1GIT-PUSH(1) Git Manual GIT-PUSH(1)
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6 git-push - Update remote refs along with associated objects
7
9 git push [--all | --mirror | --tags] [--follow-tags] [--atomic] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]
10 [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-d | --delete] [--prune] [-v | --verbose]
11 [-u | --set-upstream] [-o <string> | --push-option=<string>]
12 [--[no-]signed|--signed=(true|false|if-asked)]
13 [--force-with-lease[=<refname>[:<expect>]] [--force-if-includes]]
14 [--no-verify] [<repository> [<refspec>...]]
15
17 Updates remote refs using local refs, while sending objects necessary
18 to complete the given refs.
19 You can make interesting things happen to a repository every time you
21 push into it, by setting up hooks there. See documentation for git-
22 receive-pack(1).
23 When the command line does not specify where to push with the
25 <repository> argument, branch.*.remote configuration for the current
26 branch is consulted to determine where to push. If the configuration is
27 missing, it defaults to origin.
28 When the command line does not specify what to push with <refspec>...
30 arguments or --all, --mirror, --tags options, the command finds the
31 default <refspec> by consulting remote.*.push configuration, and if it
32 is not found, honors push.default configuration to decide what to push
33 (See git-config(1) for the meaning of push.default).
34 When neither the command-line nor the configuration specify what to
36 push, the default behavior is used, which corresponds to the simple
37 value for push.default: the current branch is pushed to the
38 corresponding upstream branch, but as a safety measure, the push is
39 aborted if the upstream branch does not have the same name as the local
40 one.
41
43 <repository>
44 The "remote" repository that is destination of a push operation.
45 This parameter can be either a URL (see the section GIT URLS below)
46 or the name of a remote (see the section REMOTES below).
47 <refspec>...
49 Specify what destination ref to update with what source object. The
50 format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus +, followed by
51 the source object <src>, followed by a colon :, followed by the
52 destination ref <dst>.
53 The <src> is often the name of the branch you would want to push,
55 but it can be any arbitrary "SHA-1 expression", such as master~4 or
56 HEAD (see gitrevisions(7)).
57 The <dst> tells which ref on the remote side is updated with this
59 push. Arbitrary expressions cannot be used here, an actual ref must
60 be named. If git push [<repository>] without any <refspec> argument
61 is set to update some ref at the destination with <src> with
62 remote.<repository>.push configuration variable, :<dst> part can be
63 omitted—such a push will update a ref that <src> normally updates
64 without any <refspec> on the command line. Otherwise, missing
65 :<dst> means to update the same ref as the <src>.
66 If <dst> doesn’t start with refs/ (e.g. refs/heads/master) we will
68 try to infer where in refs/* on the destination <repository> it
69 belongs based on the type of <src> being pushed and whether <dst>
70 is ambiguous.
71 • If <dst> unambiguously refers to a ref on the <repository>
73 remote, then push to that ref.
74 • If <src> resolves to a ref starting with refs/heads/ or
76 refs/tags/, then prepend that to <dst>.
77 • Other ambiguity resolutions might be added in the future, but
79 for now any other cases will error out with an error indicating
80 what we tried, and depending on the
81 advice.pushUnqualifiedRefname configuration (see git-config(1))
82 suggest what refs/ namespace you may have wanted to push to.
83 The object referenced by <src> is used to update the <dst>
85 reference on the remote side. Whether this is allowed depends on
86 where in refs/* the <dst> reference lives as described in detail
87 below, in those sections "update" means any modifications except
88 deletes, which as noted after the next few sections are treated
89 differently.
90 The refs/heads/* namespace will only accept commit objects, and
92 updates only if they can be fast-forwarded.
93 The refs/tags/* namespace will accept any kind of object (as
95 commits, trees and blobs can be tagged), and any updates to them
96 will be rejected.
97 It’s possible to push any type of object to any namespace outside
99 of refs/{tags,heads}/*. In the case of tags and commits, these will
100 be treated as if they were the commits inside refs/heads/* for the
101 purposes of whether the update is allowed.
102 I.e. a fast-forward of commits and tags outside refs/{tags,heads}/*
104 is allowed, even in cases where what’s being fast-forwarded is not
105 a commit, but a tag object which happens to point to a new commit
106 which is a fast-forward of the commit the last tag (or commit) it’s
107 replacing. Replacing a tag with an entirely different tag is also
108 allowed, if it points to the same commit, as well as pushing a
109 peeled tag, i.e. pushing the commit that existing tag object points
110 to, or a new tag object which an existing commit points to.
111 Tree and blob objects outside of refs/{tags,heads}/* will be
113 treated the same way as if they were inside refs/tags/*, any update
114 of them will be rejected.
115 All of the rules described above about what’s not allowed as an
117 update can be overridden by adding an the optional leading + to a
118 refspec (or using --force command line option). The only exception
119 to this is that no amount of forcing will make the refs/heads/*
120 namespace accept a non-commit object. Hooks and configuration can
121 also override or amend these rules, see e.g.
122 receive.denyNonFastForwards in git-config(1) and pre-receive and
123 update in githooks(5).
124 Pushing an empty <src> allows you to delete the <dst> ref from the
126 remote repository. Deletions are always accepted without a leading
127 + in the refspec (or --force), except when forbidden by
128 configuration or hooks. See receive.denyDeletes in git-config(1)
129 and pre-receive and update in githooks(5).
130 The special refspec : (or +: to allow non-fast-forward updates)
132 directs Git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that
133 exists on the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch of
134 the same name already exists on the remote side.
135 tag <tag> means the same as refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>.
137 --all
139 Push all branches (i.e. refs under refs/heads/); cannot be used
140 with other <refspec>.
141 --prune
143 Remove remote branches that don’t have a local counterpart. For
144 example a remote branch tmp will be removed if a local branch with
145 the same name doesn’t exist any more. This also respects refspecs,
146 e.g. git push --prune remote refs/heads/*:refs/tmp/* would make
147 sure that remote refs/tmp/foo will be removed if refs/heads/foo
148 doesn’t exist.
149 --mirror
151 Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all refs under
152 refs/ (which includes but is not limited to refs/heads/,
153 refs/remotes/, and refs/tags/) be mirrored to the remote
154 repository. Newly created local refs will be pushed to the remote
155 end, locally updated refs will be force updated on the remote end,
156 and deleted refs will be removed from the remote end. This is the
157 default if the configuration option remote.<remote>.mirror is set.
158 -n, --dry-run
160 Do everything except actually send the updates.
161 --porcelain
163 Produce machine-readable output. The output status line for each
164 ref will be tab-separated and sent to stdout instead of stderr. The
165 full symbolic names of the refs will be given.
166 -d, --delete
168 All listed refs are deleted from the remote repository. This is the
169 same as prefixing all refs with a colon.
170 --tags
172 All refs under refs/tags are pushed, in addition to refspecs
173 explicitly listed on the command line.
174 --follow-tags
176 Push all the refs that would be pushed without this option, and
177 also push annotated tags in refs/tags that are missing from the
178 remote but are pointing at commit-ish that are reachable from the
179 refs being pushed. This can also be specified with configuration
180 variable push.followTags. For more information, see push.followTags
181 in git-config(1).
182 --[no-]signed, --signed=(true|false|if-asked)
184 GPG-sign the push request to update refs on the receiving side, to
185 allow it to be checked by the hooks and/or be logged. If false or
186 --no-signed, no signing will be attempted. If true or --signed, the
187 push will fail if the server does not support signed pushes. If set
188 to if-asked, sign if and only if the server supports signed pushes.
189 The push will also fail if the actual call to gpg --sign fails. See
190 git-receive-pack(1) for the details on the receiving end.
191 --[no-]atomic
193 Use an atomic transaction on the remote side if available. Either
194 all refs are updated, or on error, no refs are updated. If the
195 server does not support atomic pushes the push will fail.
196 -o <option>, --push-option=<option>
198 Transmit the given string to the server, which passes them to the
199 pre-receive as well as the post-receive hook. The given string must
200 not contain a NUL or LF character. When multiple
201 --push-option=<option> are given, they are all sent to the other
202 side in the order listed on the command line. When no
203 --push-option=<option> is given from the command line, the values
204 of configuration variable push.pushOption are used instead.
205 --receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>, --exec=<git-receive-pack>
207 Path to the git-receive-pack program on the remote end. Sometimes
208 useful when pushing to a remote repository over ssh, and you do not
209 have the program in a directory on the default $PATH.
210 --[no-]force-with-lease, --force-with-lease=<refname>,
212 --force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>
213 Usually, "git push" refuses to update a remote ref that is not an
214 ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it.
215 This option overrides this restriction if the current value of the
217 remote ref is the expected value. "git push" fails otherwise.
218 Imagine that you have to rebase what you have already published.
220 You will have to bypass the "must fast-forward" rule in order to
221 replace the history you originally published with the rebased
222 history. If somebody else built on top of your original history
223 while you are rebasing, the tip of the branch at the remote may
224 advance with their commit, and blindly pushing with --force will
225 lose their work.
226 This option allows you to say that you expect the history you are
228 updating is what you rebased and want to replace. If the remote ref
229 still points at the commit you specified, you can be sure that no
230 other people did anything to the ref. It is like taking a "lease"
231 on the ref without explicitly locking it, and the remote ref is
232 updated only if the "lease" is still valid.
233 --force-with-lease alone, without specifying the details, will
235 protect all remote refs that are going to be updated by requiring
236 their current value to be the same as the remote-tracking branch we
237 have for them.
238 --force-with-lease=<refname>, without specifying the expected
240 value, will protect the named ref (alone), if it is going to be
241 updated, by requiring its current value to be the same as the
242 remote-tracking branch we have for it.
243 --force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect> will protect the named ref
245 (alone), if it is going to be updated, by requiring its current
246 value to be the same as the specified value <expect> (which is
247 allowed to be different from the remote-tracking branch we have for
248 the refname, or we do not even have to have such a remote-tracking
249 branch when this form is used). If <expect> is the empty string,
250 then the named ref must not already exist.
251 Note that all forms other than
253 --force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect> that specifies the expected
254 current value of the ref explicitly are still experimental and
255 their semantics may change as we gain experience with this feature.
256 "--no-force-with-lease" will cancel all the previous
258 --force-with-lease on the command line.
259 A general note on safety: supplying this option without an expected
261 value, i.e. as --force-with-lease or --force-with-lease=<refname>
262 interacts very badly with anything that implicitly runs git fetch
263 on the remote to be pushed to in the background, e.g. git fetch
264 origin on your repository in a cronjob.
265 The protection it offers over --force is ensuring that subsequent
267 changes your work wasn’t based on aren’t clobbered, but this is
268 trivially defeated if some background process is updating refs in
269 the background. We don’t have anything except the remote tracking
270 info to go by as a heuristic for refs you’re expected to have seen
271 & are willing to clobber.
272 If your editor or some other system is running git fetch in the
274 background for you a way to mitigate this is to simply set up
275 another remote:
276 git remote add origin-push $(git config remote.origin.url)
278 git fetch origin-push
279 Now when the background process runs git fetch origin the
281 references on origin-push won’t be updated, and thus commands like:
282 git push --force-with-lease origin-push
284 Will fail unless you manually run git fetch origin-push. This
286 method is of course entirely defeated by something that runs git
287 fetch --all, in that case you’d need to either disable it or do
288 something more tedious like:
289 git fetch # update 'master' from remote
291 git tag base master # mark our base point
292 git rebase -i master # rewrite some commits
293 git push --force-with-lease=master:base master:master
294 I.e. create a base tag for versions of the upstream code that
296 you’ve seen and are willing to overwrite, then rewrite history, and
297 finally force push changes to master if the remote version is still
298 at base, regardless of what your local remotes/origin/master has
299 been updated to in the background.
300 Alternatively, specifying --force-if-includes as an ancillary
302 option along with --force-with-lease[=<refname>] (i.e., without
303 saying what exact commit the ref on the remote side must be
304 pointing at, or which refs on the remote side are being protected)
305 at the time of "push" will verify if updates from the
306 remote-tracking refs that may have been implicitly updated in the
307 background are integrated locally before allowing a forced update.
308 -f, --force
310 Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that is not an
311 ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it. Also, when
312 --force-with-lease option is used, the command refuses to update a
313 remote ref whose current value does not match what is expected.
314 This flag disables these checks, and can cause the remote
316 repository to lose commits; use it with care.
317 Note that --force applies to all the refs that are pushed, hence
319 using it with push.default set to matching or with multiple push
320 destinations configured with remote.*.push may overwrite refs other
321 than the current branch (including local refs that are strictly
322 behind their remote counterpart). To force a push to only one
323 branch, use a + in front of the refspec to push (e.g git push
324 origin +master to force a push to the master branch). See the
325 <refspec>... section above for details.
326 --[no-]force-if-includes
328 Force an update only if the tip of the remote-tracking ref has been
329 integrated locally.
330 This option enables a check that verifies if the tip of the
332 remote-tracking ref is reachable from one of the "reflog" entries
333 of the local branch based in it for a rewrite. The check ensures
334 that any updates from the remote have been incorporated locally by
335 rejecting the forced update if that is not the case.
336 If the option is passed without specifying --force-with-lease, or
338 specified along with --force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>, it is a
339 "no-op".
340 Specifying --no-force-if-includes disables this behavior.
342 --repo=<repository>
344 This option is equivalent to the <repository> argument. If both are
345 specified, the command-line argument takes precedence.
346 -u, --set-upstream
348 For every branch that is up to date or successfully pushed, add
349 upstream (tracking) reference, used by argument-less git-pull(1)
350 and other commands. For more information, see branch.<name>.merge
351 in git-config(1).
352 --[no-]thin
354 These options are passed to git-send-pack(1). A thin transfer
355 significantly reduces the amount of sent data when the sender and
356 receiver share many of the same objects in common. The default is
357 --thin.
358 -q, --quiet
360 Suppress all output, including the listing of updated refs, unless
361 an error occurs. Progress is not reported to the standard error
362 stream.
363 -v, --verbose
365 Run verbosely.
366 --progress
368 Progress status is reported on the standard error stream by default
369 when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q is specified. This
370 flag forces progress status even if the standard error stream is
371 not directed to a terminal.
372 --no-recurse-submodules, --recurse-submodules=check|on-demand|only|no
374 May be used to make sure all submodule commits used by the
375 revisions to be pushed are available on a remote-tracking branch.
376 If check is used Git will verify that all submodule commits that
377 changed in the revisions to be pushed are available on at least one
378 remote of the submodule. If any commits are missing the push will
379 be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If on-demand is used all
380 submodules that changed in the revisions to be pushed will be
381 pushed. If on-demand was not able to push all necessary revisions
382 it will also be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If only is
383 used all submodules will be pushed while the superproject is left
384 unpushed. A value of no or using --no-recurse-submodules can be
385 used to override the push.recurseSubmodules configuration variable
386 when no submodule recursion is required.
387 When using on-demand or only, if a submodule has a
389 "push.recurseSubmodules={on-demand,only}" or "submodule.recurse"
390 configuration, further recursion will occur. In this case, "only"
391 is treated as "on-demand".
392 --[no-]verify
394 Toggle the pre-push hook (see githooks(5)). The default is
395 --verify, giving the hook a chance to prevent the push. With
396 --no-verify, the hook is bypassed completely.
397 -4, --ipv4
399 Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses.
400 -6, --ipv6
402 Use IPv6 addresses only, ignoring IPv4 addresses.
403
405 In general, URLs contain information about the transport protocol, the
406 address of the remote server, and the path to the repository. Depending
407 on the transport protocol, some of this information may be absent.
408 Git supports ssh, git, http, and https protocols (in addition, ftp, and
410 ftps can be used for fetching, but this is inefficient and deprecated;
411 do not use it).
412 The native transport (i.e. git:// URL) does no authentication and
414 should be used with caution on unsecured networks.
415 The following syntaxes may be used with them:
417 • ssh://[user@]host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/
419 • git://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/
421 • http[s]://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/
423 • ftp[s]://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/
425 An alternative scp-like syntax may also be used with the ssh protocol:
427 • [user@]host.xz:path/to/repo.git/
429 This syntax is only recognized if there are no slashes before the first
431 colon. This helps differentiate a local path that contains a colon. For
432 example the local path foo:bar could be specified as an absolute path
433 or ./foo:bar to avoid being misinterpreted as an ssh url.
434 The ssh and git protocols additionally support ~username expansion:
436 • ssh://[user@]host.xz[:port]/~[user]/path/to/repo.git/
438 • git://host.xz[:port]/~[user]/path/to/repo.git/
440 • [user@]host.xz:/~[user]/path/to/repo.git/
442 For local repositories, also supported by Git natively, the following
444 syntaxes may be used:
445 • /path/to/repo.git/
447 • file:///path/to/repo.git/
449 These two syntaxes are mostly equivalent, except when cloning, when the
451 former implies --local option. See git-clone(1) for details.
452 git clone, git fetch and git pull, but not git push, will also accept a
454 suitable bundle file. See git-bundle(1).
455 When Git doesn’t know how to handle a certain transport protocol, it
457 attempts to use the remote-<transport> remote helper, if one exists. To
458 explicitly request a remote helper, the following syntax may be used:
459 • <transport>::<address>
461 where <address> may be a path, a server and path, or an arbitrary
463 URL-like string recognized by the specific remote helper being invoked.
464 See gitremote-helpers(7) for details.
465 If there are a large number of similarly-named remote repositories and
467 you want to use a different format for them (such that the URLs you use
468 will be rewritten into URLs that work), you can create a configuration
469 section of the form:
470 [url "<actual url base>"]
472 insteadOf = <other url base>
473 For example, with this:
475 [url "git://git.host.xz/"]
477 insteadOf = host.xz:/path/to/
478 insteadOf = work:
479 a URL like "work:repo.git" or like "host.xz:/path/to/repo.git" will be
481 rewritten in any context that takes a URL to be
482 "git://git.host.xz/repo.git".
483 If you want to rewrite URLs for push only, you can create a
485 configuration section of the form:
486 [url "<actual url base>"]
488 pushInsteadOf = <other url base>
489 For example, with this:
491 [url "ssh://example.org/"]
493 pushInsteadOf = git://example.org/
494 a URL like "git://example.org/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten to
496 "ssh://example.org/path/to/repo.git" for pushes, but pulls will still
497 use the original URL.
498
500 The name of one of the following can be used instead of a URL as
501 <repository> argument:
502 • a remote in the Git configuration file: $GIT_DIR/config,
504 • a file in the $GIT_DIR/remotes directory, or
506 • a file in the $GIT_DIR/branches directory.
508 All of these also allow you to omit the refspec from the command line
510 because they each contain a refspec which git will use by default.
511 Named remote in configuration file
513 You can choose to provide the name of a remote which you had previously
514 configured using git-remote(1), git-config(1) or even by a manual edit
515 to the $GIT_DIR/config file. The URL of this remote will be used to
516 access the repository. The refspec of this remote will be used by
517 default when you do not provide a refspec on the command line. The
518 entry in the config file would appear like this:
519 [remote "<name>"]
521 url = <URL>
522 pushurl = <pushurl>
523 push = <refspec>
524 fetch = <refspec>
525 The <pushurl> is used for pushes only. It is optional and defaults to
527 <URL>.
528 Named file in $GIT_DIR/remotes
530 You can choose to provide the name of a file in $GIT_DIR/remotes. The
531 URL in this file will be used to access the repository. The refspec in
532 this file will be used as default when you do not provide a refspec on
533 the command line. This file should have the following format:
534 URL: one of the above URL format
536 Push: <refspec>
537 Pull: <refspec>
538 Push: lines are used by git push and Pull: lines are used by git pull
540 and git fetch. Multiple Push: and Pull: lines may be specified for
541 additional branch mappings.
542 Named file in $GIT_DIR/branches
544 You can choose to provide the name of a file in $GIT_DIR/branches. The
545 URL in this file will be used to access the repository. This file
546 should have the following format:
547 <URL>#<head>
549 <URL> is required; #<head> is optional.
551 Depending on the operation, git will use one of the following refspecs,
553 if you don’t provide one on the command line. <branch> is the name of
554 this file in $GIT_DIR/branches and <head> defaults to master.
555 git fetch uses:
557 refs/heads/<head>:refs/heads/<branch>
559 git push uses:
561 HEAD:refs/heads/<head>
563
565 The output of "git push" depends on the transport method used; this
566 section describes the output when pushing over the Git protocol (either
567 locally or via ssh).
568 The status of the push is output in tabular form, with each line
570 representing the status of a single ref. Each line is of the form:
571 <flag> <summary> <from> -> <to> (<reason>)
573 If --porcelain is used, then each line of the output is of the form:
575 <flag> \t <from>:<to> \t <summary> (<reason>)
577 The status of up-to-date refs is shown only if --porcelain or --verbose
579 option is used.
580 flag
582 A single character indicating the status of the ref:
583 (space)
585 for a successfully pushed fast-forward;
586 +
588 for a successful forced update;
589 -
591 for a successfully deleted ref;
592 *
594 for a successfully pushed new ref;
595 !
597 for a ref that was rejected or failed to push; and
598 =
600 for a ref that was up to date and did not need pushing.
601 summary
603 For a successfully pushed ref, the summary shows the old and new
604 values of the ref in a form suitable for using as an argument to
605 git log (this is <old>..<new> in most cases, and <old>...<new> for
606 forced non-fast-forward updates).
607 For a failed update, more details are given:
609 rejected
611 Git did not try to send the ref at all, typically because it is
612 not a fast-forward and you did not force the update.
613 remote rejected
615 The remote end refused the update. Usually caused by a hook on
616 the remote side, or because the remote repository has one of
617 the following safety options in effect:
618 receive.denyCurrentBranch (for pushes to the checked out
619 branch), receive.denyNonFastForwards (for forced
620 non-fast-forward updates), receive.denyDeletes or
621 receive.denyDeleteCurrent. See git-config(1).
622 remote failure
624 The remote end did not report the successful update of the ref,
625 perhaps because of a temporary error on the remote side, a
626 break in the network connection, or other transient error.
627 from
629 The name of the local ref being pushed, minus its refs/<type>/
630 prefix. In the case of deletion, the name of the local ref is
631 omitted.
632 to
634 The name of the remote ref being updated, minus its refs/<type>/
635 prefix.
636 reason
638 A human-readable explanation. In the case of successfully pushed
639 refs, no explanation is needed. For a failed ref, the reason for
640 failure is described.
641
643 When an update changes a branch (or more in general, a ref) that used
644 to point at commit A to point at another commit B, it is called a
645 fast-forward update if and only if B is a descendant of A.
646 In a fast-forward update from A to B, the set of commits that the
648 original commit A built on top of is a subset of the commits the new
649 commit B builds on top of. Hence, it does not lose any history.
650 In contrast, a non-fast-forward update will lose history. For example,
652 suppose you and somebody else started at the same commit X, and you
653 built a history leading to commit B while the other person built a
654 history leading to commit A. The history looks like this:
655 B
657 /
658 ---X---A
659 Further suppose that the other person already pushed changes leading to
661 A back to the original repository from which you two obtained the
662 original commit X.
663 The push done by the other person updated the branch that used to point
665 at commit X to point at commit A. It is a fast-forward.
666 But if you try to push, you will attempt to update the branch (that now
668 points at A) with commit B. This does not fast-forward. If you did so,
669 the changes introduced by commit A will be lost, because everybody will
670 now start building on top of B.
671 The command by default does not allow an update that is not a
673 fast-forward to prevent such loss of history.
674 If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) or the work
676 by the other person (history from X to A), you would need to first
677 fetch the history from the repository, create a history that contains
678 changes done by both parties, and push the result back.
679 You can perform "git pull", resolve potential conflicts, and "git push"
681 the result. A "git pull" will create a merge commit C between commits A
682 and B.
683 B---C
685 / /
686 ---X---A
687 Updating A with the resulting merge commit will fast-forward and your
689 push will be accepted.
690 Alternatively, you can rebase your change between X and B on top of A,
692 with "git pull --rebase", and push the result back. The rebase will
693 create a new commit D that builds the change between X and B on top of
694 A.
695 B D
697 / /
698 ---X---A
699 Again, updating A with this commit will fast-forward and your push will
701 be accepted.
702 There is another common situation where you may encounter
704 non-fast-forward rejection when you try to push, and it is possible
705 even when you are pushing into a repository nobody else pushes into.
706 After you push commit A yourself (in the first picture in this
707 section), replace it with "git commit --amend" to produce commit B, and
708 you try to push it out, because forgot that you have pushed A out
709 already. In such a case, and only if you are certain that nobody in the
710 meantime fetched your earlier commit A (and started building on top of
711 it), you can run "git push --force" to overwrite it. In other words,
712 "git push --force" is a method reserved for a case where you do mean to
713 lose history.
714
716 git push
717 Works like git push <remote>, where <remote> is the current
718 branch’s remote (or origin, if no remote is configured for the
719 current branch).
720 git push origin
722 Without additional configuration, pushes the current branch to the
723 configured upstream (branch.<name>.merge configuration variable) if
724 it has the same name as the current branch, and errors out without
725 pushing otherwise.
726 The default behavior of this command when no <refspec> is given can
728 be configured by setting the push option of the remote, or the
729 push.default configuration variable.
730 For example, to default to pushing only the current branch to
732 origin use git config remote.origin.push HEAD. Any valid <refspec>
733 (like the ones in the examples below) can be configured as the
734 default for git push origin.
735 git push origin :
737 Push "matching" branches to origin. See <refspec> in the OPTIONS
738 section above for a description of "matching" branches.
739 git push origin master
741 Find a ref that matches master in the source repository (most
742 likely, it would find refs/heads/master), and update the same ref
743 (e.g. refs/heads/master) in origin repository with it. If master
744 did not exist remotely, it would be created.
745 git push origin HEAD
747 A handy way to push the current branch to the same name on the
748 remote.
749 git push mothership master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev
751 Use the source ref that matches master (e.g. refs/heads/master) to
752 update the ref that matches satellite/master (most probably
753 refs/remotes/satellite/master) in the mothership repository; do the
754 same for dev and satellite/dev.
755 See the section describing <refspec>... above for a discussion of
757 the matching semantics.
758 This is to emulate git fetch run on the mothership using git push
760 that is run in the opposite direction in order to integrate the
761 work done on satellite, and is often necessary when you can only
762 make connection in one way (i.e. satellite can ssh into mothership
763 but mothership cannot initiate connection to satellite because the
764 latter is behind a firewall or does not run sshd).
765 After running this git push on the satellite machine, you would ssh
767 into the mothership and run git merge there to complete the
768 emulation of git pull that were run on mothership to pull changes
769 made on satellite.
770 git push origin HEAD:master
772 Push the current branch to the remote ref matching master in the
773 origin repository. This form is convenient to push the current
774 branch without thinking about its local name.
775 git push origin master:refs/heads/experimental
777 Create the branch experimental in the origin repository by copying
778 the current master branch. This form is only needed to create a new
779 branch or tag in the remote repository when the local name and the
780 remote name are different; otherwise, the ref name on its own will
781 work.
782 git push origin :experimental
784 Find a ref that matches experimental in the origin repository (e.g.
785 refs/heads/experimental), and delete it.
786 git push origin +dev:master
788 Update the origin repository’s master branch with the dev branch,
789 allowing non-fast-forward updates. This can leave unreferenced
790 commits dangling in the origin repository. Consider the following
791 situation, where a fast-forward is not possible:
792 o---o---o---A---B origin/master
794 \
795 X---Y---Z dev
796 The above command would change the origin repository to
798 A---B (unnamed branch)
800 /
801 o---o---o---X---Y---Z master
802 Commits A and B would no longer belong to a branch with a symbolic
804 name, and so would be unreachable. As such, these commits would be
805 removed by a git gc command on the origin repository.
806
808 The fetch and push protocols are not designed to prevent one side from
809 stealing data from the other repository that was not intended to be
810 shared. If you have private data that you need to protect from a
811 malicious peer, your best option is to store it in another repository.
812 This applies to both clients and servers. In particular, namespaces on
813 a server are not effective for read access control; you should only
814 grant read access to a namespace to clients that you would trust with
815 read access to the entire repository.
816 The known attack vectors are as follows:
818 1. The victim sends "have" lines advertising the IDs of objects it has
820 that are not explicitly intended to be shared but can be used to
821 optimize the transfer if the peer also has them. The attacker
822 chooses an object ID X to steal and sends a ref to X, but isn’t
823 required to send the content of X because the victim already has
824 it. Now the victim believes that the attacker has X, and it sends
825 the content of X back to the attacker later. (This attack is most
826 straightforward for a client to perform on a server, by creating a
827 ref to X in the namespace the client has access to and then
828 fetching it. The most likely way for a server to perform it on a
829 client is to "merge" X into a public branch and hope that the user
830 does additional work on this branch and pushes it back to the
831 server without noticing the merge.)
832 2. As in #1, the attacker chooses an object ID X to steal. The victim
834 sends an object Y that the attacker already has, and the attacker
835 falsely claims to have X and not Y, so the victim sends Y as a
836 delta against X. The delta reveals regions of X that are similar to
837 Y to the attacker.
838
840 Everything below this line in this section is selectively included from
841 the git-config(1) documentation. The content is the same as what’s
842 found there:
843 push.autoSetupRemote
845 If set to "true" assume --set-upstream on default push when no
846 upstream tracking exists for the current branch; this option takes
847 effect with push.default options simple, upstream, and current. It
848 is useful if by default you want new branches to be pushed to the
849 default remote (like the behavior of push.default=current) and you
850 also want the upstream tracking to be set. Workflows most likely to
851 benefit from this option are simple central workflows where all
852 branches are expected to have the same name on the remote.
853 push.default
855 Defines the action git push should take if no refspec is given
856 (whether from the command-line, config, or elsewhere). Different
857 values are well-suited for specific workflows; for instance, in a
858 purely central workflow (i.e. the fetch source is equal to the push
859 destination), upstream is probably what you want. Possible values
860 are:
861 • nothing - do not push anything (error out) unless a refspec is
863 given. This is primarily meant for people who want to avoid
864 mistakes by always being explicit.
865 • current - push the current branch to update a branch with the
867 same name on the receiving end. Works in both central and
868 non-central workflows.
869 • upstream - push the current branch back to the branch whose
871 changes are usually integrated into the current branch (which
872 is called @{upstream}). This mode only makes sense if you are
873 pushing to the same repository you would normally pull from
874 (i.e. central workflow).
875 • tracking - This is a deprecated synonym for upstream.
877 • simple - pushes the current branch with the same name on the
879 remote.
880 If you are working on a centralized workflow (pushing to the
882 same repository you pull from, which is typically origin), then
883 you need to configure an upstream branch with the same name.
884 This mode is the default since Git 2.0, and is the safest
886 option suited for beginners.
887 • matching - push all branches having the same name on both ends.
889 This makes the repository you are pushing to remember the set
890 of branches that will be pushed out (e.g. if you always push
891 maint and master there and no other branches, the repository
892 you push to will have these two branches, and your local maint
893 and master will be pushed there).
894 To use this mode effectively, you have to make sure all the
896 branches you would push out are ready to be pushed out before
897 running git push, as the whole point of this mode is to allow
898 you to push all of the branches in one go. If you usually
899 finish work on only one branch and push out the result, while
900 other branches are unfinished, this mode is not for you. Also
901 this mode is not suitable for pushing into a shared central
902 repository, as other people may add new branches there, or
903 update the tip of existing branches outside your control.
904 This used to be the default, but not since Git 2.0 (simple is
906 the new default).
907 push.followTags
909 If set to true enable --follow-tags option by default. You may
910 override this configuration at time of push by specifying
911 --no-follow-tags.
912 push.gpgSign
914 May be set to a boolean value, or the string if-asked. A true value
915 causes all pushes to be GPG signed, as if --signed is passed to
916 git-push(1). The string if-asked causes pushes to be signed if the
917 server supports it, as if --signed=if-asked is passed to git push.
918 A false value may override a value from a lower-priority config
919 file. An explicit command-line flag always overrides this config
920 option.
921 push.pushOption
923 When no --push-option=<option> argument is given from the command
924 line, git push behaves as if each <value> of this variable is given
925 as --push-option=<value>.
926 This is a multi-valued variable, and an empty value can be used in
928 a higher priority configuration file (e.g. .git/config in a
929 repository) to clear the values inherited from a lower priority
930 configuration files (e.g. $HOME/.gitconfig).
931 Example:
933 /etc/gitconfig
935 push.pushoption = a
936 push.pushoption = b
937 ~/.gitconfig
939 push.pushoption = c
940 repo/.git/config
942 push.pushoption =
943 push.pushoption = b
944 This will result in only b (a and c are cleared).
946 push.recurseSubmodules
948 May be "check", "on-demand", "only", or "no", with the same
949 behavior as that of "push --recurse-submodules". If not set, no is
950 used by default, unless submodule.recurse is set (in which case a
951 true value means on-demand).
952 push.useForceIfIncludes
954 If set to "true", it is equivalent to specifying
955 --force-if-includes as an option to git-push(1) in the command
956 line. Adding --no-force-if-includes at the time of push overrides
957 this configuration setting.
958 push.negotiate
960 If set to "true", attempt to reduce the size of the packfile sent
961 by rounds of negotiation in which the client and the server attempt
962 to find commits in common. If "false", Git will rely solely on the
963 server’s ref advertisement to find commits in common.
964 push.useBitmaps
966 If set to "false", disable use of bitmaps for "git push" even if
967 pack.useBitmaps is "true", without preventing other git operations
968 from using bitmaps. Default is true.
969
971 Part of the git(1) suite
972Git 2.39.1 2023-01-13 GIT-PUSH(1)