
252 --resource resource-name
254 This option is used to tell gcj to compile the contents of a given
255 file to object code so it may be accessed at runtime with the core
256 protocol handler as core:/resource-name. Note that resource-name
257 is the name of the resource as found at runtime; for instance, it
258 could be used in a call to "ResourceBundle.getBundle". The actual
259 file name to be compiled this way must be specified separately.
260 -ftarget=VERSION
262 This can be used with -C to choose the version of bytecode emitted
263 by gcj. The default is 1.5. When not generating bytecode, this
264 option has no effect.
265 -d directory
267 When used with "-C", this causes all generated .class files to be
268 put in the appropriate subdirectory of directory. By default they
269 will be put in subdirectories of the current working directory.
270 -fno-bounds-check
272 By default, gcj generates code which checks the bounds of all array
273 indexing operations. With this option, these checks are omitted,
274 which can improve performance for code that uses arrays
275 extensively. Note that this can result in unpredictable behavior
276 if the code in question actually does violate array bounds
277 constraints. It is safe to use this option if you are sure that
278 your code will never throw an "ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException".
279 -fno-store-check
281 Don't generate array store checks. When storing objects into
282 arrays, a runtime check is normally generated in order to ensure
283 that the object is assignment compatible with the component type of
284 the array (which may not be known at compile-time). With this
285 option, these checks are omitted. This can improve performance for
286 code which stores objects into arrays frequently. It is safe to
287 use this option if you are sure your code will never throw an
288 "ArrayStoreException".
289 -fjni
291 With gcj there are two options for writing native methods: CNI and
292 JNI. By default gcj assumes you are using CNI. If you are
293 compiling a class with native methods, and these methods are
294 implemented using JNI, then you must use "-fjni". This option
295 causes gcj to generate stubs which will invoke the underlying JNI
296 methods.
297 -fno-assert
299 Don't recognize the "assert" keyword. This is for compatibility
300 with older versions of the language specification.
301 -fno-optimize-static-class-initialization
303 When the optimization level is greater or equal to "-O2", gcj will
304 try to optimize the way calls into the runtime are made to
305 initialize static classes upon their first use (this optimization
306 isn't carried out if "-C" was specified.) When compiling to native
307 code, "-fno-optimize-static-class-initialization" will turn this
308 optimization off, regardless of the optimization level in use.
309 --disable-assertions[=class-or-package]
311 Don't include code for checking assertions in the compiled code.
312 If "=class-or-package" is missing disables assertion code
313 generation for all classes, unless overridden by a more specific
314 "--enable-assertions" flag. If class-or-package is a class name,
315 only disables generating assertion checks within the named class or
316 its inner classes. If class-or-package is a package name, disables
317 generating assertion checks within the named package or a
318 subpackage.
319 By default, assertions are enabled when generating class files or
321 when not optimizing, and disabled when generating optimized
322 binaries.
323 --enable-assertions[=class-or-package]
325 Generates code to check assertions. The option is perhaps
326 misnamed, as you still need to turn on assertion checking at run-
327 time, and we don't support any easy way to do that. So this flag
328 isn't very useful yet, except to partially override
329 "--disable-assertions".
330 -findirect-dispatch
332 gcj has a special binary compatibility ABI, which is enabled by the
333 "-findirect-dispatch" option. In this mode, the code generated by
334 gcj honors the binary compatibility guarantees in the Java Language
335 Specification, and the resulting object files do not need to be
336 directly linked against their dependencies. Instead, all
337 dependencies are looked up at runtime. This allows free mixing of
338 interpreted and compiled code.
339 Note that, at present, "-findirect-dispatch" can only be used when
341 compiling .class files. It will not work when compiling from
342 source. CNI also does not yet work with the binary compatibility
343 ABI. These restrictions will be lifted in some future release.
344 However, if you compile CNI code with the standard ABI, you can
346 call it from code built with the binary compatibility ABI.
347 -fbootstrap-classes
349 This option can be use to tell "libgcj" that the compiled classes
350 should be loaded by the bootstrap loader, not the system class
351 loader. By default, if you compile a class and link it into an
352 executable, it will be treated as if it was loaded using the system
353 class loader. This is convenient, as it means that things like
354 "Class.forName()" will search CLASSPATH to find the desired class.
355 -freduced-reflection
357 This option causes the code generated by gcj to contain a reduced
358 amount of the class meta-data used to support runtime reflection.
359 The cost of this savings is the loss of the ability to use certain
360 reflection capabilities of the standard Java runtime environment.
361 When set all meta-data except for that which is needed to obtain
362 correct runtime semantics is eliminated.
363 For code that does not use reflection (i.e. serialization, RMI,
365 CORBA or call methods in the "java.lang.reflect" package),
366 "-freduced-reflection" will result in proper operation with a
367 savings in executable code size.
368 JNI ("-fjni") and the binary compatibility ABI
370 ("-findirect-dispatch") do not work properly without full
371 reflection meta-data. Because of this, it is an error to use these
372 options with "-freduced-reflection".
373 Caution: If there is no reflection meta-data, code that uses a
375 "SecurityManager" may not work properly. Also calling
376 "Class.forName()" may fail if the calling method has no reflection
377 meta-data.
378 Configure-time Options
380 Some gcj code generations options affect the resulting ABI, and so can
381 only be meaningfully given when "libgcj", the runtime package, is
382 configured. "libgcj" puts the appropriate options from this group into
383 a spec file which is read by gcj. These options are listed here for
384 completeness; if you are using "libgcj" then you won't want to touch
385 these options.
386 -fuse-boehm-gc
388 This enables the use of the Boehm GC bitmap marking code. In
389 particular this causes gcj to put an object marking descriptor into
390 each vtable.
391 -fhash-synchronization
393 By default, synchronization data (the data used for "synchronize",
394 "wait", and "notify") is pointed to by a word in each object. With
395 this option gcj assumes that this information is stored in a hash
396 table and not in the object itself.
397 -fuse-divide-subroutine
399 On some systems, a library routine is called to perform integer
400 division. This is required to get exception handling correct when
401 dividing by zero.
402 -fcheck-references
404 On some systems it's necessary to insert inline checks whenever
405 accessing an object via a reference. On other systems you won't
406 need this because null pointer accesses are caught automatically by
407 the processor.
408
410 gcc(1), gcjh(1), gjnih(1), gij(1), jcf-dump(1), gfdl(7), and the Info
411 entries for gcj and gcc.
412
414 Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free
415 Software Foundation, Inc.
416 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
418 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
419 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
420 Invariant Sections, the Front-Cover Texts being (a) (see below), and
421 with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A copy of the license
422 is included in the man page gfdl(7).
423 (a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
425 A GNU Manual
427 (b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
429 You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
431 software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
432 funds for GNU development.
433gcc-4.4.7 2012-03-13 GCJ(1)