1PEM_READ_BIO_PRIVATEKEY(3) OpenSSL PEM_READ_BIO_PRIVATEKEY(3)
2
6 pem_password_cb, PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey, PEM_read_PrivateKey,
7 PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey, PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_traditional,
8 PEM_write_PrivateKey, PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey,
9 PEM_write_PKCS8PrivateKey, PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey_nid,
10 PEM_write_PKCS8PrivateKey_nid, PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY, PEM_read_PUBKEY,
11 PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY, PEM_write_PUBKEY, PEM_read_bio_RSAPrivateKey,
12 PEM_read_RSAPrivateKey, PEM_write_bio_RSAPrivateKey,
13 PEM_write_RSAPrivateKey, PEM_read_bio_RSAPublicKey,
14 PEM_read_RSAPublicKey, PEM_write_bio_RSAPublicKey,
15 PEM_write_RSAPublicKey, PEM_read_bio_RSA_PUBKEY, PEM_read_RSA_PUBKEY,
16 PEM_write_bio_RSA_PUBKEY, PEM_write_RSA_PUBKEY,
17 PEM_read_bio_DSAPrivateKey, PEM_read_DSAPrivateKey,
18 PEM_write_bio_DSAPrivateKey, PEM_write_DSAPrivateKey,
19 PEM_read_bio_DSA_PUBKEY, PEM_read_DSA_PUBKEY, PEM_write_bio_DSA_PUBKEY,
20 PEM_write_DSA_PUBKEY, PEM_read_bio_DSAparams, PEM_read_DSAparams,
21 PEM_write_bio_DSAparams, PEM_write_DSAparams, PEM_read_bio_DHparams,
22 PEM_read_DHparams, PEM_write_bio_DHparams, PEM_write_DHparams,
23 PEM_read_bio_X509, PEM_read_X509, PEM_write_bio_X509, PEM_write_X509,
24 PEM_read_bio_X509_AUX, PEM_read_X509_AUX, PEM_write_bio_X509_AUX,
25 PEM_write_X509_AUX, PEM_read_bio_X509_REQ, PEM_read_X509_REQ,
26 PEM_write_bio_X509_REQ, PEM_write_X509_REQ, PEM_write_bio_X509_REQ_NEW,
27 PEM_write_X509_REQ_NEW, PEM_read_bio_X509_CRL, PEM_read_X509_CRL,
28 PEM_write_bio_X509_CRL, PEM_write_X509_CRL, PEM_read_bio_PKCS7,
29 PEM_read_PKCS7, PEM_write_bio_PKCS7, PEM_write_PKCS7 - PEM routines
30
32 #include <openssl/pem.h>
33 typedef int pem_password_cb(char *buf, int size, int rwflag, void *u);
35 EVP_PKEY *PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY **x,
37 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
38 EVP_PKEY *PEM_read_PrivateKey(FILE *fp, EVP_PKEY **x,
39 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
40 int PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
41 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
42 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
43 int PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_traditional(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY *x,
44 const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
45 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
46 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
47 int PEM_write_PrivateKey(FILE *fp, EVP_PKEY *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
48 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
49 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
50 int PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
52 char *kstr, int klen,
53 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
54 int PEM_write_PKCS8PrivateKey(FILE *fp, EVP_PKEY *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
55 char *kstr, int klen,
56 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
57 int PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey_nid(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY *x, int nid,
58 char *kstr, int klen,
59 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
60 int PEM_write_PKCS8PrivateKey_nid(FILE *fp, EVP_PKEY *x, int nid,
61 char *kstr, int klen,
62 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
63 EVP_PKEY *PEM_read_bio_PUBKEY(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY **x,
65 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
66 EVP_PKEY *PEM_read_PUBKEY(FILE *fp, EVP_PKEY **x,
67 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
68 int PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY(BIO *bp, EVP_PKEY *x);
69 int PEM_write_PUBKEY(FILE *fp, EVP_PKEY *x);
70 RSA *PEM_read_bio_RSAPrivateKey(BIO *bp, RSA **x,
72 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
73 RSA *PEM_read_RSAPrivateKey(FILE *fp, RSA **x,
74 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
75 int PEM_write_bio_RSAPrivateKey(BIO *bp, RSA *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
76 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
77 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
78 int PEM_write_RSAPrivateKey(FILE *fp, RSA *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
79 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
80 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
81 RSA *PEM_read_bio_RSAPublicKey(BIO *bp, RSA **x,
83 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
84 RSA *PEM_read_RSAPublicKey(FILE *fp, RSA **x,
85 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
86 int PEM_write_bio_RSAPublicKey(BIO *bp, RSA *x);
87 int PEM_write_RSAPublicKey(FILE *fp, RSA *x);
88 RSA *PEM_read_bio_RSA_PUBKEY(BIO *bp, RSA **x,
90 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
91 RSA *PEM_read_RSA_PUBKEY(FILE *fp, RSA **x,
92 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
93 int PEM_write_bio_RSA_PUBKEY(BIO *bp, RSA *x);
94 int PEM_write_RSA_PUBKEY(FILE *fp, RSA *x);
95 DSA *PEM_read_bio_DSAPrivateKey(BIO *bp, DSA **x,
97 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
98 DSA *PEM_read_DSAPrivateKey(FILE *fp, DSA **x,
99 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
100 int PEM_write_bio_DSAPrivateKey(BIO *bp, DSA *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
101 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
102 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
103 int PEM_write_DSAPrivateKey(FILE *fp, DSA *x, const EVP_CIPHER *enc,
104 unsigned char *kstr, int klen,
105 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
106 DSA *PEM_read_bio_DSA_PUBKEY(BIO *bp, DSA **x,
108 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
109 DSA *PEM_read_DSA_PUBKEY(FILE *fp, DSA **x,
110 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
111 int PEM_write_bio_DSA_PUBKEY(BIO *bp, DSA *x);
112 int PEM_write_DSA_PUBKEY(FILE *fp, DSA *x);
113 DSA *PEM_read_bio_DSAparams(BIO *bp, DSA **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
115 DSA *PEM_read_DSAparams(FILE *fp, DSA **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
116 int PEM_write_bio_DSAparams(BIO *bp, DSA *x);
117 int PEM_write_DSAparams(FILE *fp, DSA *x);
118 DH *PEM_read_bio_DHparams(BIO *bp, DH **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
120 DH *PEM_read_DHparams(FILE *fp, DH **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
121 int PEM_write_bio_DHparams(BIO *bp, DH *x);
122 int PEM_write_DHparams(FILE *fp, DH *x);
123 X509 *PEM_read_bio_X509(BIO *bp, X509 **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
125 X509 *PEM_read_X509(FILE *fp, X509 **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
126 int PEM_write_bio_X509(BIO *bp, X509 *x);
127 int PEM_write_X509(FILE *fp, X509 *x);
128 X509 *PEM_read_bio_X509_AUX(BIO *bp, X509 **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
130 X509 *PEM_read_X509_AUX(FILE *fp, X509 **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
131 int PEM_write_bio_X509_AUX(BIO *bp, X509 *x);
132 int PEM_write_X509_AUX(FILE *fp, X509 *x);
133 X509_REQ *PEM_read_bio_X509_REQ(BIO *bp, X509_REQ **x,
135 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
136 X509_REQ *PEM_read_X509_REQ(FILE *fp, X509_REQ **x,
137 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
138 int PEM_write_bio_X509_REQ(BIO *bp, X509_REQ *x);
139 int PEM_write_X509_REQ(FILE *fp, X509_REQ *x);
140 int PEM_write_bio_X509_REQ_NEW(BIO *bp, X509_REQ *x);
141 int PEM_write_X509_REQ_NEW(FILE *fp, X509_REQ *x);
142 X509_CRL *PEM_read_bio_X509_CRL(BIO *bp, X509_CRL **x,
144 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
145 X509_CRL *PEM_read_X509_CRL(FILE *fp, X509_CRL **x,
146 pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
147 int PEM_write_bio_X509_CRL(BIO *bp, X509_CRL *x);
148 int PEM_write_X509_CRL(FILE *fp, X509_CRL *x);
149 PKCS7 *PEM_read_bio_PKCS7(BIO *bp, PKCS7 **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
151 PKCS7 *PEM_read_PKCS7(FILE *fp, PKCS7 **x, pem_password_cb *cb, void *u);
152 int PEM_write_bio_PKCS7(BIO *bp, PKCS7 *x);
153 int PEM_write_PKCS7(FILE *fp, PKCS7 *x);
154
156 The PEM functions read or write structures in PEM format. In this sense
157 PEM format is simply base64 encoded data surrounded by header lines.
158 For more details about the meaning of arguments see the PEM FUNCTION
160 ARGUMENTS section.
161 Each operation has four functions associated with it. For brevity the
163 term "TYPE functions" will be used below to collectively refer to the
164 PEM_read_bio_TYPE(), PEM_read_TYPE(), PEM_write_bio_TYPE(), and
165 PEM_write_TYPE() functions.
166 The PrivateKey functions read or write a private key in PEM format
168 using an EVP_PKEY structure. The write routines use PKCS#8 private key
169 format and are equivalent to PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey().The read
170 functions transparently handle traditional and PKCS#8 format encrypted
171 and unencrypted keys.
172 PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey_traditional() writes out a private key in the
174 "traditional" format with a simple private key marker and should only
175 be used for compatibility with legacy programs.
176 PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey() and PEM_write_PKCS8PrivateKey() write a
178 private key in an EVP_PKEY structure in PKCS#8 EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo
179 format using PKCS#5 v2.0 password based encryption algorithms. The
180 cipher argument specifies the encryption algorithm to use: unlike some
181 other PEM routines the encryption is applied at the PKCS#8 level and
182 not in the PEM headers. If cipher is NULL then no encryption is used
183 and a PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo structure is used instead.
184 PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey_nid() and PEM_write_PKCS8PrivateKey_nid()
186 also write out a private key as a PKCS#8 EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo
187 however it uses PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 encryption algorithms instead.
188 The algorithm to use is specified in the nid parameter and should be
189 the NID of the corresponding OBJECT IDENTIFIER (see NOTES section).
190 The PUBKEY functions process a public key using an EVP_PKEY structure.
192 The public key is encoded as a SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure.
193 The RSAPrivateKey functions process an RSA private key using an RSA
195 structure. The write routines uses traditional format. The read
196 routines handles the same formats as the PrivateKey functions but an
197 error occurs if the private key is not RSA.
198 The RSAPublicKey functions process an RSA public key using an RSA
200 structure. The public key is encoded using a PKCS#1 RSAPublicKey
201 structure.
202 The RSA_PUBKEY functions also process an RSA public key using an RSA
204 structure. However the public key is encoded using a
205 SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure and an error occurs if the public key is
206 not RSA.
207 The DSAPrivateKey functions process a DSA private key using a DSA
209 structure. The write routines uses traditional format. The read
210 routines handles the same formats as the PrivateKey functions but an
211 error occurs if the private key is not DSA.
212 The DSA_PUBKEY functions process a DSA public key using a DSA
214 structure. The public key is encoded using a SubjectPublicKeyInfo
215 structure and an error occurs if the public key is not DSA.
216 The DSAparams functions process DSA parameters using a DSA structure.
218 The parameters are encoded using a Dss-Parms structure as defined in
219 RFC2459.
220 The DHparams functions process DH parameters using a DH structure. The
222 parameters are encoded using a PKCS#3 DHparameter structure.
223 The X509 functions process an X509 certificate using an X509 structure.
225 They will also process a trusted X509 certificate but any trust
226 settings are discarded.
227 The X509_AUX functions process a trusted X509 certificate using an X509
229 structure.
230 The X509_REQ and X509_REQ_NEW functions process a PKCS#10 certificate
232 request using an X509_REQ structure. The X509_REQ write functions use
233 CERTIFICATE REQUEST in the header whereas the X509_REQ_NEW functions
234 use NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST (as required by some CAs). The X509_REQ
235 read functions will handle either form so there are no X509_REQ_NEW
236 read functions.
237 The X509_CRL functions process an X509 CRL using an X509_CRL structure.
239 The PKCS7 functions process a PKCS#7 ContentInfo using a PKCS7
241 structure.
242
244 The PEM functions have many common arguments.
245 The bp BIO parameter (if present) specifies the BIO to read from or
247 write to.
248 The fp FILE parameter (if present) specifies the FILE pointer to read
250 from or write to.
251 The PEM read functions all take an argument TYPE **x and return a TYPE
253 * pointer. Where TYPE is whatever structure the function uses. If x is
254 NULL then the parameter is ignored. If x is not NULL but *x is NULL
255 then the structure returned will be written to *x. If neither x nor *x
256 is NULL then an attempt is made to reuse the structure at *x (but see
257 BUGS and EXAMPLES sections). Irrespective of the value of x a pointer
258 to the structure is always returned (or NULL if an error occurred).
259 The PEM functions which write private keys take an enc parameter which
261 specifies the encryption algorithm to use, encryption is done at the
262 PEM level. If this parameter is set to NULL then the private key is
263 written in unencrypted form.
264 The cb argument is the callback to use when querying for the pass
266 phrase used for encrypted PEM structures (normally only private keys).
267 For the PEM write routines if the kstr parameter is not NULL then klen
269 bytes at kstr are used as the passphrase and cb is ignored.
270 If the cb parameters is set to NULL and the u parameter is not NULL
272 then the u parameter is interpreted as a null terminated string to use
273 as the passphrase. If both cb and u are NULL then the default callback
274 routine is used which will typically prompt for the passphrase on the
275 current terminal with echoing turned off.
276 The default passphrase callback is sometimes inappropriate (for example
278 in a GUI application) so an alternative can be supplied. The callback
279 routine has the following form:
280 int cb(char *buf, int size, int rwflag, void *u);
282 buf is the buffer to write the passphrase to. size is the maximum
284 length of the passphrase (i.e. the size of buf). rwflag is a flag which
285 is set to 0 when reading and 1 when writing. A typical routine will ask
286 the user to verify the passphrase (for example by prompting for it
287 twice) if rwflag is 1. The u parameter has the same value as the u
288 parameter passed to the PEM routine. It allows arbitrary data to be
289 passed to the callback by the application (for example a window handle
290 in a GUI application). The callback must return the number of
291 characters in the passphrase or -1 if an error occurred.
292
294 Although the PEM routines take several arguments in almost all
295 applications most of them are set to 0 or NULL.
296 Read a certificate in PEM format from a BIO:
298 X509 *x;
300 x = PEM_read_bio_X509(bp, NULL, 0, NULL);
302 if (x == NULL)
303 /* Error */
304 Alternative method:
306 X509 *x = NULL;
308 if (!PEM_read_bio_X509(bp, &x, 0, NULL))
310 /* Error */
311 Write a certificate to a BIO:
313 if (!PEM_write_bio_X509(bp, x))
315 /* Error */
316 Write a private key (using traditional format) to a BIO using triple
318 DES encryption, the pass phrase is prompted for:
319 if (!PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey(bp, key, EVP_des_ede3_cbc(), NULL, 0, 0, NULL))
321 /* Error */
322 Write a private key (using PKCS#8 format) to a BIO using triple DES
324 encryption, using the pass phrase "hello":
325 if (!PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey(bp, key, EVP_des_ede3_cbc(),
327 NULL, 0, 0, "hello"))
328 /* Error */
329 Read a private key from a BIO using a pass phrase callback:
331 key = PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(bp, NULL, pass_cb, "My Private Key");
333 if (key == NULL)
334 /* Error */
335 Skeleton pass phrase callback:
337 int pass_cb(char *buf, int size, int rwflag, void *u)
339 {
340 /* We'd probably do something else if 'rwflag' is 1 */
342 printf("Enter pass phrase for \"%s\"\n", (char *)u);
343 /* get pass phrase, length 'len' into 'tmp' */
345 char *tmp = "hello";
346 if (tmp == NULL) /* An error occurred */
347 return -1;
348 size_t len = strlen(tmp);
350 if (len > size)
352 len = size;
353 memcpy(buf, tmp, len);
354 return len;
355 }
356
358 The old PrivateKey write routines are retained for compatibility. New
359 applications should write private keys using the
360 PEM_write_bio_PKCS8PrivateKey() or PEM_write_PKCS8PrivateKey() routines
361 because they are more secure (they use an iteration count of 2048
362 whereas the traditional routines use a count of 1) unless compatibility
363 with older versions of OpenSSL is important.
364 The PrivateKey read routines can be used in all applications because
366 they handle all formats transparently.
367 A frequent cause of problems is attempting to use the PEM routines like
369 this:
370 X509 *x;
372 PEM_read_bio_X509(bp, &x, 0, NULL);
374 this is a bug because an attempt will be made to reuse the data at x
376 which is an uninitialised pointer.
377 These functions make no assumption regarding the pass phrase received
379 from the password callback. It will simply be treated as a byte
380 sequence.
381
383 These old PrivateKey routines use a non standard technique for
384 encryption.
385 The private key (or other data) takes the following form:
387 -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
389 Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
390 DEK-Info: DES-EDE3-CBC,3F17F5316E2BAC89
391 ...base64 encoded data...
393 -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
394 The line beginning with Proc-Type contains the version and the
396 protection on the encapsulated data. The line beginning DEK-Info
397 contains two comma separated values: the encryption algorithm name as
398 used by EVP_get_cipherbyname() and an initialization vector used by the
399 cipher encoded as a set of hexadecimal digits. After those two lines is
400 the base64-encoded encrypted data.
401 The encryption key is derived using EVP_BytesToKey(). The cipher's
403 initialization vector is passed to EVP_BytesToKey() as the salt
404 parameter. Internally, PKCS5_SALT_LEN bytes of the salt are used
405 (regardless of the size of the initialization vector). The user's
406 password is passed to EVP_BytesToKey() using the data and datal
407 parameters. Finally, the library uses an iteration count of 1 for
408 EVP_BytesToKey().
409 The key derived by EVP_BytesToKey() along with the original
411 initialization vector is then used to decrypt the encrypted data. The
412 iv produced by EVP_BytesToKey() is not utilized or needed, and NULL
413 should be passed to the function.
414 The pseudo code to derive the key would look similar to:
416 EVP_CIPHER* cipher = EVP_des_ede3_cbc();
418 EVP_MD* md = EVP_md5();
419 unsigned int nkey = EVP_CIPHER_key_length(cipher);
421 unsigned int niv = EVP_CIPHER_iv_length(cipher);
422 unsigned char key[nkey];
423 unsigned char iv[niv];
424 memcpy(iv, HexToBin("3F17F5316E2BAC89"), niv);
426 rc = EVP_BytesToKey(cipher, md, iv /*salt*/, pword, plen, 1, key, NULL /*iv*/);
427 if (rc != nkey)
428 /* Error */
429 /* On success, use key and iv to initialize the cipher */
431
433 The PEM read routines in some versions of OpenSSL will not correctly
434 reuse an existing structure. Therefore the following:
435 PEM_read_bio_X509(bp, &x, 0, NULL);
437 where x already contains a valid certificate, may not work, whereas:
439 X509_free(x);
441 x = PEM_read_bio_X509(bp, NULL, 0, NULL);
442 is guaranteed to work.
444
446 The read routines return either a pointer to the structure read or NULL
447 if an error occurred.
448 The write routines return 1 for success or 0 for failure.
450
452 The old Netscape certificate sequences were no longer documented in
453 OpenSSL 1.1.0; applications should use the PKCS7 standard instead as
454 they will be formally deprecated in a future releases.
455
457 EVP_EncryptInit(3), EVP_BytesToKey(3), passphrase-encoding(7)
458
460 Copyright 2001-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
461 Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the "License"). You may not use
463 this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
464 in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
465 <https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.
4661.1.1 2018-09-11 PEM_READ_BIO_PRIVATEKEY(3)