1REFER(1)                    General Commands Manual                   REFER(1)
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3
4

NAME

6       refer - preprocess bibliographic references for groff
7

SYNOPSIS

9       refer [ -benvCPRS ] [ -an ] [ -cfields ] [ -fn ] [ -ifields ]
10             [ -kfield ] [ -lm,n ] [ -pfilename ] [ -sfields ] [ -tn ]
11             [ -Bfield.macro ] [ filename... ]
12
13

DESCRIPTION

15       This  file  documents  the  GNU  version of refer, which is part of the
16       groff document formatting system.  refer copies the contents  of  file‐
17       name... to the standard output, except that lines between .[ and .] are
18       interpreted as citations, and lines between .R1 and .R2 are interpreted
19       as commands about how citations are to be processed.
20
21       Each citation specifies a reference.  The citation can specify a refer‐
22       ence that is contained in a bibliographic database by giving a  set  of
23       keywords that only that reference contains.  Alternatively it can spec‐
24       ify a reference by supplying a database record in the citation.  A com‐
25       bination of these alternatives is also possible.
26
27       For  each  citation,  refer  can produce a mark in the text.  This mark
28       consists of some label which can be separated from the  text  and  from
29       other labels in various ways.  For each reference it also outputs groff
30       commands that can be used by a macro package  to  produce  a  formatted
31       reference  for  each  citation.   The output of refer must therefore be
32       processed using a suitable macro package.  The -ms and -me  macros  are
33       both  suitable.   The  commands to format a citation's reference can be
34       output immediately after the citation, or the references may be accumu‐
35       lated,  and the commands output at some later point.  If the references
36       are accumulated, then multiple citations of  the  same  reference  will
37       produce a single formatted reference.
38
39       The  interpretation  of  lines between .R1 and .R2 as commands is a new
40       feature of GNU refer.  Documents making use of this feature  can  still
41       be processed by Unix refer just by adding the lines
42
43              .de R1
44              .ig R2
45              ..
46       to  the  beginning  of  the  document.  This will cause troff to ignore
47       everything between .R1 and .R2.  The effect of some commands  can  also
48       be achieved by options.  These options are supported mainly for compat‐
49       ibility with Unix refer.  It is usually more  convenient  to  use  com‐
50       mands.
51
52       refer  generates  .lf  lines so that filenames and line numbers in mes‐
53       sages produced by commands that read refer output will be  correct;  it
54       also  interprets  lines  beginning  with .lf so that filenames and line
55       numbers in the messages and .lf lines that it produces will be accurate
56       even if the input has been preprocessed by a command such as soelim(1).
57

OPTIONS

59       It is possible to have whitespace between a command line option and its
60       parameter.
61
62       Most options are equivalent to commands (for  a  description  of  these
63       commands see the Commands subsection):
64
65       -b     no-label-in-text; no-label-in-reference
66
67       -e     accumulate
68
69       -n     no-default-database
70
71       -C     compatible
72
73       -P     move-punctuation
74
75       -S     label "(A.n|Q) ', ' (D.y|D)"; bracket-label " (" ) "; "
76
77       -an    reverse An
78
79       -cfields
80              capitalize fields
81
82       -fn    label %n
83
84       -ifields
85              search-ignore fields
86
87       -k     label L~%a
88
89       -kfield
90              label field~%a
91
92       -l     label A.nD.y%a
93
94       -lm    label A.n+mD.y%a
95
96       -l,n   label A.nD.y-n%a
97
98       -lm,n  label A.n+mD.y-n%a
99
100       -pfilename
101              database filename
102
103       -sspec sort spec
104
105       -tn    search-truncate n
106
107       These  options  are equivalent to the following commands with the addi‐
108       tion that the filenames specified on the command line are processed  as
109       if  they  were  arguments to the bibliography command instead of in the
110       normal way:
111
112       -B     annotate X AP; no-label-in-reference
113
114       -Bfield.macro
115              annotate field macro; no-label-in-reference
116
117       The following options have no equivalent commands:
118
119       -v     Print the version number.
120
121       -R     Don't recognize lines beginning with .R1/.R2.
122

USAGE

124   Bibliographic databases
125       The bibliographic database is a text file consisting of  records  sepa‐
126       rated by one or more blank lines.  Within each record fields start with
127       a % at the beginning of a line.  Each field has a  one  character  name
128       that immediately follows the %.  It is best to use only upper and lower
129       case letters for the names of fields.  The name of the field should  be
130       followed  by  exactly one space, and then by the contents of the field.
131       Empty fields are ignored.  The conventional meaning of each field is as
132       follows:
133
134       %A     The name of an author.  If the name contains a title such as Jr.
135              at the end, it should be separated  from  the  last  name  by  a
136              comma.   There can be multiple occurrences of the %A field.  The
137              order is significant.  It is a good idea always to supply an  %A
138              field or a %Q field.
139
140       %B     For an article that is part of a book, the title of the book.
141
142       %C     The place (city) of publication.
143
144       %D     The  date of publication.  The year should be specified in full.
145              If the month is specified, the name rather than  the  number  of
146              the  month  should be used, but only the first three letters are
147              required.  It is a good idea always to supply a %D field; if the
148              date  is  unknown,  a  value  such as in press or unknown can be
149              used.
150
151       %E     For an article that is part of a book, the name of an editor  of
152              the  book.  Where the work has editors and no authors, the names
153              of the editors should be  given  as  %A  fields  and  , (ed)  or
154              , (eds) should be appended to the last author.
155
156       %G     US Government ordering number.
157
158       %I     The publisher (issuer).
159
160       %J     For an article in a journal, the name of the journal.
161
162       %K     Keywords to be used for searching.
163
164       %L     Label.
165
166       %N     Journal issue number.
167
168       %O     Other  information.   This  is usually printed at the end of the
169              reference.
170
171       %P     Page number.  A range of pages can be specified as m-n.
172
173       %Q     The name of the author, if the author is  not  a  person.   This
174              will  only be used if there are no %A fields.  There can only be
175              one %Q field.
176
177       %R     Technical report number.
178
179       %S     Series name.
180
181       %T     Title.  For an article in a book or journal, this should be  the
182              title of the article.
183
184       %V     Volume number of the journal or book.
185
186       %X     Annotation.
187
188       For  all  fields except %A and %E, if there is more than one occurrence
189       of a particular field in a record, only the last  such  field  will  be
190       used.
191
192       If  accent  strings  are  used,  they should follow the character to be
193       accented.  This means that the AM macro  must  be  used  with  the  -ms
194       macros.   Accent  strings  should  not be quoted: use one \ rather than
195       two.
196
197   Citations
198       The format of a citation is
199              .[opening-text
200              flags keywords
201              fields
202              .]closing-text
203
204       The opening-text, closing-text and flags components are optional.  Only
205       one of the keywords and fields components need be specified.
206
207       The keywords component says to search the bibliographic databases for a
208       reference that contains all the words in keywords.  It is an  error  if
209       more than one reference if found.
210
211       The fields components specifies additional fields to replace or supple‐
212       ment those specified in the reference.  When references are being accu‐
213       mulated and the keywords component is non-empty, then additional fields
214       should be specified only on the first occasion that a particular refer‐
215       ence is cited, and will apply to all citations of that reference.
216
217       The  opening-text  and  closing-text  component specifies strings to be
218       used to bracket the label instead  of  the  strings  specified  in  the
219       bracket-label command.  If either of these components is non-empty, the
220       strings specified in the bracket-label command will not be  used;  this
221       behaviour  can  be  altered using the [ and ] flags.  Note that leading
222       and trailing spaces are significant for these components.
223
224       The flags component is a list of non-alphanumeric  characters  each  of
225       which  modifies  the treatment of this particular citation.  Unix refer
226       will treat these flags as part of the keywords and so will ignore  them
227       since  they  are  non-alphanumeric.   The following flags are currently
228       recognized:
229
230       #      This says to use the label specified by the short-label command,
231              instead  of  that  specified  by the label command.  If no short
232              label has been specified, the normal label will be used.   Typi‐
233              cally  the  short label is used with author-date labels and con‐
234              sists of only the date and possibly a disambiguating letter; the
235              # is supposed to be suggestive of a numeric type of label.
236
237       [      Precede  opening-text  with  the  first  string specified in the
238              bracket-label command.
239
240       ]      Follow closing-text with the  second  string  specified  in  the
241              bracket-label command.
242
243       One  advantages  of  using  the [ and ] flags rather than including the
244       brackets in opening-text and closing-text is that you  can  change  the
245       style  of  bracket  used  in the document just by changing the bracket-
246       label command.  Another advantage is that sorting and merging of  cita‐
247       tions will not necessarily be inhibited if the flags are used.
248
249       If  a label is to be inserted into the text, it will be attached to the
250       line preceding the .[ line.  If there is no such line,  then  an  extra
251       line will be inserted before the .[ line and a warning will be given.
252
253       There  is  no special notation for making a citation to multiple refer‐
254       ences.  Just use a sequence  of  citations,  one  for  each  reference.
255       Don't put anything between the citations.  The labels for all the cita‐
256       tions will be attached to the line preceding the first  citation.   The
257       labels  may  also  be  sorted or merged.  See the description of the <>
258       label expression, and of the sort-adjacent-labels and abbreviate-label-
259       ranges  command.  A label will not be merged if its citation has a non-
260       empty opening-text or closing-text.  However, the labels for a citation
261       using the ] flag and without any closing-text immediately followed by a
262       citation using the [ flag and without any opening-text  may  be  sorted
263       and  merged even though the first citation's opening-text or the second
264       citation's closing-text is non-empty.  (If you  wish  to  prevent  this
265       just make the first citation's closing-text \&.)
266
267   Commands
268       Commands are contained between lines starting with .R1 and .R2.  Recog‐
269       nition of these lines can be prevented by the -R option.   When  a  .R1
270       line is recognized any accumulated references are flushed out.  Neither
271       .R1 nor .R2 lines, nor anything between them is output.
272
273       Commands are separated by newlines or ;s.  # introduces a comment  that
274       extends  to  the  end  of  the line (but does not conceal the newline).
275       Each command is broken up into words.  Words are separated by spaces or
276       tabs.  A word that begins with " extends to the next " that is not fol‐
277       lowed by another ".  If there is no such " the word extends to the  end
278       of  the line.  Pairs of " in a word beginning with " collapse to a sin‐
279       gle ".  Neither # nor ; are recognized inside "s.  A line can  be  con‐
280       tinued by ending it with \; this works everywhere except after a #.
281
282       Each command name that is marked with * has an associated negative com‐
283       mand no-name that undoes the effect of name.  For example, the  no-sort
284       command  specifies  that references should not be sorted.  The negative
285       commands take no arguments.
286
287       In the following description each argument must be a single word; field
288       is  used for a single upper or lower case letter naming a field; fields
289       is used for a sequence of such letters; m and n are used for a non-neg‐
290       ative numbers; string is used for an arbitrary string; filename is used
291       for the name of a file.
292
293       abbreviate* fields string1 string2 string3 string4
294                                Abbreviate the first names of fields.  An ini‐
295                                tial  letter  will  be  separated from another
296                                initial letter by string1, from the last  name
297                                by  string2, and from anything else (such as a
298                                von or de) by string3.   These  default  to  a
299                                period  followed  by a space.  In a hyphenated
300                                first name, the initial of the first  part  of
301                                the  name will be separated from the hyphen by
302                                string4;  this  defaults  to  a  period.    No
303                                attempt is made to handle any ambiguities that
304                                might result  from  abbreviation.   Names  are
305                                abbreviated  before  sorting  and before label
306                                construction.
307
308       abbreviate-label-ranges* string
309                                Three or more adjacent labels  that  refer  to
310                                consecutive  references will be abbreviated to
311                                a label consisting of the  first  label,  fol‐
312                                lowed  by  string  followed by the last label.
313                                This is mainly useful with numeric labels.  If
314                                string is omitted it defaults to -.
315
316       accumulate*              Accumulate  references  instead of writing out
317                                each reference as it is encountered.   Accumu‐
318                                lated  references will be written out whenever
319                                a reference of the form
320
321                                       .[
322                                       $LIST$
323                                       .]
324
325                                is encountered, after  all  input  files  have
326                                been  processed, and whenever .R1 line is rec‐
327                                ognized.
328
329       annotate* field string   field is an annotation; print it at the end of
330                                the  reference  as a paragraph preceded by the
331                                line
332
333                                       .string
334
335                                If string is omitted it will default to AP; if
336                                field  is  also  omitted it will default to X.
337                                Only one field can be an annotation.
338
339       articles string...       string... are definite or indefinite articles,
340                                and  should  be  ignored at the beginning of T
341                                fields when sorting.  Initially, the, a and an
342                                are recognized as articles.
343
344       bibliography filename... Write  out all the references contained in the
345                                bibliographic databases filename...  This com‐
346                                mand should come last in a .R1/.R2 block.
347
348       bracket-label string1 string2 string3
349                                In  the  text, bracket each label with string1
350                                and string2.  An occurrence of string2 immedi‐
351                                ately  followed by string1 will be turned into
352                                string3.  The default behaviour is
353
354                                       bracket-label \*([. \*(.] ", "
355
356       capitalize fields        Convert fields to caps and small caps.
357
358       compatible*              Recognize .R1 and .R2 even when followed by  a
359                                character other than space or newline.
360
361       database filename...     Search the bibliographic databases filename...
362                                For each filename if an index filename.i  cre‐
363                                ated  by  indxbib(1)  exists,  then it will be
364                                searched instead; each index can cover  multi‐
365                                ple databases.
366
367       date-as-label* string    string  is a label expression that specifies a
368                                string with which to replace the D field after
369                                constructing the label.  See the Label expres‐
370                                sions subsection for a  description  of  label
371                                expressions.  This command is useful if you do
372                                not want  explicit  labels  in  the  reference
373                                list, but instead want to handle any necessary
374                                disambiguation by qualifying the date in  some
375                                way.   The  label used in the text would typi‐
376                                cally be some combination of  the  author  and
377                                date.   In  most cases you should also use the
378                                no-label-in-reference command.  For example,
379
380                                       date-as-label D.+yD.y%a*D.-y
381
382                                would attach a disambiguating  letter  to  the
383                                year part of the D field in the reference.
384
385       default-database*        The default database should be searched.  This
386                                is the default behaviour, so the negative ver‐
387                                sion  of  this  command is more useful.  refer
388                                determines whether the default database should
389                                be  searched  on  the  first  occasion that it
390                                needs to do a search.  Thus a no-default-data‐
391                                base  command  must  be  given before then, in
392                                order to be effective.
393
394       discard* fields          When the reference is read, fields  should  be
395                                discarded;  no  string  definitions for fields
396                                will be output.  Initially, fields are XYZ.
397
398       et-al* string m n        Control use of et al in the  evaluation  of  @
399                                expressions in label expressions.  If the num‐
400                                ber of  authors  needed  to  make  the  author
401                                sequence unambiguous is u and the total number
402                                of authors is t then the last t-u authors will
403                                be replaced by string provided that t-u is not
404                                less than m and t is not  less  than  n.   The
405                                default behaviour is
406
407                                       et-al " et al" 2 3
408
409       include filename         Include filename and interpret the contents as
410                                commands.
411
412       join-authors string1 string2 string3
413                                This  says  how  authors  should   be   joined
414                                together.  When there are exactly two authors,
415                                they will be joined with string1.  When  there
416                                are  more  than  two authors, all but the last
417                                two will be joined with string2, and the  last
418                                two  authors  will be joined with string3.  If
419                                string3  is  omitted,  it  will   default   to
420                                string1;  if  string2  is also omitted it will
421                                also default to string1.  For example,
422
423                                       join-authors " and " ", " ", and "
424
425                                will restore the default  method  for  joining
426                                authors.
427
428       label-in-reference*      When  outputting  the  reference,  define  the
429                                string [F to be the reference's  label.   This
430                                is the default behaviour; so the negative ver‐
431                                sion of this command is more useful.
432
433       label-in-text*           For each reference output a label in the text.
434                                The label will be separated from the surround‐
435                                ing text as  described  in  the  bracket-label
436                                command.   This  is  the default behaviour; so
437                                the negative version of this command  is  more
438                                useful.
439
440       label string             string is a label expression describing how to
441                                label each reference.
442
443       separate-label-second-parts string
444                                When merging  two-part  labels,  separate  the
445                                second part of the second label from the first
446                                label with string.  See the description of the
447                                <> label expression.
448
449       move-punctuation*        In  the  text, move any punctuation at the end
450                                of line past the label.  It is usually a  good
451                                idea to give this command unless you are using
452                                superscripted numbers as labels.
453
454       reverse* string          Reverse the fields whose names are in  string.
455                                Each  field  name  can be followed by a number
456                                which says how  many  such  fields  should  be
457                                reversed.   If no number is given for a field,
458                                all such fields will be reversed.
459
460       search-ignore* fields    While searching  for  keys  in  databases  for
461                                which  no index exists, ignore the contents of
462                                fields.  Initially, fields XYZ are ignored.
463
464       search-truncate* n       Only require the first n characters of keys to
465                                be  given.   In  effect  when  searching for a
466                                given key words in the database are  truncated
467                                to the maximum of n and the length of the key.
468                                Initially n is 6.
469
470       short-label* string      string is a label expression that specifies an
471                                alternative  (usually shorter) style of label.
472                                This is used when the # flag is given  in  the
473                                citation.    When   using   author-date  style
474                                labels, the identity of the author or  authors
475                                is sometimes clear from the context, and so it
476                                may be desirable to omit the author or authors
477                                from  the label.  The short-label command will
478                                typically be used to specify a label  contain‐
479                                ing  just a date and possibly a disambiguating
480                                letter.
481
482       sort* string             Sort references according to  string.   Refer‐
483                                ences   will   automatically  be  accumulated.
484                                string should be a list of field  names,  each
485                                followed  by  a  number,  indicating  how many
486                                fields with the name should be used for  sort‐
487                                ing.   +  can be used to indicate that all the
488                                fields with the name should be used.   Also  .
489                                can  be used to indicate the references should
490                                be sorted using the (tentative)  label.   (The
491                                Label  expressions  subsection  describes  the
492                                concept of a tentative label.)
493
494       sort-adjacent-labels*    Sort labels that  are  adjacent  in  the  text
495                                according  to  their position in the reference
496                                list.  This command should usually be given if
497                                the  abbreviate-label-ranges  command has been
498                                given, or if the label expression  contains  a
499                                <>  expression.   This  will  have  no  effect
500                                unless references are being accumulated.
501
502   Label expressions
503       Label expressions can be evaluated both normally and tentatively.   The
504       result  of  normal evaluation is used for output.  The result of tenta‐
505       tive evaluation, called the tentative label,  is  used  to  gather  the
506       information  that  normal  evaluation  needs to disambiguate the label.
507       Label expressions specified by the date-as-label and  short-label  com‐
508       mands  are  not evaluated tentatively.  Normal and tentative evaluation
509       are the same for all types of expression other than @, *, and % expres‐
510       sions.   The  description  below  applies  to normal evaluation, except
511       where otherwise specified.
512
513       field
514       field n
515              The n-th part of field.  If n is omitted, it defaults to 1.
516
517       'string'
518              The characters in string literally.
519
520       @      All the authors joined as specified by the join-authors command.
521              The  whole  of each author's name will be used.  However, if the
522              references are sorted by author (that is the sort  specification
523              starts  with  A+), then authors last names will be used instead,
524              provided that this does not introduce  ambiguity,  and  also  an
525              initial  subsequence  of  the authors may be used instead of all
526              the authors, again provided that this does not introduce ambigu‐
527              ity.   The use of only the last name for the i-th author of some
528              reference is considered to be ambiguous if there is  some  other
529              reference, such that the first i-1 authors of the references are
530              the same, the i-th authors  are  not  the  same,  but  the  i-th
531              authors  last  names are the same.  A proper initial subsequence
532              of the sequence of authors for some reference is  considered  to
533              be ambiguous if there is a reference with some other sequence of
534              authors which also has that subsequence as a proper initial sub‐
535              sequence.   When  an initial subsequence of authors is used, the
536              remaining authors are replaced by the string  specified  by  the
537              et-al command; this command may also specify additional require‐
538              ments that must be met before  an  initial  subsequence  can  be
539              used.   @ tentatively evaluates to a canonical representation of
540              the authors, such that authors that compare equally for  sorting
541              purpose will have the same representation.
542
543       %n
544       %a
545       %A
546       %i
547       %I     The  serial  number  of the reference formatted according to the
548              character following the %.  The serial  number  of  a  reference
549              is 1  plus  the number of earlier references with same tentative
550              label as this reference.  These expressions tentatively evaluate
551              to an empty string.
552
553       expr*  If  there  is another reference with the same tentative label as
554              this reference, then expr, otherwise an empty string.  It tenta‐
555              tively evaluates to an empty string.
556
557       expr+n
558       expr-n The  first (+) or last (-) n upper or lower case letters or dig‐
559              its of expr.  Troff special characters (such as \('a) count as a
560              single  letter.   Accent  strings  are retained but do not count
561              towards the total.
562
563       expr.l expr converted to lowercase.
564
565       expr.u expr converted to uppercase.
566
567       expr.c expr converted to caps and small caps.
568
569       expr.r expr reversed so that the last name is first.
570
571       expr.a expr with first names abbreviated.  Note that  fields  specified
572              in  the abbreviate command are abbreviated before any labels are
573              evaluated.  Thus .a is useful only when you want a field  to  be
574              abbreviated in a label but not in a reference.
575
576       expr.y The year part of expr.
577
578       expr.+y
579              The  part  of  expr  before the year, or the whole of expr if it
580              does not contain a year.
581
582       expr.-y
583              The part of expr after the year, or an empty string if expr does
584              not contain a year.
585
586       expr.n The last name part of expr.
587
588       expr1~expr2
589              expr1  except  that  if the last character of expr1 is - then it
590              will be replaced by expr2.
591
592       expr1 expr2
593              The concatenation of expr1 and expr2.
594
595       expr1|expr2
596              If expr1 is non-empty then expr1 otherwise expr2.
597
598       expr1&expr2
599              If expr1 is non-empty then expr2 otherwise an empty string.
600
601       expr1?expr2:expr3
602              If expr1 is non-empty then expr2 otherwise expr3.
603
604       <expr> The label is in two parts, which are  separated  by  expr.   Two
605              adjacent  two-part labels which have the same first part will be
606              merged by appending the second part of the second label onto the
607              first  label  separated by the string specified in the separate-
608              label-second-parts command (initially, a  comma  followed  by  a
609              space);  the  resulting label will also be a two-part label with
610              the same first part as before merging, and so additional  labels
611              can  be  merged  into  it.   Note that it is permissible for the
612              first part to be empty; this  maybe  desirable  for  expressions
613              used in the short-label command.
614
615       (expr) The same as expr.  Used for grouping.
616
617       The  above  expressions  are  listed  in  order  of precedence (highest
618       first); & and | have the same precedence.
619
620   Macro interface
621       Each reference starts with a call to the macro ]-.  The string [F  will
622       be  defined to be the label for this reference, unless the no-label-in-
623       reference command has been given.   There  then  follows  a  series  of
624       string  definitions, one for each field: string [X corresponds to field
625       X.  The number register [P is set to 1 if the P field contains a  range
626       of pages.  The [T, [A and [O number registers are set to 1 according as
627       the T, A and O fields end with one of the characters .?!.  The [E  num‐
628       ber  register  will be set to 1 if the [E string contains more than one
629       name.  The reference is followed by a call to the ][ macro.  The  first
630       argument to this macro gives a number representing the type of the ref‐
631       erence.  If a reference contains a J field, it will  be  classified  as
632       type 1,  otherwise  if it contains a B field, it will type 3, otherwise
633       if it contains a G or R field it will be type 4, otherwise if  contains
634       a  I  field it will be type 2, otherwise it will be type 0.  The second
635       argument is a symbolic name for the type: other, journal-article, book,
636       article-in-book  or  tech-report.   Groups of references that have been
637       accumulated or are produced by the bibliography command are preceded by
638       a call to the ]< macro and followed by a call to the ]> macro.
639

FILES

641       /usr/dict/papers/Ind  Default database.
642
643       file.i                Index files.
644
645       refer  uses  temporary  files.   See  the groff(1) man page for details
646       where such files are created.
647

ENVIRONMENT

649       REFER  If set, overrides the default database.
650

SEE ALSO

652       indxbib(1), lookbib(1), lkbib(1)
653

BUGS

655       In label expressions, <> expressions are ignored inside  .char  expres‐
656       sions.
657

COPYING

659       Copyright © 1989-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
660
661       Permission  is  granted  to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
662       manual provided the copyright notice and  this  permission  notice  are
663       preserved on all copies.
664
665       Permission  is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
666       manual under the conditions for verbatim  copying,  provided  that  the
667       entire  resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a per‐
668       mission notice identical to this one.
669
670       Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this  man‐
671       ual into another language, under the above conditions for modified ver‐
672       sions, except that this permission notice may be included  in  transla‐
673       tions approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the origi‐
674       nal English.
675
676
677
678Groff Version 1.22.3            4 November 2014                       REFER(1)
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