1libtalloc_context(3) talloc libtalloc_context(3)
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6 libtalloc_context - Chapter 1: Talloc context
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10 The talloc context is the most important part of this library and is
11 responsible for every single feature of this memory allocator. It is a
12 logical unit which represents a memory space managed by talloc.
13 From the programmer's point of view, the talloc context is completely
15 equivalent to a pointer that would be returned by the memory routines
16 from the C standard library. This means that every context that is
17 returned from the talloc library can be used directly in functions that
18 do not use talloc internally. For example we can do the following:
19 char *str1 = strdup("I am NOT a talloc context");
21 char *str2 = talloc_strdup(NULL, "I AM a talloc context");
22 printf("%d0, strcmp(str1, str2) == 0);
24 free(str1);
26 talloc_free(str2); /* we can not use free() on str2 */
27 This is possible because the context is internally handled as a special
29 fixed-length structure called talloc chunk. Each chunk stores context
30 metadata followed by the memory space requested by the programmer. When
31 a talloc function returns a context (pointer), it will in fact return a
32 pointer to the user space portion of the talloc chunk. If we to
33 manipulate this context using talloc functions, the talloc library
34 transforms the user-space pointer back to the starting address of the
35 chunk. This is also the reason why we were unable to use free(str2) in
36 the previous example - because str2 does not point at the beginning of
37 the allocated block of memory. This is illustrated on the next image:
38 The type TALLOC_CTX is defined in talloc.h to identify a talloc context
40 in function parameters. However, this type is just an alias for void
41 and exists only for semantical reasons - thus we can differentiate
42 between void * (arbitrary data) and TALLOC_CTX * (talloc context).
43 Context meta data
45 Every talloc context carries several pieces of internal information
46 along with the allocated memory:
47 · name - which is used in reports of context hierarchy and to simulate
49 a dynamic type system,
50 · size of the requested memory in bytes - this can be used to determine
52 the number of elements in arrays,
53 · attached destructor - which is executed just before the memory block
55 is about to be freed,
56 · references to the context
58 · children and parent contexts - create the hierarchical view on the
60 memory.
61
63 Every talloc context contains information about its parent and
64 children. Talloc uses this information to create a hierarchical model
65 of memory or to be more precise, it creates an n-ary tree where each
66 node represents a single talloc context. The root node of the tree is
67 referred to as a top level context - a context without any parent.
68 This approach has several advantages:
70 · as a consequence of freeing a talloc context, all of its children
72 will be properly deallocated as well,
73 · the parent of a context can be changed at any time, which results in
75 moving the whole subtree under another node,
76 · it creates a more natural way of managing data structures.
78 Example
80 We have a structure that stores basic information about a user -
81 his/her name, identification number and groups he/she is a member of:
82 struct user {
84 uid_t uid;
85 char *username;
86 size_t num_groups;
87 char **groups;
88 };
89 We will allocate this structure using talloc. The result will be the
91 following context tree:
92 /* create new top level context */
94 struct user *user = talloc(NULL, struct user);
95 user->uid = 1000;
97 user->num_groups = N;
98 /* make user the parent of following contexts */
100 user->username = talloc_strdup(user, "Test user");
101 user->groups = talloc_array(user, char*, user->num_groups);
102 for (i = 0; i < user->num_groups; i++) {
104 /* make user->groups the parent of following context */
105 user->groups[i] = talloc_asprintf(user->groups,
106 "Test group %d", i);
107 }
108 This way, we have gained a lot of additional capabilities, one of which
110 is very simple deallocation of the structure and all of its elements.
111 With the C standard library we need first to iterate over the array of
113 groups and free every element separately. Then we must deallocate the
114 array that stores them. Next we deallocate the username and as the last
115 step free the structure itself. But with talloc, the only operation we
116 need to execute is freeing the structure context. Its descendants will
117 be freed automatically.
118 talloc_free(user);
120
122 The talloc is a hierarchy memory allocator. The hierarchy nature is
123 what makes the programming more error proof. It makes the memory easier
124 to manage and to free. Therefore, the first thing we should have on our
125 mind is: always project our data structures into the talloc context
126 hierarchy.
127 That means if we have a structure, we should always use it as a parent
129 context for its elements. This way we will not encounter any troubles
130 when freeing this structure or when changing its parent. The same rule
131 applies for arrays.
132
134 Here are the most important functions that create a new talloc context.
135 Type-safe functions
137 It allocates the size that is necessary for the given type and returns
138 a new, properly-casted pointer. This is the preferred way to create a
139 new context as we can rely on the compiler to detect type mismatches.
140 The name of the context is automatically set to the name of the data
142 type which is used to simulate a dynamic type system.
143 struct user *user = talloc(ctx, struct user);
145 /* initialize to default values */
147 user->uid = 0;
148 user->name = NULL;
149 user->num_groups = 0;
150 user->groups = NULL;
151 /* or we can achieve the same result with */
153 struct user *user_zero = talloc_zero(ctx, struct user);
154 Zero-length contexts
156 The zero-length context is basically a context without any special
157 semantical meaning. We can use it the same way as any other context.
158 The only difference is that it consists only of the meta data about the
159 context. Therefore, it is strictly of type TALLOC_CTX*. It is often
160 used in cases where we want to aggregate several data structures under
161 one parent (zero-length) context, such as a temporary context to
162 contain memory needed within a single function that is not interesting
163 to the caller. Allocating on a zero-length temporary context will make
164 clean-up of the function simpler.
165 TALLOC_CTX *tmp_ctx = NULL;
167 struct foo *foo = NULL;
168 struct bar *bar = NULL;
169 /* new zero-length top level context */
171 tmp_ctx = talloc_new(NULL);
172 if (tmp_ctx == NULL) {
173 return ENOMEM;
174 }
175 foo = talloc(tmp_ctx, struct foo);
177 bar = talloc(tmp_ctx, struct bar);
178 /* free everything at once */
180 talloc_free(tmp_ctx);
181 See also
183 · talloc_size()
184 · talloc_named()
186 · The talloc array functions
188 · The talloc string functions.
190Version 2.0 Sat May 11 2019 libtalloc_context(3)