1GIT-PUSH(1) Git Manual GIT-PUSH(1)
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6 git-push - Update remote refs along with associated objects
7
9 git push [--all | --mirror | --tags] [--follow-tags] [--atomic] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]
10 [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-d | --delete] [--prune] [-v | --verbose]
11 [-u | --set-upstream] [-o <string> | --push-option=<string>]
12 [--[no-]signed|--signed=(true|false|if-asked)]
13 [--force-with-lease[=<refname>[:<expect>]]]
14 [--no-verify] [<repository> [<refspec>...]]
15
18 Updates remote refs using local refs, while sending objects necessary
19 to complete the given refs.
20 You can make interesting things happen to a repository every time you
22 push into it, by setting up hooks there. See documentation for git-
23 receive-pack(1).
24 When the command line does not specify where to push with the
26 <repository> argument, branch.*.remote configuration for the current
27 branch is consulted to determine where to push. If the configuration is
28 missing, it defaults to origin.
29 When the command line does not specify what to push with <refspec>...
31 arguments or --all, --mirror, --tags options, the command finds the
32 default <refspec> by consulting remote.*.push configuration, and if it
33 is not found, honors push.default configuration to decide what to push
34 (See git-config(1) for the meaning of push.default).
35 When neither the command-line nor the configuration specify what to
37 push, the default behavior is used, which corresponds to the simple
38 value for push.default: the current branch is pushed to the
39 corresponding upstream branch, but as a safety measure, the push is
40 aborted if the upstream branch does not have the same name as the local
41 one.
42
44 <repository>
45 The "remote" repository that is destination of a push operation.
46 This parameter can be either a URL (see the section GIT URLS below)
47 or the name of a remote (see the section REMOTES below).
48 <refspec>...
50 Specify what destination ref to update with what source object. The
51 format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus +, followed by
52 the source object <src>, followed by a colon :, followed by the
53 destination ref <dst>.
54 The <src> is often the name of the branch you would want to push,
56 but it can be any arbitrary "SHA-1 expression", such as master~4 or
57 HEAD (see gitrevisions(7)).
58 The <dst> tells which ref on the remote side is updated with this
60 push. Arbitrary expressions cannot be used here, an actual ref must
61 be named. If git push [<repository>] without any <refspec> argument
62 is set to update some ref at the destination with <src> with
63 remote.<repository>.push configuration variable, :<dst> part can be
64 omitted—such a push will update a ref that <src> normally updates
65 without any <refspec> on the command line. Otherwise, missing
66 :<dst> means to update the same ref as the <src>.
67 If <dst> doesn’t start with refs/ (e.g. refs/heads/master) we will
69 try to infer where in refs/* on the destination <repository> it
70 belongs based on the the type of <src> being pushed and whether
71 <dst> is ambiguous.
72 · If <dst> unambiguously refers to a ref on the <repository>
74 remote, then push to that ref.
75 · If <src> resolves to a ref starting with refs/heads/ or
77 refs/tags/, then prepend that to <dst>.
78 · Other ambiguity resolutions might be added in the future, but
80 for now any other cases will error out with an error indicating
81 what we tried, and depending on the
82 advice.pushUnqualifiedRefname configuration (see git-config(1))
83 suggest what refs/ namespace you may have wanted to push to.
84 The object referenced by <src> is used to update the <dst>
86 reference on the remote side. Whether this is allowed depends on
87 where in refs/* the <dst> reference lives as described in detail
88 below, in those sections "update" means any modifications except
89 deletes, which as noted after the next few sections are treated
90 differently.
91 The refs/heads/* namespace will only accept commit objects, and
93 updates only if they can be fast-forwarded.
94 The refs/tags/* namespace will accept any kind of object (as
96 commits, trees and blobs can be tagged), and any updates to them
97 will be rejected.
98 It’s possible to push any type of object to any namespace outside
100 of refs/{tags,heads}/*. In the case of tags and commits, these will
101 be treated as if they were the commits inside refs/heads/* for the
102 purposes of whether the update is allowed.
103 I.e. a fast-forward of commits and tags outside refs/{tags,heads}/*
105 is allowed, even in cases where what’s being fast-forwarded is not
106 a commit, but a tag object which happens to point to a new commit
107 which is a fast-forward of the commit the last tag (or commit) it’s
108 replacing. Replacing a tag with an entirely different tag is also
109 allowed, if it points to the same commit, as well as pushing a
110 peeled tag, i.e. pushing the commit that existing tag object points
111 to, or a new tag object which an existing commit points to.
112 Tree and blob objects outside of refs/{tags,heads}/* will be
114 treated the same way as if they were inside refs/tags/*, any update
115 of them will be rejected.
116 All of the rules described above about what’s not allowed as an
118 update can be overridden by adding an the optional leading + to a
119 refspec (or using --force command line option). The only exception
120 to this is that no amount of forcing will make the refs/heads/*
121 namespace accept a non-commit object. Hooks and configuration can
122 also override or amend these rules, see e.g.
123 receive.denyNonFastForwards in git-config(1) and pre-receive and
124 update in githooks(5).
125 Pushing an empty <src> allows you to delete the <dst> ref from the
127 remote repository. Deletions are always accepted without a leading
128 + in the refspec (or --force), except when forbidden by
129 configuration or hooks. See receive.denyDeletes in git-config(1)
130 and pre-receive and update in githooks(5).
131 The special refspec : (or +: to allow non-fast-forward updates)
133 directs Git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that
134 exists on the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch of
135 the same name already exists on the remote side.
136 tag <tag> means the same as refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>.
138 --all
140 Push all branches (i.e. refs under refs/heads/); cannot be used
141 with other <refspec>.
142 --prune
144 Remove remote branches that don’t have a local counterpart. For
145 example a remote branch tmp will be removed if a local branch with
146 the same name doesn’t exist any more. This also respects refspecs,
147 e.g. git push --prune remote refs/heads/*:refs/tmp/* would make
148 sure that remote refs/tmp/foo will be removed if refs/heads/foo
149 doesn’t exist.
150 --mirror
152 Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all refs under
153 refs/ (which includes but is not limited to refs/heads/,
154 refs/remotes/, and refs/tags/) be mirrored to the remote
155 repository. Newly created local refs will be pushed to the remote
156 end, locally updated refs will be force updated on the remote end,
157 and deleted refs will be removed from the remote end. This is the
158 default if the configuration option remote.<remote>.mirror is set.
159 -n, --dry-run
161 Do everything except actually send the updates.
162 --porcelain
164 Produce machine-readable output. The output status line for each
165 ref will be tab-separated and sent to stdout instead of stderr. The
166 full symbolic names of the refs will be given.
167 -d, --delete
169 All listed refs are deleted from the remote repository. This is the
170 same as prefixing all refs with a colon.
171 --tags
173 All refs under refs/tags are pushed, in addition to refspecs
174 explicitly listed on the command line.
175 --follow-tags
177 Push all the refs that would be pushed without this option, and
178 also push annotated tags in refs/tags that are missing from the
179 remote but are pointing at commit-ish that are reachable from the
180 refs being pushed. This can also be specified with configuration
181 variable push.followTags. For more information, see push.followTags
182 in git-config(1).
183 --[no-]signed, --signed=(true|false|if-asked)
185 GPG-sign the push request to update refs on the receiving side, to
186 allow it to be checked by the hooks and/or be logged. If false or
187 --no-signed, no signing will be attempted. If true or --signed, the
188 push will fail if the server does not support signed pushes. If set
189 to if-asked, sign if and only if the server supports signed pushes.
190 The push will also fail if the actual call to gpg --sign fails. See
191 git-receive-pack(1) for the details on the receiving end.
192 --[no-]atomic
194 Use an atomic transaction on the remote side if available. Either
195 all refs are updated, or on error, no refs are updated. If the
196 server does not support atomic pushes the push will fail.
197 -o <option>, --push-option=<option>
199 Transmit the given string to the server, which passes them to the
200 pre-receive as well as the post-receive hook. The given string must
201 not contain a NUL or LF character. When multiple
202 --push-option=<option> are given, they are all sent to the other
203 side in the order listed on the command line. When no
204 --push-option=<option> is given from the command line, the values
205 of configuration variable push.pushOption are used instead.
206 --receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>, --exec=<git-receive-pack>
208 Path to the git-receive-pack program on the remote end. Sometimes
209 useful when pushing to a remote repository over ssh, and you do not
210 have the program in a directory on the default $PATH.
211 --[no-]force-with-lease, --force-with-lease=<refname>,
213 --force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>
214 Usually, "git push" refuses to update a remote ref that is not an
215 ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it.
216 This option overrides this restriction if the current value of the
218 remote ref is the expected value. "git push" fails otherwise.
219 Imagine that you have to rebase what you have already published.
221 You will have to bypass the "must fast-forward" rule in order to
222 replace the history you originally published with the rebased
223 history. If somebody else built on top of your original history
224 while you are rebasing, the tip of the branch at the remote may
225 advance with her commit, and blindly pushing with --force will lose
226 her work.
227 This option allows you to say that you expect the history you are
229 updating is what you rebased and want to replace. If the remote ref
230 still points at the commit you specified, you can be sure that no
231 other people did anything to the ref. It is like taking a "lease"
232 on the ref without explicitly locking it, and the remote ref is
233 updated only if the "lease" is still valid.
234 --force-with-lease alone, without specifying the details, will
236 protect all remote refs that are going to be updated by requiring
237 their current value to be the same as the remote-tracking branch we
238 have for them.
239 --force-with-lease=<refname>, without specifying the expected
241 value, will protect the named ref (alone), if it is going to be
242 updated, by requiring its current value to be the same as the
243 remote-tracking branch we have for it.
244 --force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect> will protect the named ref
246 (alone), if it is going to be updated, by requiring its current
247 value to be the same as the specified value <expect> (which is
248 allowed to be different from the remote-tracking branch we have for
249 the refname, or we do not even have to have such a remote-tracking
250 branch when this form is used). If <expect> is the empty string,
251 then the named ref must not already exist.
252 Note that all forms other than
254 --force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect> that specifies the expected
255 current value of the ref explicitly are still experimental and
256 their semantics may change as we gain experience with this feature.
257 "--no-force-with-lease" will cancel all the previous
259 --force-with-lease on the command line.
260 A general note on safety: supplying this option without an expected
262 value, i.e. as --force-with-lease or --force-with-lease=<refname>
263 interacts very badly with anything that implicitly runs git fetch
264 on the remote to be pushed to in the background, e.g. git fetch
265 origin on your repository in a cronjob.
266 The protection it offers over --force is ensuring that subsequent
268 changes your work wasn’t based on aren’t clobbered, but this is
269 trivially defeated if some background process is updating refs in
270 the background. We don’t have anything except the remote tracking
271 info to go by as a heuristic for refs you’re expected to have seen
272 & are willing to clobber.
273 If your editor or some other system is running git fetch in the
275 background for you a way to mitigate this is to simply set up
276 another remote:
277 git remote add origin-push $(git config remote.origin.url)
279 git fetch origin-push
280 Now when the background process runs git fetch origin the
282 references on origin-push won’t be updated, and thus commands like:
283 git push --force-with-lease origin-push
285 Will fail unless you manually run git fetch origin-push. This
287 method is of course entirely defeated by something that runs git
288 fetch --all, in that case you’d need to either disable it or do
289 something more tedious like:
290 git fetch # update 'master' from remote
292 git tag base master # mark our base point
293 git rebase -i master # rewrite some commits
294 git push --force-with-lease=master:base master:master
295 I.e. create a base tag for versions of the upstream code that
297 you’ve seen and are willing to overwrite, then rewrite history, and
298 finally force push changes to master if the remote version is still
299 at base, regardless of what your local remotes/origin/master has
300 been updated to in the background.
301 -f, --force
303 Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that is not an
304 ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it. Also, when
305 --force-with-lease option is used, the command refuses to update a
306 remote ref whose current value does not match what is expected.
307 This flag disables these checks, and can cause the remote
309 repository to lose commits; use it with care.
310 Note that --force applies to all the refs that are pushed, hence
312 using it with push.default set to matching or with multiple push
313 destinations configured with remote.*.push may overwrite refs other
314 than the current branch (including local refs that are strictly
315 behind their remote counterpart). To force a push to only one
316 branch, use a + in front of the refspec to push (e.g git push
317 origin +master to force a push to the master branch). See the
318 <refspec>... section above for details.
319 --repo=<repository>
321 This option is equivalent to the <repository> argument. If both are
322 specified, the command-line argument takes precedence.
323 -u, --set-upstream
325 For every branch that is up to date or successfully pushed, add
326 upstream (tracking) reference, used by argument-less git-pull(1)
327 and other commands. For more information, see branch.<name>.merge
328 in git-config(1).
329 --[no-]thin
331 These options are passed to git-send-pack(1). A thin transfer
332 significantly reduces the amount of sent data when the sender and
333 receiver share many of the same objects in common. The default is
334 --thin.
335 -q, --quiet
337 Suppress all output, including the listing of updated refs, unless
338 an error occurs. Progress is not reported to the standard error
339 stream.
340 -v, --verbose
342 Run verbosely.
343 --progress
345 Progress status is reported on the standard error stream by default
346 when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q is specified. This
347 flag forces progress status even if the standard error stream is
348 not directed to a terminal.
349 --no-recurse-submodules, --recurse-submodules=check|on-demand|only|no
351 May be used to make sure all submodule commits used by the
352 revisions to be pushed are available on a remote-tracking branch.
353 If check is used Git will verify that all submodule commits that
354 changed in the revisions to be pushed are available on at least one
355 remote of the submodule. If any commits are missing the push will
356 be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If on-demand is used all
357 submodules that changed in the revisions to be pushed will be
358 pushed. If on-demand was not able to push all necessary revisions
359 it will also be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If only is
360 used all submodules will be recursively pushed while the
361 superproject is left unpushed. A value of no or using
362 --no-recurse-submodules can be used to override the
363 push.recurseSubmodules configuration variable when no submodule
364 recursion is required.
365 --[no-]verify
367 Toggle the pre-push hook (see githooks(5)). The default is
368 --verify, giving the hook a chance to prevent the push. With
369 --no-verify, the hook is bypassed completely.
370 -4, --ipv4
372 Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses.
373 -6, --ipv6
375 Use IPv6 addresses only, ignoring IPv4 addresses.
376
378 In general, URLs contain information about the transport protocol, the
379 address of the remote server, and the path to the repository. Depending
380 on the transport protocol, some of this information may be absent.
381 Git supports ssh, git, http, and https protocols (in addition, ftp, and
383 ftps can be used for fetching, but this is inefficient and deprecated;
384 do not use it).
385 The native transport (i.e. git:// URL) does no authentication and
387 should be used with caution on unsecured networks.
388 The following syntaxes may be used with them:
390 · ssh://[user@]host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/
392 · git://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/
394 · http[s]://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/
396 · ftp[s]://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/
398 An alternative scp-like syntax may also be used with the ssh protocol:
400 · [user@]host.xz:path/to/repo.git/
402 This syntax is only recognized if there are no slashes before the first
404 colon. This helps differentiate a local path that contains a colon. For
405 example the local path foo:bar could be specified as an absolute path
406 or ./foo:bar to avoid being misinterpreted as an ssh url.
407 The ssh and git protocols additionally support ~username expansion:
409 · ssh://[user@]host.xz[:port]/~[user]/path/to/repo.git/
411 · git://host.xz[:port]/~[user]/path/to/repo.git/
413 · [user@]host.xz:/~[user]/path/to/repo.git/
415 For local repositories, also supported by Git natively, the following
417 syntaxes may be used:
418 · /path/to/repo.git/
420 · file:///path/to/repo.git/
422 These two syntaxes are mostly equivalent, except when cloning, when the
424 former implies --local option. See git-clone(1) for details.
425 When Git doesn’t know how to handle a certain transport protocol, it
427 attempts to use the remote-<transport> remote helper, if one exists. To
428 explicitly request a remote helper, the following syntax may be used:
429 · <transport>::<address>
431 where <address> may be a path, a server and path, or an arbitrary
433 URL-like string recognized by the specific remote helper being invoked.
434 See gitremote-helpers(1) for details.
435 If there are a large number of similarly-named remote repositories and
437 you want to use a different format for them (such that the URLs you use
438 will be rewritten into URLs that work), you can create a configuration
439 section of the form:
440 [url "<actual url base>"]
442 insteadOf = <other url base>
443 For example, with this:
446 [url "git://git.host.xz/"]
448 insteadOf = host.xz:/path/to/
449 insteadOf = work:
450 a URL like "work:repo.git" or like "host.xz:/path/to/repo.git" will be
453 rewritten in any context that takes a URL to be
454 "git://git.host.xz/repo.git".
455 If you want to rewrite URLs for push only, you can create a
457 configuration section of the form:
458 [url "<actual url base>"]
460 pushInsteadOf = <other url base>
461 For example, with this:
464 [url "ssh://example.org/"]
466 pushInsteadOf = git://example.org/
467 a URL like "git://example.org/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten to
470 "ssh://example.org/path/to/repo.git" for pushes, but pulls will still
471 use the original URL.
472
474 The name of one of the following can be used instead of a URL as
475 <repository> argument:
476 · a remote in the Git configuration file: $GIT_DIR/config,
478 · a file in the $GIT_DIR/remotes directory, or
480 · a file in the $GIT_DIR/branches directory.
482 All of these also allow you to omit the refspec from the command line
484 because they each contain a refspec which git will use by default.
485 Named remote in configuration file
487 You can choose to provide the name of a remote which you had previously
488 configured using git-remote(1), git-config(1) or even by a manual edit
489 to the $GIT_DIR/config file. The URL of this remote will be used to
490 access the repository. The refspec of this remote will be used by
491 default when you do not provide a refspec on the command line. The
492 entry in the config file would appear like this:
493 [remote "<name>"]
495 url = <url>
496 pushurl = <pushurl>
497 push = <refspec>
498 fetch = <refspec>
499 The <pushurl> is used for pushes only. It is optional and defaults to
502 <url>.
503 Named file in $GIT_DIR/remotes
505 You can choose to provide the name of a file in $GIT_DIR/remotes. The
506 URL in this file will be used to access the repository. The refspec in
507 this file will be used as default when you do not provide a refspec on
508 the command line. This file should have the following format:
509 URL: one of the above URL format
511 Push: <refspec>
512 Pull: <refspec>
513 Push: lines are used by git push and Pull: lines are used by git pull
516 and git fetch. Multiple Push: and Pull: lines may be specified for
517 additional branch mappings.
518 Named file in $GIT_DIR/branches
520 You can choose to provide the name of a file in $GIT_DIR/branches. The
521 URL in this file will be used to access the repository. This file
522 should have the following format:
523 <url>#<head>
525 <url> is required; #<head> is optional.
528 Depending on the operation, git will use one of the following refspecs,
530 if you don’t provide one on the command line. <branch> is the name of
531 this file in $GIT_DIR/branches and <head> defaults to master.
532 git fetch uses:
534 refs/heads/<head>:refs/heads/<branch>
536 git push uses:
539 HEAD:refs/heads/<head>
541
544 The output of "git push" depends on the transport method used; this
545 section describes the output when pushing over the Git protocol (either
546 locally or via ssh).
547 The status of the push is output in tabular form, with each line
549 representing the status of a single ref. Each line is of the form:
550 <flag> <summary> <from> -> <to> (<reason>)
552 If --porcelain is used, then each line of the output is of the form:
555 <flag> \t <from>:<to> \t <summary> (<reason>)
557 The status of up-to-date refs is shown only if --porcelain or --verbose
560 option is used.
561 flag
563 A single character indicating the status of the ref:
564 (space)
566 for a successfully pushed fast-forward;
567 +
569 for a successful forced update;
570 -
572 for a successfully deleted ref;
573 *
575 for a successfully pushed new ref;
576 !
578 for a ref that was rejected or failed to push; and
579 =
581 for a ref that was up to date and did not need pushing.
582 summary
584 For a successfully pushed ref, the summary shows the old and new
585 values of the ref in a form suitable for using as an argument to
586 git log (this is <old>..<new> in most cases, and <old>...<new> for
587 forced non-fast-forward updates).
588 For a failed update, more details are given:
590 rejected
592 Git did not try to send the ref at all, typically because it is
593 not a fast-forward and you did not force the update.
594 remote rejected
596 The remote end refused the update. Usually caused by a hook on
597 the remote side, or because the remote repository has one of
598 the following safety options in effect:
599 receive.denyCurrentBranch (for pushes to the checked out
600 branch), receive.denyNonFastForwards (for forced
601 non-fast-forward updates), receive.denyDeletes or
602 receive.denyDeleteCurrent. See git-config(1).
603 remote failure
605 The remote end did not report the successful update of the ref,
606 perhaps because of a temporary error on the remote side, a
607 break in the network connection, or other transient error.
608 from
610 The name of the local ref being pushed, minus its refs/<type>/
611 prefix. In the case of deletion, the name of the local ref is
612 omitted.
613 to
615 The name of the remote ref being updated, minus its refs/<type>/
616 prefix.
617 reason
619 A human-readable explanation. In the case of successfully pushed
620 refs, no explanation is needed. For a failed ref, the reason for
621 failure is described.
622
624 When an update changes a branch (or more in general, a ref) that used
625 to point at commit A to point at another commit B, it is called a
626 fast-forward update if and only if B is a descendant of A.
627 In a fast-forward update from A to B, the set of commits that the
629 original commit A built on top of is a subset of the commits the new
630 commit B builds on top of. Hence, it does not lose any history.
631 In contrast, a non-fast-forward update will lose history. For example,
633 suppose you and somebody else started at the same commit X, and you
634 built a history leading to commit B while the other person built a
635 history leading to commit A. The history looks like this:
636 B
638 /
639 ---X---A
640 Further suppose that the other person already pushed changes leading to
643 A back to the original repository from which you two obtained the
644 original commit X.
645 The push done by the other person updated the branch that used to point
647 at commit X to point at commit A. It is a fast-forward.
648 But if you try to push, you will attempt to update the branch (that now
650 points at A) with commit B. This does not fast-forward. If you did so,
651 the changes introduced by commit A will be lost, because everybody will
652 now start building on top of B.
653 The command by default does not allow an update that is not a
655 fast-forward to prevent such loss of history.
656 If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) or the work
658 by the other person (history from X to A), you would need to first
659 fetch the history from the repository, create a history that contains
660 changes done by both parties, and push the result back.
661 You can perform "git pull", resolve potential conflicts, and "git push"
663 the result. A "git pull" will create a merge commit C between commits A
664 and B.
665 B---C
667 / /
668 ---X---A
669 Updating A with the resulting merge commit will fast-forward and your
672 push will be accepted.
673 Alternatively, you can rebase your change between X and B on top of A,
675 with "git pull --rebase", and push the result back. The rebase will
676 create a new commit D that builds the change between X and B on top of
677 A.
678 B D
680 / /
681 ---X---A
682 Again, updating A with this commit will fast-forward and your push will
685 be accepted.
686 There is another common situation where you may encounter
688 non-fast-forward rejection when you try to push, and it is possible
689 even when you are pushing into a repository nobody else pushes into.
690 After you push commit A yourself (in the first picture in this
691 section), replace it with "git commit --amend" to produce commit B, and
692 you try to push it out, because forgot that you have pushed A out
693 already. In such a case, and only if you are certain that nobody in the
694 meantime fetched your earlier commit A (and started building on top of
695 it), you can run "git push --force" to overwrite it. In other words,
696 "git push --force" is a method reserved for a case where you do mean to
697 lose history.
698
700 git push
701 Works like git push <remote>, where <remote> is the current
702 branch’s remote (or origin, if no remote is configured for the
703 current branch).
704 git push origin
706 Without additional configuration, pushes the current branch to the
707 configured upstream (remote.origin.merge configuration variable) if
708 it has the same name as the current branch, and errors out without
709 pushing otherwise.
710 The default behavior of this command when no <refspec> is given can
712 be configured by setting the push option of the remote, or the
713 push.default configuration variable.
714 For example, to default to pushing only the current branch to
716 origin use git config remote.origin.push HEAD. Any valid <refspec>
717 (like the ones in the examples below) can be configured as the
718 default for git push origin.
719 git push origin :
721 Push "matching" branches to origin. See <refspec> in the OPTIONS
722 section above for a description of "matching" branches.
723 git push origin master
725 Find a ref that matches master in the source repository (most
726 likely, it would find refs/heads/master), and update the same ref
727 (e.g. refs/heads/master) in origin repository with it. If master
728 did not exist remotely, it would be created.
729 git push origin HEAD
731 A handy way to push the current branch to the same name on the
732 remote.
733 git push mothership master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev
735 Use the source ref that matches master (e.g. refs/heads/master) to
736 update the ref that matches satellite/master (most probably
737 refs/remotes/satellite/master) in the mothership repository; do the
738 same for dev and satellite/dev.
739 See the section describing <refspec>... above for a discussion of
741 the matching semantics.
742 This is to emulate git fetch run on the mothership using git push
744 that is run in the opposite direction in order to integrate the
745 work done on satellite, and is often necessary when you can only
746 make connection in one way (i.e. satellite can ssh into mothership
747 but mothership cannot initiate connection to satellite because the
748 latter is behind a firewall or does not run sshd).
749 After running this git push on the satellite machine, you would ssh
751 into the mothership and run git merge there to complete the
752 emulation of git pull that were run on mothership to pull changes
753 made on satellite.
754 git push origin HEAD:master
756 Push the current branch to the remote ref matching master in the
757 origin repository. This form is convenient to push the current
758 branch without thinking about its local name.
759 git push origin master:refs/heads/experimental
761 Create the branch experimental in the origin repository by copying
762 the current master branch. This form is only needed to create a new
763 branch or tag in the remote repository when the local name and the
764 remote name are different; otherwise, the ref name on its own will
765 work.
766 git push origin :experimental
768 Find a ref that matches experimental in the origin repository (e.g.
769 refs/heads/experimental), and delete it.
770 git push origin +dev:master
772 Update the origin repository’s master branch with the dev branch,
773 allowing non-fast-forward updates. This can leave unreferenced
774 commits dangling in the origin repository. Consider the following
775 situation, where a fast-forward is not possible:
776 o---o---o---A---B origin/master
778 \
779 X---Y---Z dev
780 The above command would change the origin repository to
782 A---B (unnamed branch)
784 /
785 o---o---o---X---Y---Z master
786 Commits A and B would no longer belong to a branch with a symbolic
788 name, and so would be unreachable. As such, these commits would be
789 removed by a git gc command on the origin repository.
790
792 The fetch and push protocols are not designed to prevent one side from
793 stealing data from the other repository that was not intended to be
794 shared. If you have private data that you need to protect from a
795 malicious peer, your best option is to store it in another repository.
796 This applies to both clients and servers. In particular, namespaces on
797 a server are not effective for read access control; you should only
798 grant read access to a namespace to clients that you would trust with
799 read access to the entire repository.
800 The known attack vectors are as follows:
802 1. The victim sends "have" lines advertising the IDs of objects it has
804 that are not explicitly intended to be shared but can be used to
805 optimize the transfer if the peer also has them. The attacker
806 chooses an object ID X to steal and sends a ref to X, but isn’t
807 required to send the content of X because the victim already has
808 it. Now the victim believes that the attacker has X, and it sends
809 the content of X back to the attacker later. (This attack is most
810 straightforward for a client to perform on a server, by creating a
811 ref to X in the namespace the client has access to and then
812 fetching it. The most likely way for a server to perform it on a
813 client is to "merge" X into a public branch and hope that the user
814 does additional work on this branch and pushes it back to the
815 server without noticing the merge.)
816 2. As in #1, the attacker chooses an object ID X to steal. The victim
818 sends an object Y that the attacker already has, and the attacker
819 falsely claims to have X and not Y, so the victim sends Y as a
820 delta against X. The delta reveals regions of X that are similar to
821 Y to the attacker.
822
824 Part of the git(1) suite
825Git 2.21.0 02/24/2019 GIT-PUSH(1)